Bloodborne Pathogens, Infection Control
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BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND INFECTION CONTROL Infectious diseases can be transmitted from person to person. They can be spread through the air, by contact with blood or other body fluids, by touching contaminated surfaces, or by contact with infected wounds. Microscopic organisms that can cause infection are everywhere in the environment, especially in the healthcare setting. To prevent infections from spreading to other patients, healthcare workers, or the community at large, all healthcare workers must understand how bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms are transmitted that cause infections. Learning Goals: 1. Identify a basic definition of infection control. 2. Identify the most common way microorganisms spread from person to person. 3. Identify three body fluids/secretions that can be infectious. 4. Identify a definition of standard precautions. 5. Identify a definition of universal precautions. 1 Introduction The primary responsibilities for Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs) is to protect themselves and patients in the healthcare setting. In order to keep patients safe as well as to protect one’s role as a CNA, basic principles of infection control must be understood and carried out. There will be many times when the CNA will care for people with infectious diseases during the course of a career. Unlike some pathologies such as cancer or diabetes, infectious diseases can be transmitted from person to person. They can be spread through the air, by contact with blood or other body fluids, by touching contaminated surfaces, or by contact with infected wounds. Also, microscopic organisms that can cause infection are everywhere in the environment, and they are especially plentiful in the setting of healthcare. In order to prevent these infections from moving to other patients, to the healthcare worker, or to the community at large, it is necessary to understand how bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that cause these infections can be transmitted. It is also necessary to know how to work with people who have, or may have, a transmittable disease to avoid becoming infected or infecting others. The Basics Of Disease Transmission Infectious diseases are diseases that can be spread from person to person. They are caused by different types of microorganisms. The basic definition of infection control is: Microorganisms are microscopic life forms A system of techniques used to prevent infections and that cannot be seen and they are, literally, reduce the spread of infections. everywhere. Bacteria and viruses are examples of common microorganisms. They live in the air, in the water, in the soil, and they live in and on our bodies. Microorganisms are found on the skin, lungs, stomach, etc. This sounds 2 unpleasant but many of these microorganisms are actually very helpful. In the stomach and the gastrointestinal tract, they help to digest food. In other parts of the body they help fight infection and help maintain the proper internal environment that the body needs to function. However, there are microorganisms that are not a normal part of the human body internal environment and that can cause illness, and there are microorganisms that do normally live in or on a person but that can cause illness if they are particularly strong or the person is vulnerable. These microorganisms that cause, or can cause illness or disease are called pathogens. Some pathogens such as the virus that causes the flu produce an illness that is relatively mild and rarely causes serious harm. Some pathogens can cause a more serious illness such as pneumonia, but pneumonia can usually be successfully treated with antibiotics. And there are pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). There is no cure for AIDS and no vaccine to prevent infection with HIV. But regardless of how dangerous a pathogen may be, these microorganisms are potentially dangerous because they can move from one person to another. The pathogens are communicable and contagious. They can be spread from the healthcare worker to a patient, they can move from a patient to others, or they can be carried by a healthcare worker from an infected patient to other people. Pathogens that are relatively harmless, such as the flu virus, may even be dangerous if they infect someone who is weak or vulnerable. Someone who has AIDs, someone who has cancer, or a person with diabetes may not be able to contain an infection in the way that normally healthy person would. These patients may suffer serious consequences from a simple infection. 3 There are five basic ways an infection can spread. Some pathogens can only be spread by one of the transmission routes but some can be spread by several. Airborne Transmission Microorganisms are always living in the mouth, the nose, the lungs, and the other parts of the respiratory tract. When someone exhales, talks, sneezes, or coughs, these bacteria and viruses are attached to droplets of moisture and move from the infected person to the air. The infected droplets can move long or short distances, and they can remain suspended in the environment for quite a while or for only a short period of time. How far they move, and how long they stay suspended in the air differs with each microorganism. The risk, of course, is that a dangerous pathogen will move far enough and stay in the air long enough for it to enter the respiratory tract of someone in the area and cause harm. Chicken pox, measles, and tuberculosis are common diseases that have airborne transmission. Influenza can also be spread by airborne transmission, but this method of transmission is limited to short distances of approximately three feet or so. Blood Transmission Pathogens such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV are spread by contact with infected blood. This can happen if a healthcare worker is stuck by a needle or splashed with blood in the eyes, mouth, or nose. It can also happen if blood-contaminated medical equipment that is used for more than one patient is not properly cleaned and sterilized, or if the equipment is used improperly, i.e., if a single-use, disposable medical item is used twice. 4 People who use intravenous (IV) drugs and share needles are at high risk for blood transmission of pathogens. Blood transmission can occur through the skin, but only if there is an abrasion or a cut, an entry port for the microorganism. The eyes, mouth, and nose have mucous membranes. These are much more porous than the surface of the skin and bacteria and viruses can easily pass through them and reach the circulation. Contact Transmission Contact transmission of a microorganism occurs when someone has direct contact with the infectious agent. This contact may be simple skin-to-skin contact such as touching a contaminated wound or a contaminated object. Contact transmission is one of the ways that the cold and the influenza viruses are transmitted. These viruses are expelled when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes and the virus settles on objects in the environment, objects such as a computer keyboard, a doorknob, or a telephone receiver. An uninfected person will touch that object, touch his/her nose or mouth and the virus enters the respiratory tract. Other relatively common diseases that are spread through contact transmission are hepatitis A (contact with infected stool), methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus (commonly known as MRSA), and many microorganisms that contaminate wounds. Contact transmission of a pathogen is possible by contact with almost any infected body fluid, i.e., blood, mucous, semen; sweat and tears are not generally considered to be high-risk body fluids and contact transmission of a pathogen from these fluids would be very unlikely. Droplet Transmission Droplet transmission could be considered to be a mix of airborne transmission and contact transmission. Droplet transmission occurs when an 5 infected person breathes, coughs, sneezes, or talks and small droplets that are contaminated enter the air and are breathed in by other people. Droplet transmission can also happen during medical procedures such as suctioning. Most experts feel that droplet transmission only occurs within an area of three feet from an infected person, although some people feel the distance may be up to 10 feet. Diseases that can be spread by droplet transmission include influenza, mumps, and pertussis, a.k.a. whooping cough. Sexual Transmission Herpes, HIV, gonorrhea, hepatitis C (possibly), syphilis, chlamydia, and other Contact transmission is easily overlooked. Viruses and diseases can be spread during sexual bacteria live everywhere and even brief and casual contact contact. These contacts can be male-to- with something that is contaminated is enough for a female, female-to-male, male-to-male, microorganism to move from that object or body fluid to you. and female-to-female. The sexual contact And even brief and casual can be anal, oral, or vaginal. contact between you and someone else may be enough to spread that bacteria or virus to So, infectious pathogens are everywhere the patient. in the environment and there are many ways they can be spread. It might seem surprising then that most of us are healthy most of the time. However, for disease transmission to occur the proper conditions must be in place. Movement of a microorganism from one person is just the first step in the development of in infection. For the infection to progress to the development of an infectious illness that produces signs and symptoms, the following factors have to be in place. • The microorganism must be capable of causing an illness; it must be a pathogen • The pathogen must be strong enough to cause an illness; it must be virulent 6 • The pathogen must be strong enough to resist the immune system • There must be a sufficient number of the pathogens • The pathogen must move from person-to-person; transmission mechanism • There must be an entry point - airborne, blood, sexual contact, etc.