Challenges and Prospects for Sustainable Water Supply for Kajiado Town, Kajiado County
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CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY FOR KAJIADO TOWN, KAJIADO COUNTY By MUKINDIA JOSPHAT MUTUMA N50/CTY/PT/22731/2012 A Research Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Environmental Planning and Management in the School of Environmental Studies of Kenyatta University. April 2014 DECLARATION This research project is my original work and has not been presented for the award of a degree in any other university. Signature ………………………………………… Date……………………………… Mukindia Josphat Mutuma N50/CTY/PT/22731/2012 This research project has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. Signature…………………………………………… Date…………………………….. Dr. Peter K. Kamau Department of Environmental Planning and Management Kenyatta University Signature…………………………………………… Date…………………………….. Mr. Charles Mong’are Department of Environmental Planning and Management Kenyatta University ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge the support and encouragement I have received from my supervisors Dr. Peter Kamau and Charles Mong’are and the invaluable guidance. I appreciate the support and input from Dr. Girma Begashwa, the Water Sanitation and Hygiene advisor at World Vision Eastern Africa Learning Center, Eng. Joffrey Cheruiyot, Eng. Job Kitetu, Geologist Francis Huhu, Mr Frank meme and Julius Munyao all of World Vision Kenya. I acknowledge the support given by staff of County government of Kajiado; among them Stephen Karanja, Juma and Dorcas of the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Water, Peter Kariuki and Josphat of Ministry of Roads and public works. I also acknowledge the support from Elizabeth Lusimba from Water Resources Management Authority. I also appreciate the input by Welthungerhilfe’s head of project in Kajiado Mr. Jackson Nabala. The staff of Red cross Kajiado programme; Evelyne Kimani, Hilda Oduk and Wilson Matapash for their time and valuable insights. Last but not least, I wish to thank the many residents of Kajiado town who agreed to respond to the interviews. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this report to my loving wife Susan Mutuma, my daughter Nataly Mwendwa and my son Levin Mugambi for their incomprehensible support and fore bearing they endured with me to behold the successful end. iv ABSTRACT Kajiado town, the County headquarters for Kajiado County which is classified as semi-arid area, lacks adequate water supply systems. The town had a projected population of 16,003 in 2013 (KNBS, 2010) but no functional municipal water supply system. There is no permanent river near the town and the town has a formation with poor aquifer such that even bore holes have low water yields. Water is sold at an exorbitant price given that a twenty (20) litre jerry can cost on average Kshs 10 which translates to Kshs 500 per m3 compared to Water Services Regulatory Board tariff of Kshs 35 per m3. The objectives of this study was to review the Policy, Legal and Institutional framework for water supply in Kenya, evaluate the existing water supply systems in the town, establish the water demand and opportunities for a sustainable water supply such as an integrated water supply plan for Kajiado Town. There was an apparent lack of statutory way of prioritizing allocation of water resources as evidenced by diversion of water from Norturesh – Athi River – Kajiado pipeline for irrigation even when domestic demand has not been met. It was established that Olekejuado Water and Sewerage Company has a weak technical and resource capacity to meet the water demand for the town which is estimated to be 1387.76m3/day in 2014 and is projected to be 1460.77m3/day, 1959.96m3/day and 2783.62m3/day in 2016, 2026 and 2036. Both national and county government need to put in place water policies and legislations to guide and accelerate water supply services. A reservoir can be constructed along Olekejuado River to harvest surface run off like the case of Maruba dam in Machakos County. Further exploration of ground water needs to be carried out and establish locations with potential for high yielding bore holes which can be developed to supplement harvesting surface run off. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION........................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF PLATES ....................................................................................................................... ix ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Problem .......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement.......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research questions ......................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research Objective ......................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Research Premises .......................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Justification of study ...................................................................................................... 4 1.7 Significance of the study ................................................................................................ 4 1.8 Scope and Limitations of the study ............................................................................... 5 1.9 Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 6 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework ................................................................. 6 2.3 Other countries Water supply experiences .................................................................. 8 2.3.1 Studies done in Malaysia ............................................................................................... 8 2.3.2 Water supply situation in Nigeria ................................................................................. 8 2.3.3 Ethiopia’s One WASH National Program ................................................................... 8 2.4 Water demand ................................................................................................................ 9 2.5 Sources of water and Water quality ........................................................................... 10 vi 2.6 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................... 11 2.6.1 Information- gap decision theory ................................................................................ 11 2.6.2 System theory................................................................................................................ 12 2.6.3 Adopted theories ........................................................................................................... 12 2.7 Conceptual framework ................................................................................................ 13 2.8 Sustainability of Water sources .................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 15 AREA OF STUDY ...................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 The physical set up ....................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Topography and Geology ............................................................................................ 16 3.3 Ecological set up ........................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Socio-economic set up .................................................................................................