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Access, Discourse, and Cultural Landscape Change: the Case of National Park Communities Along the Crater Lake Highway in Jackson County, Oregon

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Access, Discourse, and Cultural Landscape Change: the Case of National Park Communities Along the Crater Lake Highway in Jackson County, Oregon ACCESS, DISCOURSE, AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CHANGE: THE CASE OF NATIONAL PARK COMMUNITIES ALONG THE CRATER LAKE HIGHWAY IN JACKSON COUNTY, OREGON By 67(+3(10,&+$(/2¶&211(// Bachelor of Arts in Geography Mary Washington College Fredericksburg, Virginia 1998 Master of Science in Geography Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2000 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 2010 ACCESS, DISCOURSE, AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CHANGE: THE CASE OF NATIONAL PARK COMMUNITIES ALONG THE CRATER LAKE HIGHWAY IN JACKSON COUNTY, OREGON Dissertation Approved: Dr. Thomas Wikle Dissertation Adviser Dr. Lowell Caneday Dr. Dale Lightfoot Dr. Brad Bays Dr. A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of a number of people over the course of my research. The help from archivists, historians, and librarians in the field made this research more complete and more enjoyable. At the outset of this project, Stephen Mark at Crater Lake provided valuable information regarding the park itself. The staff members and volunteers at the Southern Oregon Historical Society in Medford were incredibly helpful during my visits to Oregon. Particular thanks to Ben Truwe, who continued to provide information on the Crater Lake Highway long after I had returned east. Without these sources, along with those at the Oregon Department of Transportation, Jackson County Library, Shaw Historical Library (at the Oregon Institute of Technology), and Klamath County Museums, the historical component of this research would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my doctoral committee for their comments and suggestions throughout the process. I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to Dr. Tom Wikle for encouraging the development of this topic and pushing me in the right directions when I needed it. The rest of the Department of Geography at Oklahoma State has been my second family for the past decade; my successful completion is a product of their support and good graces. I would be remiss if I did not also acknowledge the support of the Geography Department at the University of Mary Washington (aka Mary Washington College). Dr. Marshall Bowen and Dr. Richard Palmieri were the first to introduce me to the discipline of geography and all of its wonders. The members of the current department, particularly Dr. Dawn Bowen and Dr. Stephen Hanna, have been incredibly supportive over the past two years as I¶YHVSOLWmy time between finishing this research and teaching at my alma mater. I wish to thank my family and friends for their support throughout my studies. I could not have completed this undertaking without their encouragement. From a young age geography has been my passion; I cannot thank my parents enough for allowing me to follow that passion. Finally, I want to thank my (future) wife, Maggie. Her love and patience over the course of my writing has certainly saved me from emotional, psychological, and financial ruin. I would not be where I am now without her by my side. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 Research Questions ................................................................................... 3 Relevance .................................................................................................. 4 Research Outline ....................................................................................... 6 Study Structure ..................................................................................... 6 Study Location ................................................................................. 6 Historical Framework ..................................................................... 11 Discourse Identification ................................................................. 13 Methodology ....................................................................................... 15 Limitations ........................................................................................... 18 Organization ............................................................................................. 20 II. CONTEXTUALIZING CULTURAL LANDSCAPES .................................... 22 Literature Review ..................................................................................... 22 Cultural Landscapes ........................................................................... 22 National Parks .................................................................................... 26 Discourse Themes .............................................................................. 30 Automobile & Road Building Industries ......................................... 30 Regional & Local Boosters ............................................................ 33 Outdoor Recreation ....................................................................... 34 Federal Land Management Policy ................................................. 36 III. EMERGING PARK LANDSCAPES: 1800s ± 1916 ................................... 39 National Themes ...................................................................................... 39 The National Park Idea ....................................................................... 39 Discourses in a National Context ........................................................ 47 Automobile & Road Building Industries ......................................... 47 Regional & Local Boosters ............................................................ 55 Outdoor Recreation ....................................................................... 58 Federal Land Management Policy ................................................. 64 Cultural Landscapes Along the Crater Lake Road ................................... 66 Crater Lake and Its Regional Context ................................................. 66 Discourses in a Local Context ............................................................ 74 Automobile & Road Building Industries ......................................... 77 Regional & Local Boosters ............................................................ 88 Outdoor Recreation ....................................................................... 93 iv Chapter Page Federal Land Management Policy ............................................... 100 Interpreting Discourse Impacts ......................................................... 106 IV. CREATING A NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM: 1917 ± 1946 ...................... 115 National Themes .................................................................................... 115 Managing the New National Park Service ......................................... 115 Discourses in a National Context ...................................................... 121 Automobile & Road Building Industries ....................................... 122 Regional & Local Boosters .......................................................... 128 Outdoor Recreation ..................................................................... 131 Federal Land Management Policy ............................................... 136 Cultural Landscapes Along the Crater Lake Road ................................. 141 Crater Lake and Its Regional Context ............................................... 141 Discourses in a Local Context .......................................................... 149 Automobile & Road Building Industries ....................................... 152 Regional & Local Boosters .......................................................... 162 Outdoor Recreation ..................................................................... 168 Federal Land Management Policy ............................................... 176 Interpreting Discourse Impacts ......................................................... 184 V. THE RISE OF NATIONAL DISCOURSE: 1947 ± 1976 ........................... 192 National Themes .................................................................................... 192 A Truly National Park System ........................................................... 192 Discourses in a National Context ...................................................... 200 Automobile & Road Building Industries ....................................... 200 Regional & Local Boosters .......................................................... 204 Outdoor Recreation ..................................................................... 207 Federal Land Management Policy ............................................... 210 Cultural Landscapes Along the Crater Lake Road ................................. 215 Crater Lake and Its Regional Context ............................................... 215 Discourses in a Local Context .......................................................... 224 Automobile & Road Building Industries ....................................... 227 Regional & Local Boosters .......................................................... 233 Outdoor Recreation ..................................................................... 239 Federal Land Management Policy ............................................... 244 Interpreting Discourse Impacts ......................................................... 247 VI. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................
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