The Reception of Early Zionist Movement in Budapest (1897-1914)

CEU eTD Collection Second MichaelLaurence Reader: Professor Miller Superv isor: Professor Viktor Karády isor: Professor Viktor The Reception of Early Zionist Movement in Budapest Budapest in Zionist Movement Early of The Reception In requirements for fulfillmentof the thedegree partial of Central European University History Department Borbála Klacsmann Budapest, Hungary

(1897 Master of Arts Submitted to Submitted 2012 By -

1914)

CEU eTD Collection with such instructions may bemade with not accordance in made copies Further made. copies such any of part a form must page This librarian. the from obtained be may Details Library. European Central the in lodged wit accordance in only made be may part, or full in either process, any by Copies Author. the with rests thesis this of text the in Copyright out the written permission oftheout the written Author. h the instructions given by the Author and Author the by given instructions the h

CEU eTD Collection emancipation, and integration Zionism around evolving s its to due it support not did Jews organs Zionismtowards andth analyze to was research (1914). War World First the of outbreak the and (1897) Congress Zionist Orthodox Neolog, between debate the newspapers Jewish contemporary of articles the on Based Hungary. of capital The two major denominations of Judaism rejected the Zionist movement in their official their in movement Zionist the rejected Judaism of denominations major two The the Budapest, in movement Zionist early the of reception the is thesis this of topic The Te elg rfre t ter oat t te ugra sae wie h Orthodox the while state, Hungarian the to loyalty their to referred Neologs The . e responses givenresponsesZionists.e tothatbythe h attd of attitude the

xoe sm o te hrceitc etrs of features characteristic the of some exposes es n Zoit i peetd ewe the between presented is Zionists and Jews

nationalism in Hungary.nationalism in ecular nature and to religious reasons. The debate debate The reasons. religious to and nature ecular

Abstract h eacptd eih community Jewish emancipated the

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The aim of the of aim The

assimilation, f Budapest of f h First the of CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Zionist5. The Responses to Reaction Orthodox Zionism4. The Neolog3. The toZionism Reaction 2. Historical background considerations 1. Theoretical methodological and Introduction 4.1. Zsidó Híradó 3.1. Egye 2.3. TheZionism Hungary history in of 2.2. The earlyZionism historyof 2.1. Anoverlook of ontheJews Hu 1.2. Methodology 1.1. Theoretical framework 5.1. ReactionZionists todenominationalpress of 4.2. MagyarZsidó ...... 5.1.3. Zionist newspape 5.1.2. Zionism5.1.1. The first onetosupport 3.1.2. OnHungarianandZionism humanitari International3.1.1. versus faith”Zionism ofthe the “Hungarians Jewish 2.3.2. Makkabea 2.3.1 2.2.1. TheZionism foundation of and2.1.3. Thebetween NeologOrthodox split Jews emancipation2.1.2. Assimilation, andthe 2.1.1. Jewrya minority as . Magyar Association] Szövetség Cionista Zionist [Hungarian A Jövő

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CEU eTD Collection r the regarded They leaders. religious Jewish of congress the to and religion their of state centuries previous the to adhered Jewry Hungarian of group double th of a “Hungarians as themselves adopted of thought and they identity: nationalism Hungarian interiorized Jews the of Many century. nineteenth the of half first the in outrageous considered was which language, Hungarian in customs and religion Jewish of reformation the supported Many Hungary. of Jews the of majority the acceptedamong and widespread quite were aspirations assimilationist time that By 1895. in received officially was religion a as Judaism rights. rec they and abolished were them upon placed restrictions previous all 1867 in later, the for movement a of in darkerof Hungary. period Jews thehistory the of basis the provided which fight, this of phase first the successes depict first to aims thesis This followers. more and more and acknowledgement state congresses, the achieve to able they were work, persistent with slowly, and ideas up took idealists some only first at Hungary: in movement Zionist the establish to At the time of the dualist Monarchy, Jewish minority lived in a relatively good situation: good relativelya minorityin lived Monarchy,dualistJewish the of time the At aimed they when face to had Zionists Hungarian struggle the summarizes quote Herzl’s The Reception Earlyof Zionist Movement inBudapest (1897 - l csos Te rhdx rnh eee fo te elg drn te 1868 the during Neologs the from seceded branch Orthodox The customs. old Introduction 1

“Wenn ihr wollt, ist ihr “Wenn eskeinTraum.”

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CEU eTD Collection w do to anything had they that suspicion the even avoid to for also cause main could they everything did they why the reason the and nationalism nation’s was host the embracing This aspirations. national own their for basis a up made majority; belo they up which to community own made an have not they did they therefore where place such no was There commitments. territorial any without Diaspora, in living were they that namely Jewry, of characteristic special a to lead behi reasons The Hungary. in communities Jewish the of most by rejected country. par and take nation could education, higher Hungarian to admitted the were they successful: of be to community seemed assimilation the of members were they freely, religion issue andbySemitism, ofthe life. century public more was orless theturn it pushed outfrom politi side anti racial type modern that mention to here essential nat rising the North of Eastern Hungary. territories in lived whom of most Jews, conservative observant strictly and Hasidim, above, mentioned bal the maintain to aimed which community, Quo Status the Hungary: in existed groups Jewish smaller other, Jews Orthodox and Neologs from Apart identity. new of medium a as nationalism Hungarian adopted them of most although t in economic and intellectual spheres and took part in the capitalist modernization of the of modernization capitalist the in part took and spheres intellectual and economic in t l i al utl h Frt ol Wr te es f Hungary of Jews the War, World First the until all, in All the with However, intertwined. identity and religion how shows palette colorful This Zionism came suddenly into this picture at the end of the century. Obviously it was was it Obviously century. the of end the at picture this into suddenly came Zionism - fet f ainls i te er rgt fe Jws eacpto. Nevertheless, emancipation. Jewish after right years the in nationalism of effect s a lbrls ws tog nuh o oe ih h traeig hdw f anti of shadow threatening the with cope to enough strong was liberalism cal –

lived in relatively safe and solid circumstances. They were allowed to practice practice to allowed were They circumstances. solid and safe relatively in lived ionalism and its consequences the picture became even more complex. It is is It complex. more even became picture the consequences its and ionalism

- Semitism appeared in Hungary as a a as Hungary in appeared Semitism ith Zionism. Depending on the the on Depending Zionism. ith ne f h to ao trends major two the of ance –

nged, which could have have could which nged, apart from some minor minor some from apart nd this rejection this nd

- CEU eTD Collection written were problems its and societyHungarian into Jews the of integration the concerning studies Case relations. their and Zionism emancipation, assimilation, century, the of end Budapest(foundedrelocated seat its inPozsony1903) 1906. in in Zionist Hungarian the and capital the conquer to enough strong became centers Zionism Hungary, two failuresin tothe Magyarizing the of opposition efforts. After thefirst nati Hungarian the from themselves distance to tried cases some in and path own their followed however, Jews, Zionist nationalism. Hungarian of propagators the be to held often were considered were Jews As H the of Magyarization. members to opposition their and minorities other of nationalisms wakening the face to had Jews assimilated where Transylvania), in one latter loca were Balázsfalva) Zionistwas thefirst Association organized inHungary (Pozsony, 1902). thei their solve could of proud theywere that demonstrate to wanted theybecause Zionism chose Others problem. countries these of Jews persecuted the settling that thought they and wor were they because it did them of Some cause. this embraced reasons, some for who, Jews of handful a countdid not atall. e case this in And nation. host their from them alienate would which nationalism, of type “alien” an supporting of liberty the themselves allow not could Hungary of Jews the it, to grateful and loyal being and Hungary of state t a tpcl f ugra Zoim ht h to an etr (osn and (Pozsony centers main two the that Zionism Hungarian of typical was It 1897) (Basel, Congress Zionist First the after years five only However, Jewishness. r was there Hungary, of Jews the of majority the by Zionism of reception cold the Despite Several scholars were engaged with the topics of the status of Hungarian Jewry at the at Jewry Hungarian of status the of topics the with engaged were scholars Several an as German, became Zionism Hungarian of language “official” The cause. onalistic ried about the pogroms and anti and pogroms the about ried ungarian nation, they fell into the same category as their host nation and nation host their as category same the into fell they nation, ungarian

e i mliainl ra (h frt n i Nrhr Hnay the Hungary, Northern in one first (the areas multinational in ted 3

- ven the Hungarian origins of Theodor Herzl Theodor of origins Hungarian the ven Jewish legislations in Russia and Romania, and Russia in legislations Jewish

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CEU eTD Collection Jewish various by issued journals and newspapers been have investigation my of sources r main every of voice the the of J Orthodox communityand Neolog both as and country the in role decisivea hadcapital Jewish The thesis. MA an of limits the exceed would consideration o Zionism of reception the about write will I (1914). War World First the of outbreak the and (1897) Congress Zionist focuses it o context: historical or opposition consider not does work This Hungary. in history movement’s the in personalities and events important the all enumerates style lexical rather a in which, 1948)] (1902 története Jews int insight an provides and perspective broader a gives which historica and social a into embedded is narrative The journal. Neolog important of vicissitudes the describing by Zionism, to opposition the represen (1897 Herzl of death the and Congress Zionist First the between falls which period the about wrote Haber country. (1897 book, Haber’s Peter is them among notable most analyzed Andrásexhaustively Karády. by Kovácsand Viktor of effects the and identity socio Jewish The Jews. the on nationalism Hungarian of alteration the emphasized who Katz, Jacob by nte rmral bo i Aeadr Emed’s Alexander is book remarkable Another The Zionism. Hungarian of topic the with deal monographs and essays recent Some In my thesis I intend to analyze the reception of Zionism in the years between the First the between years the in Zionism of reception the analyze to intend I thesis my In

of Hungary ofthe at century. the turn - 1904) tatives of the movement to find followers, while in a shorter chapter he introduces introduces he chapter shorter a in while followers, find to movement the of tatives

(2001) which (2001) - 1948) nly theZionist achievements. its on movementand

20) [The (2002) eligious branch of Judaism can be represented. The most important most The represented. be can Judaism of brancheligious -

94. h mjr at f i bo i aot h srgl o the of struggle the about is book his of part major The 1904). recounts the history of the first efforts to establish Zionism in the the in Zionism establish to efforts first the of history the recounts l i Bdps, eas tkn te hl cuty into country whole the taking because Budapest, in nly

itr o te ins mvmn o Hnay (1902 Hungary of movement Zionist the of history

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CEU eTD Collection historyZionist ofthe movementinHungary here. short a enclose also will I idea. Herzl’s on influences Hungarian possible the of id problem Zionist the delineate briefly will I Budapest, and especially Hungary of Jews the of position sociological and legal the of overview historical a chapter eventsJewish happeningafterFirst War. the World anti the of many of seeds the bore which nation, host their inner and Jews of the relationship the only not demonstrate to able be current the will also but debate, this of contradictions I so, doing By too. Zionists the of responses the but presented be will opinions Orthodox and Neolog only not as coin, the of with contextualized be will capital the socio the on information of study case The Jewish Budapest. the in of debate community ongoing an delineating by research previous in gap the partially the to given leaders religious of reaction case), this in stressed are Neologs (mainly Zionism appearanceof the on or Hungary, in movement Zionist the of history the on only focuses literature previous of most As Hungary? of community Zi by about brought consequences the were What them? against up brought charges the to answer Zionists the did How did? they way the in react they did why groupsZionism. on these of opinion the concerning argumentation for basis the up make they therefore groups, these of leaders the of viewpoints official the held and opinions shaped they communities; politic social, literary, Zionist, religious, Neolog and Orthodox purposes: various for and communities My main research questions are: how did Jewish denominations react to Zionism, and Zionism, to react denominations Jewish did how are: questions research main My h tei hs or an hpes al f them of all chapters, main four has thesis The –

focuses on a different Jewish group. In the historical background chapter, besides besides chapter, background historical the In group. Jewish different a on focuses l n clua, n s o. hs ppr wr rpeettv o te local the of representative were papers These on. so and cultural, and al

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status of assimilation and integration, and integration, and assimilation of status

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The treaty, signed as a peace agreement on 4 June 1920, aft 1920, June 4 on agreement peace a as signed treaty, The ngary, emancipation arrived rather late compared to some Western European countries, European Western some to compared late rather arrived emancipation ngary, The starting point and historical backgro historical and point starting The will I all, of First topics. major two upon touch to intend I chapter theoretical my In in oe f h eitn tere cnenn te socio the concerning theories existing the of some tion 1. 1. Theoretical and methodological considerations ty of 5 per cent, which contained not only those who followed Hungarian followed who those only not contained which cent, per 5 of ty

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This, in fact, depends on the country, and not on regional location, as for example Spain emancipated its its emancipated Spain example for as location, regional on not and country, the on depends fact, in This, hogot h dsusd r (.. h scn hl o te ieenh etr and century nineteenth the of half second the (i.e. era discussed the Throughout socio entire the Introducing ng of civil rights, others for example rising Hungarian nationalism, and the split split the and nationalism, Hungarian rising example for others rights, civil of ng and the major dynamics of the social transformation of the Jews of Hungary and to and Hungary of Jews the of transformation social the of dynamics major the and e Jews of Russia and 56 before theRomanian communities. before 56 and Russia of Jews e n to emancipation and assimilation. These theories emphasize the effects the emphasize theories These assimilation. and emancipation to n

Zionism among the Jews of Budapest, it is unavoidable to provide these provide to unavoidable is it Budapest, of Jews the among Zionism

identity

- historical background of this complex community would would community complex this of background historical developments in the social status of the Jews of Hungary of Jews the of status social the in developments

and about the identity of the Jews of Hungary, together Hungary, of Jews the of identity the about and t World War) World t 8

In the second half of the nineteenth century, nineteenth the of half second Inthe

the identity of the Jews of Hungary of Jews the of identity the

g o be to ng CEU eTD Collection 5 4 Szarka, László 2005) Kiadó, Osvát, Anna Kovács, Nóra ed. loyalty], political identity, [Ethnic 3 of type the on and belongs, individual the which to context social the on depends answer who evaluate of norms. realization the social upon based Others,” “significant with communication is the on which dependent also is process process interactive This actors. continuous several has and communication a through existence into come Loya nation. the to or group, the to loyal considered is he then norm, identity his realizing when norm idealtypical the from distance accepted consensually a in remains actor social the case In society. by all at accepted not is what and norms, the break that acts accepted still socially are what about concern typical a contains which apparatus, the nineteenth century. Hunga society, host the and community (religious) closer own their were Hungary of Jews the of identity the affected which factors actors. social by realized are norms by determined are which Roles group. cohesion social role and the consensus have group creating them by defined norms the case this in and interpretations, Kovács’s in notions normative are nation a to loyalty and Identity them. to connected individuals c have they so and cultures, and countries nations, are identity bear which Entities situations. historical with relation in exist identities of types loyalties]. [Identiti lojalitások” és “Identitások essays, Kovács’s András of one on rely mostly

Ibid. 69. és lojalitások”, “Identitások Kovács, András Kovács, “Identitások és lojalitások,” [Identities and loyalties], in loyalties], and [Identities lojalitások,” és “Identitások Kovács, András According to Kovács’s theory, during the socialization process the individual obtains an obtains individual the process socialization the during theory, Kovács’s to According several him, to According context. sociological a in “identity” term the uses Kovács h ae osdrd Sgiiat tes” h dfn nrs o a idvda? The individual? an for norms define who Others,” “Significant considered are Who

70.

rian nation, which accepted them in the middle of of middle the in them accepted which nation, rian 5

who keep up the definition o definition the up keep who 9

mn idvdas eogn t te same the to belonging individuals among uil mat n h iett o the of identity the on impact rucial Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás politikai identitás, Etnikai 67 lty and identity thus identity and lty f identity norms and norms identity f - 72. (Budapest: Balassi Balassi (Budapest: 72. 4

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CEU eTD Collection 8 197. 2004), Press, 7 70. és lojalitások”, “Identitások inKovács, 6 such contained challenge” “integrationist The government. Hungarian the by considered so of sense the in challenge”. “integrationist growing a face to had they time, this From relations. social of reproduction the on influence diminishing a had Jews thr went identity Jewish feudalism, in phenomenon.” social “total a was definition, Mauss’ Marcel which, individuality, collective or identity group possessed They traditions. internal li countries, European other of populations Jewish the of many to similarly Hungary, in Jews century eighteenth the of end the until emancipation and norms the observes someone strictly thegroup.his relationshipexpectations dependswith on How decision. own his and socialization of criterion The belongs. individual the which to group, the and norms accepted socially the individual, of feeling the is which belonging toadistin groupness, create not do two these However, connectedness. in are culture, common a share and language) common through example (for connections category social same “groupness”. and “connectedness” “commonality”, as Cooper Frederick and Brubaker Rogers by defined been have which himsel identifies he group

Karády, Rogers Brubaker Brubaker Rogers Cited o te es f ugr, dcsv se in step decisive a Hungary, of Jews the For the of context historical the them among factors, many on depends identity all, in All

in Viktor Karády, Karády, Viktor in The Jews of Europe of Jews The accepting the system of norms set up by a group depends on the individual’s the on depends group a by up set norms of system the accepting (giving equal rights to the minorities of the state, among them to Jews). Up Jews). to them among state, the of minorities the to rights equal (giving

–

Frederick Cooper, “Beyond »identity«,” »identity«,” “Beyond Cooper, Frederick il xettos hc apae i te eid hn mniain was emancipation when period the in appeared which expectations cial ct, solidary group.ct, Only “groupness” solidary may create identity norms.

n hvn cmo atiue. hs, h hv rglr interactive regular have who Those, attributes. common having and h Jw o Erp i te oen Era Modern the in Europe of Jews The , , 199.

f with. The identification with a group has three main variations, variations, main three has group a with identification The with. f

ough a major transformation. The inherited status of the of status inherited The transformation. major a ough

Commonality means a group of people belonging to the to belonging people of group a means Commonality 10 e i coe cmuiis ih hi own their with communities closed in ved

Theory and Society, and Theory 8

This term is used by Viktor Karády Viktor by used is term This h re the

(Budapest: Central European University University European Central (Budapest: 7

However, with the collapse of collapse the with However, - formation of identity was was identity of formation

29 (2000): 19 (2000): 29 - 20. Also cited cited Also 20.

CEU eTD Collection (Budapest Rábai László Horányi, 10 Özséb Hamp, Gábor eds. 2012, 10, March accessed 1999), Shoah], Kiadó, Balassi Pannonhalma: the concerning considerations Semitis 9 and society host the of nation political the with identification acculturation, is one first mob Assimilationist experiences. historical by resulted often were social ableclass tobe obtaintheirnew positions. needed inorder as to order in converted Jews cases some in and marriages, mixed by accompanied emerged aspirations Reform confirmation. and transmission identity of practiceprevious the with break to chose Jews the of Many patterns. identity new finding half second the during Jews the among integrated class. intothe new middle to opportunity the mobility, of support the and socialprotection, religion, of practicefree for exchange in independence Hungariannational assimilation cultural and linguistic expected which promulgated, the for country the of Jews the win to order In Hungary. in assimilation of core the grabbing for useful is which and view of later the toassimilate into Jews society. host expectations These the of willingness the abolished. by met was which integrate, be to pressure political a into to transformed had seclusion and particularism cultural other Inrights.civil gain casetheyto in wanted byJews fulfilled betothe had which expectations http://www.magyarpaxromana.hu/kiadvanyok/soa/karady.htm

Karády, itr aáy “oiia atseiims s nemzetállam és antiszemitizmus “Politikai Karády, Viktor This processThis different point a from problem this illuminates theory awhich Karádyformulated Viktor Assimilation

m and the building of nation states in Central Europe], in Europe], Central in states nation of building the and m od, mniain a nt nodtoa i Hnay sgs f self of signs Hungary: in unconditional not was emancipation words, The Jews of Europe of Jews The , the aim of embracing the culture and mentality of the host society, was was society, host the of mentality and culture the embracing of aim the , ,

which started with emancipation and the new expectations which appeared appeared which expectations new the and emancipation with started which

, , 201 -

s eooi ad oil osblte ad h cac t be to chance the and possibilities social and economic use 203.

ainl as, n mlct oil otat was contract social implicit an cause, national f h nntet century, nineteenth the of 11

- Magyar megfontolások a Soáról a megfontolások Magyar pts Közép építés similate perfectly. similate ility has three major trends: the the trends: major three has ility - uóáa, [oiia anti [Political Európában,”

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CEU eTD Collection 14 13 12 11 modernizatio the of framework the within occurred assimilation Hungary: o end the at and nineteenth ofanti century outburst the forgotten, never was Hungary of Jews the of “Jewishness” The required. also was society host the of cooperation integration: of success the for sufficient different. were they that them to clear certain a with but strata, it made which society host to dueforgotten be not could it social otherness: their of consciousness corresponding the with identified who actors social “uni called features. becamegrouping, a abut not people ThusJews religiousor nation. religious the although and state, uniqueness nation the of interests the with compatible became symbolic identity Jewish of Hungary.types happened itin New as basis, its the servedas interest political in participate to ability majority of achievements the affected acculturation competence through and assets acquired cultural and linguistic The advancement. social about brought of Jews the of liberatio the to led Hungaryit case the In process. unilateral a not is education formal through values mixing, and so forth. changi marriage, mixed as such phenomena accompanying denominationalism.

Ibid. 205. Ibid. 213. Ibid. Ibid. Karády, Nevertheless, integration as an ultimate goal could not be achieved in Hungary. in achieved be not could goal ultimate an as integration Nevertheless, Acculturation There was another cardinal cornerstone of the assimilation and integration of the Jews of the Jews integration andof assimilation cornerstonethe ofcardinal another Therewas

209. The Jews of Europe of Jews The

aea rprceet floe drn te rcs o asmlto produced assimilation of process the during followed rapprochement” lateral f uas ws eand i ws ervd f t erir oiia ad cultural and political earlier its of deprived was it retained, was Judaism of , learning the language and culture of the majority society, adopting its its adopting society, majority the of culture and language the learning , 11

diinly oil nerto cn e de, hc has which added, be can integration social Additionally

, , 208.

society. n from the obligations of the traditional Jewish way of life and life of way Jewish traditional the of obligations the from n

Cultural integration was more complete when a mutual a when complete more was integration Cultural - Semitism forecastedSemitism thefailure ofassimilation. 14

h “nltrl apohmn” a tu not thus was rapprochement” “unilateral The 12

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he so he the f - CEU eTD Collection 17 16 15 culture, common a without nations the throughout dispersed Jews of gathering the achieve to tried he as many by absurd considered thus and revolutionary was vision Herzl’s nation. of kind any have to want commitmen their confute could which aspirations, national Jewish not connectionto did usually Jews assimilated feature: unique a is itself in This Jews. intellectual cosmopolitan, assimilated, by established was Zionism history. Jewis in role its and importance its understand to order in historiography in place its see toeffortand nationalistic a as movement the peculiaritiesof the necessary investigate is to it safelegal persecution orrestrictions. from be would they where place another to or Israel to either Jews European Eastern of masses the settle to was aim whose Zionism, was response third The stronger. became inclinations anti against were that forces social and parties political as such allies, potential supporting by redoubled were one’sidentity. with obsessional Jewish preoccupations over compensatory a in origins, one’s hiding in forms: three in emerged personality Jewish of e Deformations controversies. also Jews society. host the of light. side the disadvantageous on only emerge a not did in assimilation class, middle modern the of members were whom of many Jews, of prosperity economic the saw they why explains which weak, society. counter caused assimilation Jewish of consequence the was which success economic The problems. social in resulted which

Ibid. 245 Ibid. Ibid. Karády, ih h crisis the With Zionism

224. 15 The The

247. seily n eta Erp (hs n ugr a wl) ide c middle well) as Hungary in (thus Europe Central in Especially , the nationalis the , Jews of Europe of Jews

- Semitism. Second, traditionalists’ endeavors to wipe out all assimila all out wipe to endeavors traditionalists’ Second, Semitism. f siiain e ratos nodd Frt te fot t assimilate to efforts the First, unfolded. reactions new assimilation of

, , 222. m of the Jews, unfolded at the end of the nineteenth century.Here nineteenththe of end the atunfolded Jews, the m of

- uflmn o asmltoit xettos n in and expectations assimilationist of fulfillment - assimilation, which was the reaction of the host host the of reaction the was which assimilation, 17

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Karády, AlainDieckhoff, “Zionism,”122. Rubinstein, Karády, “Zionism,”117. Rubinstein, Ruth Gavison, “The Jewish State: a Justification,” in in Justification,” a State: Jewish “The Gavison, Ruth fer a the life richerJewish andculture. possibility of secure thesurvival of Jewish mo Rbnti, Zoim a ein Ntoaim, in Nationalism?,” Deviant a “Zionism: Rubinstein, Amnon Another special characteristic of Zionism as a type of nationalism was that Jews could Jews that was nationalism of type a as Zionism of characteristic special Another Due to these characteristics, Zionism had to be universal in order to embrace all Jewish Jewish all embrace to order in universal be to had Zionism characteristics, these to Due 21 - The Jews of Europe of Jews The Europe of Jews The Semitism, pogroms or legal restrictions. The paradox of Zionist thinking appears appears thinking Zionist of paradox The restrictions. legal or pogroms Semitism,

eie ti, h unfolding the this, Besides 22 The Invention of aNation of Invention The

However, the question emerges: after living and surviving in Diaspora for Diaspora in surviving and living after emerges: question the However, -

, , 251. , 248. eiim ocd h Jw t tik f hmevs s historico a as themselves of think to Jews the forced Semitism

what did justify the existence of the Jewish state? According to According state? Jewish the of existence the justify did what –

New York: Shalem Press, 2006), 7 2006), Press, Shalem York: New –

New York: Shalem Press, 2006), 116. 2006), Press, Shalem York: New

(New York: Columbia University Press, 2003) 1. 2003) Press, University (NewColumbia York: f eih ainls ws lo asd y unique by caused also was nationalism Jewish of 14

New Essays on Zionism on Essays New gn nation required extraordinary efforts, extraordinary required nation gn e Esy o Zionism on Essays New ial basis with historical continuity, historical with basis ial - 8.

- state. - n deserving a state. a deserving n per , eds. David Hazony, David eds. , 19

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, eds. David Hazony, Hazony, David eds. , 24

18 20 Yoram Yoram

The The and - CEU eTD Collection 26 1985) Press, Among Groups Patriotic of Composition 25 as anationality. Jewry of importance the on and goals political its on put it stress the consideration into take to has one way, negative a in receivedwas Zionism whyunderstand orderto in that mention it here And movement. Herzl’s towards attitude the affected hugely far which had nation host the into melting out, pointed I as reception: assimilation, its and Zionism and notions these between connection the again emphasize and to here essential cultural consideration, a from into viewed be taken will integration be and acculturation will identity of aspects mentioned wereJews a actually nationa that public the convince to tried which ideology, new this against were ideals nationalistic nation’s host the embraced already had who those process: assimilationist the in found be Zionism towards Jews the of many of aversion community. Jewish every to attractive be could which ideology overall an had also it and groups Jewish all h Zionism phase. second the of representative were Zion Hibbat accept masses the Finally purposes. as such movements while phase, third the was political Zionism opinion, In Dieckhoff’s nationalism. for them use and achievements these intentions political without time this culture, language, history, exhume theory, Hroch’s

Dieckhoff, Dieckhoff, Miroslav Hroch, Hroch, Miroslav During the exposition of the thesis, when talking about Hungarian Jewry, the above above the Jewry, Hungarian about talking when thesis, the of exposition the During Miroslav using Zionism concerning concept own an created who Dieckhoff, Alain

The Invention of a Nation, aNation, of Invention The

25 Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of the Social Social the of Analysis Comparative A Europe: in Revival National of Preconditions Social

claims that there are three moments of national rebirth: first, intellectuals first, rebirth: national of moments three are there that claims 26

Theoretically it is true; still, this concept does not explain the initial the explain not does concept this still, true; is it Theoretically

lity.

5 - 6. the Smaller European Nations European Smaller the

15 . The answer to the reception of Zionism can can Zionism of reception the to answer The .

(Cambridge: Cambridge University University Cambridge (Cambridge: - ad the capacity to integrate to capacity the ad oiia prpcie I perspective. political - ecig consequences reaching . Then patriots seize patriots Then .

is also crucial to crucial also is is t CEU eTD Collection 1996), 30 68. Corvina, 2008), (Budapest: 29 28 internet, 27 government. alike, periodicals entertaining and cultural scientific, Hungarianlanguage:literary, in published were papers 250 than more 1867, Hungaryin and the after and century the throughout modernized were techniques program. political their disseminated which newspaper a around gathered idea certain a of supporters the and connected, strongly were journalism and politics time j new of appearance the favored atmosphere liberal relatively the 1851 After view. of point this from country the for century hectic a indeed was century nineteenth the people. many among distributed be Newspapersgrew quickly intoorgan could it that possibility the and transportability, text. printed with connection strong a had literacy pe literate more and more in resulted alphabetization increasing The press. of popularity growing the in role major a played Europe modern early in changes cultural on them applying when used was HungarianZio which methodology the delineate to and sources these of relevance the justify to intend I subchapter this In sources. primary as periodicals 1.2. Methodology

Poe, Poe, Poe, MarshallT. Géza Fülöp, Géza éa Buzinkay, Géza I and social the century: nineteenth the in significance increasing had press and Media bod main The n Hungary the rise of media and press depended on political and historical changes, and changes,and historicaland political on depended pressand media of rise the Hungary n 77 A history of communications of history A

(Cambridge: Cambridge U Cambridge (Cambridge: - 78.

Sajtótörténet, sajtóismeret Sajtótörténet,

nism.

A history of communications of communications history A ayr hírlaptörténet Magyar

y of this work is based on articles published in Jewish newspapers and and newspapers Jewish in published articles on based is work this of y

niversity Press, 2011), 111. 2011), Press, niversity , 139 ,

- 140.

[Press Hist [Press

s 1848 disseminating information.

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u t te e plc o the of policy new the to due ,

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CEU eTD Collection 34 33 ofDefenc Ministry Hatefutsoth, Aviv: Beth 32 31 readership on impact an had also but opinions and ideas their transmitting denominations, Jewish of leaders the of organs the only not were papers these Thus alike. authors Jewish th informed they as updated readers their keep to was senses, socialpolitical and in also but culturalonly in not issues: Jewish concerningrelevant periodicals these of goal main The newspapers. of launching the inspired newspaper. Neolog influential most and biggest the became of establishment the to led which Tiszaeszlár, financially successful. was business Press forth. so and Tolnai, Simon Bródy, Zsigmond brothers, Légrády the like pu empires, (press Budapest of palaces” “press the of majority the century press. political modern and press business of establishment and style journalistic of development the to contributed Ágai Adolf and Falk Miksa as such and keeping politics. from distance news and information providing public, the of interest the serving became point main The p popular of evolution the to changesled these modern of All introduction publishing. and printing in houses, workers more and more printing of employment the and of inventions foundation the press, of basis technical

Ibid. 223. Ibid. 224. Presence,” “Jewish Buzinkay, Buzinkay, Géza Buzinkay, “Jewish Presence in Hungarian Journalism,” in Journalism,” Hungarian in Presence “Jewish Buzinkay, Géza blishing, printing, advertising printing, blishing, wtrhd n h history the in watershed A personaliti Outstanding media. mass of emerging the in role significant a had Jews b influenced was media of dynamics inner The

Magyar hírlaptörténet Magyar e audience about anti about audience e 33

, 92. , other Jewish denominational, cultural, literary and social social and literary cultural, denominational, Jewish other

) were established and run by Jewish publishers and editors, and publishers Jewish by run and established were ) f eih oraim n ugr ws h bod ie of libel blood the was Hungary in journalism Jewish of

31 e Publ. House, 2002), 221. 2002), House, Publ. e

- Semitic events, weddings and funerals, writings of of writings funerals, and weddings events, Semitic 17 ress with high sales, based on advertisements.on based sales,high with ress

Egyenlőség rsn cptls: h eooi and economic the capitalism: rising y In the Land of Hagar of Land the In

32 [Equality] in 1881, which later which 1881, in [Equality] 34

By the end of the nineteenth the of end the By

h sces of success The , ed. Anna Szalai (Tel (Tel Szalai Anna ed. ,

dtra offices, editorial Egyenlőség es,

CEU eTD Collection to reconstruct crucial which counterarguments, are and or thesis arethosecontaining arguments significant this in used articles other The opinions. their publish to newspapers the of editors the by famous these Obviously, influenceon greater hadpersonalities life. intellectual and cultural Jewish in significant or famous been have authors whose writings and articles chose I all of First consideration. into taken determined. be to sele some needed sources of amount had vast the However, groups three these of argumentation the when significance had Zionism regarding article Every sources. as used were papers Zionist several and journals Neolog Besides War. World First the and Congress Zionist Budape of newspaper denominational religious canbe used communities as relevant sources. and

Jewish every through went I Zionism, concerning debate the reconstruct to order In shaped public opinion. This is the reason why the periodicals of Jewish groups and and groups Jewish of periodicals the why reason the is This opinion. public shaped

the debate between Neologs, Orthodox and Zionists.betweenthe debate Orthodox Neologs,

st which was published in the period between the First the between period the in published was which st the public and it is not by chance that they were asked were they that chance bynot is it and public the 18

ction and here two main factors were factors main two here and ction Egyenlőség

two major Orthodox major two CEU eTD Collection In1777. the in Theresa orderedby Maria was census first eighteenthThe the century. of end Conversionidentification and added quite difficult. assimilation tothe confusion. their made minority religious and ethnic an both were Jews that fact The features. ethnic the had who those among being Jewry borders, Hungary’s among lived minorities ethnic several century nineteenth the By population. Hungary’s of composition ethnic the on overview an with start should group this of examination The 2 2 and personalities movementinHungary.Zionist ofthe overvi historical short a contains subchapter last The ideology. his on influences Hungarian possible the of some mentioning and Herzl Theodor of ideas and works the on all of first focusing Zionism, of beginnings the about write will I subchapter the and th In century. community nineteenth the of the end the at introduce arrived Zionism where to to environment order in Hungary of and status Jews social the the on of all circumstances of first issues: major three of account brief a provide will chapt this in Therefore topic. the of background historical the with familiar become to .1. An overlook the .1. An on the in Jews ofHungary .1.1. Jewry asaminority unavoidable is it Zionism, contra and pro arguments of examination the starting Before ehv aaaot h onr’ ehi ioiis fro minorities ethnic country’s the about data have We h country, other every in as Hungary, in population Jewish The

2 . Historical background 19

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most peculiar religious and and religious peculiar most ad its own peculiarities. own its ad ew on the major events major the on ew

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CEU eTD Collection 15. 1990), Jewry European 37 Vékás, János from: Data growth. Nat “Spectra: firm but slow shows tendency This 48,6%. was number this 1890 in while 36 2. 2005), 1920 Hungary, in Minorities Ethnic and 35 European Western to compared proportion highrelatively a in present were they all, of First their mother tongueHungarian. was that survey the to answered Jews the of cent per 75 than more century nineteenth the of end country liv the they where to faithful be to chose them of majority The circles. their in belatedly only appeared majority,nationalism a composed they where territorya or own, their of homeland Croatia). (without inhabitants 18.265.000 had which Hungary, of population total the of cent per 5 the meant which 911.000, million: one almost reachedHungary in Jews of number the 1910 populatio total the of cent per 4.7 grew population whose Jews, up made Jews Croatia) (without Hungary in 1890, In the century. the of end the at significantly towards policy state’s the in appeared population rule. Hungarian the under peoples Magyarizethe to efforts culturaland linguistic century,despite nineteenth the of halfsecond definingmost factor, even knowledge. language and citizenship, language, native religion, covered 1867 after population the from asked questions years. The everyten foun the after and 1857), 1850, 1838, 1820, (1805, intervals varying at measured was country the of population the century nineteenth

János Vékás, “Spectra: National and Ethnic Minorities of Hungary as Reflected by the Census” in in Census” the by Reflected as Hungary of Minorities Ethnic and National “Spectra: Vékás, János The 1880 census showed that less than 45% of the population spoke Hungarian as their native language, language, native their as Hungarian spoke population the of 45% than less that showed census 1880 The ao Kt, Te dniy f ot mniaoy er, in Jewry,” Emancipatory Post of Identity “The Katz, Jacob n h multi the In As it has been mentioned, the Jewish population in Hun in population Jewish the mentioned, been has it As

ional and Ethnic Minorities of Hungary as Reflected by the Census,” 14, 16. 14, by Census,” the Reflected as Hungary ofMinorities Ethnic and ional As they were they As e. eua o, itr aay Nw Brunswick (New Karady Victor Don, Yehuda ed. , ed. The success of Magyarization can be seen in the language usage: at the the at usage: language the in seen be can Magyarization of success The ed. - tnc n mliiga cuty ugras ee mnrt ee i the in even minority a were Hungarians country multilingual and ethnic

at thecentury. end of thenineteenth one of the ethnic communities in Hungary which was lacking a lacking was which Hungary in communities ethnic the of one

n, which meant a number of roughly 708.000 people. By By people. 708.000 roughly of number a meant which n, -

2001 36

T e. ge Tt (e Yr: Co York: (New Tóth Ágnes ed. , e motne f nraig Hungarian increasing of importance he 20 dation of the Central Statistical Office (1867) (1867) Office Statistical Central the of dation

In the case of the Jews religion was the was religion Jews the of case the In A Social and Economic History of Central Central of History Economic and Social A - gary had its own characteristics. own its had gary e Jre: Transa Jersey: New

lumbia Universaity Press, Press, Universaity lumbia

ction Publishers, Publishers, ction - speaking National National CEU eTD Collection 39 38 required country the of nobility the and Jewry between bound contract implicit The time. unifying force. a as nation modern the with terms to come to had “received” Jews thus onwards 1867 made From officially. was religion a as Judaism when 1895, in disappeared barrier last The rel their of to peculiarity the by expected caused integration Jewish wasof impediments the eliminate Jewry of position legal the of changing The industry. and agriculture t by abolished previously been had settlement their on Restrictions emancipation. of act the with Hungary of Jews the of history the hallmarked date this as crowned, finally were efforts first the in nationalism also were argument againstemancipation theirreception. legal and nation the to “alien” considered were s who those and origins, on based distinctions made nationalism Unfolding difficult. making the in still society a into Jewry transforma 2 and Galicia)and century. eighteenth theseventeenth during Hungary of territory the A the of parts other many comingfrom in settled them of quarter three that fact a also is It countries. uspectable. The relatively high proportion of Jewish people in Hungary also served as an as served also Hungary in people Jewish of proportion high relatively The uspectable. .1.2. Assimilation, emancipation and.1.2. Assimilation, their emancipation consequences

Ibid. 16. Ibid. 4. Jewry,” Emancipatory Post Identity“The of Katz, Despite the discrimin the Despite The society. Hungarian in changes major about brought century nineteenth The Emancipation as a legal act was made possible by the libera the by possible made was act legal a as Emancipation he 1840 Diet, and from 1867 onwards the Jews were allowed to take part in business, in part take to allowed were Jews the onwards 1867 from and Diet, 1840 he

tion that started at the end of the eighteenth century fostered the integration of of integration the fostered century eighteenth the of end the at started that tion

half of the nineteenth, and aimed to gain civil rights. In 1867 their 1867 In rights. civil gain to aimed and nineteenth, the of half

ation, the majority of the Jews the of majority the ation,

ustro - 21 Hungarian Empire (Austria, Moravia, Bohemia Moravia, (Austria, Empire Hungarian

of Hungary embraced Hungarian Hungarian embraced Hungary of

lism of political elites of the of elites political of lism igion. igion. CEU eTD Collection 42 1986 Monographs, 41 40 Hungaryl in living Jews by chosen identities new up. speeded minority ethnic defined clearly a as Jewry of disintegration The forth. so and of tr and state the degreesto loyalty total between solutions and assimilation of range whole A markers. distinctive and properties ethnic Jewish of signs and attitudes the of rid get to and assimilate to identities, new choose to drive a as served circlesJewish grew toa significant degree. scene. investment of availability the and industry for base a of achievement the were off take economic for preconditions The carriers. economic or intellectual chose and opportunity the had they as soon as schools high and universities modernizati to way the on country the of advancement dynamic nationality language. ofthem and usedHungarian themajority relatively a H was of Jews the This of many process: successful religion. reformed their by only symbolized was “Jewishness” faith” Jewish the of “Magyars characteris previous the lost They life. of way and and Magyarizedintheir language withHungarian nationalism, these conditions together the renounce cause” customs, th and identify norms and religion, cultural their of own elements their “conspicuous” on up give would Jews that

David Vital, Vital, David McCagg, WilliamO. Identi “The Katz, By breaking the confines of traditional patterns, Jews significantly contributed to the the to contributed significantly Jews patterns, traditional of confines the breaking By mniain hwvr hd o ol eooia bt oil osqecs s we as consequences social but economical only not had however, Emancipation, behavior 41 40

This situation changed by the end of the century, when the economic capital of elite of capital economic the when century, the of end the by changed situation This in order to be accepted by the host society. Most of the Hungarian Jews accepted Jews Hungarian the of Most society. host the by accepted be to order in Zionism: The Crucial Phase Crucial The Zionism:

became possible, including changing names, mixed marriage, conversion, and and conversion, marriage, mixed names, changing including possible, became ), 118. ), ty of Post Emancipatory Jewry,” Emancipatory Post tyof Jewish Nobles and Geniuses in Modern Hungary Modern in Geniuses and Nobles Jewish

–

many of them took up a new type of identity, and their and identity, of type new a up took them of many

(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 36. 1987), Press, Clarendon (Oxford:

ungary declared themselves to be of Hungarian of be to themselves declared ungary 16. 22

of capital. Jews dominated the commercial the dominated Jews capital. of is f hi clue taiin, o become to traditions, culture, their of tics ed to the fragmentation of the community.the of fragmentation the to ed mevs ih h “Hungarian the with emselves

(Boulder: East European European East (Boulder:

on. Many of them attended them of Many on. aditional modes of thoughtof modes aditional

l it ll: The CEU eTD Collection 2. 2000), Press, 46 122. 45 25 2007), 44 68 2005), PolgArt, (Budapest: Viewpoint] 43 Anti Jew. a him regarded still society cases many in converted, hostility. open with even sometimes irony, with “host often the community” by regarded was life public in Jews of presence The partially. only happened non of acceptance wereone assimilation and Christianity. nationalis of religion “civic the character, national of bearer the was which stratum, this in integrated them of most as Jews, the of involvement the with constructed was society Hungarian of families act this symbolized ennobled the for hand other the on but economy, in rivals as appeared Jews cases some families: noble and elite Jewish between alliance traditional the affected obviously possible. made was nobility the of ranks the to access the some for and mobility social facilitated also Emancipation them. emancipated which state the to committed were and liberalism modernity, of promoters for wasof theirthedisappearance their economic success cultural distinctiveness. pay to had Jewry price The life. of way traditional from themselves distanced Jews Many

Tamás Ungvári, Ungvári, Tamás András Gerő, “A szétesett zsidóság,” [Jewry fallen apart] in András Gerő, Gerő, András in apart] fallen [Jewry zsidóság,” szétesett “A Gerő, András George L. Mosse, Mosse, L. George Howard Lupovitch, Lupovitch, Howard

The drift to emancipation influenced the Jews of Hungary; however, both emancipation both however, Hungary; of Jews the influenced emancipation to drift The ga the and integration social the to Due 2.

m,” as George Mosse termed the interlocking of national feeling and and feeling national of interlocking the termed Mosse George as m,” 45

The “Jewish Question” in Europe: The Case of Hungary of Case The Europe: in Question” “Jewish The ofotn te Nation the Confronting - eih ouain s prnr a nee. hs id f acceptance of kind This needed. was partner a as population Jewish es t h Crossroads the at Jews

- sided processes. For the total integration of Jewry into soci integrationJewryinto of total Forthe processes. sided a stronger connection to the Hungarian nation. The middle class The tothe Hungarianmiddle nation. a connection stronger

- fe 16, 5 Jws fmle wr enbe. This ennobled. were families Jewish 350 1868, After 69.

(Hannover

(Budapest ining of rights the Jews of Hungary became the the became Hungary of Jews the rights of ining 23

- London: University Press of New England, 1993), 1993), England, New of Press University London: - New York: Central European University Press, Press, University European Central York: New

(New York: Columbia University University Columbia York: (New A zsidó szempont zsidó A - eiim wih was which Semitism, 46

vn when Even

43 [The Jewish [The

ety the etythe Jew a 44

in CEU eTD Collection 49 48 century] 47 more were religion to attitude and ideas their groups, these of leaders the to According Europe phenomenon unique a was which level, state the at acknowledged was branches major congress. own an organized Orthodox the point that At Jews. th for compulsory not were congress the of resolutions the that acknowledged parliament the 1870 In it. accept to resisted passively they it, signed Joseph Franz Emperor the from out file to congress as deliverance deadly divine “celebrated believers.” was from dangertothe true leaders Orthodox of decision The freedom. political and equality as aspiration reform every took Jews Orthodox Orthodoxy. supported cent per 42 while party, Neolog the to belonged congress the of participants the of cent per 57 break: a to led opposition The grou anotherhuge while Judaism, of reformation the of idea the supported them of many Hungary: of communities Jewish the in unfolded trends major two time this By 1868. of end the in place took leaders Jewish organization overall an framework, national a develop to order in affairs, religious of minister Eötvös, József baron by together called 2 of duetotheir“racial assimilation characteristics.” capable wereJewsnot that assumed it as dissimilation, motivated atmosphere, the in present .1.3. The spli .1.3. The

Jacob Katz, “A végzetes sza “A Katz, végzetes Jacob 19. Jewry,” Emancipatory Post Identity“The of Katz, Gerő, “Zsidó utak “Zsidó Gerő, Another major event in the history of the Jews of Hungary was the congress which was which congress the was Hungary of Jews the of history the in event major Another rhdx edr dd o acp te osiuin rte b te ofrne n when and conference the by written constitution the accept not did leaders Orthodox , To ainl ntttos ee raie i odr o ersn th represent to order in organized were institutions national Two .

in András Gerő, András in a danger to the original, true faith and they did not welcome desires for Jewish Jewish for desires welcome not did they and faith true original, the to danger a t between Neolog and Jews Orthodox –

Magyar k Magyar

A zsidó szempont zsidó A

kadás,” [The fateful split] in split] fateful [The kadás,” eretek a XIX. században” [Jewish ways [Jewish században” XIX. a eretek

p was against it and adhered to traditional Jewish lifestyle. Jewish traditional to adhered and it against was p

[The Jewish viewpoint] Jewish [The

for the Jewish community. The congress of the the of congress The community. Jewish the for 24

Múlt és Jövő és Múlt 47

(Budapest: PolgArt, 2005), PolgArt, (Budapest:

[Past and future], 1 (1991): 54. (1991): 1 future], and [Past –

Hungarian frames in the nineteenth nineteenth the in frames Hungarian 49

The split between the two the between split The

30. e Orthodox e

m both. em

CEU eTD Collection 54 53 Jewi 52 51 50 bor was Herzl Herzl. 2 2 of Hungary. of were third theJews Orthodox. Aboutone ma who Neologs, were ones populous most the size, in varied groups These Quo. Status 66 and Neolog 160 besides existed communities Orthodox 315 those whoorcould didnot choose not between t hosted which branch, Ante Quo Status the became mean, golden the chose group small third, A society. Hungarian of part integrant an were Jews that thought they conditions; sermon: the Hungarian. Neologs supported Orthodox major The redemption. to path Torah halakha the of authority the this for and believers of community the safeguard to was aim Their have forced been havecommon tocooperateinstitutions. or not should they so Catholicism, and Protestantism of those than other each from distinct .2.1. The foundation of foundation .2.1. The Zionism .2.

Katz, “The Identity of Post Emancipatory Jewry,” 20. Jewry,” Emancipatory Post Identity“The of Katz, Frojimovics, Kinga law religious Jewish 53. szakadás,” “A Katz, végzetes in Jacob Quoted Nathaniel Katzburg, “Assimilation in Hungary During the Nineteenth Century: Orthodox Position,” in in Position,” Orthodox Century: Nineteenth the During Hungary in “Assimilation Katzburg, Nathaniel The majority of the communities joined the Orthodox trend. By the end of the century the of end the By trend. Orthodox the joined communities the of majority The chang to open were communities Neolog The Orthodox Zionism is the name which labels the Jewish national movement founded by Theodor by founded movement national Jewish the labels which name the is Zionism sh Assimilation in Modern Times Modern in Assimilation sh The early history ofThe early history ;

most of them adhered to traditional way of life and considered their religion the true true the religion their considered and life of way traditional to adhered them of most 51

a mitie. hs osraie omnt kp te omnmns f the of commandments the kept community conservative This maintained. was Jews were not willing to follow the path of total integration or secularization. or integration total of path the follow to willing not were Jews Szétszakadt történelem Szétszakadt

n into an assimilated Hungarian Jewish family on May 2, 1860. He He 1860. 2, May on family Jewish Hungarian assimilated an into n

Zionism

, ed. Béla Vágó (Boulder: Westview Press, 1981), 50 1981), Westview(Boulder: Press, Vágó Béla ed. ,

[Split history], (Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, 2008), 126. 2008), Kiadó, Balassi history],(Budapest: [Split 52 -

elg eae a aot h lnug o the of language the about was debate Neolog

he twostrongerhe branches. s n eiin sca ad political and social religion, in es 54

de up 60 per cent of the Jews the of cent per 60 up de 53 -

52.

CEU eTD Collection 1992. 60 59 és Jövő 58 57 56 125. 2002), House, Publ. ofDefence Ministry Aviv: Hatefutsoth, Beth (Tel Szalai, 55 problems the solve to forced was he this to due not would emancipation that thought Natonek authorities. the by position his from withdraw and Palestine but Hungary not was Jewry of home real awaken to order in efforts Pozsony,in Sofer Chatam of pupil waswith him. contact inpersonal Al attended Zimony, in lived who Herzl, Loew Simon grandfather, his through Herzl reached still Hungarian, considered be cannot although Alkalay, Israel. Zimony, anti emerging and Natonek, Joseph and Alkalay Judah Rabbis them: of three mention to Just impressions and events topic. this in thinkers major of writings the of unaware 1894 in autonomyonly political their to return should Jews a of employee an became He journalism. chose he career legal a of instead but law studied Herzl Vienna t abandon not did he 1885, Hungariannationalityin his gaveup Hungaryand left he AlthoughVienna. to moved family the Pauline, sister his of death the after when, 1878, until Pest in lived ssimilated, cosmopolitan Jew, Herzl came to the Zionist idea slowly: he first claimed that claimed first he slowly: idea Zionist the to came Herzl Jew, cosmopolitan ssimilated,

AndrewHan pre [Zionism: ellenfelek,” alapítók, előfutárok, “Cionizmus: Rafael Patai, Szerém. county in in Hungary, South city Semlin) Zimony(Zemun, Michael Stanislawski, Pozsony (Bratislava, Pressburg) centre of Pozsony county in the discussed era, capital of Slovakia since since Slovakia of capital era, discussed the in county Pozsony of centre Pressburg) (Bratislava, Pozsony “ Harel, Haya - Herzl’s father, Jákob was a supporter of Rabbi Joseph Natonek (1813 Natonek Joseph Rabbi of supporter a was Jákob father, Herzl’s Semi

[Past and Future], 4 (1993): 23 (1993): Future], and 4 [Past 57 im Jdh laa (1798 Alkalay Judah tism.

e agae o hs ugra te, n h vstd uaet frequently. Budapest visited he and ties, Hungarian his or language, he h rt eea bos i wihh rudta essol eunt Eretz to return should Jews that argued he which in books, several wrote who dler, dler, Neue Freie Presse Freie Neue ez ad i Hnain red i Prs 1891 Paris, in Friends Hungarian his and Herzl An Early Blueprint for Zionism for Blueprint Early An of the Jews and claimed that they were a nation, and not only a religious a only not and nation, a were they that claimed and Jews the of Zionism and the Fin de de Siècle the Fin and Zionism

and personalities and

the consciousness of his brethren: in 1860 he preached that the that preached he 1860 in brethren: his of consciousness the

. Besides publishing articles, he wrote several plays. As an an As plays. several wrote he articles, publishing Besides . - 24. 58 60

rabbi of Jászberény and Székesfehérvár. Natonek madeNatonek Székesfehérvár. and Jászberényof rabbi - 88 was 1878)

affected him, even when he still lived in Hungary. in lived still he when even him, affected

(New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), 156. 1989), Press, University Columbia (NewYork: 26

(Berkeley: University of Califor of (Berkeley: University

h Spadc rabb Sephardic the - 85” in 1895,”

56 -

1895, and until that time he washe time that until and 1895, oee, t is it However, cursors, founders, opponents], founders, cursors, n h Ln f Hagar of Land the In

kalay’s synagogue and and synagogue kalay’s nia Press, 2001), 14. 2001), Press, nia i of the Jews of of Jews the of i -

1892); ue ht some that sure 59 e. Anna ed. ,

former

Múlt Múlt

In CEU eTD Collection 65 2012) (1884):1 Anti parliamentary the of proposal 64 Tiszaeszlár. it following trial the and case The murder. ritual a committed village the of community Jewish the that suspected Locals circumstances. 63 http://www.hist.net/datenarchiv/haber/texte/105230.pdf 62 1861) 61 ide Istóczy’s of elements Zionists” Jewish anti We, philosemites. incorrigible our with along unable or unwilling are who Jews those “Let Hungarians: the and Jews the both for better been had have would Jews the expelling it, put nation. strong a form would theycountry, own their build to allowed were they H the monthly, on sponging were Istóczy’s Jews that In propagated he career. Pamphlets] his of catalyst the was 1878 in speech anti promulgated had Istóczy anti other many besides (1842 Istóczy Győző lawyer, and representative parliamentary by led was party (1882 of the return toPalestine. propagation the to time his dedicated he resignation his After it. confiscated and unpatriotic these circulated emancipációról pamphlet, pseudonymous a published He group.

Quoted in Handler, in Handler, Quoted Haber, Peter See, for instance, “Az országgyűlési antiszemitapárt válaszfelirati javaslata a trónbeszédre” [The response response [The trónbeszédre” a javaslata válaszfelirati antiszemitapárt országgyűlési “Az instance, for See, ulse udr h nm o Ai Amieli, Abir of name the under Published blood A Herzl was also influenced by anti by influenced also was Herzl Later on the Hungarian supporters of an independent Jewish nation took over some some over took nation Jewish independent an of supporters Hungarian the on Later

- 1883), - 8. 8. -

libel, based on the death of a young girl, Eszter Solymosi, who disappeared under unclarified unclarified under disappeared who Solymosi, Eszter girl, young a of death the on based libel, http://mtdaportal.extra.hu/tizenket_ropirat/5_evfolyam/5_evf_01_szam.pdf Josef Natonek: A Forerunner of Herzl from Hungary Herzl from of Forerunner A Natonek: Josef 63

and about the foundation of the Anti the of foundation the about and

65 Msih o a esy n eih emancipation] Jewish on essay an or [Messiah, ideas

An Early Blueprint, Early Blueprint, An

gained the attention of the public. The trial ended with the acquittal of the Jews of of Jews the of acquittal the with ended trial The public. the of attention the gained . 61 -

62 Jewish Jewish ology. For instance in 1878 a petition was submitted to the Berlin the to submitted was petition a 1878 in instance For ology. h Hnain oenet osdrd aoe’ work Natonek’s considered government Hungarian The

Semitic views even before Tiszaeszlár; his famous Palestine famous his Tiszaeszlár; before even views Semitic - eii Pry o h trn sec] in speech] throne the to Party Semitic claims 152 - - Semitism, and he knew about the cas the about knew he and Semitism, 153.

esá, avag Messiás, demanded the expulsion expulsion the demanded

(accessed O (accessed

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nain ain hwvr if however, nation; ungarian

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(accessed March 24, 24, March (accessed

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CEU eTD Collection 67 66 to due them, of rid get to difficult extremely be would it that knew also He circle. sustaining exi they and that Jews thatthe surrounded Herzl theproblems clearly saw us.” emancipated they when so do to desire generous a showed certainly They will. they as try It remnit. a is “ persecution. and Question” “Jewish anti face: to had Jews European problems the with t down laying Zionism, early of writing and Jewry: for basis territorial a of establishment the during to visits Budapest. hisannual anti the Zion by proposed settlements the while Hungary, from Jews the expel to wanted Istóczy one: important most the mention to Just differences. many had also they however noticed; his viewshad oncontemporary Hungarian Jews. anti an to referred senders the that fact the in lies significance its nevertheless congress, the of participants the independent and legal a as Istóczy.ofmotion enclosed the kingdom, to according fathers, our of land ancient the in home a […] us give to goodwill poor Jews, “ wrote: They Reisler). Meir C. Freund, T. Levy, (M. individuals unknown three by signed was which Hungary, from Congress

Theodor Herzl, Herzl, Theodor in Patai, Rafael Quoted Theodor Herzl published two major works in w in works major two published Herzl Theodor - The eiim Hrl nw bu Hnain anti Hungarian about knew Herzl Semitism. Altneuland ists were based on voluntary work and participation of European Jews in order to avoid to order in Jews European of participation and work voluntary on based were ists iiaiis f h gas f ins ad h Anti the and Zionism of goals the of similarities and oppressed, also request humbly that Your Excellencies make use of your power and power your of use make Excellencies Your that humbly request also oppressed, and ant of the of Middleant Ages, which civilized nations donot even yet seem shake to off, able The Jewish StateJewish The

(Old - Semitic politician, which also shows the influence and effect Istóczy and and Istóczy effect and influence the shows also which politician, Semitic - The Jews of Hungary Jewsof The e Ln, 1902). Land, New

(New York: Dover Publications, 2008), 75. 2008), Publications, (New Dover York:

The Jewish question still exists. It would Itexists. still question Jewish The , (Det , Honored Congress, Honored he basis of the movement’s goals. Herzl started out started Herzl goals. movement’s the of basis he e Judenstaat Der roit: Wayne State University Press, 1996) 349. 1996) Press, University State Wayneroit: 28

66 - Der Judenstaat Der eiim h cud o hv aodd it avoided have not could he Semitism;

hich he propagated his ideas concerning ideas his propagated he hich - The memorandum was not was memorandum The Semitism, the constant actuality of the of actuality constant the Semitism,

l s osdrd h ms important most the considered is ike all the other Eastern peoples, we peoples,Eastern other the all ike - Semitic Party can be easily easily be can Party Semitic

(The Jewish State, 1896) State, Jewish (The st in a kind ofself st inakind be foolish to deny to foolish be

discussed bydiscussed

67 -

CEU eTD Collection 125. 70 69 68 Eu in around all scattered Jews, of unification the help and conservatives alike. con thus Zionism Herzl’s life. public from removed religion and tolerance supreme propagated he In force. unifying a than factious a rather was century nineteenth the of end the Jewi the all to attractive and universal ideas his make to was Herzl of aim The Zionism. of task important most the bondbetween was of them kind some of creation the many countries, in dispersed theywere layers. of organization the and land of purchasing the from starting details mentioning function, would society its and again.” them find shall we customs; beloved oursacrifice not shall We civilization.[…] of midst the in out carried be will It case. the not is That in for might, brains Dull men. of minds the from erased entirely be first must notions limited and confused outgrown, “ misunderstandings: of elimination the and state own their building co the achieving be would State Jewish the of establishment the to leading step first The Argentina. in or Palestine in either Jews isthebaseit ofhisnationalistic ideology centuries their

Ibid. 82. Ibid. Herzl, George L. Mosse, Mosse, L. George

As the common identity of Jews liv Jews of identity common the As the for territory own an solution: his outlined Herzl problems, of enumeration the After ez ws wr ta cetn ntoa smos n r and symbols national creating that aware was Herzl

The Jewish State Jewish The tained social and political attitudes and was capable of absorbing socialists, liberals, socialists, absorbing of capable was and attitudes political and socialtained

- long practice. His conclusion reflects solidarity with the persecuted and also and persecuted the with solidarity reflects conclusion His practice. long Confronting the Nation the Confronting stance, imagine that this exodus would be from civilized regions into the desert. the into regions civilized from be would exodus this that imagine stance, labor , 76. , 70 sh communities, thus he did not lay emphasis on religion, which, by which, religion, on emphasis lay not did he thus communities, sh

to the apparatus and arrangement of the state, and various social various and state, the of arrangement and apparatus the to

(Hannover nviction in European Jews that they are capable of of capable are they that Jews European in nviction ing in Europe was problematic due to the fact that fact the to due problematic was Europe in ing : “We are a people: “We are 69

Herzl described in deta in described Herzl 29

–

London: University Press of New Engl New of Press University London: ts lk fa ad songs, and flag like ites, oe n wud tr te inner the start would and rope –

one people.” il how this idealistic state state idealistic this how il o ti, ay old, many this, For 68

Altneuland and, 1993), 1993), and,

would

CEU eTD Collection 75 Zionist Organization 74 Politics 73 72 JewryVI contemporary in 71 congresses regularly withthe attendance held ofdelegates from of number a by followed was Congress First The movement. Zionist the for organization umbrella an as served later and congress the during 1897, in founded also was Organization 29 August on held being one first the congresses, waythis character was beoutward national to seenappearance meant in too. “degeneration” against fight to followers its inspired which past, heroic Nordau, Max by especially stressed was rejuvenation Bodily too. sense physical in but spiritual in only not Jew,” “new a creating with concerned Zionism history. and unity Jewish bore thought, they as which, language sacred ancient, the Hebrew, chose Zionists the and ideology an of part meant language a choosing Thus evoke may Language symbol. national associa a and building nation of instrument another of national ideas. nationa Jewish a in belief the sustained also They Jewry. of assets cultural the preserve to need the and movement the of aims the propagated they thus and elevate, to aimed Zionists the which history and culture age,” visual highly a into born was “Zionism As movement. the to Zionists new of generation whole a committing of process the in role significant a played Art dignity. own its with nation Jewish a of renewal

Mosse, Mosse, 1849 Südfeld, (Maximilian MaxNordau Zionist“Art P in Berkowitz, Self Jewish Cultureand Zionist“Art Popular in Michael Berkowitz, v Gtla, A etr o Jws Pltc i Esen uoe” in Europe,” Eastern in Politics Jewish of Century “A Gitelman, Zvi The question of language also became a cardinal problem for Zionism, since it was was it since Zionism, for problem cardinal a became also language of question The h frt ocee tp tkn n re t etbih h Jws sae ee h Zionist the were state Jewish the establish to order in taken steps concrete first The , ed. Zvi Gitelman (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003), 10. 2003), Press, ofPittsburgh University Zvi(Pittsburgh: ed. , Gitelman tions, memories, emotions and for the Jews it became an “epitome of peoplehood.” of “epitome an became it Jews the for and emotions memories, tions, Confronting the Nation, the Confronting 72

. ed. Ezra Mendelsohn, (New York York Mendelsohn, (New ed.Ezra .

opular Culture,” 10. Culture,” opular 71

artistic imagery artistic 127. l regeneration. For Herzl, art was the vehicle for the absorption the for vehicle the was art Herzl, For regeneration. l

- 1923) Zionist 1923)

30 and symbols were the expressions of common of expressions the were symbols and

leader, physician and writer,co physician and leader, – -

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 9. 1990), Press, University Oxford Oxford: 1897 31, 74

and it was connected to the ancient, the to connected was it and - consciousness, 1897 consciousness, h Eegne f oen Jewish Modern of Emergence The in all over Europe.

ae. The Basel.

- in both senses. In senses. both in founder of the World the World of founder - 75 1914,” in 1914,”

ol Zionist World

Studies Studies

CEU eTD Collection 11. 1994), 78 77 cities. affecting64 o series a when period Another blamed. 76 non however status; subordinated their in belief their broke which emancipation and atmosphere enlightened the to due changed naturally communities Jewish of role The assimilation. of shortcomings modern, picture: the into came existence. current their of freed being for regularly prayed and exile in people a themselves regarded Diaspora in living structurecontemporary politics. of Jewish the changed and Zionism, of unfolding the helped radicalization and forth, so and rights, politics. in changes to led secularism of spreading the and traditions with breaking rationalism, present: was movement Haskalah the of influence the all, of First Jewry. European of circumstances is which reservedGod. only to Palestine, to return the i.e. redemption, of act the forced they that fact the and Zionism of nature secular the like not did Jews Orthodox emancipation. and assimilation endan which claims nationalistic considered its to due Jews dangerous Zionism Assimilated everywhere. leaders Jewish many from objections bitter periodically. anti to due popularity more gained Zionism Europe Eastern In movement. the join to refused communities Jewish assimilated

Gitelman, “A Century of Jewish Politics,” “AofJewish Century Gitelman, Shlomo Avineri, Shlomo A wave of pogroms broke out in 1881, after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II for which Jews were were Jews which for II Alexander Tsar of assassination the after 1881, in out broke pogroms of wave A Zionism as a new type of in of type new a as Zionism highly Europe Western In places. many in controversial was Zionism of reception The When considering the role of the Zionist mo Zionist the of role the considering When

The shift to mass politics, taking up of new issues such as economics, civil civil economics, as such issues new of up taking politics, mass to shift The 76

However, the ideology and the practical steps taken by Zionist leaders raised leaders Zionist by taken steps practical the and ideology the However,

A modern cionizmus kialakulása cionizmus modern A - Jewish p Jewish

opulation also realized the differences between them and the and them between differences the realized also opulation 78 itiation gained popularity and followers due to the changed changed the to due followers and popularity gained itiation

In the second half of the nineteenth century another factor another century nineteenth the of half second the In f pogroms occurred was 1903 was occurred pogroms f

- aily ae anti based racially 3 eih toiis n pgos wh pogroms and atrocities Jewish - 4.

[The evolving of modern Zionism] (Budapest: Századvég, Századvég, (Budapest: Zionism] modern of evolving [The

vement, it is crucial to mention that Jews that mention to crucial is it vement, - eiim wih niae the indicated which Semitism, - 1906, starting out from Kishinev and and Kishinev from out starting 1906, ee te civmns of achievements the gered c sil happened still ich CEU eTD Collection today center, belo Episcopal Catholic Greek century, nineteenth until the ofTransylvania 81 80 79 been have must they hand influenced oflocalaspirations toget nationalities by the autonomy. other the on identity, Hungarian their by forced were they escape meant it hand one the on Zionism: to turned there living Jews why explain may which Magyarization, of agents the considered were Jews where and strong, were ethnicities of movements nationalistic the where territories of center the at Balázsfalva, personalities toget madeand efforts moreinvolved. more people e associations and circles Zionist War. World First the before foothold proper gain not could it people, of number a by supported was cause 2 2 existence, Diaspora with break to wanted who Jews those of all to choice proper a be to seemed it self introduced and language their heritage, historical their to Jews turned which Zionism, was nationalism cases. many in society from Jews of exclusion the caused which and originmattered, where nationalism,light ofthe in also but level religious onlya on not Jews .3.1. Magyar Szövetség Cionista [ of Zionism Hungary .3. The history in

Ibid. 22. Ibid. Avin Balázsfalva (Blaj, Blasendorf, Bluβendref), town in Transylvania, political and cultural center of Romanians Romanians of center cultural and political Transylvania, in town Bluβendref), Blasendorf, (Blaj, Balázsfalva - The Zionist idea could hardly find its way and followers in Hungary; and although the although and Hungary; in followers and way its find hardly could idea Zionist The h frt inss ae rm utehi prs f ugr: áo Rni from Rónai János Hungary: of parts multiethnic from came Zionists first The consciousness. eri, eri,

A modern cionizmus kialakulása cionizmus modern A and

81 of local population forced Jews to choose new types of identities. One of these of One identities. of types new choose to Jews forced population local of

Transylvania, and Sámuel Bettelheim from Pozsony. Both of th of Both Pozsony. from Bettelheim Sámuel and Transylvania, did not want to face to want did not simply persecution orwanted brethren. tohelp their 80

As Zionism sought an answer to anti to answer an sought Zionism As

, 20 , Hungarian Zionist Association] Hungarian - 21.

xisted and worked, and some outstanding some and worked, and xisted - Semitism and nationalism al nationalism and Semitism

from the situation to which to situation the from

The pressure of the of pressure The ngs to Romania ngsto ese towns laid towns ese

ike, - CEU eTD Collection 23. 2001) 84 (1902 Hungary of movement 83 82 gathered members The Pozsony. in Torah Jagdil established him, asked students yeshiva the of congress world Zionists. the religious the Mizrachim, in part took he 1904 in and 1903 until personality central a how suspiciousthe Zio questioned was and organs attacked by Jewish he Basel, in trip his from returned Rónai as soon As congress. the at Hungary in Jews the seven, of consisted which Congress, Congress. Zionist First the before even Herzl with corresponded He 1875. in Jewry] of status contemporary helyzetére mai zsidóság an article Question:” he published (1849 Rónai first. Israel time were atthesame considered tobeinopposition. loyalties conflicting fo It persecuted. the of help the and Land, reawakening theHoly autonomy, spiritual therestoration of promisedrevival, cultural nationalism Jewish forces. joining by members its help to able was that dignity with nation ass the was basis its as problems, these all to solution of kind a offered Zionism pogroms. suffered inhabitants Jewish Russia in politics; in also but anti based racially seen: be already

Peter Haber, Haber, Peter Emed, Alexander Almog, Shmuel n ugr Jws ntoaitc da wr discov were ideas nationalistic Jewish Hungary In assimila of shortcomings the of some century nineteenth the of end the By Another significant leader of Hungarian Zionism was Sámuel Bettelheim, who remained who Bettelheim, Sámuel was Zionism Hungarian of leader significantAnother

Die Anfänge des Zionismus in Ungarn (1897 Ungarn in des Zionismus Anfänge Die Zionism and History and Zionism A magyarországi cionista mozgalom története (1902 története mozgalom cionista magyarországi A 83 - 1919), a lawyer from Balázsfalva, was seriously engaged in the “Jewish the in engaged seriously was Balázsfalva, from lawyer a 1919),

82 óa a h edro h ugra omte fteFrt Zionist First the of committee Hungarian the of leader the was Rónai

s en a aro i oes oead n spotn te eia of revival the supporting and homeland one’s in patriot a being as nist movementmay contemporaries. to nist seem have - 1948)] (Budapest: Bethlen téri Bethlentéri (Budapest: 1948)]

Ntoaim and [Nationalism

(Jerusalem: The Magness Press, 1987), 10 1987), Press, Magness The (Jerusalem: , 84

A nacionalizmus és kozmopolitizmus különös tekintettel éskozmopolitizmuskülönös a A nacionalizmus -

stered messianic hopes and pride, but meanwhile led to led meanwhile but pride, and hopes messianic stered Semitism appeared not only in certain scientific circles scientific certain in only not appeared Semitism I

n October 1897 Bettelheim, after a group of Orthodox of group a after Bettelheim, 1897 October n self - appointed members. He described the situation of of situation the described He members. appointed

33 omplts wt seil teto t the to attention special with cosmopolitism

by delegates of the government, which shows government,delegates whichshows theby of

- Oneg Sábbát Klub, 2002) 48. 2002) Klub, Sábbát Oneg 1904)

rd n ebae b Jns Rónai János by embraced and ered (Köln umption that Jews were a separate separate a were Jews that umption

- - 1948) Weimar

[The history of the Zionist historyZionist ofthe [The - - Wien: Böhlau Verlag, Verlag, Böhlau Wien: 11.

in could tion CEU eTD Collection 94 93 92 Anfänge Die 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 a face to had movement the start energetic the after however, activity; Zionist of center Beszterce. in association o one groups: own their of figures central as activity their started and beginning, the from involved became movement the of leaders later The existed. groups local 32 Congress, Zionist Second the of time the by Hungary); in ones Nagyszombat, smaller of Nyitra, number a by followed were groups major first These Kolozsvár. in 1897; 17, October on Association] [Zion Egylet” “Czion name the under Nagyszeben, their helped members brethren there. the Romania, in happened pogroms when 1900, of summer the in press Nyitra, of rabbis Orthodox the with along permission, his gave Pozsony of rabbi the as support, necessary the had also they and movement the in involved actively were Pozsony of Zionists The 1899). (Basel, fo delegate as Österreicher Béla chose they and 1898) (Basel, Congress Zionist Second the to Marmorek Oszkár representative, elected an sent They movement. named to“Ahavat (Lov Cion” Zionism. concerning topics actual the about talk to Saturday every

Beszterce ( Beszterce ( Nagytapolcsány Slovakia. belongsto today it metropolitancentre, Tyrnau) (Trnava, Nagyszombat 51. Ibid. Haber, Romania. to it belongs today ofTransylvania, centre cultural and historical Klausenburg) (Cluj, Kolozsvár Pápa:educ Slovakia. belongs to today cultural and centre, Episcopal Neutra), Nyitra(Nitra, Haber, The Nagyszeben group was founded by Bettelheim. Schweitzer, „Miért „Miért Schweitzer, Bettelheim. by founded was group Nagyszeben The h frt ins ascain, pr fo t from apart associations, Zionist first The Hungarian evolving slowly the of point focal the was Torah Jagdil the years first the In Die Anfänge Die Anfänge Die

e Ugrsh Israelit Ungarische Der ational center in county Veszprém. Veszprém. in center ationalcounty , , 41. Bistri

90 ț

Topoľčany) today it belongs to Slovakia. to todayit belongs Topoľčany) a, Bistritz) today belongs to Romania. to Bistritz) today a, belongs , , 40 , 38.

- 92 41.

n Nagytapolcsány and 94

86 hs ru ws ae “vi. So Klzvr eae the became Kolozsvár Soon “Ivria.” named was group This

e of Zion).e of Pápa , naice Wochenschrift Ungarische 87

n Kolozsvár. and

f them was Niszon was them f 34 93

al of (all

e n i Pzoy wr fudd in founded were Pozsony, in one he 88

h Ja The hm n utehi triois of territories multiethnic in them

Kahan nem kellett Herzl,” 53. and Haber, Haber, and 53. Herzl,” kellett nem and dl oa rcie positive received Torah gdil 85 üice Tageblatt Jüdische

, who formed a student a formed who , Soon the group was re was group the Soon

r the third congress third the r 91 . 89

and

In - CEU eTD Collection 98 97 96 95 t over all from delegates thirty chairman, deputyand ÖsterreicherBettelheim his the actual president. the of leaders the Ideiglenes elect to order in Basel to together traveled They Reichenthal. Adolf and Abrahamsohn Ármin Österreicher, Béla Rónai, János were committee this of leaders i 1902 March in together got preparingcommittee a and 1901, in CongressZionist the ofboard the of help (1901, Basel). until alive circle 1904. his keep to managed who characters main the of one was Bettelheim group. new a created and 1902 March in seceded Gábel which from association, Zionist a Gáb Gyula 1901 In capital. the over taking of capable was them of none and time, much for lasted them of none but centers, several establishment central the founded Hun of Assembly Charity and Cultural Jewish Central “The became name organization’s planned the and Hajdu, Marcel by organized was congress the Eventually goal. their back would denomination Orthodox the them, join central would have of intheir keptthenationalhands. the leadership movement p such no were there problem: serious

Emed, Emed, Ibid. Ibid Haber, a found to order in Herzl with together Budapest in congress a planned Bettelheim On March 22, 1903 the First Zionist Congress of Hungary was opened in Pozsony with Pozsony in opened was Hungary of Congress Zionist First the 1903 22, March On The Hungarian Zionist delegation (Österreicher and Ármin Abrahamsohn) asked for the for asked Abrahamsohn) Ármin and (Österreicher delegation Zionist Hungarian The . 97

46. 45.

A magyarországi cionista mozgalom cionista magyarországi A thought Bettelheim organization. Zionist Die Anfänge Die He took part at the Fourth Zion Fourth the at part took He

rzgs iotá [eprr Ntoa Cmite. óa bcm the became Rónai Committee]. National [Temporary Bizottság Országos

n Pozsony, whose aim was to found the national Zionist organization. The The organization. Zionist national the found to was aim whose Pozsony, n , , 43.

he country. Their program consisted of two main points: first points: main two of consisted program Their country. he

of Hungarian Zionism and when. Attempts were made in made were Attempts when. and Zionism Hungarian of , 50. , ersonalities who had good organizing skills, and who and skills, organizing good had who ersonalities ist Congress (London, 1900) and the Fifth Congress Fifth the and 1900) (London, Congress ist

el, Vilmos Kohn and Sámuel Reich also founded founded also Reich Sámuel and Kohn Vilmos el, 35

ay n Budapest in gary ht vn f h Noos i nt at to want not did Neologs the if even that . ” 96 98

95 t s obfl who doubtful is It

CEU eTD Collection 102 101 100 99 re they and Beregi and Österreicher Bettelheim, still were leaders The participants. 37 with 1905, in Budapest, in place took func their obstructed also Budapest the of and denominations Jewish them acknowledge not did government the problems: several had Association one than more with Pozsony, in 1904 13, March on congress tookpart1904. 78Orthodox inthe gathering. Jews 22, August on Pozsony in congress world a together called Mizrachim the representatives, sympathize witheach andend to reasons cooperation. other, had personal not did also They experiences. social in and views political religion, of perception their (Bas Rónai that extent an to grew which ca.weeks afirst 500to1200in few theHungariancongress. after vice the organization, platform. Hungarian a out work Wochenschrift to was task whose Congress, Zionist o participants thetwelve also Pozsony” assigned “Program socalled goals. of The views. not did politicaldirect they excluded that and thestatedsecondPalestine; in Jews homeless for home safe a create to aspired which Basel of program the accepted they all of

Haber, Haber,

Ibid. Ibid. 53. Ibid. Ibid. h re The Rónai, and Bettelheim between emerged conflict a forces, joining of spite in However, h Mga Coit Szövetség Cionista Magyar The el, 1903). There was obviously a great tension between Rónai and Bettelheim both in both Bettelheim and Rónai between tension great a obviously was There 1903). el, 99

72. 59. Die Anfänge Die

at h Jw o Hnay o xs a a ainlt, r o ae vr nationalistic over take to or nationality, a as exist to Hungary of Jews the want They only dealt with culture: withhumanitariandealt history,and language,They religion, with and only

iiu wn o Zoim y hs ie teghnd o uh ht its that much so strengthened time this by Zionism of wing ligious

eae h Zoit’ fiil ra. etlem eae h ha o the of head the became Bettelheim organ. official Zionists’ the became , , 56.

- president Österreicher. The number of the shekel the of number The Österreicher. president

- assured the intention that they would not follow Jewish follow not would they that intention the assured resigned Hnain Zionis [Hungarian 36

three months after the Sixth Zionist Congress Congress Zionist Sixth the after months three

102

t Association] Association] t inn. h tid congress third The tioning. - 100 ude priiat. The participants. hundred

101 - payers gr payers involvement; ed t second its held

Ungarische f the Sixth Sixth f the ew from from ew

they CEU eTD Collection 107 Zio the of president second the and movement 106 105 104 103 achieve was banned. thenot movement that Wolffsohn, David to help for turned desperately Österreicher movement. the legit the see not did he that him told Andrássy Interior. the of Gyula Minister Andrássy, from audience for asked Österreicher that despite them, acknowledge to refused Beregi, Sámuel the Szövetség, Ármin Cionista Österreicher, Béla changed: Magyar titles the only the same, the remained of basically leadership history the throughout that observed be can the issuesof theMizrachim. propaganda, of responsible became Kahan Niszon newspapers, Makkabea the of th members Österreicher; of became chairman Association The Zionism. Hungarian of launching the in participated who leaders first the to distributed be to had positions coordinating and developed, be to had groups pl took congress held annually the 1907 In country. the of territory the in arose 200 associations around and persecuted the helped they which with shekels bought who supporters, in Budapest, the to delegates seven elected international congress. and Association the of legalization the on action took t divided congress The politics. nationalistic c i Bdps. h cnrs hd w mi tss te ytm oriaig h local the coordinating system the tasks: main two had congress The Budapest. in ace

Zionist student association, see the subchapter. next see association, Zionist student Emed, Emed, Emed, Ibid. ai Wlfon (1856 Wolffsohn David In June 1908 the sixth congress was held in the capital the in held was congress sixth the 1908 June In to Association the of office the relocating of capable was congress fourth the Only The Zionist Association was attacked from different sides. The government repeatedly government The sides. different from attacked was Association Zionist The

56. A magyarországi cionista mozgalom cionista magyarországi A mozgalom cionista magyarországi A

1906. By this time the Zionist propaganda achieved to attract three thousand three attract to achieved propaganda Zionist the time this By 1906.

Bettelheim, Lajos Bettelheim, Niszo Dömény, 103 -

94 Ltuna Jws bsnsmn poiet ebr f h Zionist the of member prominent businessman, Jewish Lithuanian 1914)

nist Organization. nist , 57 , 54. , -

58. 107 37 he territory of Hungary into ten districts; they districts; ten into Hungary of territory he

n Kahan

with 91 people showing up. It up. showing people 91 with 105 104

Lipót Leibovits controlled Leibovits Lipót ok ae f h Zionist the of care took 106

who could who imacy of of imacy e CEU eTD Collection 110 109 108 n political andideological the to react to quick were Zionists Hungarian the and Organization, and helping Jews, houses for inJerusalem theimmigrants. pious tasks: their assigned participants the where year, same the in them for organized as elected was Leibovits Lipót and Organization, Europe. the for language, first as Hebrew with kindergarten a founded Jordán Shmuel Schönfeld. József was leader first whose Budapest, in established was secretariat Zionist scout Jewish the founded Jews young three 1911 191 until remained (and Association Zionist the of chairman new the became Beregi called Pozsony, in organ Zionist new a started Bettelheim Makkabea. in career his started who Jordán, Viktor such appeared, leaders ambitious New, network. extended an had Association Zionist the that means which Hungary, in existed organizations local 138 (1909) congress ninth the thenational congress. off: hold not did reactions The Egyenlőség movement. the to attention drew which towns, memb the all to sent and Beregi uances theinternational thatappearedon level.

Ibid. 60. Ibid. Ibid. Emed, In the e Inthe significant first The Zionist World the of happenings the with connection close in stood events these of All

61 109 A magyarországi cionista mozgalom cionista magyarországi A

- 62.

nd of the 1900s major transformations happened in Zionist circles: by the time of time bythe circles: Zionist in happenedtransformations major 1900s the of nd

immediately agitated against Wolffsohn and a thousand people came to the next the to came people thousand a and Wolffsohn against agitated immediately n 99 h Hnain irci otd u fo te ol Zionist World the from out opted Mizrachim Hungarian the 1909 In

108

rsbre Jdsh Zeitung Jüdische Pressburger

success the Zionists achieved was due to a memorandum written by written memorandum a to due was achieved Zionists the success

ers of the Parliament, the government, and the leaders of leaders the and government, the Parliament, the of ers , 58. ,

their in German language. In 1911 Ármin Ármin 1911 In language. German in soito, h “aia” n 92 a 1912 In “Kadima.” the association, himn Aohr oges was congress Another chairman. 110

first time in time first

buying 8). In 8). as CEU eTD Collection 113 students. poor helping freethinking, 112 dynasty,stren 111 idea. youth and organized and pride u members, the national which in of associations, Jewish number the revive increase to to tried and They culture consciousness. Jewish of values the propagate did Jews Hungarian that stating Zionists, Hungarian other of pattern Eastern the followed they to this In shelter Jews. European provide could them, to according which, existence, national Jewish Zionism: political Herzl’s kör” “Galilei the as such associations, student other with debates intellectual had Makkabea The participants. Chanukah Sámuel Krausz. Krausz waspresident votedgroup. tobethe ofthe first experienc Budapest with to arrived already who Kahan, Niszon were group the of launchers The Hungary. of parts various from Budapest, in living students university were them of All Kahan. Niszon Á movement: national the of leaders became later who members, founding 24 had Makkabea The groups. student nationalistic propagated Maccabees, the from name gettingits Makkabea, 1903. September in Budapest in founded was Makkabea, circle, 2 .3.2. Makkabea

Emed, Emed, Galilei kör (1908 kör Galilei acbe (C 164 (BCE Maccabees The Makkabea met weekly as a table a as weekly met Makkabea The student the when Zionism Hungarian of history the in up opened chapter different A

A magyarországi cionista magyarországi A - celebration in December 1903 December in celebration gthened Jewish religion, expanded the boundaries of the Land ofIsrael. Land ofthe the boundaries expanded religion, Jewish gthened - 112

1919) an intellectual circle of free thinkers, whose aim was scientific research, defence of defence research, scientific was aim whose thinkers, free of circle intellectual an 1919)

[Galilei circle]. The ideological standpoint of Makkabea was based on based was Makkabea of standpoint ideological The circle]. [Galilei not need such a protection. a such need not 111 - 63) a Jewish rebel army that took control of Judea and founded the Hasmonean Hasmonean the founded and Judea of control took that army rebel Jewish a 63) mn eei Ljs öéy Mzs islce, ri Bkr and Bokor Ármin Bisseliches, Mózes Dömény, Lajos Beregi, rmin s ad óe Bseihs h ws nie b Hrls deputy, Herzl’s by invited was who Bisseliches Mózes and es,

ins ies hc wr ecue fo ms o te non the of most from excluded were which ideas Zionist xrse pie n cniec, hc ws edd o es who Jews to needed was which confidence, and pride expressed

hy rul pougtd h togt f state of thought the promulgated proudly they ltimate goal was to prepare the next generation to the Zionist Zionist the to generation next the prepare to was goal ltimate

mozgalom , 52. ,

and organized social events, such as their famous their as such events, social organized and

in Hotel Royal, which attracted several hundred hundred several attracted which Royal, Hotel in 39

113

The practical aims of Makkabea were to were Makkabea of aims practical The

- onig and founding - Jewish CEU eTD Collection 116 weakJew. the physically stereotype of old the behindleave to in order Jews the byachieved 115 114 younggrewZionists who upinthe ideologi new those by followed were and latter the joined association student the of leaders first Budapest]. Kerüle Cionista Budapesti the into merged Muskeljudentum. Nordau’s of spirit the in 1906, in Kohn Dávid and Dömény Lajos members, Makkabea two by launched was which Club], Atlétika és Vívó the was group important Another “Deborah.” name the given was association women’s Zionist The students. school secondary Jewish for and officials Jewish young for association an Élet re was and background, financial of absence the to due year called one, first the edited Dömény, Lajos and Bokor Ármin member, active most the newspapers:

H Emed, A term coined by Zionist leader Max Nordau, which expresses the corporeal and moral ideals to be be to ideals moral and corporeal the expresses which Nordau, Max leader Zionist by coined term A The history of Makkabea intertwined with that of the Magyar Cionista Szövetség, as the as Szövetség, Cionista Magyar the of that with intertwined Makkabea of history The 1 in groups: youth Zionist later for example an as served also Makkabea issuing by Zionism of propagation the of care took Makkabea the of Members

aber, aber, [Jewish Life] [Jewish in1907. sd Néplap Zsidó A magyarországi cionista mozgalom cionista magyarországi A Die Anfänge Die 116

, , 69.

[Jew

s Pplr ae] Ti social This Paper]. Popular ish 114

52.

cal milieu of the youth of the milieu cal groups. t 40 Bztsg [Zionis Bizottság i merchants

115

In the same year these Zionist groups Zionist these year same the In

was organized, and “Ivria,” a circle a “Ivria,” and organized, was - ieay eky esd fe one after ceased weekly literary - launched under the title title the under launched Rgoa Cmiso of Commission Regional t Club [Fencer and Athletic and [Fencer Club

905 “Jehuda,” 905 Zsidó CEU eTD Collection from: 1929) Pallas, (Budapest: Data Europe. over all acknowledged was oeuvre His works. 119 (New al. et Vágó Brunswick: Béla ed. 118 117 a popular, well meeting Herzl’s about tells peculiar, most the probably them, of One community. Neolog the and Zionism of representatives en first the about exist stories and anecdotes their Several affected Zionism. naturally to relation attitude this and obligation, moral was state the to faithful and patriotic being them For modernization. and assimilation of cause the promoted who ones assimilated Hungarian and newly“alien” Jews Yiddish. immigrated who spoke Jews, l Hungarian previously. be to used it that rules regulating and traditions of system rich the identity. Hungarian of ingredients emb also They century. nineteenth the in Jews by used widely was which German, Hungarian of adopted instead language they well: as culturally and linguistically assimilated Jews Neolog the with hand ref to in necessity hand went need This expectations. modern to Judaism adapt to need .

anguage was so well interiorized that it became a basic element of differentiation between differentiation of element basic a became it that interiorized well so was anguage

Vera Ránki, Vera György Bárány, “Magyar Jew or Jewish Magyar,” in Magyar,” Jewish or Jew “Magyar Bárány, György eő eti (1871 Heltai Jenő After the split between Orthodox and Neolog denominations in 1868, Neologs were th were Neologs 1868, in denominations Neolog and Orthodox between split the After the and aspirations reform of consequence a as appeared Judaism of branch Neolog The The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion and Inclusion of Politics The - ae Hnain utr, utm, hc wr rcgie a te symbolic the as recognized were which customs, culture, Hungarian raced known author. As author. Heltai described, known orm Jewish way of life and assimilate into majority society. In Hungary Hungary In society. majority into assimilate and life of way Jewish orm - 1957), poet, author and journalist. He was best known for his humorous, bohemian bohemian humorous, his for known best was He journalist. and author poet, 1957), 357.

. The Neolog Reaction to Zionism

Transaction Books, 1974), 55. 1974), Books, Transaction 117

with his nephew, Jenő Heltai, Jenő nephew, his with Judaism was thus reduced to a mere religion instead of instead religion mere a to reduced thus was Judaism 41

(New York: Holmes and Meier, 1999), 56 1999), Meier, (New Holmes and York:

Jews and Non and Jews

ayr sd Lexikon Zsidó Magyar - Jews in Eastern Europe, 1918 Europe, Eastern in Jews 119

who, by that time was time that by who, ones f the of counters , e d ée Ujvári Péter . - 57.

118 -

1945

e ,

CEU eTD Collection 124 123 122 121 in Herzl?] 120 Jewishof be Hungariancannot nationality,heof is hereligion. if his And of termsin Jewish beingwith satisfied totally Hungaryis in “TheJew that Herzl told He Herzl. met newspaper Je branch,” “dry a Hungary of Jewry green,” Zionis horsemen.” champion excellent, be can who Judea, of Hussars “the of role the them assigned He state. Jewish the be will it then But late!” […] Hungarian. not are you that in rubbed be will “it when age an about prophecy famous his said Herzl answer, negative nephew’s his and conversation this also is attitude their namelybyemphasized Heltai, the of specificity Another ethnically. Jewish being with compatible Hungarian being find not did Jews Assimilated sentences. last his in said himself Heltai as subject main the Zionism: and Jews assimilated

wish nationalism andto theirHungarian adherence tothe state. Patai, “Cionizmus,” 19. Patai, ofthe Colors HayaHarel 45. Herzl,” kellett “Miért nem Schweitzer, Gábor Schweitzer, “Mié Schweitzer, Gábor Theodor Herzl Theodor of opposition the of description precise a is recollection Heltai’s from quotation This am I a not Jew. am aHungarian. an me in ev tools, of Iit!”“Whyundertakeyouundertakeanswered. don’t it?” run free give will I commissioner; get to have You Hungary. in idea the spread to undertake to have You […] state! Jewish the make “ In 1903 Miksa Szabolcsi, editor of of editor Szabolcsi, Miksa 1903 In Listen well. You are my nephew; we rose from the same tribe. So I tell you: […] I want to want I […] you: tell I So tribe. same the from rose we nephew; my are You well. Listen 121 ad is h akolde ta te Hnain ins cn ny e red be only can Zionism “Hungarian the that acknowledged he first and m 123 …suddenly The …suddenly

Budapesti Negyed Budapesti

still having hopes that he would find followers among them; later he called the called he later them; among followers find would he that hopes having still h woe ugra Jwy o ti mvmn. o wl b m mn my man, my be will You movement. this for Jewry Hungarian whole the d in my heart, my mind that inspires me to undertake this task. I tell you honestly: I honestly: you tell I task. this undertake to me inspires that mind my heart, my in d ,

“Herzlan Hungarian national flag. Quotation from Schweitzer, “Miért nem kellett Herzl,” 55. kellettHerzl,” “Miért nem fromSchweitzer, Quotation flag. national Hungarian

had plans with the Jews of Hungary in his big jigsaw of the renewal of renewal the of jigsaw big his in Hungary of Jews the with plans had d his Hungarian Friends Hungarian his d 122

drsopd gapd yam okd s looked arm, my grasped stopped, odor rt nem kellett Herzl a magyar zsidóknak?” [Why did not the Hungarian Jews need need Jews Hungarian the not did [Why zsidóknak?” magyar a Herzl kellett nem rt

[Budapest Quarter], 4 (1994), 45. (1994), 4 Quarter], [Budapest

Soon, however, he had to face that the Neologs would not support not would Neologs the that face to had he however, Soon,

”

120 strong feeling of belonging to the Hungarian nation. AfterHungariannation. the belongingto strongfeelingof 124

referring to their attitude towards the movement and movement the towards attitude their to referring Egyenlőség ,” 125. ,” 42

of conflict was the question of nationality, of question the was conflict of n iaca spot Tk i! “ d not do “I it!” Take support. financial en

[Equality] the most significant Neolog Neolog significant most the [Equality]

“W hy…feelingbecausethereisno rnl nom ysad said, and eyes my into trongly

- white - CEU eTD Collection 130 1993), newspaper Jewish Hungarian 129 318. 1922), Rt. Nyomda 128 127 126 125 label editorwas “Social its Szabolcsi weekly,” and Miksa since 1884. the published was issue first its trial, Tiszaeszlár the of consequence a as launched was It journalists. Jewish Neolog 3 spread narrow beyond the not did idea the it, accompanying symptoms mournful the and war world the of ending sad the until Hungary; in ground gather to unable was movement the Zionism, political of flag Je although “But War: World First Venetianer Lajos what by mirrored is opinion Kohn’s denomination. his for normative also is statement this but Zionism saw they how Hungary,Zionism never will … recruit adherents.” Jew new a Palestine in create to wishes which officia an made he when words, radical more even used Congregation Israelite Neolog the of rabbi chief the Kohn, Sámuel integration. for needed was that interaction assumed the to referring nationality.” .1. Egyenlőség

Lajos Venetianer (1867 Venetianer Lajos Ibid. Patai, Magyar Zsidó Lexikon Zsidó Magyar ao Venetianer, Lajos Sándor Sándor i insight an had Kohn indeed, And Egyenlőség trial

no. 18 (pps. 47 (pps. 18 no.

l statement concerning Zionism, in which he claimed “I consider political Zionism, political consider “I claimed he which in Zionism, concerning statement l 341. The Jews of Hungary Jewsof The

on a daily basis. It ran until the end of 1938. of end the until ran It basis. daily a on Scheiber, Scheiber,

125

, the most prominent Jewish newspaper of the discussed era was run by by run was era discussed the of newspaper Jewish prominent most the , Herz 129 -

49), editorial office: Budapest, József tér 10. tér József office: editorial Budapest, 49), története zsidóság magyar A ayr sd hírlapok zsidó Magyar

l answered that Hungarians would not recognize Jews as Hungarians, as Jews recognize not would Hungarians that answered l on November 5, 1882, and at first the journal provided information on information provided journal the first at and 1882, 5, November on , 213 , - 1922) rabbi of Újpest, historian, teacher. Data from: Data historian, teacher. ofÚjpest, rabbi 1922)

, 344. , - ad eidcl 1847 periodicals and s 214. circle of passionate youthscircle our passionate home.” in of

wry gathered almost everywhere numerously around the around numerously everywhere almost gathered wry nto the affairs of the Neolog communities, knowing communities, Neolog the of affairs the nto

s oyiao bbigáij 1847 bibliográfiája folyóiratok és

[The history of Hungarian Jewry] (Budapest: Fővárosi Fővárosi (Budapest: Jewry] Hungarian of history [The 43 - 1992], (Budapest: MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, Kutatócsoport, Judaisztikai MTA (Budapest: 1992],

127 -

state wrote in 1922 about Zionism before the before Zionism about 1922 in wrote 126

, Egyenlőség

he fly a agru cae In craze. dangerous a folly, sheer Magyar Zsidó Lexikon Zsidó Magyar

128 was published under the under published was 130

- 1992

[Bibliography of of [Bibliography , 945. ,

CEU eTD Collection 132 131 with also but took, Herzl steps political and diplomatic the and Zionism of line international evo newly the per to month articles several dedicating intensity, and attention particular with issue the handled newspaper the Herzl, of death the 1904, until roughly 1897 from sections: two into divided century nineteenth the during Jews the by acquired positions political and social the endangered it that was movement the against argument main The 1896. of beginning the in appeared Zion First the before even Zionism attackednewspaper the of journalists the that surprisingthus, not Itis Neolog denomination. of opinion issues the in role defining a had always articles literature. and journalism for talents new discovering in role significant had he which in officia the for fought He surnames. Jewish of Magyarization the and sermon Hungarian popularized minority, ethnic an not and denomination a were Hungary of Jews the that stressing assimilation, of propagator committed a was He journalism. Jewish of editor the as spent decades three the During case. the up rolling in helped Szabolcsi writings revealing his with the Theduring journalist. a became teaching, of experiencesgained his reportedfrequentlyheabout success,as brought him trial periodTiszaeszlár short a after and education, religious

Schweitzer, “Miért nem kellett Herzl,” 47. Herzl,” kellett “Miért nem Schweitzer, Lexikon Zsidó Magyar Being the flagship of assimilation, assimilation, of flagship the Being (1857 Szabolcsi Miksa Based on the articles published in published articles the Basedon 132 .

trial. These articles were published in published were articles These trial. by trying to succeeded when Judaism became a became Judaism when succeeded ,

Egyenlőség 818 initiate anationalinitiate movement inHungary. Jewish

vn mvmn. hs wiig wr daig o ol wt the with only not dealing were writings These movement. lving - 819. - 1915), the editor and publisher of of publisher and editor the 1915),

, his style and oeuvre left a distinctive mark on mark distinctive a left oeuvre and style his , ist Congress was organized. The first overheated articles overheated first The organized. was Congress ist

Egyenlőség Egyenlőség 44

, the period between 1897 and 1914 can becan 1914 and between1897 period the , eevdrlgo i 19.Saoci also Szabolcsi 1895. in religion received Pester Lloyd Pester

stood for the goals and intentions of the of intentions and goals the for stood E gyenlőség Egyenlőség

and ad omd common formed and , Neue Freie Presse Freie Neue l reception of Judaism, of reception l

as a child received child a as 131

His leading His

Hungarian , and , CEU eTD Collection 134 133 “unattainable idea.” an Zionism labeled Zionist which March, planned of end the the in about appeared article arrived short another news Congress, first the when later, month One newspaper. book the by served be to seems which ideology the of followers the not are “we that added author The Palestine. in world the of Jews the settle would which company colonizing Jewish a create to was A Vienna. in issued was which book Herzl’s about know public the let article This 1896. 21, February on 3 is unacceptable, whatgoalsof are. thepolitics nomatter the ultimate politics ethnic Jewish initiating that emphasized authors the of Many patriotism. Hungarian c which statement), Kohn’s (see opinion Neolog “official” reflected Zionism towards articles the of attitude the Generally movement. the on opinion their express to persons Jewish notable brought what tha those and perspective, uncommon concerning aims for ofthe instance. movement thehumanitarian previous the soon and away, ebbed articles the onwards 1904 From Hungary. in movement unfolding the .1.1.

Egyenlőség Egyenlőség The first lines about Herzl and his ideas were published among the small, colorful news colorful small, the among published were ideas his and Herzl about lines first The that those raised I here articles of collection rich the From I nternational Zi , March 28, 1897 March , 28, 9. issuepp. 8. 15, vol. February , 1896, 21, y eiu ciiim n opsto gv pae o te considerations other to place gave opposition and criticism serious ly 134 niee te dooy f ins tesnu ad noptbe with incompatible and treasonous Zionism of ideology the onsidered

onism versus the “Hungarians of theonism Jewish faith” of versus the“Hungarians ,”

, 133

v ol. 16, issue 13. pp. 10. pp. issue 13. 16, ol.

pre

short summary was also included, telling that Herzl’s aim Herzl’s that telling included, also was summary short - rjcig h attd ta wud e olwd y the by followed be would that attitude the projecting t were written by an illustrious author in order to see to order in author illustrious an by written were t 45

analyzed

Zionism from an from Zionism

Der Judenstaat Der

CEU eTD Collection 137 136 657. 1965), democ története irodalom about ideas progressive held He 135 state. Jews the supp to want not even would themselves situation, this to due that their assumed to Zempléni back distinctiveness. traced be religious can which status, pariah their was them between bound only Thus persecution.” of feeling bitter the “in only centuries several for existed which feeling, national Jewish awaken to wanted “sionists” the explained, Zempléni As it. of part a composed and civilization European According emancipation. of achievement modern the with together nations, European the of background civilizational and cultural up there, own likeShakespeare weauthors.” just our love besides lighting minds great the love “may and Palestine, about enthusiastic be may patriots” “good e that rightthe also and Zionism, about articles in line introducing common a was which Mount that acknowledged He name. proper t used He assimilation. and emancipation supported and affairs Jewish with concerned was Zempléni. Árpád writer, contemporary known he term “Sionism” instead of Zionism in order to degrade the movement by not using its using not by movement the degrade to order in Zionism of instead “Sionism” term he

Zempléni, “A sionisták,” 2. “Asionisták,” Zempléni, Sionists] [The sionisták,” Zempléni,”A Árpád Árpád Zempléni (born as Árpád Imrey, 1865 Imrey, Árpád as (born Zempléni Árpád dare dare to tell aHungariato would who but homeless, is true, nation, a hit as Jewry, […] home. would at here and there consequences both them unpredictable disappointments, bitter because there, back settling ZempléniHowever,main objection: withhis continues One

Zempléni emphasized the role of Jews in European culture and the intertwined intertwined the and culture European in Jews of role the emphasized Zempléni Enthusiasm for the Holy Land does not r not does Land Holy the for Enthusiasm

of the first major articles that dealt extensively with Zionism was written by a well a by written was Zionism with extensivelydealt that articles major first the of

[The history of Hungarian literature] vol. 4 vol. literature] Hungarian of history [The

n, French, English Jew that he also is homeless?

ay n spotd eih mniain Dt from: Data emancipation. Jewish supported and racy ort the idea of the reconstruction of the ancient Jewish Jewish ancient the of reconstruction the of idea the ort he denied that Jewry was a separate ethnic group, the the group, ethnic separate a was Jewry that denied he - 1919), popular poet and translator at the at translator and poet popular 1919), Egyenlőség 46

o hs ruetto, er blne to belonged Jewry argumentation, this to equire the ancient owners of this land, the Jews the land, this of owners ancient the equire Z

135 ion awakes homesickness in many people, people, many in homesickness awakes ion

, May 9, 1897, , May9, lhuh epéi a nt eih he Jewish, not was Zempléni Although ,

ed. István Sőtér (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, Kiadó, Akadémiai (Budapest: Sőtér István ed.

v ol. 16. issue 19. pp. 1. pp. issue 16. 19. ol. 136

137

end of the century the of end

A magyar magyar A ven ven - . CEU eTD Collection 1 pps. 29. issue 141 Lexikon Zsidó Magyar Journal 140 139 138 by that stating ofcolumns the on opinion his express to needthe Gerő Ödön era, the of writer popular another 1897 18, July On too. articles other nation. their to belong to right their and history Hungarian in Jews of importance the both underpinning notion, romantic a is centuries through together suffering nationalities two the pr that fact Hungarian.” being his for enough suffered he specially, Jew the persecute to necessary “not was it there, lived who Jews the for suffering enough meant especially twitted were they or that theywould likenational tolead politics.” Jewish [Hung we did they and of “leaders the after day, next the disappointment in leave to had he however, congress, first the propagate

Ibid. 2. Ibid. 2. “Asionisták,” Zempléni, Ödön Gerő, “Még egyszer a sionizmusról,” [Once more about Sionism] more Sionism] about [Once “Mégsionizmusról,” a egyszer Gerő, Ödön e icse. Eey tp ie hs ol b ugaeu fo te t te e home new the to them from ungrateful be would this like step “Every discussed. re remained after nationalthe function i for remained task and content other no the completed, because religion, mission a merely become historical to had Jewry […] the unnecessary. became character national ceased, politics Jewish of time The […] martyrdom. dn eő (1863 Gerő Ödön fe dcaig h ptits ad faithfulnes and patriotism the declaring After to order in Budapest to sent was who delegate a about information gives article The The opinion of Jews being a religious group instead of an ethnic minority ethnic an of instead group religious a being Jews of opinion The ary]. They do not bear even the shadow of the suspicion that they are cosmopolitans are they that suspicion the of shadow the even bear not do They ary]. , er ue t b a ain hl is eif i belief its while nation a be to used Jewry

ayr Ujság Magyar

ior to the nineteenth century Jews were not considered Hungarians. The view of view The Hungarians. considered not were Jews century nineteenth the to ior -

2. not want to emigrate, nor participate at a con a at participate nor emigrate, to want not

the Jewry of the capital” told him that Jews here becam here Jews that him told capital” the of Jewry the - , 310. 310. , 1939) writer, journalist. He worked for for worked He journalist. writer, 1939)

[Hungarian Newspaper], Newspaper], [Hungarian

with Hungary. As he thought, the history of Hungary in itself in Hungary of history the thought, he As Hungary. with

had ceased. t except for preserving that huge moral material that material moral huge that preserving for except t Pester 47 141

Lloyd Egyenlőség o te es Zmln explained Zempléni Jews, the of s Gd edd hle. hn t became it Then shelter. needed God n , et Hírlap Pesti 138 and later founded founded later and

139 this like dreams where ference . He repeated Zempléni’s view repeated He . Egyenlőség

This assumption ignores the ignores assumption This

[News of Pest], Pest], of [News e Hungarian patriots Hungarian e , July 18, 1897 July 18, , Élet

Lf] Data [Life]. appeared in appeared ee Pester Neues 140

also feltalso ,

vol. 16. 16. vol.

from: from: why host CEU eTD Collection 145 1897, 5, September 144 143 142 Rónai countries. various from societies Zionist by there sent and elected were congress the Baselcongress?” to circumstances our on report to district smallest the by delegated was Balázsfalva from Rónai János Dr. that example for it about know anyone does “Or population. Jewish participated who representative Jewry.” without Jewry, of fate the about consulted well vitr with congress the and Zionists the attacked Szabolcsi journalists. other and him by both written articles later of series a of keynote the defined opinion characteristic of events, of course the about informed was he after Immediately unnecessary movement. an such invent to than do to better nothing had who people as propagators decadent, minds,” with modern gentlemen people, “languorous Zionists the called He Jews. of Hungarian heart the in place no had Zionism why explain to order in used Gerő argument main e possible forto national became feeling”Jews it Jewishof “extinction the With forth. so and language,culture, as previously,such it of parts that elements other all abandoning religion, a into transformed “Jewishness” app historical romantic The Judaism. of role the concerning notions

Gerő, “Még egyszer a sionizmusról,” 2. “Mégsionizmusról,” a egyszer Gerő, Szabolcsi, “ Szabolcsi, 2. Ibid. Miksa S Miksa Egyenlőség The First Zionist Congress took place between the 29 the between place took Congress Zionist First The contemporary describe clearly and assimilation of concept the mirror sentences These This question seems to be valid in the in valid be to seems question This - raie agmns satn ot ih h mr eitne f h cnrs: “They congress: the of existence mere the with out starting arguments, organized

zabolcsi, “Álláspontunk a sionizmussal szemben,” [Our standpoint against Sionism] against standpoint [Our szemben,” sionizmussal a “Álláspontunk zabolcsi,

Álláspontunk,” 2. Álláspontunk,”

ulse a og ril i wih e ok stand a took he which in article long a published

143 vol. 16. issue 36. pp. 1. pp. issue 16. vol. 36. 145

which insult presented the presented insult which

the congress was not a real represe real a not was congress the

light of the fact that most of the delegates of the the of delegates the of most that fact the of light 48

Zionist Zionist mbrace Hungarian patriotism. 144

Szabolcsi resented that the Hungarian the that resented Szabolcsi idea as an unattainable aim unattainable an as idea th

and 31 and Miksa Szabolcsi, the editor the Szabolcsi, Miksa st

August, 1897, in Basel. in 1897, August, ntative, chosen by the by chosen ntative, against oc epand why explained roach

had ins. His Zionism. 142

Thi composed composed Egyenlőség oi and iolic , and its and , s is thes is , CEU eTD Collection 148 147 146 danger not but sinful and silly is experiment The seriously. too to the questions goa the with disagreed Szabolcsi although And ones. political the exclusively consideration into took and Zionism of aims Nordau.” nothing is There it. create which would power the all of least language, living the routine, necessary the factor, unifying the nor territory, the Neither state. the of foundation the for nothing have “They it: against of eager beavers,” and “high treason” in Hungary. bunch a of dream ridiculous “the abroad, “bemusement” a it called he Zionism: concerning a becoming them of possibility the denying and Zempléni, as way same the in arguing Jews, of patriotism idea.” national Jewish the creating exist, not does it where c Basel the at domination to came which Sionism of kind that at especially “horrified were they that stating faith,” the role of themovement Basel the at appeared minimize to who tried he Thus less.” nor more, not people, hundred two people, represented conference, hundred two “The too: representatives other the the of eyes the in point denominations Jewish Hungarian weak a been had have must this and voluntarily participated

Ibid. 2 Ibid. 1. Ibid. “ Szabolcsi, When Szabolcsi came to the criticism of the Jewi the of criticism the to came Szabolcsi When Jewish the of “Hungarians of name the in wrote Szabolcsi article, the of rest the In The editor finished his article with the statement that “we do not take the whole thing whole the take not do “we that statement the with article his finished editor The -

3. 148

Álláspontunk,” 2. Álláspontunk,” This harsh summary neglected and depreciated the humanitarian and cultural and humanitarian the depreciated and neglected summary harsh This

and problems ainlt. zbls ue iptos od t epes i opinion his express to words impetuous used Szabolcsi nationality.

and also theachievements disputed ofthe conference. ongress and which wants no smaller thing than awakening, and awakening, than thing smaller no wants which and ongress

raised there. ls of the congress, he did not suggest any kind of solution of kind any suggest not did he congress, the of ls . But Szabolcsi went further, and denied the legitimacy of legitimacy the denied and further, went Szabolcsi But . ol anti only ,

- Semitism, banished Jews and Herzl and and Herzl and Jews banished Semitism, 147

sh state, he enumerated his arguments his enumerated he state, sh 146

The author operated with the with operated author The ous, as its success is is success its as ous,

CEU eTD Collection 154 153 1. pp. 27. 152 története 151 150 149 Jewish. not was state Jewish the that mean would mission different a choosing but useless; be would one new the by state Jewish ancient the of mission the maintaining However, one. need also would th state, own their in lived Jews the until that saying sympathy “ which the initiation, with Palágyi problems moral had new of the foundation tothe meanslead assuming peaceful may that way. common the was stated, he as which, wars” “bloody with only fees;” legitimate membership and stocks with home a “founding Palágyi Lajos According article, tothis why reasons more even add to argument religious the Gentiles alike, prove the inorderto citizens theloyalty to ofJewish t also but readers, the only not addressed words These it.” “stigmatize to order in often articles published journal the isolated, stay would movement impossible.”

Miksa Szabolcsi, “Igazolásul,” [As justification] [As justification] “Igazolásul,” MiksaSzabolcsi, “ Szabolcsi, Lajos Palágyi, „Az új honszerzőknek,” 2. honszerzőknek,” új „Az Palágyi, Lajos by author. the Italicized Lajos Palágyi, „Az új hon új „Az Palágyi, Lajos Lajos Palágyi (1866 Palágyi Lajos Almighty himself. hom olden his reconstruct to anything do not will and place dwelling their love laws, their respect The argumentation used against used argumentation The used and Jews, Orthodox the of opinion the to turned Szabolcsi 1898 of beginningIn the the Almightythe Israel […] that swore until among helives will nations, he adapt the them,to e, until God sends his Messiah, son of David to lead them back to Sion, re Sion, to back them lead to David of son Messiah, his sends God until e,

667. .” 153

Álláspontunk,” Álláspontunk,” 149

151 Palágyi also used the romantic idea idea romantic the used also Palágyi

ept nt aig t eiul ad zbls big eti ta the that certain being Szabolcsi and seriously it taking not Despite

ruh u te su o state of issue the up brought 150 - 1933), socialist poet, teacher in Hódmezővásárhely. Data from: from: Data Hódmezővásárhely. in teacher poet, socialist 1933),

154 szerzőknek” [To the new home new the [To szerzőknek”

2. Palágyi also added added also Palágyi

Zionism

Egyenlőség

50 pointed out other problems of the ideologytoo. the of problems other out pointed rcia ntos nml ta te e state new the that namely notions, practical

- onain que foundation, - founders] founders] , January 16, 1898 January16, , ey had such mission, and the new state new the and mission, such had ey concerning

Zionism was unnecessary and sinful. and unnecessary was Zionism may not vindicate any open orsecret anyvindicate open not may Egyenlőség salsmn o a state a of establishment e rae pbi: es and Jews public: greater he

toig h lgtmc of legitimacy the stioning h msin f people, a of mission the Hungarian ,

, July 8, 1900 July8, , era, themodern state in vol. 17. issue 3. pp. 12. issuepp. 17. vol. 3. A magyar irodalom irodalom magyar A - created by the by created state. ,

vol. 19. issue 19. vol. 152

Even

was was CEU eTD Collection 1 issue 35.pps. 21. s 157 issueAppendix, 9. 21. vol. 156 Lexikon 155 Zi founding the in observed be can which movement the towards hostility same the shows article anonymous This years. the through changed trip second a one, first followed alsodescribed in1911,andwas arrivedweeksafter during manyeditor the home. the of success the After readers. his to Palestine of landscapes in it followed articles was journey first This Land. Holy the to trip a organized they thus and Israel, Eretz for love the monopolize not could Zionism that demonstrate will they that decided denomination Neolog the death, Herzl’s after year one Just leader. a as Herzl. plan, Uganda the followers, Herzl’s between split first the with starting Orthodox in redemption which ledmany totheJudaism, dream, wonderful a be to seemed Jews the for Palestine back Gettingpersons. notable attracted andsome life, EuropeanJewish on remarkableimpression He there. he find which not Judaism, did Neolog obviously in and Orthodoxy in both movement the of origins the for searching by mystery the solve and question the around go to tried He 1903. in even curious speakwhich a oflanguages,wouldbe variety toBabel. similar would inhabitants its and kind, any of support nor power, external or inner have not would ee for instance Miksa Szabolcsi, “A Báseli fordulat,” [The turn in Basel] Basel] in turn [The fordulat,” Báseli “A Szabolcsi, Miksa instance for ee

Uganda plan: getting a portion of British East Africa for the purposes of the new Jewish st Jewish new the of purposes the for Africa East British of portion a getting plan: Uganda Ernő Mezei (1851 Mezei Ernő Ernő Mezei, „A cionizmus mint nemzeti eszme,” [Zionism as national idea] idea] national as [Zionism eszme,” nemzeti mint cionizmus „A Mezei, Ernő Egyenlőség made Zionism of emergence The Let us now us Let , 591. , Then a Then

onism from the beginning. We denied community denied We beginning. the from onism

quite long article appeared appreciating appearedarticle long quite

- 2. turn to an article written in 1908 to see how the attitude towards Zionism towards attitude the how see to 1908 in written article an to turn et t raes nomd n vr mjr vn o itrainl Zionism, international of event major every on informed readers its kept

- 1932) journalist, poet, member of the editorial of editorial the of member poet, journalist, 1932)

pp. 1. pp. Egyenlőség

conclusion was thatit anunattainable utopia.

rm zbls’ pn wo nhsatcly ane the painted enthusiastically who pen, Szabolcsi’s from ditd ht h peoeo cle Zoim a a had Zionism called phenomenon the that admitted Ernő Mezei, Ernő is oe: W wr son enemies sworn were “We ones: first 51

155

Herzl’s role in literatur in role Herzl’s one of the journalists of journalists the of one

launched in 1905 and a series of series a and 1905 in launched Egyenlőség. Egyenlőség.

Egyenlőség

with those who brought up brought who those with Egyenlőség Data from: Data 157 , August 30, 1903 30, August ,

and the death of death the and 156 e and his skills his and e , March 1, 1903 1, March , ate. On the topic topic the On ate.

M Egyenlőség agyar Zsidó Zsidó agyar

f state of ,

vol.

- ,

CEU eTD Collection 44. issue 162 the Saxons. of territory autonomous 161 Romani 160 Lexikon Zsidó Magyar 159 7. 7.pp. issue 158 newspaper, Zionist first towards aspirations theJews ofthe nationalistic minorities. new the of leaders the describe to used he adjectives cynical The Zionism. with Hungary of nationalities the of movements oppression.” alien resisted triumphantly Királyföld, from man Jewish a president its Balázsfalva, from kibitzer some prophet “Its Transylvania. pl Nagyszeben, the emphasized He 1897. October their group Zionist Hungarian 3 and of their opinion themovement. overall Zionism against used Neologs arguments the both of summary the be could This Zionism. m burden.” unnecessary this depressing the complicated and nationalism Jewish of question the .1.2. On HungarianZionism.1.2. On h and aking a state as they did not have strength for it, or economic, political reasons to choose choose to reasons political economic, or it, for strength have not did they as state a aking

„A politikai cionizmus kudarca,” [The failure of political Zionism] Zionism] political of failure [The kudarca,” cionizmus politikai „A Adolf Soltész, “Magyarországi cionizmus,” [Zionism in Hungary] Hungary] in [Zionism cionizmus,” “Magyarországi Soltész, Adolf Nagy rivers the between in region historic a is Szászföld, as known also Királyföld, dl Sléz (1868 Soltész Adolf Nagyszeben (Sibiu, Hermannstadt), cultural centre of the Saxons of Transylvania, today belongs to to belongs today Transylvania, of Saxons the of centre cultural Hermannstadt), (Sibiu, Nagyszeben After fighting the Zionist idea, the authors of authors the idea, Zionist the fighting After h btl of battle The

existence. a.

pp. 1. pp.

161

160

who

The first one to write about the about write to one first The which was located in located was which Egyenlőség , 795. , glorified the Saxons the glorified - 1920), journalist who specialized in economical and industrial issues. Data from: from: Data issues. industrial and economical in specialized who journalist 1920),

Ungarische Wochenschri Ungarische

s 158 , and they immediately criticized not only not criticized immediately they and ,

The author of this article stressed that Jews were not capable ofcapable not were Jews that stressed article this of author The

gis Zoim otne a a eis f tak aant the against attacks of series a as continued Zionism against

group and the speech indicates the attitude of assimilated of attitude the indicates speech the and group umanitarian aims a multiethnic territory multiethnic a

in his inaugural speech inaugural his in c where ace

162 52

ih hs eak te uhr ikd the linked author the remark, this With

s e

ft Egyenlőség group , and its editor, Gyula Gábel; first in an an in first Gábel; Gyula editor, its and , n of one s

was Adolf Soltész Adolf was Egyenlőség Egyenlőség

of the Hungarian Kingdom, in Kingdom, Hungarian the of

had to face the newly formed formed newly the face to had h group the ;

the Saxon nationality that nationality Saxon the

troubles Jewry had with with had Jewry troubles , February 16, 1908 16, February , , October 31, 1897, 31, October , their

- members but also but members Küküllő and Olt, the the Olt, and Küküllő s

159 a founded: was

the end of end the ,

vol. 16. vol. vol. 27. 27. CEU eTD Collection 164 1899, 15, 163 to need no was there Gerő, to according way, This ideas. these embrace not did Zionists itself “Zionism” term the that stated and aims, humanitarian and Zionism between sign equal two a in it about wrote who too, Gerő Ödön against himself accusations. defend to tried and Zionism humanitarian concerning clear arguments persecuted?” the of fate the changing obstruct Hungary in here merely fight I and hostile not sane, a thus can “How articles: his of one in remark a to due out find may reader the Hungarian the by possibly most accused was Szabolcsi Miksa first, At Zionism. international of lines mater whole The Gábel. against defamation for convicted was Szabolcsi where court, to went of his loverwas. anti of descendant so was the Gábel that stating Semitism, is who and Hungarian], not [i.e. stranger a is who female, a as movement the about wrote cynically Hajehudi Zionism. discovered he until denomination, national their with connection in possibly Romanians, with contact in be to used Gábel that up brought Hajehudi Mordechai author, The 1899. in Budapest in convention Zionist the of occasion the on issued article

Miksa Szabolcsi, “Igazolásul,” [ “Igazolásul,” MiksaSzabolcsi, Mordechai Hajehudi, “Czijonista gyűlés Budapesten,” [Zionist assembly in Budapest] Budapest] in assembly [Zionist Budapesten,” gyűlés “Czijonista Hajehudi, Mordechai n ugr te ins mvmn floe epcal te utrl n humanitarian and cultural the especially followed movement Zionist the Hungary In journals two the of representatives the 1900 of end the in that far so went attacks These The humani The

caused confusion, as it referred to the Jewish national movement; however, Hungarian however, movement; national Jewish the to referred it as confusion, caused published in ial of thetrial was

person say that because I fight against an unattainable and apparently dangerous plan dangerous apparentlyand unattainable anagainst fightI because saypersonthat

vol. 18. issue 42. pp. issue 8. 42. 18. vol. Zionists

tarian goals (i.e. helping the Jews of Eastern Europe) raised the attention of of attention the raised Europe) Eastern of Jews the helping (i.e. goals tarian 163

of obstructing the support of theper supportof obstructing the of

Asj

ustification] , from where they do not expect a contingent at all, that I that all, at contingent a expect not do they where from , in love with her that he did not consider who the father the who consider not did he that her with love in Egyenlőség si mvmn, hn ih h Sau Qo Ante Quo Status the with then movement, istic ,

Egyenlőség 53 - 164

page long article in in article long page

on November 25.

He dedicated a whole article to make his make to article whole a dedicated He , January 16, 1898, January16, , secuted Jews with his articles, withhis Jews which secuted

Egyenlőség

vol. 17. issue 3. pp. 1 issuepp. 17. vol. 3. Egyenlőség H pt an put He . , October , 2.

- CEU eTD Collection 169 168 167 166 165 the of result the was it if as Zionism “new” this about wrote author The beginning. the from opinion the by assigned” may withsuccess, Zionism proceed which way, sober “only on the state. Thiswas Jewish new a to not but Palestine, in settlements to led that path a on walked article, the flower cou culture because“Jewish ideologi highly and twisted ha but origins, “tribal” had Jews western the Meanwhile developed highly as was culture and national was which “self their of basis the on Jews” eastern and “western between distinguished Oppenheimer, of thoughts for aim acceptable more rig Jewish strengthen culture, Jewish save to tried and “sober” got Zionism that development the by delighted was author The phenomenon more understandable. and readers the to closer it bring to was aim Gerő’s the Zionism, of simplifying complexity By misunderstanding. this of consequences possible the about worried aspiration.” humane old, an but Zionism, nor invention, new a “not was which oppressed their help to trying simply were they as Zionists, Hungarian the attack

Ödön Gerő, “Magyar cionisták,” [Hungarian Zionists] [Hungarian “Magyarcionisták,” Gerő, Ödön Ibid. 5. Ibid. 5. józanodása,” “A cionizmus (1864 Oppenheimer Franz sober] getting [Zionism józanodása,” “A cionizmus In another article, which was published in 1910, humanitarianism was discussed again. again. discussed was humanitarianism 1910, in published was which article, another In “Official Zionism” took th took Zionism” “Official

n ohr otn a te to te utr o ter ot nations. host their of culture the took they as content other no d of the journalists of journalists the of -

cultural in the case of Eastern Jews, who were aware of aware were who Jews, Eastern of case the in cultural 1943) German 1943) Egyenlőség

167 cal

e thoughts of Oppenheimer, and, according to the author of author the to according and, Oppenheimer, of thoughts e

itrcl iw ttd ht etr Jws clue i not did culture Jewish western that stated view historical Jws scooit ee en itoue hr: he here: introduced being were sociologist Jewish a as

ld not develop in the ghettos.” developld not

(or even more developed more even (or Egyenlőség

- too, and compatible with Hungarian patriotism. Hungarian with compatible and too, Je t ised f ouig n state on focusing of instead hts wish sociologist and political economist. political and wishsociologist

54 osiuns, hc drvd rm common from derived which consciousness, Egyenlőség

, who fought against the abuses the against fought who , Egyenlőség , April 3, 1910, April 3, , , June 25, 1899 June25, ,

than 169 ) that of their host nation host their of that )

vol. 29. issue 14. pp. 4. pp. issue 29. vol. 14. ,

- vol. 18. issue 26. pp. 3. pp. 26. issue 18. vol. aig Ti ws a was This making.

- consciousness” consciousness”

to make the the make to

of Zionism of 165

that their that brethren,

168 He also He 166

This The

s .

CEU eTD Collection acceptable wasZionism helpingJews. aspect ofEuropean Eastern thepersecuted build to came it when inhabitants. Jewish assimi its of notion contemporary the andand concepts historical Romantic state Hungarian the between contract” “social successful seemingly then the undermined have would also and unadmittable was which Hungary, in wa it that was Zionism accusati strongest the that clear becomes it Zionists, Hungarian and journal the against themovement any by published articles many After analyzing the articles of articles the analyzing After ing s not patriotic and that it would cause a Jewish n Jewish a cause would it that and patriotic not s

an ideology reject ideology an more.

Egyenlőség

Egyenlőség ad a ga ta te wud o hv t fight to have not would they that glad was and , 55 ing

concerning Zionism and the clashes between clashes the and Zionism concerning

the Zionist idea. For the Neologs the only only the Neologs the For idea. Zionist the lation also played role played also lation ationalist movement ationalist

on against on CEU eTD Collection 172 171 170 (Carpatho Hungary of parts hadredeem buttheonlychosen Jews passive nation a role situation. His inthis could He pleased, He if God: of mercy the on entirely depended which one, transcendent day. every times three Zion to return their fromThey for and dependence). prayed also also theDiaspora meant (from redemption songs prayers, their in appeared It sacred. be to Israel fatherland, ancient the and Zion of idea the a Hungarians. themselves considered and tongue, mother their as Hungarian spoke also Orthodox the of aspir believe group which only the as themselves considering Judaism, of form ancient the to and lifestyle, tradition their population Jewish the In religion. and culture of terms in society Hungarian to assimilate to refused nd this relationshipnd this affected how they tothe reacted Zionist movement.

Shlomo Avineri, Avineri, Shlomo szakadás végzetes “A Katz, Patai “Cionizmus,”19. Patai The Orthodox attitude to Zionism was quite contradictory. Orthodox Jews considered Jews Orthodox contradictory. quite was Zionism to attitude Orthodox The of branch Orthodox The Not only Orthodox Jews held Zion as a symbol in symbol a as Zion held Jews Orthodox only Not ations became a force of cohesion among them. Besides keeping the old religion many religion old the keeping Besides them. among cohesion of force a became ations

and rituals, and the return to Zion was thought of as the ultimate goal of Jewry, which which Jewry, of goal ultimate the as of thought Zionwas to return the and rituals, and

of Hungary they made up the group which supported patriotism, but still stuck tostuck still but patriotism, supported which group the up made Hungarytheyof 171 wtot oiiain, s dcsv eeet f hi clue iett and identity culture, their of element decisive a as modifications, without s d

h Otoo,cnevtv eshdasrn cneto oMut Zion, Mount to connection strong a had Jews conservative Orthodox, The

n h oiia fih nt cetn Noo, eomd Judaism. reformed Neolog, accepting not faith, original the in A modern cionizmus kialakulása cionizmus modern A

4 . The Orthodox Reaction to Zionism

, ” 52. ” - Ruthenia and North Eastern Transylvania), where the majority the where Transylvania), Eastern North and Ruthenia

uas ws olwd y osraie “atfl Jw who Jews “faithful” conservative, by followed was Judaism 172 , 11 ,

56 h cnrl oe f in a, however, was, Zion of role central The -

12.

honor , though. In the North Eastern North the In though. ,

170

These

a CEU eTD Collection 179 Jövő 178 177 176 175 67. 1998), England, ofNew Press University 174 173 for affection his exhibited that manner friendlya in him answeredSchück and movement the join to visitors calledthe organization Zionist local the of leader the Cairo, in docked ship the when example, For clear. becomes Israel. thelove ofEretzmonopolize not could Zionists that prove to was trip the of goal The ship. the on them joined Karcag denominatio rabbi, Orthodox Schück. an of Cvi journey Salamon the about wrote who Ferziger, S. Adam by published journal the In well. as opposite the of the of disapproval the to led obviously Hungarian TheyJews. were Orthodox uncompromisingintheir anti This it. in neglected was religion of role the Jew, every to acceptable be to planned was ideology its and enterprise, political a basically aliya induced Moreover,engagement any in secular was efforts considered a kind of pl mythical almost this forces. evil the and God between struggle the of focal the was itself Zion that claimed Shapira Elazar Hayim leader, Hasidic prominent Munkács of rabbi The strong. quite was Hasidism lived, immigrants Jewish of

Aliya: immigration of Jews to the l to ofJews Aliya:immigration Patai, Munkács( Ferziger, “A magyar ortodoxia,” 37. magyarortodoxia,” “A Ferziger, Kramer, D. T. Aviezer Ravitzky, “Munkács and Jerusalem,” in in Jerusalem,” and “Munkács Ravitzky, Aviezer Adam S. Ferziger, “A magyar ortodoxia és a cionizmus,” [Hungarian Orthodoxy and Zionism], in in Zionism], and Orthodoxy [Hungarian cionizmus,” a és ortodoxia magyar “A Ferziger, S. Adam Despite the general rejection of Zionism among Orthodox Jews, we can find exampl find can we Jews, Orthodox among Zionism of rejection general the Despite secular a of concept the opposed thus Hungary of Jews Hasid and Orthodox The uig h ti Rbi cük rt a ir, n w in diary, a wrote Schück Rabbi trip the During

[Past and Future], 4. (1993): 36(1993): 4. Future], and [Past The Jews of Hungary Jewsof The Мукачеве, Mukačevo, Munkatsch) city in count in city Munkatsch) Mukačevo, Мукачеве, n organized aOrth Jerusalem,and tripto Schück, Salamon Cvi the , 176 From Emancipation to Catastrophe to Emancipation From

hc ws ntae b Hrl n hs followers. his and Herzl by initiated was which 178 c ad eosrts ht t had it that demonstrates and ace

, 337. ,

codn t te ril o Mrh 0 10 te Neolog the 1905 10, March on article the to According

- 41. and of Palestine, later Israel later ofPalestine, and

179

the Promised Land. He said: “Anyone who has eyes eyes has who “Anyone said: He Land. Promised the út s Jövő és Múlt Zionism and Religion, Religion, and Zionism

57 (Oxford: University Press of America, 2000), 27. 2000), America, of (Oxford: Press University

174

y Bereg, today belongs to Ukraine to today belongs yBereg, This thought indicates the sacredness of sacredness the indicates thought This

ih i attd twrs Zionism towards attitude his hich

Ps ad uue a atce was article an Future] and [Past ohn t d wt sclr aims. secular with do to nothing eds. Shmuel Almog et al. (Hanover: (Hanover: al. et Almog Shmueleds. - secularization stance. secularization sin. 177

175 s ins was Zionism As

o . rabbi of dox

173

Múlt és és Múlt

n a and point es

CEU eTD Collection 182 181 180 toocondemn rash this Jews] movement, which sins Orthodox [the “They stated: Office] Intermediary [Orthodox Iroda Központi Ortodox the of presidentthe Lipschitz, Lipót Zionism. of rejection firm the denominationwas Orthodox the some Hungary, in movement the of rooting the After idea. the by touched were who Jews, Orthodox indeed were there and Zionism a considered Zionist, ashe emphas be can Schück Rabbi if debatable still thus is It enterprises. political their not but itself, settlement the movement: the of aim practical the supported He idea. Zionist perh use, further for impressions his recorded s that thought and Jews Romanian and Russian of situation the of aware was He Jerusalem. in people Jewish reunite would thought, he which, Zionism, of aims humanitarian the in and Zion rebuild and Jerus Israel of people the on mercy show to God expect we can “How with love.” t is Cion Hevrat that idea] [the promulgate also myself I [...] Jerusalem. and Zion of peace the for praying heartedly are whole who those support to duty our is it that well knows feel, to heart and see to ettlement Palestine in wouldbe totheir aproblems. solution Ashe putit:

Ibid. 39. Ibid. 38. Ibid. 38. magyarortodoxia,” “A Ferziger, the purchasingthe the of land of Zion? redemption Roman These extracts show that the rabbi did not write his diary only to himself but rather he he rather but himself to only diary his write not did rabbi the that show extracts These diary: his in noted he time, first the Israel for of mountains the on eyes his cast he When hs n eape f n rhdx ab sos s ht aiu attds xse to existed attitudes various that us shows rabbi Orthodox an of example one This alem, when the scattered Jewry does not return en masse?” en return not does Jewry scattered the when alem, s hr sc a a wo a b ucnend eig h sfeig f u Rsin and Russian our of suffering the seeing unconcerned be can who man a such there Is ian

180

rtrn Te hv n ohr lc t ecp ta Zo. .. Te prs of sparks The [...] Zion. than escape to place other no have They brethren?

have come through to us. [...] Who could resist happily offering a holy shekel for shekel holy a offering happily resist could Who [...] us. to through come have ized on ized

he strand which interweaves every member of the house of Israel of house the of member every interweaves which strand he ly thereligious aspects

182

58 them of

aps for propagating certain aspects of the the of aspects certain propagating for aps

. against and bothpatriotism religion. The

joined it. Yet it. joined 181

the “official” opinion of of opinion “official” the

Rabbi Schück believed Schück Rabbi

CEU eTD Collection 185 184 183 pseudonym the behind hid who Weisz, Dániel was editor Its journal.” weekly social and denominational “Orthodox label the under Thursday every on appeared journal weekly 4 discussed here. existence its of period time latter the Zionism, against opinion strong a formatted journals two first transformat their and development their see to order in Zionism to approach to going 1914. in months few a for only appeared which Faith] of [Guardian 1906, and 1891 B in published were journals main three years these During Budapest. of community Jewish Orthodox the of newspapers the used I War, World First the of beginning the and Congress Zionist First the between years distance themovement themselves rising from andZionism. also importance the of to urge the shows step tactical This Hungary. to Jews Orthodox the of loyalty the about Congress Palestine.” in slightest state the Jewish not a have founding they of home; intention at here thrive to want faith Jewish the of Magyars .1

Scheiber, Scheiber, from Data in Patai, Quoted . ZsidóHíradó n re t rcntut h Otoo “ Orthodox the reconstruct to order In The Zsidó Híra Zsidó ,

analyze one of the leaders of Orthodoxy of leaders the of one Magy

Scheiber, Scheiber,

ar zsidó hírlapok, hírlapok, zsidó ar The Jews of Hungary Jewsof The Magyar Zsidó Magyar

185 the arguments used in the articles of the Orthodox journals and their their and journals Orthodox the of articles the in used arguments the dó Magyar zsidó hírlapok hírlapok zsidó Magyar

[Jewish News] [Jewish

–

did not dedicate any articles to the topic, and thus will not be not will thus and topic, the to articles any dedicate not did no. 29 (pp. 58), editorial office: Budapest, Dorottya str. 6. str. Dorottya editorial 58), office:(pp. 29 Budapest, no.

[Hungarian Jew] published from 1908 until 1913 and 1913 until 1908 from published Jew] [Hungarian , 341. , udapest:

was published from March 12, 1891 until 1906. This 1906. until 1891 12, March from published was

tuge aant ins i te lot twenty almost the in Zionism against struggle” hurried to ensure public opinion (and the state) state) the (and opinion public ensure to hurried 59 sd Híradó Zsidó

183

o ln atr h Frt Zionist First the after long Not

Jws Nw] ise between issued News], [Jewish 184

In this chapter I am I chapter this In –

due to the limited limited the to due ion. While the While ion.

Hitőr

CEU eTD Collection 1. pp. 1897, 1, 191 and between 1908 ofthe period periodical literary 190 189 188 187 186 was which work that hands human weak their with do to want who those and heart his from home [Israel’s] his to affection of feeling sacred the extinguish to want who those of hearts on went Israelh that, until But action. any of development the to impulse gives Himself Almighty the fate, Israel’s of punisher and protector steward, the if occur only can turn great “the Osváth to According poi religious once”, them state.” “raisedthenotionof notoneof thefoundation Jewish unquenchabl “an heart Jewish every in although that confirms writer anonymous the article first In this it. represent to aimed article the as enterprise “ridiculous” a such not was Zionism that shows an continued be not could movement ridiculous and barren aspiration State ri opinions publishing started had which the of editors silence the that statement the with started article This circles. Jewish Hungarian when 1897, 10, June on appeared Office]Orthodox wasenthusiastic patron an of Magyarization. be Weisz, “Viador.”

Ibid. 1. Ibid. Híradó Zsidó in Leipzig. 1896 14, February on Published Lexikon Zsidó Magyar Ernő Osváth, “A czionista mozgalom kudarcza,” [The failu [The kudarcza,” mozgalom “Aczionista Osváth, Ernő Ernő Osváth (born as (born Osváth Ernő h nx atce osdrn Zoim ol b cle a umr o te Orthodox the of summary a called be could Zionism considering article next The them of first The Zionism. about articles vitriolic several published newspaper This 187 . W dd o wn t wie bu i a w cniee ad tl cnie this consider still and considered we as it about write to want not did “We ). concerning

condemning those who want who those condemning

e desire burns for Zion” and all of them “dream about seeing that land at least least at land that seeing about “dream them of all and Zion” for burns desire e nt of view. It was was It view. of nt , June 10, 1897, pp. 19. 19. 1897, pp. June10, , as only one obligation, to love the land which nourishes him...” nourishes which land the love to obligation,one onlyas

the movement was intentional (referring to other Jewish newspapers newspapers Jewish other to (referring intentional was movement the

Ezékiel Roth, 1877 Roth, Ezékiel

n te he sceay f h Otoo Osáo Ioa [National Iroda Országos Orthodox the of secretary chief the ing [Hungarian Jewish Lexicon] 960. 960. Lexicon] [Hungarian Jewish

, rte y rő Osváth Ernő by written ”

188

- wrote the author. Obscuring the weight of the Zionist the of weight the Obscuring author. the wrote d despite this sentence, the published writing in itself in writing published the sentence, this despite d 1929) critic, writer; editor of editor writer; critic, 1929) rumors

o c aanttewl fGd “vl ie i the in lives “Evil God: of will the against act to 1929. Data from: 1929. ght after the coming out of Herzl’s Herzl’s of out coming the after ght 60

abou

t the Zionist Congress infiltrated into into infiltrated Congress Zionist the t re of the Zioni ofthe re 190 Magyar Zsidó Lexikon Zsidó Magyar

and published on July 1, 1897. 1, July on published and Nyugat 186 st movement], movement], st

[West], the most significant most the [West], , 675. ,

Zsidó Híradó Zsidó 189

The Jewish Jewish The 191

Laterhe , July ,

CEU eTD Collection 196 195 194 193 192 his and God between medium the remained which and centuries the throughout cohesion world?” the in everywhere scattered currently Jewry of members the other each to solder together, stick could matter of kind what about think gentlemen good the did “And it: put he As Osváth’s. Jewry.” t t anti of disapproval the besides point constan p of fancy the evoked which enterprise every from themselves distance to wanted Jews Hungarian and air the in lingered initi political dangerous well was it As Zionism. opposed Semites: agains arguments AlmightyIsrael bechangedcanany tonot movement.” artificial by Himself...” for Almighty the by reserved e ol ad h d nt ohr bu Jws pbi oiin ae o ih t ald to allude to right no have opinion public Jewish about bother not do who and world he wro Osváth article his of end he

Osváth, “A czionista mozgalom kudarcza” 1. 1. kudarcza” mozgalom “Aczionista Osváth, Jakab Vértes, „Jelek II. A „Jelek II. Vértes, Jakab 2. Ibid. 1. kudarcza” mozgalom “Aczionista Osváth, Herzl kellett nem“Miért Schweitzer, in Gábor quoted also 2. Ibid. they dote upon the royal family... other the On [...] de the Zionism.dominatingaccordance the experience to of pleasure anti a is it politics hand the the of of danger welcoming the about this thinker Even calm every [...]. convince pleasure great with Munich] in held Osváth projected Osváth refe Besides Another practical issue is addressed in the article of Jakab Vértes, published shortly Jakab Vértes, published articleof addressed inthe Another issue practical is All the Hungarian anti Hungarian the All l agig Jws dnmntos gratifying denominations Jewish arguing) tly 195

This concluding remark Zionismcondemns representatives. andits finally 196

h nyslto i, fcus,rlgo. eiin w Religion, religion. course, of is, solution only The rring to God and his plan with the people of Israel of people the with plan his and God to rring Zoim Frt f l h called he all of First Zionism. t

here the main arguments which appeared almost in every article which which article every in almost appeared which arguments main the here

cionizmus” [Sings II. Zionism] in Zionism] in II. [Sings cionizmus” tos and ations

- Semitic parties welcomed the plan [i.e. that of the congress the of that [i.e. plan the welcomed parties Semitic olitical anti olitical

194 te: “the gentlemen who threw the slogan of Zionism into into Zionism of slogan the threw who gentlemen “the te:

- fifteen Istóczy’s since passed had years twenty just known, - Semitism in which they found a common ground. In ground. common a found they which in Semitism

- 192 Semites. Osváth fou Osváth Semites.

ic te izezá cs. Anti case. Tiszaeszlár the since He adds: “The fate which was assigned by the by assigned was which fate “The adds: He 61

Zsidó Híradó, Híradó, Zsidó teto t te ecin f h anti the of reaction the to attention –

, ot rbby hs a te only the was this probably most ” 50. 50. ” nd the unity of the (otherwise the of unity the nd

August 19, 1897, pp. 2. pp. 1897, August 19, nominations, how loyally how nominations, 193 , Osváth added Osváth ,

hich was the force of force the was hich

- eie could Semites - eiim still Semitism

rational to be to

after - CEU eTD Collection 198 197 home the Jewish common from a of separated foundation the from be and nation separate not a is Jewry could that assumption Jews) Orthodox many for (whic even Jews goal European humanitarian Eastern persecuted the supporting author Orthodox that foundation are and insane hostile.” away taking by building this restore to want who those and religion, is Jewry relig of building of denial the to even (or Judaism of forms extreme more and more to led which process a in latter, the of consequence a as appeared former the that thought he as Jews Neolog/Reformed and secular together lumped Vértes case this In launched reformist Wit rabbi. conservative religious, anti end the in that and failed, reform the that solution, a not was religion behind leaving that realized finallyreformers the c he as reformers”, main “the (orNeologs the against them turned far drew author The Jews. Orthodox the for people

Memor, “A Baseli kongresszus” [The congress at Basel at congress [The kongresszus” “A Baseli Memor, 51. kellettnemHerzl” “Miért in Schweitzer, inquoted also quoted 2. also pp. “Jelek II.”, Vértes, about about a nationJewish offend in Jewry bottomthe its of soul in its patriotism! patr is Jewry of duties sacred most the of one as unjewish simply say should we Or unpatriotic! and unjewish is it because it of shudder to have They shudder. ae, n h atce bu te is Zoit oges perd h ptitc rd of credo patriotic the appeared Congress Zionist First the about article the in Later, advocated thus author The Here the incompatibility of Zionism and patriotism becomes clear: in the view of the of view the in clear: becomes patriotism and Zionism of incompatibility the Here land where everywe European Jews ...we have to come to the conviction that it is a movement a is it that conviction the to come to have ...we , had the

siain, r ahr suggested rather or aspirations, Jewry:

reformation of Judaism reformation

that all Jewish movements should be roote be should movements Jewish all that - eie sil hate still Semites ti c this h 197

re supposed to move. supposed re not taken place

ht h Zoit oeet ol not could movement Zionist the that 62 nlso h interweaved he onclusion

Zsidó Híradó Zsidó d

hm ut s uh s hy epsd a despised they as much as just them - ecig ocuin fo ti and this from conclusions reaching .

of , September , o) “h fudto o the of foundation “The ion). iotism. [...] Those who speakwho Those iotism.[...]

which every just Jew has to to has Jew just every which alled them). In his opinion opinion Inhis them). alled h was an accepted accepted an was h

9, 1897 9,

198 d only in religion. in only d ins ad the and Zionism

pp. 2. pp. have

be en

CEU eTD Collection 202 201 200 1 pps. 21 (August Pozsony in 199 held was which Mizrachim the of congress world the about cease Jewry of problems the as soon as disappear M need.” in brethren their of good the for banqueting “arguing, and Jewry European East of complete. acknowledging later and it, from population Jewish the of alienation activity. Zionist local about o Ministry the that mentioned and article anonymous an in congress the to travelled who representatives Hungarian two those 15 August (Basel, the movementprotesting whowere thepersecution of against their brethren. even he respect this In inhumanity. against objection anti to reaction a as merely movement Zionist the interpreted Verus (i word original the to refer Neolog the by used also was term the “Sionism,” Zionism called Sionism about word “Another wrote “Verus” 1897 September

ru as peetd ins a a ecin o anti to reaction a as Zionism presented also arcus Marcus, “Levél Oroszországból” [Letter from Russia from[Letter Oroszországból” “Levél Marcus, kongresszus cionista harmadik “A 2. szó”, “Mégegy Verus, Verus, “Még egy szó a sionizmusról” a szó egy “Még Verus, eyes spontaneously collapse will companion his and Herzl by conjured air the the then in path,castles this follows it if And glory! and greatness to leads which religion, of path the o wietetnin rud ins s Zionism around tensions the while a For Verus nationalawakening considered pride Jewish as the aphenomenon how Sometimes, In another article an author named “Marcus” accused Zionism accused “Marcus” named author an article another In - 2. showing that [Israel] is returning again to the path on which it can succe can it which on path the to again returning is [Israel] that showing .

200

the first the - 18, 1899) the topic came to the surface again. The journal condemned condemned journal The again. surface the to came topic the 1899) 18, ever,

Zionist groups Zionist

oe favorable more .e. Mount of Sion) and thus to degrade to thus and Sion) of Mount .e.

201 ” [The third Zionistthird congress] [The ”

h ofca dsusto aon Zoim asd the caused Zionism around disquisition official The

[Another word about Sionism] about word [Another f Interior asked the counties to send them information information them send to counties the asked Interior f

officially ocs mre o te ae o te ora. In journal. the of pages the on emerged voices 63 ]

tilled, but before the third Zionist congress Zionist third the before but tilled, Zsidó Híradó Zsidó , which actually took years for the state to state the for years took actually which , d

to be. In 1904 Viador (the editor) wrote editor) (the Viador 1904 In be. to led sympathized with those followers of followers those with sympathized

- Zsidó Híradó Zsidó Se to the rather lengthy procedure of of procedure lengthy rather the to iim n woe ht t would it that wrote and mitism , March 8, 1900, pp. 4. pp. 1900, 8, March ,

Zsidó Híradó Zsidó . ” 199 , August 24, 1899, 24, August ,

of The author intentionally author The the movement verbally. movement the Egyenlőség

- exploiting the misery the exploiting eiim ada an as and Semitism, , September 16, 1897 16, September , ed, returning to returning ed,

before its before n re to order in

pp. 8 pp. .

- 23 202 , ,

CEU eTD Collection 208 207 206 Ukraine 205 204 July1904 203 in community, Jewish the of member prominent a As received and Orthodoxy Zsidó Magyar leader. honorary an as later there stayed and 1902 until Iroda Jewish Országos of Orthodox the governanceof secretary vice the was He in level. state part a on took politics denominational and County Bereg of life political the in role the twodenominational journals mentioned previously and educ and teaching Közlöny Népnevelési Biharmegyei about articles several schoolbooks, wrote (1853 Gábel while. a for latter Híradó The periodical”). as label same the with 1913 4 (“undermines Zionist denominational feeling”,Jewish “en the as attributes same the with movement Mizrachi religious the ideology, noxious a was Zionism that readers his assured repeatedly he and 1904) .2

Scheiber, Scheiber, Ibid. Ibid. Lexikon Zsidó Magyar ( Nagyvárad Viador, “A czionista (»Mizrachi«) kongresszus” [The Z [The kongresszus” (»Mizrachi«) czionista “A Viador, nvr ( Ungvár . The other editor of The editor other of The Magyar Zsidó . 345. 345. theedited also who Gábel,was editors Jakab its surprisingnotof one since is which , , ayr Zsidó Magyar

pps.1 Ужгород, Ужгород, Magyar zsidó hírlapok, hírlapok, zsidó Magyar

Oradea, Großwardein) the seat of county Bihar. Today it belongs to Romania. to Today itbelongs countyBihar. theGroßwardein) seatof Oradea, -

2. until its last issue. Hartstein was a strong, remarkable figure of Jewish Jewish of figure remarkable strong, a was Hartstein issue. last its until

Magyar Zsidó Magyar 204 жооъ Uga) h rgoa cnr o Carpatho of centre regional the Ungwar) Ужгородъ,

, 301. ,

Magyar Zsidó Magyar [Hungarian Jew] Jew] [Hungarian honorable

sd Híradó Zsidó no. no. -

1918), who was a teacher in Ungvár in teacher a was who 1918), was issued twice a month and took over took and month a twice issued was 75 (page 92), editorial office: Budapest, Eötvös str. 19. str. Eötvös editorial 92), office:(page 75Budapest,

[Bihar County Bulletin of Popular Education], as well as well as Education], Popular of Bulletin County [Bihar recognition from the Minister of Culture for his work. his for Culture of Minister the from recognition emy religion”, the Jewish and of soforth

was Lajoswas Hartstein was issued from April 1908 until September 30, 30, September until 1908 April from issued was

64 (“Orthodox Jewish denominational and social social and denominational Jewish (“Orthodox

ionist (»Mizrachi«) congress] (»Mizrachi«) ionist , whoformerly Magy Jüdisches Tageblatt r Zsidó ar He remained the editor of of editor the remained He - Ruthenia, today it belongs to to belongs it today Ruthenia, to ad dtd the edited and ation 205

played a prominent aplayed prominent and Nagyvárad, and Hartstein found a a found Hartstein

the role of role the Zsidó Híradó, Híradó, Zsidó ).

203 .

207

labeling Zsidó Zsidó June 208 206 -

CEU eTD Collection 211 210 209 Zionist movement) irreligious. probably that fact the despite Jewry, enumerated criticized He group. publicly.” there that remark the with “na the of case the in instance problems which was simply irresi their to solution a Jews these promise could movement new the that believed Zionism. by Torah” the from away “wrested atheists,” imaginable biggest worried constantly were results.” did Gábel the turned it p the to back youngJews manyof attention that (namely movement the of merits the acknowledging Besides debate. articlesZionism about The emerged. scarcely topic the century twentieth the of decade first the of end the by phenomenon, new a as movement the surrounding tensions th by drawn Zionism of picture overall his denomination. of opinion the represent could which and heard be could voice his which through medium

Ibid. 10. pp. “Kinövések…” Gábel, Sándor The first article dealing with Zionism is a kind of “introduction,” taking position in the in position taking “introduction,” of kind a is Zionism with dealing article first The The radical vocabulary of the article sometimes turns into a rather offensive attack, for attack, offensive rather a into turns sometimes article the of vocabulary radical The The newspaper of Gábel and Hartstein also took over the opinion of opinion the over took also Hartstein and Gábel of newspaper The

10. 209 Gábel, “Kinövések…” [Lumps…] “Kinövések…” Gábel,

211

not forget to state that “its errors incomparably surpass the dazzling, superficial dazzling, the surpass incomparably errors “its that state to forget not The main problem was the irreligiousness of Zionism. Hungarian Orthodox JewsOrthodox HungarianZionism. of irreligiousness the was problem main The

– The author did author The

s mentio as

: two of them in 1908 and one of in1910. : two themin1908and h anti the stible andstible alienated thus from religion. them e above ned

about the “deceived” Eastern European Jews, who became “the “the became who Jews, European Eastern “deceived” the about

wa not differentiate between Jewry being an ethnic or ethnic an being Jewry between differentiate not

tional [i.e. Zionist] poets and writers,” who we who writers,” and poets Zionist] [i.e. tional eiiu ves f ins, e am yet Zionism, of views religious nt n o te wo wud o dscae h Sabbath the desecrate not “would who them of one not s –

Magyar Zsidó Magyar t efc o toe es h hd und wy from away turned had who Jews those on effect its many e journal was a quite negative one. Yet, after the first first the after Yet, one. negative quite a was journal e roblems of their ethnic group)authorethnicthe their roblemsof

65 f hm ee ad eand fe jiig the joining after remained (and were them of

, July 31, 1908, pp. 10. pp. July1908, , 31, Magyar Zsidó Magyar

n is datgs he advantages its ong

published three main three published Zsidó Híradó. Zsidó 210

re stigmati re The journalist The a religious a ,

Sándor

The The zed zed CEU eTD Collection 216 215 214 213 212 ironic, of Jewry.” existence basis of this to backTorah, the of laws the and Jewry of traditions the to unfaithful became which Jewry, of stratum fin his considered movement, the launching when Herzl, “Dr. that wh terminology probablymost itsra because of sharp God.” of help the with succeed not Zionis of slogans false but pretty the popularize to faith best their in strive they that convinced am I moreover, Zionists, Hungarian of handful back people totheir Jewish original re b could counterweight onlythe Gábel to according Instead, Zionism.” is assimilation of counterweight effective sole “the that premise the of validity up loosening religion, ancient the of reformation (i.e. assimilation of influences to harmful Zionism the of also approach but Judaism, problematic the only not case this In opinion. their in culture from inseparable was it Orthodox: the for focus the in been always Bible.” their is Altneuland Herzl’s Tivadar program; Basel Zionism

Gábel, “Kinövések…” 11. “Kinövések…” Gábel, Jakab Jakab Zsidó Magyar 12. Ibid. 11. Ibid. FinallyGábel concluded h second the In Still, on September 25 Jakab Gábel wrote an article in which he used almost the same the almost used he which in article an wrote Gábel Jakab 25 September on Still, judgment a floe by followed was G

t ábel, “Czionizmus” [Zionism] ábel,

er eiin “nta o or thirteen our of “instead religion: heir , July 31, 1908, pp. 12. pp. July1908, , 31, , the editors wrote that they “do not share [the author’s] views entirely,” views author’s] [the share not “do they that wrote editors the , en considering Zionism. He showed He Zionism. considering en l o te ril, áe stated Gábel article, the of alf of of

h sm acsto whic accusation same the h src rls cm it the into came rules) strict the , “despite the condemning critique, I do not throw a stoneon the a I critique,do notthrow “despite condemning the ,

dical, tone. offensive

Magyar Zsidó Magyar 214 ligion andlifestyle.ligion

It is typical that below this article explicating such explicating article this below that typical is It 66 , September 25, 1908, September25, ,

216

eoiain tee r te ons f the of points the are there denominations

This statement, which wa which statement,This m with their abilities, in which they will will they which in abilities, their with m

apae i Sno Gbls article, Gábel’s Sándor in appeared h ht hs “con these that

his benevolence with the assumption assumption the with benevolence his

itr. h ato dutd the doubted author The picture. e religious Orthodoxy, which led which Orthodoxy,religious e 212

The question of religion had religion of question The

pp. 3. pp. al goal to be leading that leading be to goal al urd Jews quered”

eih ietl and lifestyle Jewish s intended to beintended s

regarded 215 213

CEU eTD Collection 221 220 219 218 217 conscience.”own its to blighted morally the of camp the “leave to called is movement Mizrachi the example for office” demanded themselves belongingthe Jewry traditions.” its clings to which to concluded anc the toward attitude positive their Despite either. critique from to straight oriented Jewry.” faithful is of extermination activity whose factors, decisive as roles play people of kind those Zionism of scope the “in that state to far as went movement the from Jews in movement) the of popularity the of fear the shows implicitly (which Zionism demonizing viewpoin sym years ten than more for existed had Zionism that account into take not did authors the that reader the to seem it as soon people [...].” the Jewish of advocates the as act Jewry, of laws sacred the tread who individuals, “these that namely dicates the inconsistency of these arguments. Jakab Gábel Jakab arguments. these of inconsistency the dicates

Gábel, “Czionizmus”, 3. “Czionizmus”, Gábel, Gábel, “Cionista kongresszus”, 7. kongresszus”, “Cionista Gábel, kon “Cionista Gábel, Sándor 5. Ibid. 4. Ibid. Both of the articles represent the Zionist movement as an error, which will disappear as as disappear will which error, an as movement Zionist the represent articles the of Both In the last last the In ahzr, ept te nenl eae. h cnrvry ewe te aforementioned the between controversy The debates. internal the despite pathizers, 220

, aey ht ins would Zionism that namely t,

s followers realize its vicious character and the impossibility of their aims. It may It aims. their of impossibility the and character vicious its realize followers s in the name of the Orthodox community. The text is full of imperative sentences, imperative of full is text The community. Orthodox the of name the in ht toe h dit ih these with drift who “those that n con o te otae cmitd gis Jwy n h Zionist the in Jewry against committed “outrages the of account an Magyar Zsidó Magyar 221

217 Finally, Gábel degraded Gábel Finally, by

gresszus” [Zionist congress] gresszus” ht ie n hd ahrd oe n mr mmes and members more and more gathered had and time that

article, which was written again by again written was which article,

218

Gábel did not spare the religious Mizrachi movement Mizrachi religious the spare not did Gábel

iapa sotnosy n te siain of aspiration the and spontaneously disappear

67 ie te Zionists] the [i.e.

the whole Zionist movem Zionist whole the

Magyar Zsidó Magyar ,

in order to frighten away pious pious away frighten to order in , January 20, 1910, pp. 6. pp. 1910, January , 20, forf , 219 Sándor Gábel, the author the Gábel, Sándor

ie ter ih t call to right their eited ient faith, the author author the faith, ient ent as being basedbeing as ent ad the wards

chief - CEU eTD Collection 222 ini their of members the convince to tried also but Zionism, attacked only not they which with expressions, radical more use to started move the of support the As Zionism. discouraged denomination the that announced Orthodoxy official of representatives the 1897 after movement, Zionist the on impression determining who leaders religious conservative Hungarian the and emancipation preceding Zion to returning of idea well. Hungarian the condemn they did nor movement, Zionist Hungarian the with thoroughly dealt articles aforementioned the of none however, personal; more becoming were Zionism on attacks The author. the with This seen. be can leaders Orthodox the of followers. its ofhonesty” the total lack “pompousness, whichby the on an isproved humbug,” “endless

Gá tiation, whichtiation, would As a conclusion and summary I want to stress that despite the religious attitude to the to attitude religious the despite that stress to want I summary and conclusion a As of anxiety intensified the article this in used expressions the of radicalization the From

bel, “Cionista kongresszus”, 7. kongresszus”, “Cionista bel, et rw n Hnain ins gie mr pplrt, rhdx journalists Orthodox popularity, more gained Zionism Hungarian and grew ment

tesd h ncsiy f eih eteet n rt Ire ad hs a a had thus and Israel Eretz in settlement Jewish of necessity the stressed

destroyreligious Jewry.

members. This is true to the articles of the the of articles the to true is This members.

time the editors did not note that they do not agree not do they that note not did editors the time eoiain ht h mvmn wa movement the that denomination 68

Zsidó Híradó Zsidó s

sinful a

222 as

CEU eTD Collection jou every 1911 Zeitung Jüdische entitled paper, own his started Bettelheim 1908 In years. 4 for published was title the under 1907 lived newspaper, another edited he as task, this in activerolean year.took Bokor afor 1904 from published andMakkabea Bokorfrom Ármin was paper Zionist real first The ideas. their of spread the to contributing thus movement, the of writers the to floor Wochenschrift Ungarische mirrored journals various opinions. the them, issued group which on depending so newspaper, a publish Z of leaders The time. same the at run were journals more or two that rare quite was it basis, social extended an lacked also it and support, state no had movement the As ideology. their emanated time of period a for and Budapest in 5 .1. Reaction ofZionistspress .1. Reaction todenominational h frt aes o ae up take to papers first The by supported was movementZionist Hungarian The Here a compilation can be found selected in order to show the opinions and attitude of attitude and opinions the show to order in selected found be can compilation a Here

Múlt és Jövő (1907). The official paper o paper official The (1907). rnal; how they reacted to the attacks of Neolog and Orthodox newspapers. The The newspapers. Orthodox and Neolog of attacks the to reacted they how rnal; the members of the movement als movement the of members the

[Past and Future] appearedthe scene, andFuture] representing[Past on Zionism. cultural ih ae became later hich Magyarországi Cionista Szervezet Cionista Magyarországi Zsidó Néplap Zsidó . Originally neither of them them of neither Originally . 5 . The Zionist Responses oit ice otn eie t tk te epniiiy and responsibility the take to decided often circles ionist

f the f h cs o Zoim were Zionism of case the

[Jewish [Jewish naice üice Zeitung Jüdische Ungarische Hungarian Hungarian 69 Zsidó Élet Zsidó Popular Paper], edited by Lajos Dömény and and Dömény Lajos by edited Paper], Popular

o Zionist Association was also initiated in initiated also was Association Zionist

published some journals which at least at which journals some published was

two main two [ [Jewish Life], [Jewish Hungarian

a Zionist journal Zionist a

Jövő A

Jewish newspapers issued newspapers Jewish Zionist Association]. It Association]. Zionist Ls bt o lat in least, not but Last . which was not long not was which

[The Future] and and Future] [The

but they let the let they but Pressburger

- CEU eTD Collection Jewis contemporary 224 223 persecuted: wa it that claimed coun aggressioninother form of anti collectedrange aargumentspro to of szempontjából hazafiság a cionizmus wa it that accusation the against Zionism Singer Bernát 1899 In public. the to aims its explain to also and movement the for publicity gain to order in published were articles win as manyas readers possible. to order in topics broadest the embrace to tried it so Judenthums,” des Interessen religiösen und socialen die für “Organ label the wore journal His movement. the in part took actively maint was it and Wochenschrift 5 th of mirroring the and author movement’s inner debates. the of significance argumentation, of relevance the was ofselection basis The papers. the issuing the of of chronological order arearticles inthe .1.1. The first one to first .1.1. The support Zionism

Scheiber, Scheiber, Bernát Singer (1868 Singer Bernát The was discourse Zionist the in interested became that newspaper first The - that claiming context, historical into Zionism placed Singer article, first his In Semitism occurred Semitism naice Wochenschrift Ungarische Magyar zsidó hírlapok, hírlapok, zsidó Magyar

. The publication of publication The . hnewspapers ained until January 1918. The editor of the weekly was Gyula Gábel, who Gábel, Gyula was weekly the of editor The 1918. January until ained - ncsay o t clos to not necessary s 1916) rabbi of Tapolca and Szabadka and Tapolca of rabbi 1916)

only in cold feelings towards the Jews in Hungary, it took on the on took it Hungary, in Jews the towards feelings cold in only

Data from: Data

no. 33 (pps. 62 (pps. 33 no.

tries, and also manifested itself in laws agains laws itself in manifested and also tries, Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische

ok sad o Zoim rm h bgnig Several beginning. the from Zionism for stand a took ve each thatthetwodonotexclude other.

Magyar Zsidó Lexikon Zsidó Magyar Zoim rm h pit f iw f aroim and patriotism] of view of point the from [Zionism

224 - 64). Editorial office: Budapest, Lajos u. 189. Lajos office: Editorial Budapest, 64). s unpatriotic. The series ran under the title title the under ran series The unpatriotic. s

70 oes ys hn i behe we brethren his when eyes one’s e wrote

; a series of articles in which he defended he which in articles of series a

his articles were published in most of the major major the of most in published were articles his , 791. , 223

started on October 1, 1895, 1, October on started t the Jews. Het the Jews.

Ungarische

e being re al though though A e

CEU eTD Collection objections] their and enemies aims, reasons, Wochenschrift its patriotism: of view of point the from [Zionism 227 226 Wochenschrift Ungarische 225 that taught which Judaism to referred He Jews. all by shared be could which basis common rabbis?” conservative would religion Our How? Zionism… of idea the advocate not should we view of point religious from that was charges serious the of “One press: Orthodox by raised was that problem the upon touched the European of most of goodwill the on count could Zionism of leaders the contradiction: a out pointed justifie settled) be would Jews European the of most where Europe, of outside state new a (founding Zionism still they however, Hungary; »aliens«.”against themas up step to ropeof plenty have government the as well as people “the where Romania, in bad misery.” their in even love they which homeland “the point, leav to of ordered be sword might they laws “the local to who due as hangs,” above Damocles Jews, Russian of circumstances the of description the with

Bernát Singer, “A cionizmus a hazafiság szempontjából: okai, céljai, ellenségei és ezeknek az ellenvetései,” ellenvetései,” az ezeknek és ellenségei céljai, okai, szempontjából: hazafiság a “Acionizmus Singer, Bernát 1 “Cionizmus,” Singer, Bernát Singer, “Cionizmus a hazafiság szempontjából,” [Zionism from the point of view of patriotism] patriotism] of view of point the from [Zionism szempontjából,” hazafiság a “Cionizmus Singer, Bernát mah fo toe h cm it ams dseae iuto bcue f hi religion their of because situationother countries? desperate almost into came who those from empathy and help our denied we if feeling, noble humane, every behind leave we not Should feelings. b unlucky The second article was publis was article secondThe admitted Singer continued and readers his of sense common the on and feelings the on counted Singer Although we are devoted sons of a happier homeland, is it allowed to turn away from our from away turn to allowed it is homeland,happier a of sons devoted are we Although , Appendix, April 28, 1 April 28, Appendix, , ehe i fih wo xeine anti experience who faith, in rethren powers; 225 d, which would put an end to the “Jewish Question.” His final question final His Question.” “Jewish the to end an put would which d,

that all of all that

227 . , Appendix, April 21, 1899 April 21, Appendix, , still, the Jews themselves theJews werestill, it. against

rhbt ht a iiitd n etuisial spotd by supported enthusiastically and initiated was what prohibit

Singer tried to rationalize the religious objections, and seek for a for seek and objections, religious the rationalize to tried Singer

these atrocities did atrocities these could 899 hed on April on hed ,

vol. 5. issue 16. pp. 1. pp. issuevol. 5. 16.

wk te teto o te. e on te is of aims the found He them. of attention the awake , 71

vol. 5. issue 15. pp. 1. pp. issuevol. 5. 15.

- , one week after the first one. In this Singer Singer In this one. first the weekafter one , eiim o ol i te iafcin of disaffection the in only not Semitism

not have any effect on the Jews living in living Jews the on effect any have not

226

The situation was similarly was situation The e their homes at any at homes their e Ungarische Ungarische

in CEU eTD Collection 230 229 228 emberszeretet the Even journal. the in opinion give to asked was Csóri Endre priest, Catholic Roman a 1899 June in Zionism: accusations asbeing unpatriotic. not were they and him, to defe to need Hungarynot of did Jews the so other, eachopposing according Zionism with do to nothing had patriotism that hand.” other the on oppression social and economic and hand one the by impossible madewas currentdwelling placetheir stayingin whose there go can those that so effort an make to want “we but so, do to Hungary in Jew any accordin of status desolate Jewry.” the of because only events, messianic of kind any of materialization “ they that beginning the from emphasized Zionists that was reasoning important his Here view. of point political modern, from irrelevant it made which centuries, the through role cultural its and origin to back Jews lead would redemption Messiah the of coming the with that argument the aside pushed subtly He force. by was return the nei that found he idea:Zionist the of elements our brethrenwhen they our need help the most.” others easing

Ibid. 1. Ibid. 1. Ibid. 1. “A Singer, cionizmus,” The rabbi admitted that he would neither emigrate to Palestine, nor would he encourage he would nor Palestine, to emigrate neither would he that admitted rabbi The the investigating by reasoning Orthodox of legitimacy the questioned author The The 229 Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische

g toSinger.

to the Holy Land. The only way of getting back Palestine that was not allowed not was that Palestine back getting of way only The Land. Holy the to Thus Zionism was separated from religion and its worldly goals won justification won goals worldly its and religion from separated was Zionism Thus ’ suffering was an obligation: “our sacred and noble duty is not to disappoint to not is duty noble and sacred “our obligation: an was suffering ’

(Zionism

did not head Zionism because of the prophecies of prophets or for the for or prophets of prophecies the of because Zionism head not did

–

title refers to the main message of the article: article: the of message main the to refers title

philanthropy). The starting point of the article is the appreciation the is article the of point starting The philanthropy).

paid attention to bring out non out bring to attention paid

Eretz Israel by reminding of the argument’s ancient argument’s the of reminding by Israel Eretz 72 ther the work of settlement of work the ther

228

nd themselves against suchagainst themselves nd - Jewish voices concerning concerning voices Jewish special regulations special on 230

was forbidden, nor nor forbidden,was

It becomes clear becomes It Cionizmus Cionizmus –

CEU eTD Collection 234 1899 233 232 1899, 231 persecution frompeople Jewish the saving of fun made argum his to answer religiousJewish tradition”whichbecoming might tothem lead ridiculous. in article bu Zionists, the to came it Zemplénis” Árpád and Csórys Endre Picquarts, “Zolas, at but newspapers, Jewish in space philo [Misled philosemita” “Félrevezetett title the under article longish a wrote himself Rónai Jewish the of ridden the for created people.” be will home rightful but public a if scandal for reason a be cannot “It claiming by article his finished He him. to according existence its for Christianphilanthropy,t was to which Zionism compared He unpatriotic. being Zionism of charge the off fend to tried who authors most by used argument usual the theyalways they arewiththeir live, blood,wealth which ready toprotect and life ancestors gave spir moral, their and roots ancient their people: Jewish the of

Rónai, “Félrevezetett philosemita,” 3. philosemita,” “Félrevezetett Rónai, “Cionizmus Csóri, János Rónai, “Félrevezetett philosemita,” [Misled philo [Misled philosemita,” “Félrevezetett Rónai, János Endre Csóri, “Cionizmus “Cionizmus Csóri, Endre h mnfsain f sr bogt ot var forth brought Csóri of manifestation The to moved Israel Eretz for longing the and patriotism of feelings the dividing after Csóri, fe te nrdcin óa turned Rónai introduction the After ,

- vol. 5. issue 29. pp. 1. pp. issue 5. 29. vol. vol. 5. issue 36. pp. 3. pp. issue 5. 36. vol. Semite], in which he appreciated that the voices of Christian personalities are given given are personalities Christian of voices the that appreciated he which in Semite], th

lgtmc fr hm o tl fe cnetd o hi fre ln, hr their where land, former their to connected feel still to them for legitimacy e to their inner fights and defense of their standpoints. This warning went out not only only not out wentwarning This standpoints. their of defenseand fights inner their to 232 we Egyenlőség

re buried. Despite keeping their love for Zion, “they stick to the land on which which on land the to stick “they Zion, for love their keeping Despite buried. re – as t te dtr o dnmntoa ppr, eern t Zempléni’s to referring papers, denominational of editors the to also t

emberszeretet,” 2. emberszeretet,” ents at the same time. He took Zempléni’s article as mockery which which mockery as article Zempléni’s took He time. same the at ents Rni tesd h dne o Crsin “iig esn t u on us to lessons “giving Christians of danger the stressed Rónai .

–

emberszeretet,” [Zionism [Zionism emberszeretet,”

the same time he warned his associates not to wait for wait to not associates his warned he time same the o epéis ril ad analyz and article Zempléni’s to 73

– - philanthropy] philanthropy] Semite] os pnos I te n o September of end the In opinions. ious 233 callingit Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische

to wor to Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische ta hrtg. hs heritage This heritage. itual

k instead of the Jews when Jews the of instead k “dreams”. However, Rónai However, “dreams”. he strongestreason he 234 d t providing it, ed

, September 29, 29, September , .” 231 , June 30, 30, June ,

CEU eTD Collection 2. issuepp. 8. 7. 238 237 236 235 ofthediscussions congress. Hungar that Wochenschrift of columns the in complained he 1901) (Basel, Congress Zionist Fifth the after sarcastically Rónai wrote: culture. European to damage cause might him to according which, worries Zempléni’s analyzed Rónai emigrate, to Jews toPalestine. Jews of conciliation fortunate civilization.” the Western and Eastern of consists that Land Holy the in society or organization »visitors«a see s cause toChristian whatwould it to harmnation and “And a state. Palestine Palestine thus compared states, and nations Italian Zempléni and Greek the to belonged which to Rome, and Athens that was counterargument contradiction.” own its of because cracks criticism, of touch the without which, tourist a as Palestine concerning the write to but Zempléni, to assault this ascribe not did

Rónai, “Félrevezetett philosemita,” 4. philosemita,” “Félrevezetett Rónai, Ibid. 4. Ibid. 4. Ibid. János Rónai, Rónai, János Europe Europe for along time. ki that and those Z: Mr. calm, Be opinion? flattering his shares it of part which it: of part speaking Hungarian no homeland,or our millioninhabitantsof 15 the askshould Z. Mr. But vanity. In the end of his article, besides assuring the pub the assuring besides article, his of end Inthe Rónai’s fight with fight Rónai’s

So is the Jew really an indispensable in indispensable an really Jew the is So

ril. h wiig otne wt te rtcs o Zmln’ metaphor Zempléni’s of criticism the with continues writing The article. ian Jews were unsympathetic to Zionism, but it silenced about the serious serious the about silenced it but Zionism, to unsympathetic were Jews ian

“Kinek kell pirulnia?” [Who needs to flush?] flush?] to needs [Who pirulnia?” kell “Kinek ht h Noo junl ae con mrl o te chairman the on merely account gave journal Neolog the that

nd of our people, who are needed for European culture, are willing to stay in stay to willing are culture, European for needed are who people, our of nd Egyenlőség 237

238

236 did not cease with answering Zempléni’s article. In1902, article. Zempléni’s answeringwith cease not did spectacle, which is “not more than sparkling emptiness, emptiness, sparkling than more “not is which spectacle,

Rónai here put great emphasis on the commitment of commitment the on emphasis great put here Rónai gredient of European culture? I also think in my in think also I culture? European of gredient 74

Egyenlőség Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische lic that Zionis that lic concerning , who “instigated” Zempléni to Zempléni “instigated” who , ts did ts

also es evn Europe, leaving Jews

not want Hungarianwant not

had to belong to a a to belong to had , March 7, 1902 7, March , –

ask only the only ask ’s Ungarische 235

lamenting mall state

Rónai’s ,

vol. CEU eTD Collection 242 1902 April 18, 241 240 239 thousand its after even last and live notio religious a only not thus away. miles thousand had and minority t to true were Jews although nationality: a of being case the in also but question this in only not Europe over all Jews of unity of feeling the raised Gábel states. European East of oppression the under lived who Jews of crowds of desire fervent and hearts millions; the hearts notgive do of millions a lies.” leap to the of feeling warm the in basis real a has it as lie a not is doe it argued because dangerous “it isnot that in lie dangerous a and whim a it called and mind his changed seemingly but movement, the supporting been had ago years few a representative parliamentary Vészi in writing a to referred Gábel purpose. this with exactly e the however, Congress; Zionist First the after years five even seriously taken be should Zionism why reasons enumerate form oftheTiszaeszlár trial. in Roseberry anti and Chamberlain Lord match they patriotism.” but doubted be cannot only not this of lead the on stand blood our of best “the where England,

Emil R. “A sionizmus,” [Sionism] [Sionism] “Asionizmus,” Emil R. Gábel, “Cionizmus magyar földön,” 2. magyarföldön,” “Cionizmus Gábel, 2. “Asionizmus,” yl Gbl “Cion Gábel, Gyula t em cnrdcoy ht h junlss of journalists the that contradictory seems It - to attention the called one Zionism, of defense in published articles several the Among hs daiain f ins lgtmzd h moveme the legitimized Zionism of idealization This eiim ic anti since Semitism 239 ,

vol. 8. issue 16. pp. 1. pp. issue 8. 16. vol.

The author of the writing also pointed out that Zionism could not increase not could Zionism that out pointed also writing the of author The

to have to izmus magyar földön,” [Zionism on Hungarian ground] ground] Hungarian on [Zionism földön,” magyar izmus 242

Gábel eiim xse ee bfr te movem the before even existed Semitism connection with other groups of their own ethnicity, may they live live they may ethnicity, own their of groups other with connection 240

n, not only a denomination, but a race. A race, that wants to wants that race, A race. a but denomination, a only not n,

Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische stressed the following sentences with bold letters: “Jewry is “Jewry letters: bold with sentences following the stressed

io o te eky ulse a atce n pi 1902 April in article an published weekly the of ditor - year long suffering, anguish and road lit by the fire of fire the by lit road and anguish suffering, long year 75 s not attack anyone, but assists andaids; and it attack anyone,butassists s not

heir homeland, they still lived there as a a as there lived still they homeland, heir , January 24, 1902, January24, , naice Wochenschrift Ungarische 241 Eg

yenlőség t s cmo itnin of intention common a as nt

movement, whose patriotismwhose movement, n, o isac i the in instance for ent, naice Wochenschrift Ungarische

, whose author, József author, whose , vol. 8. issue 4. pps. 1 issuepps. 8. 4. vol. Egyenlőség

. Gábel . a to had - 2.

, CEU eTD Collection from: Data topics. national Hungarian and Jewish about wroteboth 248 247 246 admitt was a Sciences]; of Academy [Hungarian Akadémia Tudományos Magyar 245 244 243 “stupids ofgood “heartless.”added or the faith” enemies were HeZionism that of 1902in in thoughts his […].“ su of attack the backthrowing with and aims Zionist of appreciation the with continued Vámbéry mo and bigger known not have I Asia from home arrived I since Because right. every of are deprived who people Jewish oppressed persecuted, of help the in target philanthropist noble, supported Vámbéry letter a of form the in did he which article, an write to requested was In authority. their to due readers the on op their express to personalities lived Jews credo,” Zionist “Hungarian anc the the in one Zions: to two were there which article to according another dedicated Gábel year same the in Later politics. nationality initiate to want not did Zionists Hungarian that also and Zionism unpat is tears.” of sea a with drenched stake, the

pport a thing that places duty on the Hungarian Jew but does not count on direct profit direct on count not does but Jew Hungarian the on duty places that thing a pport Gyula Gábel, “Diadal,” [Victory] [Victory] “Diadal,” Gábel, Gyula Gá Vámbéry, letter, 1. letter, Vámbéry, letter, ÁrminVámbéry, Ármin Vámbéry (born as Wamberger Hermann, 1832 Hermann, Wamberger as (born Vámbéry Ármin József Kiss (1843 Kiss József hm en uptitc “I unpatriotic. being them h eios of editors The Another illustrious member of Jewish society, József Kiss, József society, Jewish of member illustrious Another bel, “Cionizmus magyarföldön,” “Cionizmus bel, 247 re hateful lump among the highly valued European cultures than anti than cultures European valued highly the among lump hateful re itc s msedn atmt f éz, n srse te uaiain is of aims humanitarian the stressed and Vészi, of attempt misleading a as riotic

edly a Zionist. Data from: Data Zionist. a edly ; andthe Zionists clung ofthem. toboth -

1921) famous contemporary poet, editor of editor poet, contemporary famous 1921) naice Wochenschrift Ungarische

Zionism openly and in his public letter he admitted this: “Zionism set a a set “Zionism this: admitted he letter public his in and openly Zionism Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische Ungarische WochenschriftUngarische

Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische i a omnig biain f vr Hnain e to Jew Hungarian every of obligation commanding a is t Magyar Zsidó Lexikon Zsidó Magyar inion in the weekly, which could have a bigger impression impression bigger a have could which weekly, the in inion

243

accordance with accordance

Gábel pushed aside the accusations that Zionism that accusations the aside pushed Gábel , May 30, 1902, May30, , 76

lo sd h tcis f sig well asking of tactics the used also - 1913), orientalist, university teacher, member of the the of member teacher, university orientalist, 1913), , 938. , . He regarded those who oppo regardedwho He those . 244

, July 11, 1902, July , 11,

Magyar Zsidó Lexikon Zsidó Magyar Képes Világ Világ Képes

ient homeland and one where the where one and homeland ient this aspiration Ármin Vámbéry Ármin aspiration this vol. 8. issue 21. pp. 1. pp. issue 8. 21. vol. l so known for his Oriental journeys. He journeys. Oriental his for known so 248

vol. 8. issue 27. pp. 2. pp. issue 8. 27. vol.

the poet also manifested also poet the and and Hét A addressed , 483 ,

[The W [The - Semitism.” - 484. sed Zionismsed

to Gábel. to

e] who eek],

- known known 246 245

CEU eTD Collection pps. 253 252 issue 8. 45 vol. 251 from: Data government. the Wekerle of ofFranchise Minister and government the Esterházy of ofJustice Minister Circle], [Democratic 250 23 issue 249 movement insignificant becoming Gábel in resulted which groups, two between words of battle polit nationalistic Jewish a as denigrate would which newspaper a initiating avoid to Demény Lajos and Bokor Ármin to in appeared event which circles, Zionist to the unfolding nationalism. Jewish led enlightenment while prayers, Orthodox of part a composed still which Zion, for longing specifically.” united enlightenment modern and romanticism religious of elements opposing two Zionism “In society: contemporary anti and Jews coat.” his under them carry should wings has “who that forgot followers Its succeed. never would thus and aspirations V politician. and ofSemitism) being of rights. dispossessed anti of fear the them: of some in lived still that fears the and

Gyula Gábel, “Vissza! Vissza,” [Back! Back!] Back!] [Back! Vissza,” “Vissza! Gábel, Gyula 2. keresztesek,” “Zsidó Vázsonyi, Vilmos Vázsonyi, “Zsid Vázsonyi, Vilmos “Kiss József a cionizmusról,” [József Kiss on Zionism] on Kiss [József cionizmusról,” a József “Kiss countries, want secureto privileges for themselves on the cost of their brethren.” anti the and Jews rich Romanian and Russian t like and country their in rights] of [deprived conditions such into unpatriotism ims ásni (born Vázsonyi Vilmos

Gyula Gábel, the editor of of editor the Gábel, Gyula Vázsonyi, Vilmos by written was article analyzed last The Euro of tensions inner contemporary the depict words harsh These 1 - 3. those non those -

24. pp. 1. pp. 24. .

ázsonyi depicted Zionism as a languorous, noble enterprise, which has incorrect incorrect has enterprise,which noble languorous, a asZionism ázsonyi depicted - 46. pp. 1. pp. 46. -

- Semites. Vázsonyi saw quite clearly the position of the movement in in movement the of position the clearly quite saw Vázsonyi Semites. Jews who want to push back the Jews softened and scared with the blame of of blame the with scared and softened Jews the back push to want who Jews Magyar Zsidó Lexikon Zsidó Magyar

ó keresztesek,” [Jewish crusaders] crusaders] [Jewish keresztesek,” ó

s esfl, 1868 Weiszfeld, as 251

ical movement. ical

Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische As a consequence Zionism suffered from the attacks of bot of attacks the from suffered Zionism consequence a As ,

in which he commanded them with strong expressions expressions strong with them commanded he which in , 942. , the weekly too. He published an article, addressed article, an published He too. weekly the Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische - 252 96, ayr pltca, one o Dmkaa Kör Demokrata of founder politician, lawyer, 1926),

77 253

Religious romanticism means in this case th case this in means romanticism Religious

This last article was the starting point of a of point starting the was article last This - Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische Semitic Jewish eager Jewish Semitic Ungarische Wochenschrift Ungarische Hungarian

broke with mainstream Hungarian mainstream with broke - Semitism (even of Jewish anti Jewish of (even Semitism , April 19, 1904, April 19, , Zionism by introducing it it introducing by Zionism 250

- n nleta Jewish influential an beavers of civilized of beavers pean Jewish society Jewish pean , June 20, 1902, 20, June , , November 21, 1902, 21, November , hose Jews who, Jews hose 249

vol. 10. issue 18. 18. issue 10. vol.

in the the in vol. 8. vol. h e -

CEU eTD Collection 1. pp. 35. 256 and 255 254 Weiszburg article his of end the In case? similar a in treasonous called be Jews the should fa of proud were manypeople that out pointed He unpatriotic? them call reasonto a that was did, they if even argued, Weiszburg as Moreover, there. immigrate to had Jews Hungarian that mean not their to due s Jewish the them misery For religion. in lived Jews these account his to According day.” every but once more comfortable one […].” an changing like another, to day one from home change to ready not are “we that maintained he hand other the On Hungary. outside dying were brethren his that fact the from away turn not could he still Zionism, to attention pay not easier been although that admitted he hand one the On public. his to the closer movement brought that arguments logical mentioning patriotism, its of view of point the from issue the addressed and idea, the with familiar get to readers his wanted editor the first At Rónai Weiszburg, János and Bernát presented. be Singerwill by written articles of sample a Here frequently. published were Zionism concerning articles editor its 1897 (January years, half a and one for only issued was weekly The Zionism. 5 .1.2.

Scheiber, Scheiber, Gyula Weiszburg, “A cionista törekvések,” [Zionist aspirations] aspirations] [Zionist törekvések,” cionista “A Weiszburg, Gyula Gyula Weiszburg (1866 Weiszburg Gyula Hitközségi Szemle Hitközségi Weiszburg’s first article that openly sided with Zionism was written in September 1897. September in written was Zionism with sided openly that article first Weiszburg’s JövőA Weiszburg felt empathy for the persecuted, who “suffer martyrdom for their faith not faith their for martyrdom “suffer who persecuted, the for empathy felt Weiszburg A JövőA

was

Magyar zsidó hírlapok, hírlapok, zsidó Magyar [The Future] wasFuture] [The 254 yl Weiszburg. Gyula

os ugras livi Hungarians mous

[Denominational Rev [Denominational - 1919), rabbi and secretary of the Israelite denomination of Pest, editor of editor Pest, of denomination Israelite the of secretary and rabbi 1919),

256 the other the

no. 40 (pp. 68), editorial office: Budapest, Deák Ferenc square 6. square DeákFerenc editorial 68), office:(pp. 40 Budapest, no.

tate could have been a solution. Setting up the new state did state new the up Setting solution. a been have could tate

255

iew]. n h “oil n sinii denomin scientific and “social the In

newspaper which (after the initial aversion)supported initial (afterthe newspaper which g bod te te usin could question the then abroad; ng

A Jövő A

, September 10, 1897 10, September ,

uncomfortable coat to a a to coat uncomfortable

toa weekly” ational e asd why raised: be it would have would it –

, June 1898) 1898) June

vol. 1. issue 1. vol.

A Jövő A

CEU eTD Collection 259 3. pp. 43. issue 258 257 the out found Hungarians of enemies “the that claimed he one first the in sentences: non by perceived Zionis free Danube.” banks ofthe onthe blonde set not are we Babylon of banks the on made they vow the “from as Jews, in cease never “should notlove it” invalid.The conclusionarticle of the Jews that argument the made This Jews. the for only not pilgrimages of location and place sacred a was Palestine that out pointed also Singer together, them bound that blood Besides to us attaches that bond fraternal every up tear and prosperity own our with satisfied being than other to aspire to allowed not are we and Carpathians spread the beyond cannot feeling Jewish the that say “you backwards: argument this turn to aimed rea Singer’s and time first the for up come not did Jews, other with togetherness of feeling the meant curiously case this in which cosmopolitans, were Zionists that charge The in J European only not debate the in participated and Wochenschrift Ungarische pen his up took Singer Bernát Tapolca, movem Zionist the only according that was it, thing effective against tohim. r could nothing that mentioned ich or being poor, and in this he mirrored Herzl’s ideas about Jew about ideas Herzl’s mirrored he this in and poor, being or ich

Singer, „Ferdítések és ferdeségek,” 3. ferdeségek,” és „Ferdítések Singer, 2. törekvések,” cionista “A Weiszburg, Bernát Singer, “Ferdítések és ferdeségek,” [Slantings and skewnesses] skewnesses] and [Slantings ferdeségek,” és “Ferdítések Singer, Bernát The The first writing published on János Rónai contained his speech given at the First First the at given speech his contained Rónai János on published writing first The t Congress. He Congress. t A Jövő A ews was an obligation and not a sin of those who lived in better circumstances. circumstances. better in lived who those of sin a not and obligation an was ews

n ad lo o ec t wiig i dnmntoa junl. h rbi of rabbi The journals. denominational in writings to react to also and ent served as the main forum for Rónai’s circle to publish news concerning the concerning news publish to circle Rónai’s for forum main the as served - es Te ot nrgig at o ti sec ae h floig three following the are speech this of parts intriguing most The Jews. re he re

delineated the situation in Hungary: how Jews were treated, and and treated, were Jews how Hungary: in situation the delineated but also in also but

stop anti stop

- A Jövő A Semitism: neither assimilation, nor patriotism, being patriotism, nor assimilation, neither Semitism: 259

79 . He maintained the maintained He .

is that the affection for Zion foris thatthe affection would 257 A Jövő A

judgment - hatred. Philanthropy was Philanthropy hatred. , November 5 November , ol Jewry.” world

that aiding East aiding that , 1897, ,

soning soning legend

vol. 1. vol. 258

CEU eTD Collection 1. pp. 36. issue 263 262 261 4. pp. issue 1. 44. 260 for t goods collecting Jews, persecuted helping for movement social extended an expected Rónai communities words rabbi’s chief Kohn Sámuel to referred He Hungary. in community and denomination Jewish every simplyfound goals humanitarian attracting. h why reason main the was that and of Jews” rid Polish get and to “Russian wanted Rónai whether unclear, is It generations. two or one least at since country the in lived who those and Jews immigrating newly the between opposition strong the with only successfully removed Zionism.” be of instruments can homeland our of part Eastern North the in living Jews of crowds the and back set be can the Jews Polish and Russian in of in streaming seen be can Hungary of population Jewish the of problems Jewish many the and in insight Rónai’s Finally, Zionism. of strong way the in barrier a meant too which communities were Magyarization and assimilation for striving the that Hungary.” in Zionism active which alsoJews, between indicatesand the controversies assimilation. Hungarians of t lead could innuendo an such Obviously Magyarization. of promoters the be pr bankrupt.” go would Hungary Jews the without that

essure put on Jews inthe multi essure putonJews Ibid. 4. Ibid. 4. “Rónaiüdvözlése,” “Rónai üdvözlése a kongresszus felé,” [Rónai’s greeting of the Congress] Congress] the of greeting [Rónai’s felé,” kongresszus a üdvözlése “Rónai János Rónai, “Érts Rónai, János The second sentence that calls for attention is that “I think that there is no ground for ground no is there that think “I that is attention for calls that sentence second The Rónai, in his first article published in published article first his in Rónai, hem that andkeepingintouch worked withother organizations same for aims. the

a to had “oil ins hs legitimacy,” has Zionism “social :

ük meg egymást!” [Let us understand each other!] other!] each understand us [Let egymást!” meg ük

on hi fre ad c efciey o te ae f hi brethren. their of sake the for effectively act and forces their join

262

261 rm hs saeet te edr a fee may reader the statements these From

Rónai clearly saw the conditions in Hunga in conditions the clearlysaw Rónai ethnic territories of Hungary where they were considered to ethnicconsideredof territories to Hungarywere where they

A Jövő A 80

, tried to find a standpoint acceptable to acceptable standpoint a find to tried , u st p h condition the up set but 260

This A Jövő A A Jövő A rumor spotd ins, or Zionism, supported e , September 17, 1897, 17, September , , November 12, 1897, 12, November ,

coincided at etne “the sentence: last ta tee a a was there that l ry, and knew wellknew and ry,

ht Jewish that tensions o

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vol. 1. vol.

vol. 263

CEU eTD Collection 267 that 266 claimed instance, 265 for Éber, Ábrahám 264 1904 July In movement. the popularized and accusations unpatriotic the against argued They Makkabea. the of members by mainly published the terminal of theassociation. reports groups. Zionist new organize could who followers, and readers new find to readers order in the all of to first frequent, Appeals Association. Zionist the of achievements the on account gave bureaucracy, and issues central arranged groups, Zionist founded newly on reported Zionist pr year, for later foundation nevertheless laidthe inthe next it to exist ceased it for time; long a 1904; them, of first The analyzed. 5 autonomy cultural considered they however, acceptable. ethnicities, other of d dissatisfaction Jews Zionist interpretation his in obviously movements: ethnic of oppression.” alien resisting oppressed, as Saxons the considered Zionist Hungarian any or I that true not is wrote “It as lie, a Rónai was it that oppression.” straightly alien resisted triumphantly that “nationality a as Saxons the .1.3. Zionist newspapers

See for instance for See Scheiber, 2. „Hazaárulás?,” Rónai, [High treason?] “Hazaárulás?,” Rónai, János The be will journals Zionist major five from articles chapter this of section last the In glorifying of Zionists the accused who Soltész, Adolf of article the answered also Rónai The enlightening articles enlightening The

its editors its Zsidó Néplap Zsidó ess. Magyar zsidó hírl zsidó Magyar 265

267 Zsidó Néplap Zsidó were

s h eios ee ones n mmes f akba te also they Makkabea, of members and founders were editors the As

Lajos Dömény and Ármin Bokor. They could not maintain the journalthe maintain not could Bokor.They DöményÁrmin Lajosand advertised every Zionist event, provided domestic and foreign news, foreign and domestic provided event, Zionist every advertised

apok, apok,

, May 20, 1904, May , 20,

co sidó Néplap sidó no. 59 (pp. 79), editorial office: Budapest, Erzsébet square 7. square Erzsébet editorial 79), office:(pp. 59 Budapest, no. crig Zionism ncerning A Jövő A

vol. 1. issue 4. pps. 10 issuepps. vol. 1. 4. 266 81

, November 12, 1897, , November 12, [Jewish Poplar Paper] was launched in April in launched was Paper] Poplar [Jewish

264

published in published

Here Rónai tried to clarify the question the clarify to tried Rónai Here - 11.

vol. 1. issue 44. pp. 2. pp. issue 1. 44. vol. sd Néplap Zsidó d o spot the support not id

were written written were

were were

CEU eTD Collection 8. 271 1. 270 77. Cass, 2000.) Frank (London: EfraimKarsh lived Kark Jews, 85.000 and Christians Bedouins, Muslims, Sunni of majority the besides 269 268 disciplined be cannot people what with show to manage we if but way, tricky a in compiled colum this with dealing are we when work, unnecessary an do we that well it know we “Although sentence: following the with article his out started instance, for Ábrahám, Dávid opponents. their ridicule to order in phrases Néplap article tirelessly.” and upagitation keep encourage he letter the of end the “In adulterated. consciously was Szabolcsi to given report his that saying Herzl by personally written was that letter a with charge this confuted author The desirable. Herz that stated he when Herzl about after writing a Egyenlőség published They personality. Herzl’s concerning hard million six than more “no want Zionists the article: another in statement following the faces po Jews.” local the of data are numerical them of half the approximately moment, the at people 200,000 by inhabited is wilderness deserted This headache. a cause may Zionists speakin practically is “Palestine

Ábrahám Éber, “Cionizmus,” [Zionism] “Cionizmus,” Éber, Ábrahám “Szabolcsi igazságszerete,” [Szabolcsi’s love for jus for love [Szabolcsi’s igazságszerete,” “Szabolcsi “Mit akar hát a cionizmus?,” [What does Zionism want?] want?] Zionism does [What cionizmus?,” a hát akar “Mit By the beginning beginning the By h btl bten inss n Noos i nt n hr. h junlss of journalists The here. end not did Neologs and Zionists between battle The Zionis Hungarian the death Herzl’s After - – working, satisfied, free Jewish people freeonthatsoil.” working, living satisfied, Jewish

Joseph B. Glass, “The Jews in Eretz in Jews “The Glass, B. Joseph

had to had ’s appreciation of the Zionist leader. According to it Szabolcsi circulated untruth untruth circulated Szabolcsi it to According leader. Zionist the of appreciation ’s provide of the twentieth century the number of the population of Palestine rose to 800.000 and and 800.000 to rose Palestine of population the of number the century twentieth the of te ugra laes o t acie n sgiiac t Szabolcsi’s to significance any ascribe to not leaders Hungarian the d

answers to later articles too. In s In too. articles later to answers

pulation uihbtd s tee s oe o hm h pa o the of plan the whom to none is there so uninhabited, g Zsidó Néplap, Zsidó - l did not find the propagation of Zionism in Hungary in Zionism of propagation the find not did l Israel/Palestine,” i Israel/Palestine,” 269

271

seems even more overwhelming when the reader the when overwhelming more even seems

n 82 tice] tice] ts were forced to clear up misunderstandings up clear to forced were ts - long set of words [published in [published words of set long

July 2, 1904 July2, Zsidó Néplap, Zsidó Zsidó Néplap, Zsidó n n Israel: The First Hundred Years Hundred First The Israel: ome cases the authors used cynical used authors the cases ome ,

vol. 1. issue 3. pp. 8. 1.issuepp. vol. 3. 268

August 5, 1904 August 5, 270

May 20, 1904 20, May

hs xgeain f the of exaggeration This

h apaac of appearance the t here. Data from: Ruth Ruth from: Data here. ,

, vol. 1. issue 15. pp. pp. 15. issue 1. vol.

vol. 1. issue 4. pp. pp. 4. issue 1. vol.

Egyenlőség , edited by edited , Zsidó ]

CEU eTD Collection 275 274 273 Zionism] 272 t aspiration the of consequence the be may which end, an to circulated journalists Jewish come false concerning had claiming thatit news themovement, importantthe most enemy was Obviously papers. denominational of charges the confuting of tradition the in two previous betwe Bató Lajos was editor Its movement. Hungarian the of journal monthly official the was which Association] Zionist [Hungarian goodthose who couldbec were patriots other. each strengthen but exclude, not do Hungary and Palestine for love the that drawn from is it stepmother. conclusion and The comparedHungaryand tomother Palestine a the as here, attention deserve may It newspaper. denominational journals. Néplap sta work the with on carried They Kahan. Niszon and Singer Leó members The weekly.” economic and social “literary, short was paper This Bokor. Ármin by edited also religion. According the twohadwitheach tothe author nothing other. todo offend to aim not did Zionism as movement, the against argument an as serve articleZionism claiming toseparate thentried from religion, sense.” negative a in least at profit some have will it with dealing Zionism, against

Scheiber, Scheiber, “ Scheiber, ái Árhm “ msis hit messiási “A Ábrahám, Dávid A kétféle hazafiság,” [Two kinds of patriotism] ofpatriotism] kinds [Two hazafiság,” kétféle A The “Zionist credo” concerning the two homelands appeared in one of the articles of the of articles the of one in appeared homelands two the concerningcredo” “Zionist The of mission The It is interesting to observe that even fourteen years after the First Zionist years Congress, some First the after fourteeneven observe that It isinteresting to Élet Zsidó

Zsidó Néplap, Zsidó by propagating Zionism and answering the accusations emerging in other other in emerging accusations the answering and Zionism propagating by Magyar zsidó hírlapok, hírlapok, zsidó Magyar hír zsidó Magyar

a floe b a ora entitled journal a by followed was Zsidó Néplap Zsidó

October 21, 1904 21, October

lapok, lapok,

no. 70 (pps. 86 (pps. 70 no. 85 (pps. 69 no. Egyenlőség –

was taken over by over taken was coims leév, [esai faith [Messianic ellenérve,” cionizmus a ,

vol. 1. issue 26. pp. 1. pp. 1.issuevol. 26. ome strong citizens in the planned new theplannedome strong in state. citizens . - -

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ie; t perd ny n 97 s a as 1907 in only appeared it lived;

was also maintained by Makkabea Makkabea by maintained also was that faith inthe Messiahcannot that faith , wae i. n pi 1911 April In it. weaken o 273

vol. 1. issue 17. pp. 3. pp. 1.issuevol. 17.

[Jewish Lif [Jewish t, Arany János street 33. street AranyJános t, –

the counterargument of of counterargument the e] which was which e] td in rted

274

272

Zsidó Thus

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CEU eTD Collection 228. pp. 280 wrotefor Library], 279 278 Szövetség, 277 movement. Zionist theHungarian 276 Hungary, stil it in weak remained Zionism Although aims. their for members new collected and opinions memb the newspapers, Zionist for agent good a as served also propaganda. it thus circles, Jewish in only not journals […].” alien not is knowledge Jewish whom before Jews, conscious be can those only because sciences, and literature,arts Jewish “Jewish that was goal his and Zionism, for publicity biggest the achieve to tried Patai journal. this in upon touched also were settlement and missions aiding concerning issues practical questions, journ critical and social artistic, standards. eminent of journal monthly a Future], and movement hadtostruggle withthe giant weak rather and small still the that and strong still were Zionism around debates the that commitments. Zionist his of because election local last the in ignored grand the by and leader Zionist a was who Meir, Jakob of journalist Schönfeld József

Scheiber, Scheiber, József Schönfeld, “Az »öreg« Egyenlőség felsülése,” [The mistake of »old« Egyenlőség] Egyenlőség] »old« of mistake [The felsülése,” Egyenlőség »öreg« “Az Schönfeld, József József Patai, „Belső és külső egység,” [Inner and external unity] external and [Inner egység,” külső és „Belső Patai, József József Patai, writer and poet, teacher in Budapest. Founder of Founder Budapest. in teacher poet, and writer Patai, József Herzl’s of translator Makkabea, of founder lawyer, Schönfeld József Last but not least the cultural wing of Zionism was represented by represented was Zionism of wing cultural the least not but Last theirand Budapest of denominations Jewish the ofattacks constant the despite all, in All

April 12, 1911, April 12, Magyar zsidó hírlapok, hírlapok, zsidó Magyar

Egyenlőség l existedand survived evenFirst War. ofthe World theshock Egyenlőség 276 self

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referred as evidence to the movement’s end was signed by Rabbi Rabbi by signed was end movement’s the to evidence as referred . Data from: Data .

no. 87 (pps. 100 (pps. 87 no. al” was edited by poet József Patai. József poet by edited was al” Magyar Zsidó Lexikon Zsidó Magyar 280

Egyenlőség

út s Jövő és Múlt - 102), editorial office: Budapest, Podmaniczky st editorialPodmaniczky office: Budapest, 102), 84

in order to gainpopularity.in order to more , 685. ,

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Judenstaat

és Jövő és , June, 1912, June, , 279 te Jws literary, “Jewish the , , played an active role in in role active an played , 277 Múlt és Jövő és Múlt

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[Hungarian Jewish Jewish [Hungarian Magyar Cionista Cionista Magyar

vol. 2. issue 6. 6. issue 2. vol. 278 reet 15. reet

[Past

CEU eTD Collection wa redemption thestate to whenprove first appeared. Zionism their patriotism faithful Moreover significance. practical no but cultural, merely had and re about Jews Orthodox the of vows and prayers The Jews. the to perspective no showed civilization out build to had have would they where territory a to emancipation for struggle their of fruit the enjoy finally could they where and co modern, in live to able were they where country a exchanging Besides, state. new a of foundation the to possibility no and Zionists, the of claims the for basis real no saw They Hungary. in living Jews the of most of eyes the in dream ridiculous and undertaking impossible an be to seemed This autonomy. political achieving of gathering the however, was, goal final The restricted. were rights legal whose or persecuted were who Jews those for shelter provide to order them Magyarized language intheir culture. and state of and many living loyalthe to thatinHungarywere It Jews War. surprising thus not is anti racial of signs first the despite strong remained tendencies Assimilationist nation. host the to belonging and intellectualbeingable partand to take ineconomicactivities arouse thefeeling ofsafety and Tolerance prosperity. their facilitated atmosphere liberal the and nation Hungarian the of life everyday the in participated rights, legal received They century. nineteenth the The main aim of Zionism was the re the was Zionism of aim main The Hungary In h aoeetoe raos ee opeetd ih the with complemented were reasons aforementioned The s reserved exclusivel reserved s Jewish population lived through a prospering period from the second half of half second the from period prospering a through lived population Jewish - Semitism, which remained insignificant until t until insignificant remained which Semitism, y to God and no human beings could beings human no and God yto Conclusion - foundation of Israel in the territory of Palestine in Palestine of territory the in Israel of foundation 85

turning to Jerusalem to turning

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