The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367

HINDU PILGRIMAGE TOURISM IN TAMIL NADU – A CONCEPTUAL OUTLOOK

Dr.R.Kavitha Assistant Professor Department of Commerce Periyar University, Salem,Tamil Nadu, India Email- [email protected]

A.Sugapriya Ph.D Research Scholar Periyar University, Salem,Tamil Nadu, India [email protected] ABSTRACT

Tourism is one of the biggest and fast growing service industries and it has importance socio economic, cultural, environmental effects of the country. India has rich cultural heritage, ancient monuments, famous temples, architecture masterpieces, wild animal's sanctuaries and scenic sports, country attract international as well as national tourist. Particularly Tamil Nadu is pilgrimage paradise on the earth. The state has world famous shrines for Hindu religions which attract millions of domestic and foreign tourists every year. Pilgrimage tourism in the state generating the socio economic benefits such as promotion of national integration, international understanding, creation of direct and indirect employment opportunities, earn foreign exchanges, help to local development, strengthen our national unity and promote our culture at national and international level. This paper studies the various pilgrimage places in Tamil Nadu. This article exposes the significance of pilgrimage tourism, and also tourism and pilgrimage tourism connections based on continuum of travel. Moreover, the study presents a glance of Hindu pilgrimage tourism places and its locations in Tamil Nadu.

Key words: Pilgrimage, Economic, Culture, Emplacement

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INTRODUCTION Man as a traveler is known since time immemorial. Initially their travel was for the quest of food followed by the shelter. Generally with the passage of time their travel turned to several new dimensions-travel as an adventure, travel as hobby, for relaxation, to enjoy natural beauty, as a pilgrimage, to acquire knowledge on historical aspects and archeological sites. Travel sometimes is associated with adventure and sometimes for religious purpose by visiting pilgrimages or by taking holy dip. All these are to quench the thirst of mind. Thus, travel or tour has very important position in human life and ultimately tourism that is movement of people within their own country or across the national border became one of the largest and gainful industries in the economic domain of human life (Dasgupta et al. 2007). In recent decades, the tourism industry has shown sustained growth in revenues and number of tourist arrivals, mainly through foreign exchange earnings, contributions to national income, generation of employment, business opportunities and has left extensive economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts almost every part of the world (Dabour, 2003). Pilgrimage is the movement of a traveller or group of travelers making a journey for religious purposes, nowadays also called a traditional religious or modern secular journey (Collins-Kreiner, 2010).According to Skandapurana ( a religious treatise), truth, forgiveness, control of senses, kindness to all living beings and simplicity is tirtha. Thus, tirtha yatra not only means physically visiting the holy places but implies mental and moral discipline as well. It has rightly said that following the Vedic period, the practice of religious tourism or pilgrimage seems to have gained increased popularity as evident from the great epic Mahabharata (Bhardwaj 1973:5).

Today travel and tourism is one of the fast growing and every expanding industry in various part of India including coastal area, deserts, hill station and mountains. India is a land of pilgrimage. In India, there are hundreds of pilgrimage destinations connected for different religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Islam. In ancient time most of the people travel to pilgrimage for religious reasons. In India majority of the domestic tourist travel to pilgrimage places for religious motive. Most important pilgrimage places are located in along riverbank like Ganga, Brahmaputra, Kaveri and Godhavari. Take holy dip in these rivers is considered as holy. Ganga River is a place which is believed to relieve all the sins of the person while taking holy bath in the river. The sacred places are called tirthas and the action of going to pilgrimage is called tirtha-yatra. Travel for pilgrimage purposes is an important part of Hindu

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doctrine and millions of adherents travel throughout India and from abroad to participate in enormous fairs and festivals, pilgrimage circuits, and ritual cleansings each year. Likewise, thousands of people of other religions visit India each year to admire its ancient and beautiful Hindu architecture and important heritage and historical sites that are associated with the religion. During 1950s traditional Hindu pilgrimages became more popular. Tamil Nadu is popularly known as the land of pilgrimage and it has been the greatest source of spiritual stimulation for different types of traveler from all over the world. In Tamil Nadu many of the pilgrimage sites exist from long as 800 to 5000 years old and the temple sculptures, inscriptions, temple structure tell about the history and culture of Hindus. In Tamil Nadu Hindu pilgrimage sites are located in plain land, hill station and coastal area.

OBJECTIVES 1. To list out most visited pilgrimage site in Tamil Nadu. 2. To highlight the significance of pilgrimage tourism in Tamil Nadu. 3. To know the tourism and pilgrimage tourism connections.

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

Tamil Nadu State is situated at the South Eastern extremity of the Indian Peninsula bounded on the north by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh on the east by Bay of Bengal, on the South by the Indian Ocean and on the West by Kerala State. This history of Tamil Nadu dates back to Paleolithic age. The Official languages spoken in the state is Tamil which is one of the oldest languages greatly influenced by its rich and colourful past history. Today, person can hear several languages such as English, Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi and other Indian languages are being spoken in the state. Tamil Nadu has cherished a long history of art and architecture which is evident from its enormous temples with colossal structures. The ancient dynasties viz., Chera, Chola, Pandiya and Pallava had shown a great passion for art and architecture and they had recorded architectural styles in their buildings. Temple architecture of Tamil Nadu has been classified into Aryan and Dravidian style. Most of these temples were constructed by using stone and mortar composition. Sandstones predominated the constructions of Indo Aryan styles granites predominated in Dravidian style. In Dravidian temple architecture was a typical architectural unit i.e. gopuram (tower) (report of Tamil Nadu Tourism 2013-14). Tamil Nadu has

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a legacy of ancient tradition and rich cultural heritage. Dance like Bharathanatyam and music like carnatic music, have flourished here for centuries. The awe-inspiring sculptures at the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram and other similar art forms and sculptures were found in the state on 7th century AD. Which still stand in all their pristine glory in several parts of this land; speak for themselves of the rich heritage of the Tamil people. Handicrafts include the most intricately carved designs in wood, stone and metal.

PILGRIMAGE TOURISM PLACES IN TAMIL NADU

Though there are more than 38,615 temples in Tamil Nadu which are under the control and maintenance of various government agencies and like State Department of Archaeology, Archaeological Survey of India, Hindu Religious and Charitable Board, Government of Tamil Nadu and other private trust. The great living Chola temples like Airavateswara Temple near Kumbakonam, Brahadeeswarar Temple (Big Temple) at Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple at Jayakondam were declared as World Heritage Monuments. These temples exhibit an important interchange of human values and within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning, or landscape design. More tourists continuously throng this monument throughout the year for enjoying the architectural marvel and to know about the ancient Tamil culture. Apart from these, three temples monuments of Mamallapuram were also declared as the world heritage monument. This 7th century A.D town mamallapuram belonging to Pallava dynasty located 60 kms from south of Chennai which consists of the rest of archaeological collections that indicates which correspond to some of the most primitive known examples of Dravidian architecture in India. Under the Pallava kingdom several enthusiastic monuments were carved out of the granitic boulders. The monuments such as Shore temple, Five Rathas (Monolithic Rathas), Stone elephant in the five rathas, Cave temple, Arjuna Penance etc. which were declared World Heritage Monuments in Mamallapuram.

FAMOUS PILGRIMAGE PLACE IN TAMIL NADU

S.N Districts Names Temple Names o 1. Chennai Kapaleeswarar Temple, Ashtalakshimi Temple, Kalikambal Temple, Murundeeshwarar Temple,Sri chenna kesavaperumal Temple,

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ISKCON Temple, Varasiddhi Vinayagar Temple, Nandeeswarar Temple, Kumaran Kundram, Sri Prasanna Venkata Narasimha perumal Temple, Ayyappan Temple, Ramanadheswarar Temple, Parthasarathy Temple, Sri balaji Temple, Madras Kali Beri, Karaneeshwarar temple, Madhya Kailash, Kasi Vishwanathar Temple, Raveeswarar Shiva Temple, Arupadai Veedu Murugan Temple, 2. Ariyalur Meenakshi sundareswarar Koil, Pair of Temples, Vaithiyanatha Swami Thirukkoil, Karkodeswarar Thirukkoil, Ganga Jadadisvarar Siva Temple, Theergapuriswarar Temple, Kangaikonda Cholapuram, Kondandaramaswamy kovil 3. Coimbatore Eachanari Vinayagar Temple, Arulmigu Patteeswarar Swamy Temple, Palamalai Ranganathar Temple, Arulmigu Maruthamalai Murugan Temple, Dhyanalinga Temple, Sree Ayyappan Temple, Koniamman Temple, Ramar Temple, Kottai-Easwaran Temple, Naga Sai Mandir, Thirumoorthy Malai Temple. 4. Cuddalore Chidambaram Nataraja Temple, Viruthagerreswarar Temple, Thillai Kali Temple, Bhu Varaha Swamy Temple, Devanathaswamy Temple, 5. Dharmapuri Theerthamalai Temple, Mallikarjuneswara Temple, Kalabairavar Temple, Chenraya Perumal Temple, Kalabairavar Temple. 6. Dindigul Soundararaja Perumal Temple, Sri Abirami Amman Temple, Arulmigu Sivan Temple, Arulmigu Dhandayuthapani Swamy Titukoil, Thirumalaikeni Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Sri Varadaraja perumal Temple, Sri bhaktha Anjaneya Temple, Vellimalai Murugan Temple, Arulmigu Rajakaliamman Koil, Sri Mariamman Temple, Arulmigu Kulanthai Vellappar Temple, Lord Malligarjuna Swamy Temple, Thirumalaikeni Murugan Temple, 7. Erode Thindal Murugan Temple, Chennimalai Murugan Temple, Sri Peria Mariamman Temple, Sri Kongalamman Temple, Arudra Kabaliswarar Temple, Bannari Amman Temple, 8. Kanchipuram Kamatchi Amman Temple, Sri Kailasanathar Temple, Ekambareswar Temple, Varadaraja Perumal, Ulahalantha Perumal Temple.

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Kanyakumari Thanumalayan temple, Kumari Amman Temple, Thirunanthikarai Cave Temple, Nagaraja Temple, devi Kumari Temple, Tiruchendur Subramanya Swamy Temple, Guganathaswamy Temple, Isaki Amman Temple, Thiruvattaru Adhikeshvaran Temple 10. Karur Arulmigu Kalyana Pasupatheswarar Temple, Arulmigu Mariamman Temple, Vennamalai Murugan Temple, Arulmigu Kadambaneswarar Temple, Puhazhimalai Lord Subramania Swamy Temple, ArulmiguRathinagreeswarar, Thirukkampuliyur Sellandiamman Temple 11. Krishnagiri Chandra Choodeswarar Temple, Hannuman Thirtham, Kattuvera Anjeneyar Kovil, Pettaraya Swamy Temple 12. Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple, Koodal Azhagar Tiruppa, Azhagar Temple, Tirupparam Kunram Murugan Temple, Narasimha Perumal Temple, Sri Mavoottru Velappar Temple

13. Nagapattinam Kayarohana Swami And Neelayadakshi Temple, Soundararaja Perumal Temple, Vaidyanatha Swamy and Thayyal Nayagi(Mars),Swetharanyeswarar Temple (Budhan), Kethu Temple, Sikkal Singaravelar Temple, Mayuranathaswamy Temple, Nataraja Temple of Konerirajapuram, Ettukudi Murugan Temple, Akshyalingaswamy Temple, Sri Rajagopalaswami Temple, Sri Agneeswaraswami Temple, Kayarohanaswamy Temple, Sri Gomuktheeswarar Temple. 14. Namakkal Anjaneya Temple, Namakkal Narasimha Temple, Ettukai Amman Temple, Arapaleeswarar Temple,Sri Kalyana Prasanna Venkatramana Perumal Temple, Arthanareeswarar Temple.

15. Nilgris Elk Hill Murugan temple, Annamalai Murugan Temple, Venkateswara perumal murugan tmple. 16. Perambalur Sri bala Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple, Siruvachar Madhura

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Kaliamman Temple 17. Pudukkottai Sri Kokarneswarar Brahandambal Temple, Athamanatha Swamy Temple, Naganatha Swamy Temple, Tirukkattalai Siva Temple, Tirumayanam Siva and Vishnu Rockcut Cave Temple, Malaiyadippatti Sivan Temple, Kunnandar Koil, Kudumbaloor Temple. 18. Ramanathapura Ramanatha Swamy Temple, Hanuman Temple, Sugreevar Temple, m Mangalanatha Swamy Temple,Rama Tirtham, Villoondi Thirtham, Vaduvur Sri Kothandaramaswamy Temple, Jatayu Tirtham Temple, Navagraha Temple, Nambu Nayagiamman Temple, Jada Tirtham, Lakshmana Tirtham Kannathal Temple, Kodhandaramar Temple, Adi Jaganatha Perumal Temple, Badrakali Amman Temple, Shri Mahaprabhuji Bethak Lakshmankund, 29. Salem Siddhar Temple,1008 Lingam Temple, Kandhaswamy Temple, Sugavaneshwarar Temple, Kottai Mariamman Temple, Kailasanathar Temple, Alagirinathar Temple, Badrakaliamman Temple. 20. Sivagangi Pillayarpatti Temple, Kundrakudi Temple, Thirukkoshtiyur Temple, Venkatamudayan Perumal Temple (Then Tirupati), Kalaiyarkovil Temple, Dakshinamurthy Gurusthalam, Swarna Moortheeswarar Temple, Vettudaiyar Kaliamman Temple, Kannudaya Nayaki Amman Temple, Bathirakaliamman Temple, Muthumariamman Temple, 21. Thanjavur Thanjai Periya Koil, Punnainallur Mariamman Temple, Chandra sthalam, Kal Garuda Perumal Koil, Swamimalai Temple, Kethu Temple, Suriyanar Koil, Sukran Temple, Rahu Temple, Garbarakshambigai Temple, Swamimalai Swaminatha swamy Temple, 22. Theni Kuchanur Saneeswara Bhahavan Temple, Gowmariamman Temple, Mangala Devi Kannagi Temple, 23. Thoothukudi Thiruchedur Murugan Temple, Sri Vaikundam Temple, Alvarthirunagiri Murugan Temple, Aravindalochanar Temple, Sri

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Srinivasa Perumal Temple, irrattai Tirupati Temple, Kalugu Malai Murugan Temple, Karuguvel Ayyanar Temple, Makara Nedunkuzhaikathar Temple, Muthumariamman Temple, Patharakaliamman Temple, Thirupuliankudi Perumal Temple, Thiruvaragunamangai Perumal Temple, valliamman Cave Temple, Vettuvan Koil 24. Tiruchirappalli Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple, The Rock Fort Temple, Jambukeshwar Temple, Samayapuram Mariyamman Temple, Sri Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Sri Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple, Vekkali Amman Temple, Viralimalai Murugan Temple, Sri Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Erumbeswarar Temple, Thalamalai Murugan Temple, Uthamarkoil Temple, Sri Thirunedungalanathat Temple, Kudumiyanmalai Shikanathar Temple, Malaiyadipatti Rock- Cut Temples, 25. Tirunelveli Sri Kanthimathi Nellaiappar Temple, Sri Varadaraja Perumal Temple, Sri Mannar Rajagopala Swamy Temple, Mela Thiruvengadanathapuram Temple, Sri Sivasailanathar Paramakalyani Temple, Narumbunatha Swamy Temple, Krishnapuram Venkatachalapathy Temple, Sri Sankaranarayana Samy Temple, Sri Nambi Perumal Temple, Sorimuthu Ayyanar Temple, Sri Vaithiyanatha Perumal Temple, Sri Kailasanathar Temple, Kalugumalai Murugan Temple, Bhatavatsala Perumal Temple, 26. Tirupur Sivanmalai- Arulmigu Subramaniyaswamy Temple, Arulmigu Uthukuli Murugan Temple, Arulmigu Avinashi Lingeswarar Temple, Tirumuruganpoondi Temple, Sri sukkreeswarar Temple, Kasi vishvanathar Temple, Konganagiri Murugan Temple. 27. Tiruvallur Sri Viswaroopa panchamukha Anjaneyaswami Temple, Devi Karumariyamman Temple, Bhavani Amman Temple, Vadivudaiamman Udanurai Thygarajaswami Temple, Arulmigu Subramaniya Swami Temple, Lord Veeraraghava Perumal Temple, Sri Kothandaramaswami Temple, Sri Masilamanishwarar Temple,

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28. Thiruvannamalai Arulmigu Annamalaiyar Temple, Arulmigu Renugambal Temple, Arulmigu Pandurangan Thirukoil, Arulmigu Periyanayagi Amman Tirukoil, Enthira Sanishvara Temple, Arulmigu Vedapurishvar Temple, Ramachandra Perumal Temple, Lord Vallishvarar Temple, Pachaiyamman Sameda Mannarsamy Temple, Mamamdur Cave Temple, Seeyamangalam Cave Temple, Madam Temple, Gangaikonda Choleeswarar Temple, Chandramoulishwarar Temple 39. Thiruvarur Alangudi Guru Temple, Arulmigu Maha Saraswathy Amman Temple, Shri Raja Gopalaswamy Temple, Arulmigu Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Maha Mariamman Temple, Thyagaraja Perumal Temple, 30. Vellore Sri Lakshmi Golden Temple, Ratnagiri Balamurugan Temple, Vallimalai Murugan Temple, Jalagandeshwarar Temple, Sri Margabandeeswarar Temple, Mahadeva malai Temple, Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Sri Selva Vinayagar Temple, Sri Dakshinamooerthy Temple, Arulmigu Gangaiamman Temple, Sri Somanatha Swamy Temple. 31. Villupuram Panchamukha Anjaneya Temple, Sri Lakshmi Narashimamurthy Temple, Lakshmi Narasimhaswamy Tempel, Venugopala Swamy Temple, Sri Ramanatha Eswarar Temple, Melmalaynur Angalaparameshwari, Venkataraman Temple, Kripapureeswara Temple, Shatru Malleshwararalaym Rockcut Temple, Mandagapattu Tirumurti Temple, Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Ranganatha Temple, Arthanareeswarar temple, Sri Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Sri Chidambareeswarar Temple, 32. Virudhunagar Sathuragiri Siva Temple, Andal Renga Mannar Temple, Vaidyanathar Temple, Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Sri Badrakaliyamman Temple, Sri Nindra Narayana perumal Temple,Arulmigu Thirumeni Swamy Temple, Bhuminatha Swamy Temple.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF PILGRIMAGE TOURISM IN TAMIL NADU

The sustainable tourism development in a destination is built on three pillars such as the promotion and enhancement of the natural and cultural environment; the effective planning and sustainable management of the environment and the participation of the local community ( Myburgh & Saayman,2002). Both the economic and environmental impacts caused by tourism development can be measured using a range of relatively standard criteria; measuring the economic impacts through the financial flow that either enter or leave a national, regional or local tourism economy; through tax revenues, or via the number of direct and indirect forms of employment tourism may initiate and environmental impacts through wildlife species decline, erosion rates, or by physical changes to protected areas ( Buultjens, 2005).According to many scholars, socio-cultural impacts focuses on the community, and therefore the changes in societal, collective and individual value systems, behavior, social relationships and lifestyles, modes of expressions and community structure (Page, Brunt, Busby & Connell, 2002; Douglas, Douglas & Derrett, 2001; Fredline et al., 2003; Sims & D’ Mello, 2005). On the other hand, the positive impacts caused by the pilgrimage tourists often motivate residents to seek preservation of their religious sites and festivals not necessarily for purely religious reasons but also in order to safeguard the stream of pilgrimage tourists ( Cohen, 1992).

Tamil Nadu is important tourist’s destination in India. It has multiple potential like ancient Temples, Historical places, Pilgrims Centers, beautiful Beach resorts, Hill Stations, Wildlife sanctuaries, monuments and archeological sites, art and architecture which are more attractive and all over the year destinations. The state has been attracting visitors as it was dominated by Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism and Vaishanivism. Some of the major pilgrimage destinations such as Madurai, Kanchipuram, Mahaballipuram, Rameshwaram, Chidambaram, thruvannamalai, Thajavur, Vellankani, Pondicherry, Karaikkal, Trichy. The government has taken recent measure to promote and improving infrastructure facilities in pilgrimage tourism destinations in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation has joined with Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments to improve amenities provide the pilgrimage tourism service to select destinations. The Tourism Department has spent Rs.5.15 crore for improving the hill road to Sri Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Chennimalai besides the panchayat roads in Srivaikundam in Tuticorin district and also the road in Viralimalai

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in Pudukottai district. The Central Government initiatives to launch the Ramayana circuit under the Swadesh Darshan Ssheme which include the Rameshwaram that is expected to give a fillip to religious tourism. In additions, the inclusion of Kancheepuram and Vellankanni under the National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and spiritual Augmentation drive (PRASAD) is also expected to drive the domestic and foreign tourists to Tamil Nadu. Most of the people are visiting in the state for the purposes of pilgrimage and pleasure.

PILGRIMAGE AND TOURISM CONNECTION

Superficial relationships between tourists and pilgrims have been acknowledged for several decades by medievalists and historians of tourism (Smith 1992), and more recently have been subject to further research (Vukoni'c 1996). However, the nature of the link between pilgrimage and tourism requires further research (Olsen and Timothy 2002). Cohen's (1992) research on tourist and pilgrim activities at sites in Thailand maintains that pilgrimage and tourism differ in terms of the direction of the journey undertaken. The "pilgrim" and the "pilgrim-tourist" peregrinate toward their socio cultural center, while the "traveler" and the "traveler-tourist" move in the opposite direction. This distinction applies particularly to journeys to formal pilgrimage centers. However, journeys to popular pilgrimage centers, which are typically "centers out there," will often be marked by a mixture of features characteristic of both pilgrimage and tourism. Smith (1992) identifies tourism and pilgrimage as opposite end points on a continuum of travel. The polarities on the pilgrimage-tourism axis are labeled "sacred" and "secular;" in between lay almost infinite possible sacred-secular combinations, with the central area now generally termed religious tourism. These positions reflect the manifold and changing motivations of the traveler, whose interests and activities may switch from tourism to pilgrimage and vice versa, even without the individual being aware of the change. Jackowski and Smith (1992) use the term knowledge-based tourism as synonymous with religious tourism. Most researchers identify religious tourism with the individual's quest for shrines and locales where, in lieu of piety, the visitor seeks to experience the sense of identity with sites of historical and cultural meaning (Nolan and Nolan 1989). Contemporary research deals with the complicated relationship between pilgrimage and tourism, including its economic, political, social, psychological, and emotional aspects (Eade 1992; Rinschede 1992; Eade and Sallnow 1991). Still other research indicates that the difference between old fashioned pilgrimage and tourism is

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narrowing (Bilu 1998). Numerous similarities exist and the word pilgrimage is widely used in both religious and secular contexts. For example, visits to war graves or the graves and residences of celebrities like Elvis Presley's mansion and grave in Memphis, Tennessee are increasingly referred to as pilgrimages (Reader and Walter 1993).

CONCLUSION

Tourism is one of the largest and rapidly growing global industries. Its plays an important role in the economy for most of the countries particularly state of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu has rich cultural pilgrimage and historical among the Indian states. It attract tourist for all over the world. Pilgrimage tourism in the state has wide potentials for its contribution to GDP. Pilgrimage Tourism promoting are both directly and indirectly on many other sectors of the economy like Infrastructure, Transport Sector, Tele Communications, Hotels and Restaurants, Travel Agents and Tour Operators, Handicrafts and Traditional Gifts items manufactures , Shopping Arcades Exhibitions and so on. Tamil Nadu has a great heritage for famous religious shrines, ancient monuments and historical embodiments to attract all categories of tourists. The tourism industry gives various opportunities to the country and also pilgrimage tourism is the fastest growing segment in the tourism industry. References:

1. Dabour, N., (2003). Problems and Prospects of Sustainable Tourism Development in the OIC Countries: Ecotourism, Journal of Economic Cooperation, 24 (1), pp. 25-62. 2. Lakhvinder Singh (2014) Pilgrimage tourism in Kurukshetra (Haryana): a sustainable development approach, African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Vol. 3 (2) - (2014)ISSN: 2223-814X. 3. Nitya et al (2017) pilgrimage tourism in punjab, international journal of science technology and management, vol, No 6,issue No.01,1ssn2394 – 1529 Pp 381to 386. 4. E. Iniyan (2015) International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies, Tourism in Tamilnadu: Role of Cultural/Heritage Sites in Tourist Satisfaction and Tourism Development, Volume-I, Issue-VI, ISSN: 2349-6711,pp-40-46 5. Collins-Kreiner, N. (2010) The geography of pilgrimage and tourism: Transformations and implications for applied geography, Applied Geography, 30, 153-164. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.02.001 6. Dasgupta , S. (2007). Some observations on the cultural tourism at Bishnupur. Journal of social Anthropology, 4: 65-97. 7. Bhardwaj SM (1973) Hindu places of Pilgrimage in India A study in Cultural Geography. Delhi: Thomson Press.

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8. Myburgh, E.,& Saayman, M. (2002). Ecotourism in action: guidelines and principals. 2nd ed. Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies, South Africa: Potchefstroom. 9. Buultjens et al (2005). Tourism and its Implications for Management in Ruhuna National Park (Yala), Sri Lanka. Tourism Management, 26 (5), 733-742. 10. Page, S. J., Brunt, P., Busby, G., & Connell, J. (2002). Tourism: A Modern Synthesis., London: Thomson Publication. 11. Douglas, N., Douglas, N., & Derrett, R. (2001). Special Interest Tourism. Australia: John Wiley & Sons. 12. Fredline, L., Jago, L. & Deery, M. (2003). The Development of a Generic Scale to Measure the social Impact of Events. Event Management, 8, 23-37. 13. Sims, W. J., & D’Mello, L. (2005). Event Denizens and the Sports Tourist: Pre-event perceptions of the social impacts of a major event. ( In Allen, J. Ed. The Impacts of Events: Proceedings of international event research conference. Sydney, Australia. 14. Tamil Nadu Hindu Endowments Board repor. 15. Smith V.L., (1992) Introduction- the quest in guest. Annals of Tourism Research 19; 1-17. 16. Vukoni'c, B. 1996. Tourism and Religion. New York: Pergamon. 17. Olsen, D. H., and D. J. Timothy. 2002. Contested Religious Heritage: Differing View of Mormon History. Tourism Recreation Research 27(2): 7-16. 18. Jackowski, A., and V L. Smith. 1992. Polish Pilgrim-Tourists. Annals of Tourism Research 19(1): 92-101. 19. Eade, J. 1992. Pilgrimage and Tourism at Lourdes, France. Annals of Tourism Research 19(1): 18-32. 20. Eade, J., and M. J. Sallnow. 1991. Contesting the Sacred: The Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage. London: Routledge. 21. Rinschede, G. 1992. Forms of Religious Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 19(1): 51-67. 22. Bilu, Y 1998. Divine Worship and Pilgrimage to Holy Sites as Universal Phenomena. In To the Holy Graves: Pilgrimage to the Holy Graves and Hillulot in Israel, edited by R. Gonen, 11-26. Jerusalem: The Israel Museum. 23. Reader, I., and T. Walter. 1993. Pilgrimage in Popular Culture. London: Macmillan Press. 24. Deccan Chronicle, Jun 24, 2016, Tamil Nadu: Pilgrim tourism potential yet to be exploited. 25. District wise tourism report.

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