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Distribution and Ecology of Didymosphenia Geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt (Bacillariophyta) in Trentino Watercourses (Northern Italy)

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Distribution and Ecology of Didymosphenia Geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt (Bacillariophyta) in Trentino Watercourses (Northern Italy) Cryptogamie, Algologie, 2008, 29 (2): /4/-160 © 2008 Adac. Tous droits réservés Distribution and ecology of Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt (Bacillariophyta) in Trentino watercourses (Northern Italy) Maria Elena BELTRAMla*, Saúl BLANCOb, Francesca C1UTTla, Cristina CAPPELLETTla, Catia MONAUNlc, Sabrina POZZlc, Frédéric R1MErI & Luc ECTORe aIASMA Research Center - Fondazione E. Mach, Natural Resources Department, Via E. Mach 1, 1-38010San Michele all'Adige (TN), 1taly bÁrea de Ecología, Universidad de León, E-2407J León, Spain "Environmeruaí Agency, Province ofTrento (APPA), Via Lidorno 1, 1-38100 Trento, Ita/y dINRA - UMR Carrtel, av. de Corzent 75, BP 511, F-74203 Thonon les Bain. cedex, France ePublic Research Center - Gabriel Lippmann, Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Rue du Bri1l4I, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg (Received /5 May 2007, accepted 14January 2008) Résumé - Distrfbution et écologie de Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt (BaciIJariopbyta) daos les cours d'eau du Trentíno (Nord de l'ltalie).Depuis 2000, le Parlement Européen et le Conseil de l'Union Européenne recornrnandent aux pays mernbres d'évaluer la qualité de l'eau en utilisant les diatornées, en tant qu'élément du phytobenthos. En ltalie, ceue recommandation a conduit a l'étude des communautés de diatomées et a I'application d'indices biotiques. Pendant I'été 2004, 11 riviéres du Trentino (Nord de I'ltalíe) ont été échantillonnéesel ont révélé la présence, en faible abondance, de la diatomée Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt. Les sites oü l'espece est présente sont caractérísés par un faíble impact de pollution. Répartís sur des géologíes différentes, ils sont situés a I'aval des lacs ou bien possedent un régime hydrologique régulé. Les traits morphologiques des frustules de D. geminata ont été analysés en MO et MEB el les spécimens observé s peuvent étre rattachés au morphotype «geminata », Dans de nombreux pays cette espece voit sa distribution s'étendre el en Nouvelle Zélande elle eSI considérée comme une algue invasive. Ce travail fournit les prernieres données sur la présence de D. geminata dans la province de Trento el conrribue a augmenter la connaissance de sa distribution en ltalie el de son écologie dans les Alpes. Didymosphenia geminata I diatomées I indicateurs biologiques I especes iovasives I Italie • Correspondence and reprints: [email protected] Communicating editor: David M. Williams 142 M.E. Beltrami et al. Didymosphenia geminata in Trentino watercourses 143 Abstraet - In 2000 the European Parliament and The European Union Council Didymosphenia geminata is an epilithic and epiphytic diatom, attached to recommended that member countries assess water quality using diatoms, as part of the the substratum via a mucilage stalk secreted frorn small, unocc1uded pores at the phytobenthos. In Italy this recornmendation has given new impetus ro the srudy of diatorn base pole of the valves (Round el al., 1990). communities and the application of biotic indices. During the summer of 2004, a total of Didymosphenia geminata is autochthonous i~ northern Europe an.d l l rivers of the Trentino province (Northern Ttaly) were sampled, revealing the presence in North America. Europe it has been recorded in the Czech Republic low abundances of the diatom Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M.Schmidt. The sites In where this diatorn occurred were characterised by a low pollution impact; they were also (Gágyorová & Marvan, 2002), Finland (Kawecka & Eloranta, 1987), Iceland lake fed or had a regulated flow regime, although with different geologies. Morphological (Jonsson et al., 2000), Ireland (Ellwood & Whitton? 2007), Norway (Skulberg ~ features of D. geminata Irustules were analysed using LM and SEM and specimens could be Lillehammer, 1984), Poland (Kawecka & Sanecki, 2003; Noga, 2003), Serbia referred to the morphotype "gerninata". In many countries this species is expanding its (Subakov-Simié & Cvijan, 2004), Spain (Blanco & Ector, 2008), Swe?en distribution and in New Zealand it is considered an invasive alga. This work provides an (Johansson, 1982), Switzerland (Robinson & Kawecka, 2005), an~ the UOlt~d initial report on the presence of D. geminata in the Trento province, and contributes to Kingdom (ElIwood & Whitton, 200.1). Its prese~ce ha~ been mentioned also !n increasing the knowledge on its distribution in Italy and its ecology in the Alps. Turkey (Kolayli & Sahin, 1998; Sahin, 2001), China (LI ~t al., 2003) and even m the southern hemisphere (Chile:Asprey el al., 1964; Rivera &Gebauer, 198?; Didymosphenia geminata I diatoms I biological indicators I invasive species Iltaly New Zealand: Kilroy, 2004).Although described as typical ?f the upper .moun~aln reaches of oligotrophic rivers, recent studies have re~ealed ns pre~ence 10 a wld~r range of ecological conditions such as mesotrophic or sporadically eutrophic waters of middle river reaches (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot, 1997a; Kawecka & INTRODUCTlON Sanecki, 2003). Figure 1 shows its fossil and recent distributions in Europe as far as is known based on the existing literature. In Italy it~ presence has bee~ Directive 2oo0/60/EC(WFD)(European Parliament, 2000) establishes a reported in northern regions such as Alto Adige (Cappell~ttl el.a!., 2007; Beltrarni framework for Community action in the field of water policy and introduces an el al., 2008), Friuli Venezia Giulia (Zorza el al., 2006), Lazio (Giaj-Levra & Abate, holístic vision of aquatic ecosystems, considering both biotic and abiotic elements 1994), Lombardy (Bonardi, 1888), Piedmont (Battegazzore el al., 2007), and Val involved in the definition of the quality of the ecosystem. Among biotic d' Aosta (Brun, 1880). parameters, diatoms (as part of the phytobenthos) are one of the most studied groups. In Italy the Water Framework Directive has given new impetus to the study of diatom communities and tbe applicability of biotic indices, such as the Eutrophication and Pollution Index with Diatoms (EPI-D)(Dell'Uomo, 2004). ~ During the summer of 2004, 11 rivers of the Trento province in the Trentino-Alto Adige region (Northern Italy) were sampled and the presence of Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt in A.Schmidt el aL. (Bacillariophyta) was recorded. Due to its relatively large size and characteristic shape, Didymosphenia geminata is one of the earliest described diatom species. It was first described in 1819 as Echinella geminata Lyngbye and in 1899 the genus Didymosphenia M. Schmidt in A.Schrnidt el al. was established. Frustules are heteropolar both in valvar and girdle views, and are usually capitate at the poles (Krammer & Lange• Bertalot, 1997a). The central area is characterized by the presence of one or more stigmata. Several studies have been conducted on its morphological variability: Dawson (1973) gave a detailed description of the frustule structure and Antoine & Benson-Evans (1984) found greater variability in size, number, and distribution of stigmata in the central area for populations from England, Scotland, and Wales compared to those indicated in the literature they used for comparison. Stoermer et al. (1986) carried out a quantitative morphological investigation, revealing the presence of several geographically differentiated morphotypes. Metzeltin & Lange• Bertalot (1995) reviewed the genus Didymosphenia as a whole and distinguished five species and three rnorphotypesof D. geminata. Kociolek el al. (2000) described the ultrastructure of D. dentata (Dorogostaisky) Skvortzow & Meyer from Lake Baikal, suggesting a taxonomic differentiation from D. geminata. In 2006 a new species, D. tatrensis Mroziáska, Czerwik-Marcinkowska & Gradziriski, was ,j. t:::= described from streams of the Western Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia Fig. 1. European distribution of Didymosphenia geminata. Black dots: recent records; white dots: (Mroziriska el al., 2006). Iossilor subfossil records. Didymosphenia geminata 144 M.E.Beltrami el al. in Trentino watercourses 145 Massive proliferations of Didymosphenia geminata can create benthic "..... ,,..ee mats mainly made up by the long stalks, composed of sulphated xylogalactan, uronic acid and proteins (Gretz, 2007). These events, which are characteristic of this species, are often seasonal and can disappear rapidly (Kawecka & Sanecki, 2003; Ellwood & Whitton, 2007). These "nuisance blooms" (Spaulding & Elwell, 2007) appear to arise under oligotrophic conditions (Jonsson et al., 2000; Sherbot & Bothwell, 1993; Kirkwood et al., 2007); a high phosphatase activity, localized in the stalk, may give a competitive advantage to the species (Ellwood & Whitton, 2007). In New Zealand, where it was observed for the first time in the Waiau River in 2004 (Kilroy, 2004), Didymosphenia geminata is considered as an invasive alga. Since then it colonized 14 river and lake systems in the South Island (Vieglais, 2007), forming "invasive blooms" in many sites (Spaulding & Elwell, 2007).Several actions have been undertaken by Biosecurity to understand the ecology of the species and prevent the spreading in the North Island (Kilroy et al., ...." 2005;Vieglais, 2007). Such blooms seem to have a high impact on the ecosystem: the streambed can be totally covered by D. geminata mats, whose massive growth alters macroinvertebrate communities with a dominance of Diptera and a reduction of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera taxa (Kilroy et al., 2006; Lamed et al., 2006).However, no apparent impact has been noticed on fish communities, neither in Europe, North
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