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Aging and Identity in the Landscape of the Mega-Casino" (2019)

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Aging and Identity in the Landscape of the Mega-Casino University of Connecticut Masthead Logo OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 4-17-2019 Aging and Identity in the Landscape of the Mega- Casino Joy Ciofi University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Ciofi, Joy, "Aging and Identity in the Landscape of the Mega-Casino" (2019). Doctoral Dissertations. 2131. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/2131 Aging and Identity in the Landscape of the Mega-Casino Joy Marie Ciofi, PhD University of Connecticut, 2019 Casino gambling is becoming an increasingly popular activity among retirees in the surrounding communities. This project presents the results of two years of ethnographic fieldwork (2015-2017) with senior gamblers who regularly visit two of the United States’ largest mega-casino complexes. Although this form of recreation has generated significant public concern, I argue that the overwhelming majority of older adult gamblers do so responsibly, and also receive many benefits from their casino experiences. The abundance and variety of activities within these massive, all- inclusive facilities provides elderly and retired guests with the opportunity to make plans, socialize, and stay mentally and physically active. The extensive surveillance systems operated by the casinos are not perceived as intrusive, but rather provide a feeling of safety and security, especially for those seniors with mobility or medical issues. Through the digital surveillance of the player’s club card programs, older adult gamblers earn coupons, gifts, and other benefits based on their gambling spending. These rewards are often shared with family and friends, reinforcing social support networks and providing tangible benefits for money lost. Despite the unwavering profitability of the House edge, my findings from interviews and observations within these two casinos reveal that these spaces have become valuable for seniors who frequent them. This research contributes to ongoing conversations within anthropology, gerontology, and surveillance studies by describing the unique subjectivities of a demographic who has managed to exert a sort of tactical resistance against larger structures of ageism and surveillance to make valuable spaces- of-aging out of the most unlikely of settings. Aging and Identity in the Landscape of the Mega-Casino Joy Marie Ciofi B.A., Georgia State University, 2011 M.A., University of Connecticut, 2014 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut 2019 Copyright by Joy Marie Ciofi 2019 ii APPROVAL PAGE Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Aging and Identity in the Landscape of the Mega-Casino Presented by Joy Marie Ciofi, B.A., M.A. Major Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Françoise Dussart Associate Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Richard Sosis Associate Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Samuel Martinez University of Connecticut 2019 iii Acknowledgements I wish to thank my advisor and friend, Françoise Dussart, for her unending support and encouragement in the face of many challenges. Rich and Sam, thank you for stepping in to guide my development of this project and for your unique and appreciated contributions. To my family, who listened tirelessly to my anthropological rants all these years, your patience has not gone unnoticed. Thank you to my supportive husband, who has been beside me through all the ups and downs of this process, and my sweet daughter, who reminds me what this is all for. Lastly, I wish to thank my colleagues and friends who provided comments, advice, hugs, and wine, when I needed them most. I could not have succeeded at this monumental task without the support of all of you. I also wish to thank the management and staff of Mohegan Sun for allowing me to access and research your fascinating facility. I promise I will be out of your hair now. iv Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 1: Casino Capitalism……………………………………………………………………19 Chapter 2: Aging and Personhood in the Landscape of the Mega-Casino……………….……...48 Chapter 3: The Ambivalent Subject……………………………………………………………..72 Chapter 4: The Spells of Late Capitalism……………………………………………………….98 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………..119 References………………………………………………………………………………………130 v 1 Introduction The United States is presently experiencing the largest wave of retirements since the concept was first introduced nearly 100 years ago. The Baby Boomer generation, named for the explosion of births post-WWII, is transitioning out of the workforce in huge numbers— about 10,000 Boomers reach the official retirement age of 65 each day. What they do in their newfound free time is big business. Boomers represent a marked shift towards consumerism and self-indulgent spending, reflective of their better educational attainment and overall financial stability in contrast with their more frugal parents (Leach et al 2013; Roberts and Manolis 2000). Capitalism, too, is aging, and has risen to meet the consumption demands of this generation from every angle. Biomedical innovation fueled largely by venture capital has produced major breakthroughs in healthcare and anti-aging medicine. Real estate developers have facilitated the spread of ‘active-adult’ neighborhoods with supportive services and accessibility measures. Investments and other financial products have come to replace Social Security as the primary source of income post- retirement even as recessions loom large in recent memory. Lucky investors (or wise savers) may choose to relocate to warmer climates, buy an RV and travel the country, or join a golf club and hit the links. Those on fixed or limited incomes, too, develop hobbies and interests with zeal, hoping to fill quieter days and pursue passions in late life. In many ways, this is a conspicuous generation: they are politically active, economically influential, and overall socially empowered in ways their parents were not. Yet when I first entered the dimly-lit lobby of an East Coast mega- casino, their conspicuous presence in front of bleeping slot machines and raucous craps tables upended my expectations. How had this generation, with all its influence and experience, wound up here in retirement? 2 This question was only the first of many that formed as I paced the rows of slots, packed with seniors, in casino after casino. From the boardwalks of Atlantic City to the glistening hotel towers of Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun in Connecticut, these huge facilities attract retirees in staggering numbers. The American Gaming Association (AGA) estimates that over a quarter of all casino gamblers in the US are now over 65 (2013). This reality stands in stark contrast to the media portrayal of casinos, which usually feature the young and beautiful letting loose and partaking in uncharacteristic frivolities before returning to the tired monotony of daily obligations, often somewhat worse for wear. Casino gaming itself is changing, too: once relegated to designated hubs, legalized gambling has spread rapidly in recent years, thanks in part to relaxed regulations, but also state budget crises and increased tribal sovereignty (AGA 2015; Barker & Britz 2000; Cattelino 2008). In 1981, a landmark court decision in Florida ruled that tribal sovereignty protected the rights of the Seminole tribe to operate a small bingo hall on their reservation near the town of Hollywood. Just seven years later, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, and the floodgates opened for tribal casinos around the country. Two of those casinos are the field sites for this project. Situated in a rural corner of southeastern Connecticut, Mohegan Sun and Foxwoods Resort and Casino are among the largest in the world, rising up out of the dense forests like mushrooms after a rain. Foxwoods, like Hollywood Bingo in Florida, opened as a bingo hall in the late ‘80s, but on a more ambitious scale: with 3,600 seats, it is still the largest in the States today. Less than five years later, the Mohegan tribe, along with the Mashantucket, secured rights from the state to build full-scale casino-resorts, complete with slots, retail, dining, and hotel towers. These two facilities now loom 3 large in the region’s economy, and tax revenue generated from slot machine spending alone was nearly $270 million in 2017 (CT.gov). This is almost 2% of the entire state budget, without including the hundreds of millions collected from the income and sales taxes also produced by the sprawling complexes. However, these institutions are outliers in contrast with the majority of tribal casinos nationwide. In her ethnography recounting the Seminole’s path to the casino industry, Jessica Cattelino (2008) emphasizes that the successes of the Seminole, as well as those of the Mashantucket and the Mohegan, should not be extrapolated to all indigenous gaming operations. Whether massive and sprawling or small and struggling, tribal gaming has nonetheless fueled the spread of casinos around the United States, bringing gambling and related entertainment into local communities in 40 states (AGA 2015). This spread has not occurred without considerable opposition, from area residents to Congressional representatives. The majority of the criticisms around casino operation stem from
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