Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art

Museum Of Modern And Contemporary Art

1 CHANGE BETWEEN AND MOBILITY SOCIAL CONTROL TRANS FORMA TION

RISK 2 3 CHANGE ART/ INTERDIS PROJECT CIPLINARY

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RISK 4 5 CHANGE RISK 6 7 CHANGE Between Mobility Control and Social Transformation — Art/Interdisciplinary Project Risk Change

Introduction Migration Is a Natural Law, Everything Moves, Everybody Migrates 20

RISK 8 9 CHANGE I Foreigner, Refugee, Citizen, II Along the Roads of Multiculturalism Tourist — Europe as a Space of Towards Spatial Detachment — Inhospitality Claustrophobia of Modern Cities

Željko Senković Barabara Matejčić & Drago Župarić-Iljić Migrations, the Question of Hospitality Rijeka as a Multicultural City: Research and the Politics of Friendship Results from the Project Risk Change 30 96

Ksenija Orelj & Sabina Salamon Irena Bekić & Duga Mavrinac It Would Actually Be Crazy to Stay Here* Temporary Migrations: Migrant (Self) Risk Change exhibitions representations and Artistic Strategies 44 of Subjectivization 106 C. J. Stephens A Psychological Journey into Otherness Igor Petričević 56 From Transit to Settlement, Between Compassion and Xenophobia: Negotiating Marijana Hameršak & Iva Pleše the New Diversity Inside and Around Hotel Notes on Ethnographic Research in the Porin in Zagreb Winter Reception and Transit Center in 118 the Republic of Croatia 66

RISK 10 11 CHANGE III Do the Balkans Belong to Europe? IV Risk Change Dossier — The Issue of Political and Social Integration on Europe’s Margins

Dragan Markovina Between There and There: The Mediterranean and the Balkans at Anatomy of Temporary Migrations the Gate of Fortress Europe 169 134 Black Disguises Manuela Bojadžijev 182 “The Shortest Way into the World” — Migration, Civil Rights and the EU in the Escape States of Former Yugoslavia, a Reply after 200 Fifteen Years 144 We’re Not Like Them 220 Sabina Salamon Third Is Possible — Reminiscences and Translation of texts Oral Tradition as Personal Baggage in the 242 Processes of Cultural Displacement 154 Authors’ biographies 310

RISK 12 13 CHANGE RISK 14 15 CHANGE MIGRAT IONS A NATURAL LAW:

ARE

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MIGRATES

RISK 18 19 CHANGE Ksenija Orelj & Sabina Salamon The book in front of you was created as the epilogue of Risk Change, the project that over the past four years explored the topic of migrations and movement control. Following the mot- to of the project, “Migrations are a natural law. Everything moves, everybody migrates” it aims to spark discussions about (im)possibilities of today’s mobility. It investigates the extremes of modern society: mobility, multiculturality and cooperation on the one hand, and exile, border control and exclusion on the other. This book was created on an intersection of anthropology, social psychology, art and curatorial practices. It gathered theorists and practitioners of different profiles, mainly the protagonists of previous Risk Change exhibitions and symposiums. Pro- viding fresh commentaries on social and migrant politics, cultural practices and migration processes, it encourages an exchange of experiences and perspectives with the audience and the public. Compiled of different texts, from case studies and ethnographic and anthropological field reports to curatorial contributions and historical and philosophical essays, it seeks to prove that migrations are a universal principle. The content of the book covers the topics of Risk Change exhibitions, from the issue of temporary migrations (“Between There and There: the Anatomy of Temporary Migrations”, 2016), forced migrations and people’s troubles in gaining foothold in the times of fragile security (“Black Disguises”, 2017), escape as a way of obstructing the control of movement (“Escape”, 2018), and the issue of forming judgements about the foreigner and the Other (“We’re Not Like Them”, 2019). The emphasis is placed on the risks that exist in restricted social circumstances, where struggles for survival and protection of personal life are accompanied with pains of adaptation and fruitless attempts at togetherness. “Be- tween Movement Control and Social Changes – Art/Interdiscipli- nary Project Risk Change” combines the elements of a cultural study on (in)hospitality of modern Europe stereotypes and an artistic satire on social landscape built on myths of superiority,

RISK 20 21 CHANGE imperial history and an obsession with control and purity that the usual traps in recognition of the Other, disguised in adminis- arises from the fear of the Other and the unknown. trative, legal, social, cultural and psychological phraseology. Preoccupied with local experience and extensive po- The closing chapter of the book is called “Do the Bal- litical destabilization, we were writing this book on the intersec- kans Belong to Europe? – the Issue of Political and Social Inte- tion of official history and forgotten stories, which are scattered gration on Europe’s Margins”. The texts of Dragan Markovina, somewhere between the abandoned model of social state and Manuela Bojadžijev and Sabina Salamon speak about the expe- its globalized version that offers poor legal guarantees. With pho- rience from the borders of the Balkan and the Mediterranean to documentation of Risk Change project (pictures of the exhib- world, pervaded with nationalist divisions that camouflage the ited artworks and documentary materials), the book covers the real economic situation. By posing the question “what has hap- topics of migrations, labor and economy. It deals with the issue pened with Europe without borders?”1, they investigate the alter- of borders and their reinforcement – in territorial, administrative natives to the growing xenophobia and social discrimination. and legal sense – which is particularly expressed in the first chapter Faced with defeat by the idea of supranational community and “Foreigner, Refugee, Citizen, Tourist – Europe as a Space of In- surrounded with multicultural flags that often serve only a cos- hospitality”. The writings of Željko Senković, Ksenija Orelj & Sabina metic role, there is not much to do, except ponder the possibil- Salamon, C. J. Stephens, Marijana Hameršak & Iva Pleše reflect ity of a united front which, instead of engaging in cultural narra- on the ‘me vs. others’ division and analyze the strained relation- tives, would affirm universal civil rights, along with social and ships to the Other, which manifest through strict control system, economic rights. Art practices, the key medium of Risk Change exclusion and rejection. The contributions engage in a study of a project, pursue this goal. They abandon the official ways of re- foreigner, a refugee – a (non)citizen – in the era characterized by cording history and, instead of presenting the deeply rooted ‘ob- a shift towards the right-wing politics and the abandonment of the jective’ truths, they choose compassion and solidarity as the only European liberal ideals in favor of political violence and pragmatism. valuable catalysts of change and the only means of escaping the The second chapter, “Along the Roads of Multicultur- claustrophobia of the present era sociability. Escape, as a gesture alism Towards Spatial Detachment – Claustrophobia of Modern of movement and an act of survival, arises from a lack of tolerance Cities” begins with a local research conducted as part of Risk toward the current state of affairs, but it also emerges as a priv- Change project. Along with the contributions by Barbara Matejčić ilege that enables us to run away in the first place. The harsher and Drago Župarić Iljić, it features the texts by Irena Bekić & Duga the measures of control, the more visible the escape will be. Mavrinac and Igor Petričević. By means of exploration and analysis of the contemporary art practices, these writings reflect on the present issues of multiculturalism, which, in contrast to the 1 From the text of Dragan Markovina: “Mediterrane- assimilation model, should represent acknowledgement and pres- an and the Balkans at the ervation of cultural diversity. From an empirical and field work Gate of Fortress Europe” perspective, the texts also examine the current treatment of diversity and differences, notions that stand in opposition to the privileged (ethnical and national) integrity. Finally, they describe

RISK 22 23 CHANGE I

I RISK 24 25 CHANGE FOR EIGNER,

REFUGEE, CITIZEN,

TOURIST

I RISK 26 27 CHANGE — AS A EUROPE SPACE OF

INHOSPI TALITY

I RISK 28 29 CHANGE The modern age, contrary to popular opinion, is the age of impossi- Željko Senković bility. The belated politics of identity, guided by the reawakened ide- alization of nations and the homeland collide with globalism guided by the neoliberal idea of rational corporate management. On the ac- Migrations, tual horizons, these two prevailing directions produce primarily an atmosphere of indifference and paradox, because the romantic consciousness is shown to be futile and premodern in the face of the the Question logic of capital. An individual, who in his (post)modern disorientation went a step further then the twenty-first century ‘mass man,’ because masses and massive depersonalization within ourselves is not even of Hospitality questionable, but is substituted by the vacuity of escapist experiences and entertainment, accepts new servile deifications. One of which is shown in the acceptance of the state as an opinion maker and an and the Politics instance with a delegated role of the protection and supervision of freedom and the Other. Therefore, if we can even talk today about a distinct political orientation as an alternative to the neoliberal ideol- of Friendship ogy of globalization, then it comes in the form of new nationalistic awakenings that are helped the world over by a broad spectrum of ideological incentives, from guardians of tradition to religious torch- bearers. Regardless of whether we talk about Hungary or Russia, such ideologemes represent a retrograde alternative, actually a false alternative, because just like the neoliberal discourse they impoverish and reduce the space of freedom. In such ideologemes, man is primarily an employer or a slave to another man, or he devolved into a proper or desirable Hungarian, Russian, Croatian, who knows and denounces the Other, and assumes correct coordinates of nations or groups, whatever the case may be. What the future brings will not be reducible to present political terms, because former political paradigms are changing. Large migratory waves from the Middle East and Africa will question ethical horizons of responsibility towards the Other, which constitute the European humanist spirit.

A CENTURY OF REFUGEEISM “One of Hannah Arendt’s basic postulates about the future world and the decline of sovereignty of nation-states explicitly warns that the 21st century is going to be a time of refugeeism. This postulate simultaneously points to three interrelated complexes of the end of modern political ideas: 1. the end of nation-state; 2. the end of the European paradigm of national sovereignty and 3. the end of the rights of man in the sense of the universal citizenry in the cosmopolitan order of the rule of reason in history.

I RISK 30 31 CHANGE Instead of the cosmopolitan citizen, as envisaged by can be found in the nature of the world that does not accept human Kant in the idea of eternal peace, the subject of the new order became beings for themselves, in which discrimination became a powerful that ‘good European’ that Nietzsche ironically took as an example of social weapon used to dispose of people without shedding blood. We the European quagmire of values. Specifically, it is the paranoid fear are dependent on the status that we are willing to pay a high price of the Other. Which occurred precisely when Christianity was re- for. In that sense, her words remain prophetic even today: placed by the vulgar ideology of totalitarian communism in the 20th “Refugees driven from country to country represent century” (Paić, 2017: 169). the vanguard of their peoples, if they keep their identity. For the first Today, it is often difficult to differentiate between ref- time Jewish history is not separate but tied up with that of all other ugeeism, statelessness and migration, even though refugeeism can nations. The comity of European peoples went to pieces when, and specifically be determined as the movement of people cause by war because, it allowed its weakest member to be excluded and perse- or political exile, i.e. fear from it. In order to properly orient ourselves cuted” (Arendt, 2017:128). in this age of large migratory movements, in terms of the essence of our contemporaneity, we should compare the horizon of current prob- CRISIS OF THE EUROPEAN IDEA AND INADEQUACY OF THE lems with 20th century events. NATION-STATE As a refugee from Nazi Germany, Hannah Arendt pub- The idea of peace is inscribed in the origin and concept lished the text “We refugees” in the United States of America in 1943. of the European idea, it is the pathos from which we should observe The text is suggestive and paradigmatic as an insight into timeless contemporary discussions about the crisis of the old continent. It is aspects of the refugee, i.e. the one who is for Europe today both a precisely in the idea of peace, simultaneously the most concrete and danger and a harbinger of the coming, uncertain time. Since com- the most abstract social principle, a kind of materialization of spirit- parison is the best criticism, according to Deleuze, let us consider uality, where we should read the immense problem and challenge what Arendt says (Arendt, 2017) about uncertainties and hopes of the brought about by the suffering and despair of refugee waves. If there refugee. Describing the life of Jewish refugees, she states that among is no adequate response, i.e. if crises are not nipped in the bud, glob- them suicide became more frequent and that Jewish attempts to be- ally and peacefully, the European idea will wane, much faster than come accepted in the world is paradoxical: after being exiled from from the consequences of the neoliberal machinery that grinds and Germany, in France they agreed to become ‘Jaeckes,’ they actually trivializes classical values. Here, the realpolitik question about the tried to become French and accepted being kept in France as justified. primary responsibilities of countries that caused the Syrian catastro- A strange sense of belonging - not-belonging to certain classes and phe, such as, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, United States, does not help. nations was happening all over the world, and their identity became Their geopolitical strategy is a separate aspect of interests, hypocri- fluid and difficult to establish. sy and violence; the European political way should not disintegrate “Man is a social animal and life is not easy for him when into political violence and focusing on its own impermeable borders, social ties are cut off. Moral standards are much easier kept in the because that is the way to deepen the catastrophe. The peacekeeping texture of a society. Very few individuals have the strength to con- politics will surely have to be the politics of preventing the present serve their own integrity if their social, political and legal status is deranged arms race, to which the Republic of Croatia is also a part. completely confused. Lacking the courage to fight for a change in But, as Shakespeare said in “Machbeth” – life is a tale told by an idiot, our social and legal status, we have decided instead, so many of us, full of sound and fury. It is therefore difficult to expect a sudden and to try a change of identity. And this curious behaviour makes matters complete reversal in today’s dark times, when instead of reasoning much worse. The confusion in which we live is partly our own work” we use ideological labels and spread the atmosphere of indifference. (Arendt, 2017: 125). Tribal awareness and fevered nationalistic exclamations do not permit However, a change of identity also reveals difficulties finding a neutral referential point, and relocation to a space where and the hopelessness of existence, but also psychotic aspects of re- the true subject is mankind. What is required is a supranational insti- jecting the Jewish identity, since the Jews were obsessed with a long- tution, a reformed and truly strong UN or a new international forma- ing for affirmative and desirable assimilation. The real problem of tion, built with the consensus of the largest states in the world, that Arendtian diagnosis, which stems from the Jewish wandering destiny, would establish and widen the areas protected from violence, hunger

I RISK 32 33 CHANGE and disease. The fact that we do not have such a truly functional or- terms of achieving a cosmopolitan, supranational instance, that would ganization in the world today, shows the necessary direction for ac- bring to life the idea of peace. European philosophical tradition, from tivity and continued connection of contemporary politics with the Stoicism to Kant, should encourage dialogue with eastern pacifist concept of the state (Sloterdijk, 2017:195). ethical discourses, in order to get away from current political projects According to Sloterdijk, although we increasingly live of hatred and fear of the Other. Mankind can be born again and con- in an era of culturally homogenous nation-states, the state continues tinue only in the universal, otherwise it will implode in irrational par- to be the holder of essential principles of political civilization. How- ticularities. ever, he would also claim, even though he is in favour of increased “Let’s draw on the metaphor of the Titanic: enlightened monitoring of German and European borders, that on a global level people see the prow heading straight for the iceberg, know the ship- we lack an effective central agency that could stop fatal processes. wreck is inevitable, grab the lifeboats, and ask the orchestra to play But, an appropriate action does not follow from this insight, and on all lullabies so that they can make a clean getaway before the alarm alerts levels, egoism prevails as a reactive force of the unconscious human. the other classes” (Latour, 2017:210). “Here the unfortunate nation-state again enters the fray. It is simultaneously necessary and inadequate. All of this today COLD HUMAN PERIOD AND THE POLITICS OF WALLS is not more but less than the sum of its parts. Consequently, after the Whether the insider elites are cynical of simply egoistic, activity of parts what develops is paralysis not synergy” (Sloterdijk, their privileged insights and capture of the masses in cultural con- 2017:196). flicts, are indicators of one of the basic determinants of contempo- Unfortunately, some aspects of Sloterdijk’s debate raneity, escapism. We live trying to escape responsibility and tacitly about the refugee crisis show him to be an opponent of a pluralistic accept helplessness, while general apathy is on the rise. However, society, because he claims that refugees are something menacingly the migrant and ecological crisis will become increasingly connected, foreign. It is discernible that even a thinker of such calibre can easily so an audacity to attempt and achieve world peace is urgent. Con- slide into becoming a mediator of ‘popular opinion.’ However, although sumerist society and the revival of tribal awareness that is sliding I think that such debates easily abdicate from reality, the point is not backwards, are a strange mixture of our times. Ethnic, religious and in the deficit of reality but in the ‘surplus of reality,’ i.e. acceptance of tribal identities are becoming stronger. Their great contradiction, but the quantitative-ideological-identity calculation and miscalculation also compatibility represents a serious warning to change direction. of the ‘refugee wave,’ with the abandonment of the humanist moment. When nations want to close themselves into ethnic categories instead Mankind could finally attain itself (Friedrich Nietzsche), only if it dared of benefitting mankind, they deceptively and illusorily forget that the to try that which appears so difficult, far, even impossible, i.e. over- kind of dome capable of protecting a wealthy and isolated nation does coming current political categories and relationships that go around not exist. Therefore, any form of resistance and rebellion is connect- in circles of the closed realpolitik hatred. Therefore, if the only posed to the internationalization of the problem, in order for the China- sible solution to migration problems is stopping wars, then the new man, the Russian, Turk, Slovak and Croat to become people, by dis- international community can and should do that. Phobic abdications tancing themselves from the identity politics of previous (non)values. to belated identity politics will bring nothing good. In that sense, the A new cold war is being mentioned, but it seems to me more appro- European Union should resolutely commit to historic action, because priate to say that an era of cold human relationships set in, a time of of possible millions of migrants and refugees and because of immeas- general apathy, an era when people no longer dream of a better and urable consequences of climate change. more just world because they are lulled into escapist nonsense. Since the era in which many powerful European coun- A true solution to the migration problem could correct- tries committed shameful and violent acts of colonisation is over, the ly be designated if we first ask ourselves about the real assistance action today should happen in the framework of finding a different and possibilities of European states. Ethically speaking, the one who activity for life, one that we will gain by changing our way of life. The recognizes those who are unloved shows that he loves life and has consumerist and egoistic mentality devastated the world. Since crisis faith in the sense of tomorrow. Should that vanish, xenophobia and is both a danger and an opportunity (Sutlić, 1972), the only way out is other hatreds would appear. I am best realized in relation to You, We in the radical change of our way of life and finding compatibility in are developing well in world-making politics if They are not a menacing

I RISK 34 35 CHANGE strangeness, but a politics where cultures are mutually civilizing. fering and humiliated people to live. The only way to achieve that goal (Sloterdijk, 2013) Mankind requires minimal compatibility related to is to establish peace and a common global ethos. perspectives for the future, that cannot exist without solidarity and However, since peace today still resembles an ‘illusion new international community. Therefore, today’s escape from respon- of love’ (Krleža) or a vision in a world that unlearned to desire good- sibility is unacceptable, it concerns both states and every individual ness and justice, nevertheless mankind has to relearn to dream and who constantly constitutes the interrelationship You-I. People are not earn ideals, in order to be able to earn themselves at all. World peace islands, and refugees, of yesterday-today-tomorrow, only demon- is an unfulfilled dream that would immediately create many paths of strate the modern need for solidarity, that it is precisely where the healing and remedy misery and suffering. It is therefore an urgent true topos of humanity is found, and not in the ‘market competition.’ task for all conscious individuals and groups to resist the beating of Specifically, nothing is more important than mitigating suffering. All military drums, to resist militarization and injustice of the only logic logocentrism and humanity of the European and Western tradition of today, that of capital. A combined militaristic and neoliberal prop- pales in comparison to an abdication in the face of this task. aganda opposes a true reversal. We find ourselves in a one-way street A sense of panic caused by large migratory move- and the only chance we have is to change direction. ments is understandable, but it is always somewhat stronger than the The neoliberal societies of Europe and the West, but discomfort the Danish society feels when confronted with a large also many other meridians of the hybrid-political globe, are unable to number of people from Eritrea or Syria. Of course, the possibilities of find an appropriate response to the problem of migrants, asylum seek- integration are unstable and conditioned. It is therefore always better ers, refugees and an influx of foreigners in general, because a binary to solve a large crisis at its roots, respecting cultural distinctions. logic prevails as a symptom of a long history that is today reduced to However, phobia of strangers is in many ways a reaction of the rep- the ‘internet age.’ In any case, since the collapse of great ideological tilian brain, that instinctively separates ours from theirs. In order for movements of the 20th century, a period of resignation, cynicism and the community to consolidate, we do not require physical walls for an end of universal morality prevailed. Therefore, every personal and the primary separation in the original sense. The original, tribal com- community-based attempt at a reversal, that tries to honestly consid- munity endogenously reproduces itself with the help of cohesive er and feel the suffering of fellow men, is aimed at thinkers who were energies that enable the group to create an existential space and pondering the meaning of hospitality. They are primarily: Immanuel living forms. It has its own centripetal force that encloses and protects Kant, Emmanuel Levinas, and the latter Jacques Derrida. What we it, while an integration into its space is gained by birth or ritual ad- should expect from philosophy is to transcend restrictive alternatives mission. In that sense, starting from that community to a series of and immanent openness. Modern times with its techno-cybernetic other developed groups, each of them had its own protective enclo- absolute power suggests that there is no alternative to capitalism, the sure where individuals found shelter, from the biological to the cul- Internet, the Illusion of material progress. However, we have to be tural sphere. The point of modern civilization should be that different able to conceive of a different orientation, beyond complacency of a communities/cultures touch so that solidarity as a principle inside a high consumerist lifestyle and the resulting nihilism. Tertium datur. community spreads to other communities i.e. to mankind. Because what can be done today with the fact of unconditional priority of re- DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO MAN AND THE LIVING lationships within a community before connections with the surround- To think differently would mean to consider true opening world? Such exclusivity (originally tribal, (quasi)religious, nation- ness, which is achievable in the human realm only if solidarity prevails al) aspires to sheltering away inside walls/borders. This is the politics as a principle of the global community. of walls that exists since primitive societies until today. However, the “Where we lack primeval land as a fixed abode of po- isolationism of our and enclosed space, does not speak the language litical citizens within city-states, it is where the space of the political that is logos. Although the production of our protected space cannot is constantly compressing and opening. And man is not determined and will not be overcome until people exist, we are here seeking to metaphysically as a zoon politikon, but from his wandering destiny end human history as the history of walls. This search is also a path on this planet without a safe haven. Constantly moving like a nomad to liberate the Other from evil-doing and an inability to live a dignified in search of a new home and country, his life is led as an eternal trans- human life. In Eritrea and Syria, we need to free space for these suf- formation of his being […] Indeed not by accident, the greatest phi-

I RISK 36 37 CHANGE losophers of the ethical-political reversal in the age of globalism, THE POLITICS OF FRIENDSHIP cosmopolitanism, refugeeism of nations, the end of sovereignty of That a different order on the value horizon is possible, nation-states, confrontation with the autoimmune system of political is here demonstrated through Emmanuel Levinas’ metaphysical re- entropy of information capitalism, are characterized by an attempt versal, who considers ethical responsibility of man toward the Other to redirect the western metaphysics from the space of rootedness in as the key metaphysical question. The ethical is preparing us for the the time of messianic advent. Franz Kafka calls this time in his Diaries arrival of the Other in his absolute otherness, respect and acceptance. the search for a ‘third country’”. (Paić, 2015:7) My vulnerability and his is opened through the Other, through the The search for a New and Different beginning is the experience of suffering we transcend classical determinations of the consequence of a different understanding of the human being. After primacy of the rational in ourselves, while empathy for life itself, ex- an epoch of prevailing logocentric tradition and the need to think istence, is intensified. This in itself invites hospitality: transgressively, through otherness and openness of freedom. Name- “The metaphysical event of transcendence – the wel- ly, a person is freely self-established in honesty, through harmony come of the Other, hospitality – Desire and language – is not accom- with the world within and without. Therefore, the sufferer who is plished in love. But the transcendence of discourse is tied to love. We heinously and inhumanely exiled in search for a new home, in a for- shall show how, through love, transcendence goes at the same time eign and unknown land, is our brother and the harbinger of a possi- further and less far than language.” (Levinas, 1969:254) ble future. Novalis called this pathos and terrifying empathy, but According to Levinas, my existence is confirmed by my also a primordial possibility of freedom and danger, die Unheimli- responsibility for the Other. What is that, therefore, but an ultimately chkeit. Faced with an existential abyss we find security only in the demanding step from Heideggerian Sorge to Arendtian dispositive Other (Levinas). That Other is the recognized humanity, and that Liebe, as the horizon affirming the world’s secularism. We affirm the Other, which is necessary today, is the new ethical-political begin- world by accepting that which for Levinas is insurmountable: asym- ning that needs to be established globally, on the ruins of western metrical relationships. Therefore, each act of hospitality is exception- ideals. Classical politics led to the crisis today, therefore man and al, so different from today’s mentality of expected reciprocity and every living thing should be approached differently, by respecting market calculation. They are coming, migrants, in large numbers, the dignity of the human and natural place in nature. Without har- what is going to happen to us, to me? Reasons why we shamelessly mony in the relationship logos-alogos life becomes meaningless. In ask these questions are that we forget the Levinas’ moment of respon- the time of damaged primal harmony and during statelessness, we sibility: here and now, human face reflects suffering and need. There- look for new sources that we find in the debris of history. By reinter- fore, his construct of ‘ethics as the first philosophy’ in itself contains preting history (Foucault-Agamben) we filter and select, we opt for nothing of the reversal of classical Aristotelian scheme, according to the salutary. Once tested, for example, the stoic understanding of which the ontological question is basic, but it is an invitation to an act life, but also every other training-ascetic life, would today be new of goodness, which is not, as Hannah Arendt (Arendt, 1991) claims, and different. Therefore, future should be found in the timelessness of this world. But everything rests precisely on that: of important past traditions. Thus, the new ethics-politics could be “What is philosophy but a homesickness and a wish to tested only as a token of responsibility for that which has truly not yet return home, even if it is all but a final illusion. Novalis, therefore, says: existed, except in traces, but is possible and achievable as a source Philosophy is properly homesickness, the wish to be everywhere at and a chance for a good life stemming from the search for Goodness home. To be everywhere at home? It is the wish that opens the door as such. The fact that we are primarily motivated by the suffering of to what is coming. In the uncertainty and unexpectedness of the event the Other is a sign of urgency and desperation of the epoch, and a that is completely different than this indifference in the persistent demand for reversal is also an understanding of life as the space and course of the same, occurs history after its end. Not much time re- time of crisis and possibility. When the overwhelmingly banal and mains. It should be lived with dignity sacrificing security for the ‘sal- senseless absolute power of the economic paradigm fades away, vation of the soul’. Europe is neither a matter of reason nor of heart. the production of goods, truth and humanity will acquire different It is the matter of the Novalis homesickness and the wish to be every- possibilities. where at home. Not alone, but together with the Other as one’s ‘friend‘”. (Paić, 2015:105)

I RISK 38 39 CHANGE Such a disposition, beyond the purported unreality, is with different dispositions, which include resistance to militarization in Levinas’ sense the horizon of reconciliation of the political and the and the prevailing economic-ideological paradigm. It is probably the religious, without futile thematization of the old problem of the rela- case that (Agamben, 2017) instead of insisting on conflicts we should tionship between faith and reason. The only important question is the consider an urgently needed “exit strategy.” Why does this not hap- relationship between faith and act, their convergence and reciproc- pen, is a matter of certain anthropological-cultural constants that ity. Therefore, this kind of philosophy demands justice and limitless confine people to limited egocentric, hedonistic and escapist modes. responsibility, which is also a postulation of love as the metaphysical In such a situation, migrants are a danger we need protection from. event that transcends (non)values of this world. Today’s world needs Migration problems could and should be resolved, by solving the root unconditional postulates. For Levinas, love and life are established in of the problem that furiously produces injustice and wars. the sacred space, but instead of God he talks about freedom and As globalization connects it also fragments, divides justice, i.e. the audacity to not consider a man primarily as an animal and deepens economic and other differences between people, and rationale, but a needy animal sympateticum. it is particularly striking in terms of the scale of poverty. Extreme pov- Similar to Levinas, the latter Derrida, reckons with the erty, from Asia and Africa to Latin America, still reeks of enormous metaphysics of rationality, the rule of reason in the modern age and suffering from colonisation that certainly caused many centuries of politically absolutist demands. For him, there is a seed of totalitarian- hardship in particular regions, and was foundational for sudden en- ism of Sameness (Derrida, 1978:91) in metaphysics, and he turns to- richment of the privileged social classes, as well as entire countries. wards deconstruction as the new interpretation of tradition, a disin- Throughout history large migrations were often the consequence of tegrative construction, in order to find a new direction. Here I would violent events. From 1843 to 1933, around 30 million men and women like to point out the insistence on paradox as an important moment were taken from the Indian subcontinent to work on British planta- among key moments of life in general. This paradox can be seen in tions in southeast Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (Cruz, Derrida’s term ‘the politics of friendship,’ as something fragile, con- 2015:103). tingent and insecure, but he actually subtly persists on going beyond In the 20th century, the most catastrophic conflicts that Aristotle’s phrase: “Oh my friends, there are no friends.” This legend- resulted in migrations were world wars, the Pakistan conflict, wars in ary phrase, attributed to Aristotle, implies asymmetry (it is better to Laos, Cambodia, Afghanistan. Of course, there is also the parallel love than to be loved), complicates the question of equality and var- story of great migrations that were animated by the need and desire ious situations, and claims that there is no friendship and trust without for a better life and work, and the scale of such migrations is most accepting temporality and contingency. Absolute trust is absolute imposing in Asia. Besides the real problems of capacity in destination security, and in the absence of that, the Aristotelian discourse prefers places to absorb a large number of people, research reveals that it the concrete and situational, we should discover and examine. Simi- was always accompanied by an action of solidarity by the state and lar to the determination of virtue as the golden mean, at issue is the religious institutions who provided shelter and assistance. No matter consideration of boundaries and possibilities of friendship. In that how great the chasm between evil that was committed and kindness sense, this phrase is an extraordinary act of admitting ethical and that often cannot fathom evil, but somehow lives a separate parallel political difficulties, an act of freedom that should be interpreted life, our obligation is to nurture solidarity and postulate solubility of transgressively, if community is supposed to exist. It is difficult to have large global problems, and to diminish discourses that spread panic a true friend when we outgrow youthful naiveté. Analogous to that, and indifference toward the Other. These problems were caused by it is difficult to achieve goodness and love in the political space, but people and we are the ones who can solve them. that is the only issue: the spheres of meaning that would transcend Today, when the neoliberal corporate machine mini- biologized versions of pseudo-politics (neoliberalism) and tyrannical mized and destroyed the original meaning of politics, and offered in non-politics (totalitarianism). its stead management that is governing organized society, from within and without, such techno-scientific management wants to commit HOSPITALITY AS RESISTANCE TO MILITARIZATION a decisive act against the global refugee crisis (Derrida, 2002). Der- It is not true that the current global crisis is unsolvable. rida recognized violence in the previous western logocentric culture, All important problems (ecological, economic, migratory) are solvable that is talking about universal human rights and freedoms on the one

I RISK 40 41 CHANGE hand, while it actually separates ‘ours’ from ‘theirs.’ Therefore, the BIBLIOGRAPHY point of his demand, similar to Levinas, is an act of unconditional — Agamben, Giorgio. 2017. “Europa mora kolabirati”, Europski glasnik, hospitality. Crucial terms for this radical demand of acceptance of a Vol. 22, pp. 5-13. different direction are: friendship, the rising democracy, an infinite — Arendt, Hannah. 2017. “Mi izbjeg- demand for justice. Since we still have to realize that which did not lice”, Europski glasnik, Vol. 22, pp. 119-128. exist but is possible, it is important to think differently in order to — Arendt, Hannah. 1991. Vita activa, achieve a cosmopolitan formation of a different world. That which is Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša. — Cruz, Gemma Tulud. 2015. “Mi- necessary, has to be achieved: both the anti-war politics and solving granti i Crkva u doba globalizacije”, extreme global poverty. However, what is required until then are Der- Concilium, Year LI, No. 3, pp. 101- ridean ‘refugee cities’, being uprooted outside the centres of na- 108. — Derrida, Jacques. 1978. Writing tion-states, as a token of the politics of friendship. and Difference, Chicago: The Univer- “Between ‘radical idealism’ of the ethics of hospitality sity of Chicago Press. — Derrida, Jacques. 2002. Negotia- (Welcome to ‘my’ humble home!) and cynical pragmatism of the pol- tions: Interventions and Interviews, itics of conditional hospitality (How many are you? How long do you 1971-2001, Stanford-California: Stan- plan to stay? Who is going to pay for all this?) there is the in-between ford California press. — Krastev, Ivan. 2017. “Povratak space. The realm of politics is great when it can only have cosmopol- većinskih sustava”, Europski glasnik, itan intent and be all-too-human as its ultimate goal, without any oth- Vol. 22, pp. 215-226. er purpose except to radically change this unsustainable condition — Latour, Bruno. 2017. “Europa kao utočište”, Europski glasnik, Vol. 22, of the false universality of rights. If all of it disintegrates into hypoc- pp. 207-213. risy and cynicism of the European ‘collapse’ of all values, it is perhaps — Levinas, Emmanuel. 1969. Totality and Infinity, Pittsburgh, Duquesne time for the last ethical-political reversal. The question of strangers, University Press. refugees and asylum seekers is a condition of a possible true and new, — Paić, Žarko. 2015. Gradovi izbjegli- but this time plural, ’politics of friendship‘“. (Paić, 2015:82) ca: Od etike gostoljubivosti do politika prijateljstva, Zagreb, Institut za We should do everything to find the ‘third country,’ of europske i globalizacijske studije. which Kafka said that ‘it does not exist for a man.’ However, since — Paić, Žarko. 2017. “Sezona u paklu: countries are not inhabited by a person but people (Arendt, 1991), Izbjeglištvo, teror, Europa”, Europski glasnik, Vol. 22, pp. 163-179. such countries as spaces of freedom and openness can be born from — Sloterdijk, Peter. 2017. “Primitivni the sense of communion, if the future is still even being seriously refleksi”, Europski glasnik, Vol. 22, pp. 181-202. contemplated. — Sutlić, Vanja. 1972. Bit i suvre- menost, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša. — Sloterdijk, Peter. 2013. Božja rev- nost, Sarajevo: Bosansko narodno * The paper was first published in: “Destiny of open pozorište. borders: proceedings from the scientific conference Globalisation and regional identity 2018,” Šundalić, Antun; Zmaić, Krunoslav; Sudarić, Tihana; Pavić, Željko; Janković, Dejan; Dremel, Anita; Krivokapić, Nataša (eds.), Osijek. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Agri- culture in Novi Sad, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Montenegro, 2018. 247-264.

I RISK 42 43 CHANGE Migrations and movements, integral part of human history, have in- Ksenija Orelj & Sabina Salamon tensified over the past hundred years so greatly that we may begin to describe Europe as a migrant continent. Many of the complex migration flows that have permeated this part of the world are caused It Would by wars, politics and supranational economy, as is the case in the present migration crisis. In the circumstances marked by strict control of state borders and negative perception of migrants, the advocacy Actually Be of multiculturalism seems to be retreating before the monocultural notion of identity, falling back in the direction of ethnical categoriza- tions that seem to stretch the distance between ‘us’ and ‘them’ even Crazy to Stay more. A situation from 2017 might serve as a micro reflection of the situation: not long after the Risk Change jumbo poster was placed on the Museum’s façade, its motto “Everything moves, everyone mi- Here* — grates” was sprayed over with nasty comments. Let us also mention the local research about this “port of diversity”, which 1 Dejan Sretenović, Crno telo, bele was carried out in the scope of the project2. The inter- maske / Afrika (Beograd: Museum views conducted with many of Rijeka’s newcomers have Risk Change of African Art, 2004), 21. shown that this city is still known for its liberal orienta- 2 The research was conducted by tion and acceptance of diversity, in comparison to the Barbara Matejčić and Drago Župarić- rest of the country, but fails to practice multiculturality exhibitions Iljić, whose text can be found in this book. in true sense of the word. Moreover, it has recorded a significant drop in the minority population. Prompted 3 E.g. The workshops held for the occasion of creating the Museum’s by the local experience and the ongoing political dest- fanzine “Beni”, in collaboration with abilization, we have decided to place Risk Change pro- Tanja Blašković and Daria Morosin, ject on the cross-section of official history and forgot- and dance & choreography workshop “Migrations” with Kate Foley ten stories, which lie scattered somewhere between and students of the Primary School the abandoned model of social state and its globalized of Balet and Modern Dance, Vežica, Rijeka. Risk Change programs held version that offers shaky legal guarantees. Since the so far: http://mmsu.hr/dogadaji/ beginning of the project in 2016, we have been organ- 1025/, http://mmsu.hr/dogadaji/ izing a yearly international exhibition, which includes bijeg/, https://riskchangeproject. wordpress.com/ different supporting programs – conferences, workshops, artist-in-residence programs, film screenings – which are mostly oriented towards the local people, especially the youth.3 Each of the exhibitions encompassed works of invited authors, as well as works selected through an open call, gathering approximately fifteen artists of different generations. The exhibitions follow specific themes, from the anatomy of temporary migrations (“Between “We come among them as members of a superior race, and servants There and There”) and troubles in gaining foothold in the times of of a Government that desires to elevate the more degraded portions disturbed security (“Black Disguises”), escape as a way of obstruct- of the human family…to become the harbingers of peace to a hitherto ing the control of movement (“Escape”), to the issue of forming dif- distracted and trodden-down race.” 1 DAVID LIVINGSTONE, a mission- ferent judgments about the foreigner and the Other (“We’re Not Like ary and explorer to Africa, in his instructions about the expedition on Them”). the Zambezi River, 1858.

I RISK 44 45 CHANGE MODERN SCHIZOPHRENIA OF URBAN SPACES While “Between There and There” was presented by guest curators Irena Bekić and Duga Mavrinac, the other two episodes of Risk Change, “Escape and Black Disguises”, were organized by the curators of Rijeka’s Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art (MMSU). Both of these exhibitions focused on multimedia features from artists of different generations, as an act of resistance against dominant currents and highly specific artistic orientations. Abandoning cen- tralized perspectives in favor of diverse artistic expressions, these exhibitions wanted to confirm migrations as a general principle and

explore their real and fictional possibilities, offered outside the scope still video installation, 2016, of the existing boundaries. They drifted between the excesses of modern society. They reflected on all those pursuits of better life that are continuously thwarted by bio/necropolitical measures, neocolonial- Made of This“, Are Dreams “Sweet Carlos Aires, ism, xenophobia, banishment of migrants… Today we are faced with a modern schizophrenia, with mobility and strivings for optimism and togetherness on the one hand and border control, refugees and ex- ranges from optimism to resignation. Elation and fatigue. In all this, clusion on the other. Border areas hence become the key points in the body truly is an instigator of change – it turns the arduous pushing both of the MMSU’s exhibitions. Border politics, border multiplication into a comic gag that sparks optimism. Yet, this endless repetition, and diversification in the present times are manifested through con- with plot that never thickens, reveals the fact that the attempt of es- stant redefinitions of border zones. Separations sometimes exist with- cape is actually thwarted. in a single city, as described in the works of Marianna Christofides and Rafael Puetter from “Black Disguises” exhibition. Puetter’s video WHO HAS A FREE PASS? installation “Rio de Janeiro, Illegal City” contrasts a scene of a gigan- By taking different approaches, from personalized and tic spectacle of the Olympics with a scene depicting everyday strug- poetic to documentary and critical ones, “Black Disguises” and “Escape” gle for basic human rights, such as free movement from one part of illustrate human failures to cope with situations of disturbed safety; the town to another and equal access to urban zones where risks have they depict a state of disorientation and hopelessness, but they also become something normal. Marianna Christofides’s video “Dies solis acknowledge people’s struggles to stretch the given boundaries and (Sundays in Nicosia)” also describes the life in a divided city, where make attempts for escape. Apart from the timelessness of the phe- social inequality also includes the national inequality, though with nomenon of migrations, the exhibitions highlight the age-long artistic less negative outcomes. Migrant workers (who mainly come to Cyprus preoccupation with the fragility of human relations and the excess of from Sri Lanka, the Philippines, India and Vietnam) in their Sunday insecurity and rejection evoked by this topic. They recognize the im- gatherings form their own social space, as a catalyst of change and agination and human resourcefulness in the creation of heterotopias act of resistance against social isolation. – parallel, imaginary and concrete counter-spaces – envisaged as Some of the works from “Escape” exhibition also deal temporary places outside of current spatial divisions4. with confusion caused by redefined borders. Combining the videos 4 Michel Foucault, „O drugim prosto- Humans react to danger in three ways: they either freeze, of the protagonist who stubbornly pushes imaginary barrier, art duo rima“, Peščanik.net., (August 31, escape or try to change the existing circumstances. Al- 2013), search the floor „Impression Nika Oblak and Primož Novak have created a temporal-spatial loop, data“, https://pescanik.net/o-dru- eksandar Garbin is among those trying to change things, where the repetition of movements suggests there are at least sever- gim-prostorima/ (September 12, 2019) with his persistent recreation of state borders. Garbin’s al possible interpretations of the work: we can see it as a need for works play with actual geopolitical borders, extracting breaking the physical and mental boundaries, and a belief that we cartographic items and reinterpreting them as mere projections: they can overcome every barrier, or as a sign that every attempt to change showcase them as inventions of colonialism which served the pur- something is futile. Feelings and interpretations offered by this work poses of conquests. Garbin, preoccupied with reversal of symbols and

I RISK 46 47 CHANGE markings, recombines ‘small’ and ‘big’ territories. In doing so, he mocks social and political statistics and delve into emotional and psycho- the politization of cartographic practices and undermines their cred- logical background of migrations. Sometimes the works are allegor- ibility. Instead of obsessing with interior and foreign demarcation ical, sometimes they are documentary, sometimes they have an au- lines, Garbin stresses the interdependence of ‘us’ and ‘them’. He takes tobiographical note and often they bring all these aspects together. us back to the principal issue – who has a free pass? Such is the work of Lana Čmajčanin. Her video installation “A Change Garbin’s work, and the works of other artists shown in Is Gonna Come II” depicts the sea as a common good. However, the this exhibition, represent models of reversing the figures and criteria contemplational vista of the Mediterranean is juxtaposed with a dis- that are taken for granted. These artists rely on ironic contrasting and turbing narrative spoken by a female first-person voice that directs reversals of meanings in order to capture our attention and fuel sus- our attention to an ominous image of the sea. The sea thus becomes picion against normalized values. an example of this is Carlos Aires’ the synonym for a carefully measured and controlled space, it be- video installation “Sweet Dreams Are Made of This”. Thematizing the comes a closed area that symbolizes the final journey for many: divisions between individuals representing specific social group, Aires “Everyone looks for happiness, but not every happiness is the same calls into question the usual distance between demonstrators and the / And everyone will die / But not every death is the same either / Not police, and at the same time he denounces the deeply rooted hierarchy every death is mourned.” In the video, migrants are shown as people of heterosexuals and those of ‘questionable’ sexual orientation. The who are on the run, trying to find a safe passage and a shelter, in video shows two disguised policemen, wearing protective riot gear, contrast to the depersonalized masses depicted in the media. And in each other’s arms, dancing. The disguised pair dances to the Eu- interesting example of how a picture of anonymous people forced rythmics’ lyrics: “Some of them want to use you / Some of them want into fleeing becomes a picture of an urgent and enormous problem to get used by you / Some of them want to abuse you / of the present immigrant policies is shown in Laurent Van Lancker’s Some of them want to be abused.” Aires ridicules, but 5 Gustav R. Hocke, Svijet kao labirint video installation “Limbo”. By alternating the sequences filmed dur- also dehumanizes power, giving it a humorous dimen- (Zagreb: AC, 1991), 190. ing the current migration crisis in refugee camp in Calais (the big sion. “A power that cannot ironize itself remains evil.”5 gate of the immigration flow coming from Africa), Lancker’s work Drawing from the experience of contradictory feelings paints the picture of disorientation and hopelessness caused by so- that arise from the contact with the Other, from reconciliation to ri- cial isolation and inhuman conditions of living ‘on the edge of hell’. valry and abhorrence, these exhibitions want to disturb the firmly Alluding to the lines of Dante’s “Divine Comedy”, this work positions established divisions of ‘ours’ and ‘yours’, and they pursuit diversifi- itself on the intersection of politics and poetry. Expressing more than cation, instead of binary arrangements. “Socially, reality is seen in a just pure facts, it actualizes hell as a serious possibility in the 21st standard, ‘schematic’ way (…) and thus loses complexity. It seems century, where contradictory phenomena such as denying people foreordained and fixed rather than a changing, ongoing process. Aes- the right to fulfill their basic needs on the one hand and searching thetically, reality is seen spontaneously and dialectically – as a prob- for life on another plant on the other, widens the gap between the lematic, disjointed, ongoing process full of tensions and disadvantaged and the privileged, the powerless and the powerful. contradictions, some resolved, some unresolved – 6 Donald Kuspit, Kraj umjetnosti, ed. One of the effects of irreconcilable differences among the classes of which opens the way to insight into it and the self-trans- Leila Topić (Zagreb: MSU, 2018), 21. the global society is the restricted access to labor market, illustrated formation and re-equilibration that come with insight.”6 by temporary art duo of Cristiano Berti and Can Sungu. Using the pieces found in an abandoned video store in San Salvario neighbor- TO BE ON THE RUN (HUMAN RIGHT) hood in Turin, the city that at the end of the 1980 hosted a large Ni- “Black Disguises” is specially interested in depicting gerian community that migrated to Italy, the authors embroider a the risks of finding one’s own way in the life full of insecurities. In story that bears testimony to these people’s quest for the social space addition, it pinpoints the perplexing system of control in the present that was denied to them. The fantasized stories about the Nigerian world and sheds light on the backdrop of legislative systems. Forced ’highlife’, which form the basis of the film industry known as Nolly- migrations, which indicate the (im)possibilities of crossing the given wood, represent dreams about the possibility of prosperity, but they boundaries and breaking the ground rules, represent the key subtop- also describe the strong bonds with the world they left behind to ics of this exhibition. It gathers the artworks that move away from seek their fortune.

I RISK 48 49 CHANGE Escape focused on different forms of fleeing – fleeing 8 Ibid., p. 440. often encounter the greatest obstacles in getting it.8 from danger, fleeing from threats, fleeing from reality. While the need Exclusion of people from a territory and the letter of to escape often carries a negative connotation, this exhibition takes the law is one of the oldest and most disturbing stories about human interest in escape as a proactive act, a mechanism of survival that race. Yet, the overwhelming need for creating social bonds outside manifests itself in two ways at least – as a lack of tolerance toward the of the territorial frames and national affiliation is equally strong, which current state of affairs, but also as a privilege that actually enables us is confirmed by Risk Change project. But since neither citizenship to flee. An act of escape is presented as an ephemeral practice based nor humanity are stable and fixed categories, how can we interpret on movement, which tends to go against the Law that mainly exists and apply them then? as a written word and as such remains open to whimsical interpretations and unjust implementations. An example of this is the work of WE’RE NOT LIKE THEM Polish artist based on London, Alicja Rogalska. Her video “What If as Following the topics of forced migrations and escape, If” was created in collaboration with immigrant lawyers residing in in the final episode of the project, “We’re Not Like Them”, we occupy Great Britain, who are joined by their occupation and their immigrant ourselves with the notion of stranger/foreigner and foreign spaces. status. The participants speak openly and personally about legal quan- We deal with prejudices with which we construct the picture about daries related to migration processes, unpredictable changes in law others, but we also address the question of how others see us. We and administrative boundaries which do not apply equally to every- also want to know which stereotypes about foreign spaces are still one. Law and justice appear in a contradictory light. The participants present today, and are there any new ones invented? On the intersec- are therefore trying to come up with different legal solutions for a tion of contemporary art, anthropology and social psychology, we better organized and safer society, irrespective of the existing borders. examine an unusual glossary containing the terminology of ‘the other’ Like in other works presented in “Escape”, such as those by Manon – a neighbor, a stranger, a newcomer. The relativity of concepts of Avram & Pierre Audouard, Nisrine Boukhari or Ibro Hasanović, this the Other and the dependence of these concepts on social and po- video shows a heterogeneous group trying to challenge the internal litical context form the basis of the fourth exhibition of Risk Change hierarchies of the European space, which clearly points to the need project. “We’re Not Like Them” recognizes the (black) humor note in for redefining the relations between Europe and its many exteriors. the perception of ‘us’ and ‘them’. The exhibition combines the aspects Both of the Risk Change exhibitions express distrust of a cultural study of stereotypes, a travelogue, a documentary fiction in human relations that in the height of the refugee about the figure of stranger in modern Europe and an artistic satire crisis show the dominance of the figure of the citizen 7 A detailed description of the issue on social landscape, with myths of superiority, colonial history, lust over that of the human.7 After World War 2 and the mass can be found in: Posthuman Glos- and obsession with purity as its main elements. Along with the doc- sary (Bloomsybury Academic, 2018), wave of migrations, Hannah Arendt described the par- 440 – 442. umentary materials, the exhibition gathers some twenty works, var- adox of human rights – those who most need protection ying from intimate confessions to allegorical and critical accounts, which have been created from the 1950s onwards. Instead of highlighting individual positions, “We’re Not Like Them” stresses the issue of the Other as a political issue based on privileges of the elite over the (outsider) minority, depending on who is in the position to talk. “If the bey was cheapskate, he wouldn’t be the bey”, as the old saying goes. Contrary to the modern proclamations about cultural diversity, in the troubled times of social changes, the perception of the Other often takes on a negative charge, which manifests in exclusion, repulsion, negation and the creation of a fictitious image of the main culprit. In economic stagnation and social insecurity, diversity and equality also begin to lose ground. In the newly formed, post-socialist countries and the western democracies alike, we see

Alicja Rogalska, “What If As If“, video, 2017, still 2017, “What If As If“, video, Alicja Rogalska, hostile attitudes towards the Other, attitudes that often exist in only

I RISK 50 51 CHANGE in shady simplifications of ‘us vs. them’. One of the works that investigates these symptoms is Ivana Keser’s jumbo poster which deals with hallucinatory phrases about “the cradles o civilization surrounded by barbarians”, highlighting them as myths about superiority of nation over others. The quotation appears in different languages, perpetuating the mythical question, “Who Was First?” (who came first to a territory, who came first in cultural achievements? …)

CARTOGRAPHY OF OTHERNESS Cartography is no longer based on literal divisions into ‘black’ and ‘white’, ‘the savage’ and ‘the civilized’ – today it is normalized with subtler means – but, regardless of its multicultural image, it still resides on negative conceptions and underestimations of the Other. Fearing from the inevitable global changes that shatter people’s Vangjush Vellahu, “Fragments I, Where Stories Cut Across Stories Cut Across I, Where “Fragments Vellahu, Vangjush identities, but also elevate those of status and national power, the still - 2018, the Land”, multichannel video installation, 2015 Other remains qualitatively different and under surveillance. Hence we are not surprised by question, “is being Albanian a sin?” posed by lines of exhibition “Peace, Humanity and Friendship Among Nations”, artist from Kosovo Driton Hajredini, to a catholic priest during a con- held in 1966 Slovenj Gradec with the support of the UN, which gath- fession (“The Sin”). ered the artists from the Non-Aligned Movement and the West, but it With the help of the mass media, the notion of ‘the reconstructs its utopian postulations about creating a better and other’ easily becomes the instrument of political management which more peaceful world by running diplomatic and cultural activities. At overestimates what is ‘ours’ and dehumanizes what is ‘theirs’. “You the same time, it shows how political categories invaded the field of shall not make for yourself a carved image”, says the ancient rule. Yet, art – media coverage and awards mostly went to the western authors. exaltation with the relationship between us and the Other is tempting, Half a century later, the world map looks completely different and the because it is unverifiable and full of lies and half-truths. Fiction that West is closing its door to its former ’fellow‘ countries. releases excess adrenaline, especially an emotionally colored fiction, is always more interesting than pure fact. In the past, myths of the INSTEAD OF LANGUAGE OF ASSERTION Other were mostly gathered in official decrees of rulers, cartographer Dealing with stereotypes about the Other, some of the practice and travelogues about exotic, underdeveloped foreign lands, works in this exhibition investigate linguistic constructions that still which is shown in the documentary materials of this exhibition (the exist in the form of oral tradition and folklore, and at the same time planisphere of Pierre Desceliers, film “Statues Also Die”, about the co- present language as the basis for defining the image of oneself. Driton lonial history and ethnographic museums, notes about Selmani’s installation “Two Jokes Make One Truth” uses documentary Rijeka written by foreign writers9). The power of today’s 9 Svein Mønneslan, Istra i Kvarner accounts, jokes and paraphrases about the Other that spark discomfort media and their influence on the categorization of even očima stranaca (Oslo: Sypresss but also release negative emotional charge. Based on wordplay and Vorlag, 2019) the most distant parts of the world is equally fascinat- absurd metaphors that reexamine national and cultural stereotypes, ing. Moreover, culture plays the role of an accomplice and using ironic humor as the essential element, it offers a way to sur- in undermining of the Other, which is depicted in the works of Lana pass the conflict of cultures. In the space between the attractive and Čmajčanin and Nika Autor. In art installation “Balkangreuel”, Čmajčanin the repulsive, the works from “We’re Not Like Them” seek to alter the reveals an elite graphic portfolio of the same name, created at the known perspectives. They see auto-censorship as the main mechanism beginning of the 20th century in Vienna. A pornographic content disin creating stereotypical assumptions. Therefore, in contrast to tradi- guised as artwork, “Balkangreuel” served as means of dehumanizing tional eulogies given in the honor of an active male traveler, warrior, the enemy – the Balkan brute – with a female body as an unknown conqueror, in the performative speech “Soundwords”, the main role is conquered territory. The installation by Nika Autor goes along the occupied by a woman, as an explorer and programmer in World War 2.

I RISK 52 53 CHANGE While investigating the fears provoked by the figure of While regressing towards the nether poles of the subconsciousness, stranger, the exhibited works ridicule the defensive mechanisms that with systems of thinking and belief rooted in strict polarizations we protect the desirable image of self. In some of the works, the figure find no transitional space where black and white can co-exist, there of stranger/outsider is ambiguous, blurry and slippery. For example, is no dialogue that you, as a good person, can have with your bad Gildo Bavčević’s video “021_123”, the city of Split triptych, shows how parts. (…) I am God and you are the Devil. I will project unto you and the local people assume the position of outsiders at the height of the assign to you all my imperfections, all aggressive and negative sen- tourist season. They take up this position on their own accord, in order sations in order to become perfect. May you live on as to secure themselves a better life. 10 Željka Matijašević, Crna limfa / a repository of all my daemons. And don’t die on me In the increased mobility and the omnipresence of me- zeleno srce. Alternativni leksikon and disappear because I need you. I depend on you, if duše, (Zagreb: Durieux, 2016), 16. dia and communication technologies, stereotypes – national, class, you didn’t know it.”10 gender and other – have the potential to change. Therefore, this exhibition illustrates them not just in their extreme polarities, but also in their inversions and modifications. They seem to disintegrate in indi- * a quotation from a workshop held as part of the cre- vidual instances, in cases of personal experiences and situations of ation of the Museum’s fanzine Beni (ed.: Tanja Blašković, people getting to know one another better. In “Renkonto”, Greek based Daria Morosin, MMSU, 2018) artist Fotini Gouseti’s shows her own wedding with her Macedonian partner, trying to surpass in this symbolic act the negative stereotypes and hostility between the neighboring countries. “Renkonto” also documents a series of collaborative artworks that mock the prejudice and expectations typical for human encounters, trying to change them by means of mixing the cultural codes and resisting the authoritarian national symbolism. In between contrasted descriptions of ‘us’ and ‘them’ – ‘advanced vs. backward’, ‘virtuous vs. ungodly’, ‘civilized vs. aggressive’ – with this exhibition will try to make fun of our own desire to be bigger, louder, more successful and more beautiful than we truly are. The stranger presents himself as a figure of rumor, delusion and paranoia of his own subconsciousness, often in a tragicomic reflection. “Blue Blood” by Mirna Kutleša, starts from the mentioned term, which first appeared in the 17th century among the Spanish aristocracy. The term picturesquely described the people who were spared from toiling and being in the sun, and thus had pale skin through which blood vessels could be made out. This was what separated them from the others. Kutleša’s drawing resembles the forms of roots, trees and veins and consequently indicate the obsession with noble family heritage. They contain words that associate with the term blue blood but are hidden. Still they can be read if one looks closely: royal lineage, degeneration, incest, paranoia, hemoglobin … What we see here is an amazing human affinity to making things up, finding the pseu- doscientific excuses for exclusion of the Other. This hide-and-seek game reveals itself to be the most popular one among the adults. Wrapped in rainbow colors it is nevertheless a schizoid trap – “We are not like them. In the words of an alternative lexicon of the soul: …

I RISK 54 55 CHANGE The etymology of the word, ‘other’ reveals so little of its hermeneutics. Cj Stephens Deriving from Greek allos means other, another, and is used in the Bible (Matthew 12:13) as both other of the same kind, and another kind, a foreign or strange kind. What this definition does not address A Psychological is how an idea of otherness moves from beyond its definition to the psychic space of fear, estrangement, and hierarchy. Without an origin to ground other to a particular position, alterity exists outside hegem- Journey into onic discourse. This research intends to perform a psychoanalytic journey into otherness so that we may relate the implications of foreignness, strangeness, and otherness to issues surrounding migra- Otherness tion, immigration, and refugeeism. The questions driving this journey are: What are the ways in which a psychoanalytically charged other (as and with others) affects contemporary issues of migrations, immigration, and refugeeism? How does otherness speak back to negative rhetoric through aesthetics? To approach these questions, I’m going to show that we do well to treat this journey in terms of two main points of entry: I posit that we must understand otherness from a psychoanalytic perspective as an entry point from within ourselves so that we may reveal how that internal psychic space interacts with external social and political spaces. I will also argue that aesthetics addresses issues of otherness understood as psychologically, phenomenologically, and hermeneutically appropriated. Aesthetic enterprises model ways of questioning how we see ourselves as and with others while emerging as experiences of tourism, escapism, and refugeeism.

WHAT ARE THE WAYS IN WHICH A PSYCHOANALYTICALLY CHARGED OTHER (AS AND WITH OTHERS) AFFECTS CONTEMPORARY ISSUES OF MIGRATIONS, IMMIGRATION, AND REFUGEES? We begin our psychoanalytic journey through the strangeness of ourselves with an overview of Freudian and Lacanian notions of the conscious (ego) and unconscious (id). The conscious mind is intentional and declares itself an ‘I’ yet we cannot say ‘I’ without recognizing a tension that exists with the unconscious mind, which resists the authority of that declared ‘I’. Without intention, the unconscious mind escapes apprehension to avoid being completely exhausted by the conscious, intentional mind. There is an illusion of stability in a conscious intentional subjective ‘I’, the unconscious means to disrupt that illusion so that we remain open to the possibil- “Psychoanalysis is then experienced as a journey into the strange- ities of a non-objectified self that cannot be explicitly determined. ness of the other and of oneself, toward an ethics of respect for the Freud (1989, 573) notes, “a gain in meaning is a perfectly justifiable irreconcilable.” JULIA KRISTEVA ground for going beyond the limits of direct experience.” We build

I RISK 56 57 CHANGE our knowledge of ourselves and the world through experience filled Foreignness is a symptom of the unconscious process, with so many aspects that we need to store or repress information a necessary psychic utility, allowing, for instance, the ‘I’ to receive its that we can access later. Freud (1989, 574) explains, “so that the great- ‘other’ as conjoined and useful. As Kristeva (1991, 170) writes, “we know er part of what we call conscious knowledge must, in any case, be that we are foreigners to ourselves, and it is with the help of that sole for considerable periods of time in a state of latency, that is to say, support that we can attempt to live with others.” Kristeva strives for a of being psychically unconscious.” What we repress remains uncon- different conceptualization of belonging together by identifying how scious, yet we only know of those repressed items after a transfor- otherness ties to language o an intra and inter-personal level. The lo- mation or translation takes place consciously. In other words, the calizing force of otherness evidenced and emphasized in national lan- unconscious itself can only be conceived and accessed in the light guages and cultures reiterates within the psychic process of otherness. of conscious intentionality. Kristeva (1991, 182) explains, “It is through unraveling transference –the Lacan extends this notion of the tension between the major dynamics of otherness, of love/hatred for the other, of the foreign conscious and unconscious with a focus on desire and language. component in our psyche –that, on the basis of the other, I become Accordingly, in Lacan’s theory, human subjectivity forms along three reconciled with my own otherness-foreignness, that I play on it and live stages that engage the self in different modes of otherness. The mir- by it.” Transference is the activity of othering, a process where the other ror stage begins the process of an imaginary image of a unified self. within needs an exterior other to reconcile differences. In “Elsewhere When we separate from the mother’s body, we intuit a split subjectiv- Within Here”, Trinh T. Minh-ha (2010, 868) writes, “I become me via an ity, which brings forth a desire to other the world to alleviate the oth- other. Depending on who is looking, the exotic is the other, or it is I.” ering of ourselves. This desire becomes the drive for navigating the Moreover, Freud (1989, 195) even noted that “being for- realms of language, images, meaning, and vision. Next, the Language eign, belonging to an ’other,‘ must be explained by a mental life attrib- stage begins the process of the symbolic order, which offers language uted to this other person.” The implications of understanding other- acquisition, including images, and the comprehension of its mean- ness within, directly relate to how we view and behave with others. ings. Through this mode, we learn to relate to others with language, The reverse is also true: having contact with others allows us to have meaning, and images. Given the distance created between language a better understanding of the strange and foreign within ourselves. and perception, the world around us and others seem already deter- As a result, Kristeva (1991, 182) asks the question, “Will mined. Because of this distance, this stage, as well as the mirror stage, it allow them to put up with one another as irreducible because they are experienced as somewhat alienating. The third stage, the Real, is are desiring, desirable, mortal, and death-bearing?” Luce Irigaray insists where we begin the process of accepting the alienation of the two on this type of questioning that allows for modulation of relations with previous stages. Not real in the actual sense, “the real is that which the other. Her interest in otherness embraces “a new ontology, a new always lies behind the automation” (Lacan 1973, 54). This stage affects ethics, and a new politics, in which the other is recognized as other and us in our conscious and unconscious by pointing to the experience not as the same” (Irigaray 1985, 19). What she and Kristeva share, is a of rupture between consciousness and perception. Much like lan- desire to bring light to the differences between others, both internal guage, the structure of the unconscious mind allows us to accept our and external. That is ethically speaking; we have an obligation to treat divided self as incomplete in the same way we experience the distance ourselves and others with respect in differentiation, not sameness. in meanings within the structure of language. The question of otherness concerning contemporary Adding to Freud’s theory of the unconscious and Lacan’s issues of migration, immigration, and refugeeism, is entangled with hermeneutically extended notions of desire and language, Julia Kris- complex psychic processes and depends very much on how we teva’s involvement with strangeness draws a direct link from the psy- recognize otherness within ourselves and through others we meet. chic space within ourselves to the external spaces of social and po- At borders between towns, states, and countries there exists migra- litical otherings. In “Strangers to Ourselves” we read, “How could one tions of many kinds. Attitudes toward strangers will have much to do tolerate a foreigner if one did not know one was a stranger to oneself?” with the national language that we most associate, as it embeds itself (Kristeva 1991, 182). What we gain is an essential understanding of in the symbolic language of the unconscious. With migrations and otherness as foreignness because this process allows us to accept refugeeism on the rise, it is essential to understand how psychic pro- others as foreigners. cesses affect our attitude and behavior towards otherness.

I RISK 58 59 CHANGE HOW DOES OTHERNESS SPEAK BACK TO NEGATIVE RHETORIC Selmani’s plastic bag advertises the isolation and oth- THROUGH AESTHETICS? ering of a particular nation by what it lacks. In this sense, this ob- Artistic practices emerge as foreign yet familiar expe- ject represents what aesthetics confronts on many levels simultane- riences of otherness. Because artists explore with a free imagination, ously. If we hermeneutically apply psychoanalysis to Selmani’s work, they seem to have unique access to the unconscious apparatus of we are immediately challenged by the symbolic both in image and the mind. Though this research does not intend to prove such a claim, language. The question of how we see ourselves as and with others we shall approach these issues as we look into an intertextual project emerges in this simple found and altered object. As well, the physical that speaks back to negative political rhetoric towards migrations, form of the plastic bag becomes part of an irreducible encounter immigrations, and refugeeism. with an everyday object. Beyond the everyday, it also points to an In his 2019 work, “Ice Cream” artist Driton Selmani of- excess. Excess in this instance is also ironic in that it carries nothing, fers an ordinary plastic bag. With an ironic spin, this plastic bag has yet its emptiness is symbolic of the temporal linguistic void in the a green image of a landmass outlined in black, drawn on it. Inside that formation of nationality. We can see how Selmani’s aesthetic enter- landmass, there is red text that reads, “BOLI ME KURAC STO MAD- prise models ways of questioning how we see ourselves as and with JARSKA NEMA MORE,” which translates in English as, “IT PAINS ME others, and how that speaks back to negative rhetoric through irony. THAT HUNGARY HAS NO SEA.” Selmani’s green landmass of Hungary Another provocation towards subverting the negative stands by itself, untouched by its neighbors, Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, rhetoric of otherness comes from a multi-media drawing from the Risk Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. Outlining this land-locked Change exhibition called, “Escape” from 2017. The artist, Roos van shape has the double effect of looking at once like a graphic compa- Haften offers, “Splendid Isolation”. This greyscale drawing of an ny logo, and also like an island surrounded by water. ephemeral landscape consists of a blank sky, a textural mountain range Psychoanalytically this piece confronts isolation within as the horizon, and in the foreground, we view a projection screen that an individual country and pits it against what it lacks, a harbor. Its is blank. A very dark hole in the ground looks as though the isolated borders are so connected with other borders, lacking a sea is like say- figure may have just come from within. There is a greyscale chart ing it lacks the freedom of escape. drawn in the left corner, and two pieces of black paper collaged to just The plastic bag as a container, al- right of the center that could be the head and arm of a person swim- beit a temporary one, if it contains ming, the isolated figure. Attached to the wall at the base of this draw- ice cream as the title suggests, ing, a hinged piece of glass reflects the light and projects it down alludes to the psychic space of the beneath the drawing. This glass creates an ocean of light particle unconscious. The container holds movements in a rectangle the same dimensions of the drawing. These what it later expells and is tem- formal elements add to what feels like a strange dream. porary and transitory yet deeply This piece disrupts the illusion of stability by emulating integral to an ensuing event. It the experience of rupture between consciousness and perception. also presents as empty, so again What one perceives in this piece are formal elements that relate on a ironically, Selmani employs the phenomenological level. The elements of line shape and isolated mo- symbolic order of language to re- ments show movements and repetitions occurring without intention- veal the contents of an event both ality. A metaphorical ocean of light swims on the wall and even cross- to-come and as passed (desire). es the borders created by the glass. The dream-like quality of this The curious tension between the drawing elicits the unconscious as dreams dwell in that other-self. rhetoric of emptiness stressed in With intimacy and exteriority, one experiences an interior exploration political/national language and of escape from a black hole that centers the drawing with its crisp the temporality of a container, or edges. There are veiled pieces of a transparent paper collaged on one what contains meaning, is antag- section of this drawing that hides nothing yet exposes a temporality. onistic in this work. Once the escape takes place, on what ground will there be to stand? Will a system obliterate the foreigner? These questions inspire not Driton Selmani, “Two Jokes Make One Truth – Ice cream”, installation, 2019 – Ice cream”, One Truth Make Jokes Driton Selmani, “Two

I RISK 60 61 CHANGE actual answers but prove the desire for more. Aesthetics creates the space for challenging oneself and the otherness that escapes from within from time to time, in hopes of finding another, a stranger to reconcile differences. As Kristeva (1991, 2) points out, “The modifica- tion in the status of foreigners that is imperative today, leads one to reflect on our ability to accept new modalities of otherness.” Understanding otherness both as an unconscious event or process within ourselves is one step towards reconciliation with ‘the other’. Another step towards accepting the foreigner within is through contact with others, which brings forth a call to language. Language provides both the bridge and the gap between othernesses. Rather than merely meeting others, greeting othernesses, modi- fication is more likely to occur through the Kristevean (Toril Moi, 1986, 37) definition of intertextuality: “a mosaic of quotations; any text is the absorption and transformation of another. The notion of intertextuality replaces that of intersubjectivity, and poetic language is read as at least double.” Introduced into literary theory by Bakhtin, inter- detail installation, 2017, Isolation“, Haften, “Splendid van Roos textuality has grown beyond the literary realm into our physical space to include all of aesthetics and technologies. The Risk Change project illuminates intertextual ap- make bonds with its people through a particular way of living a com- proaches towards attitudes, experiences, and psychic involvement munal life that fills in the symbolic emptiness of that shared imaginary with otherness and migrations. Through a process of intertextualiza- solidarity. Much like the way language symbolizes thought and mean- tion, the project emulates the Kristevean view that otherness and ing through acts of speaking or writing, the distance between those foreignness are possibilities for change, movement, and flow. This acts and how we perceive them results with estrangement. It is im- project erases the boundaries between imagination and reality, which portant to acquire a positive language for this feeling of strangeness is an otherness, as such. From the May 2019 Risk Change blog we as that which embodies difference. Kristeva (1991, 1) writes, “The read, “on the intersection of contemporary art, anthropology and foreigner comes in when the consciousness of my difference arises, social psychology, we examine an unusual glossary containing the and he disappears when we all acknowledge ourselves as foreigners, terminology of ‘the other’ –a neighbor, a stranger, a newcomer.” With unamenable to bonds and communities.” the intent to confront issues and problems of contemporaneous mi- To summarize and conclude this psychoanalytic jour- grations, Risk Change is successful in its intertextual approach. The ney into otherness, we look back toward the distance traveled. The open call for participation for the exhibition, “We’re Not Like Them” psychic space of fear, desire, estrangement, and hierarchy exists in includes the work of thirteen contemporary artists providing inter- all of us through our conscious and unconscious tensions. We desire textual evidence of othernesses in confrontation as and with each stability in a split-self that equally desires autonomy. The language other: “Contrary to the modern proclamations about cultural diversity, we become most accustomed to is apt to carry the weight of those in times of turbulent social changes, the perception of tensions on a national scale, and one must be aware to what extent ‘the other’ often takes on a negative charge, which man- 1 https://riskchangeproject. that stability is an illusion. According to Lacan, there was never a ifests in exclusion, repulsion, negation and the creation wordpress.com stage of development in which we as subjects felt secure in the real- of a fictive image of the main culprit.”1 ity of the split-self, and that estranged feeling promotes a desire for Is a nation the main culprit of propagating stereotypes more determination on the one hand and freedom through autonomy about foreign spaces, peoples, and migrations? Is language the on the other. main culprit? Both exist in the imaginary and symbolic realms of Otherness is strange, foreign, and yet freeing, as Kristeva the unconscious, so perhaps the unintentional id is the culprit. Nations (1991, 117) writes, “but how can one be free without some sort of utopia,

I RISK 62 63 CHANGE some sort of strangeness? Let us, therefore, be of nowhere, but without forgetting that we are somewhere.” Aesthetics and intertextual practices are both positive and engaging ways to confront issues of otherness surrounding the current epoch of migration, and we can facilitate the strangers we meet by welcoming the differences that we share in otherness. In Trinh T. Minh-ha’s experience of exile, she writes: “Journeying across generations and cultures, tale telling excels in its powers of adaptation and germination; while with exile and migration, traveling expanded in time and space becomes dizzyingly complex in its repercussive effects. Both are subject to the haz- ards of displacement, interaction, and translation. Both, 2 Trinh T. Minh-ha, Elsewhere Within however, have the potential to widen the horizon of Here (Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition 2010), 607 one’s imagination and to shift the frontiers of reality and fantasy, or of Here and There.”2

BIBLIOGRAPHY — Gay, Peter. 1989. The Freud Reader. Yale University — Irigaray, Luce. 1985. This Sex Which is Not One. Cornell University Press — Kristeva, Julia. 1991. Strangers to Ourselves. Columbia University Press — Lacan, Jacques. 1977. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho- Analysis. W. W. Norton and Company — Minh-ha, Trinh T. 2010. Elsewhere Within Here. Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition — Moi, Toril. 1986. The Kristeva Reader. Columbia University Press — https://riskchangeproject. wordpress.com

I RISK 64 65 CHANGE As we noted in the text on which this paper is based, “Winter Recep- Marijana Hameršak & Iva Pleše tion and Transit Center in the Republic of Croatia: An Ethnographic View of the Slavonski Brod Refugee Camp” published in 2017 in the journal Narodna umjetnost (54/1: 101-127), our research, conducted Notes on in the Slavonski Brod refugee camp, which opened in November 2015 on the Balkan corridor, was simultaneously characterized by methodological reductionism, but also methodological pluralism. Actual- Ethnographic ly, in the context of the camp, certain ethnographic methods were reduced to their contours, but, upon taking a step away or their combination with other methods, they opened and created multiple door- Research in the ways to the research field. Moreover, our research, which took place between January and April 2016, had many traits of investigative work, evident not only in techniques of the scanning of inaccessible spac- Winter Reception es and external observation, but also in networking with those who shared our interest in the reconstruction of events in the camp. In an environment where so many things were hidden or unavailable to us and Transit Center for various reasons, we were forced continually to uncover basic manifestations of the world we were studying, which in some other contexts are readily available without major difficulty to researchers. This in the Republic of is why we could not focus our research attention on interpretations, personal views and the perspectives of others, i.e., the level that ethnography is primarily concerned with. We had to base our conclusions Croatia on insights that were partial, sparse and often mediated, as the only ones available to us in the camp environment. Still, continued fieldwork based on a diversified ethnographic methodology created, together with an openness to problematization and reconsideration, a specific perspective which, we believe, despite its limitations, opened up different points of view in relation to the dominant understanding of what had in Croatia been too easily reduced to the common de- nominator of the refugee crisis. When we were writing about the camp we wondered how to avoid the normalization generated by scholarly language and apparatus, i.e. how do we, at least to some extent, preserve the gravity of what we witnessed? In this paper we leave the framework of that apparatus and rely on the form of ethnographic notes, in the present tense, fragmented, unfinished, and present some of the research methods and procedures we tested and insisted on during our research in the camp, and that we view as important for our understanding of the camp itself and what took place inside it. During our research, the camp, a place established for a transit of people, became a place of confinement and detention, which, as we tried to show, influenced our research methods in a specific way.

I RISK 66 67 CHANGE CAMP ENTRANCE CONTROLS AT THE CAMP ENTRANCE

Access to the camp in Slavonski Brod is possible only after prior approval Volunteers and camp employees access the camp through the central road and multiple verifications from the Ministry of the Interior. On 7 December entrance where, in the vicinity of the building used as police and camp head- 2015, the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research in Zagreb formally quarters, there is a container where accreditation cards are checked and requests permission from the Ministry for a group of researchers, of which X-ray and metal detection inspections are performed. From February 2016, we are a part, to be granted “entry, movement and research in the Reception when the camp becomes less of a transit site and more a place of forced Center in Slavonski Brod.” The application is basically approved on the same confinement, arrests and ad hoc detentions as a consequence of profiling, day, but it was six weeks later when the Ministry formally asked for our names, the container is the place where written records of entry and exit of volun- personal identification numbers and photographs for the purpose of issuance teers and employees are kept. The same procedure is employed after early of accreditation cards. March, when trains stopped arriving to the camp, and we are denied access to people kept in the detention sectors. From 18 March 2016, when the camp manager granted all organizations access to those sectors, organizations on site had to provide names of already accredited employees/volunteers, who, in addition to being registered upon entering the camp, are also registered when entering particular sectors, not only by the officials of the Ministry of the Interior, but also by the Croatian Red Cross.

CAMP LOCATION AUTOMATED DIVISION OF LABOUR

The camp is located in the industrial zone, on the Efforts to minimise contact between refugees and vol- grounds of a former refinery, outside the main urban unteers are evident from the camp’s organizational road networks and beyond the reach of public trans- features, primarily the fragmentation of space, divided port. It is surrounded by natural and man-made obsta- into sectors for refugees, storage units, administrative cles, a river and a fence. Even when taking into con- and volunteer headquarters and the like, as well as sideration the railway line – which seemed like a direct from the strictly mapped circular route that the refu- connection to its surroundings – the camp is, in fact, gees in transit are supposed to take inside the camp. isolated. The railway line in the camp ends in a dead- A special type of activity, and a separate group of vol- end siding, and only trains carrying refugees under unteers or employees who conduct it, is envisaged for police escort travel there. In conversation with our each point on the circular route: assistance with dis- interlocutors (interviews, spokespeople) we are told: embarking the train, inspection of items and personal information, i.e. registration, distribution of clothes, “People do not see the migrants at all. They are simply footwear and food, assistance with boarding the train, in passing here, they leave by train, nobody, I do not etc. Fragmentation and automatization of activities, know if anybody has ever seen them, and then said: whereby each individual dealt with one segment in the yes, I did see them. Perhaps someone saw the train entire process, creates an impression of working on a with the migrants, but that is nothing special. […] [The conveyor belt. The only place envisioned for volunteers railway line], you could say, goes through the town, it from non-governmental organizations to interact with actually goes through the town, but there is no con- refugees during transit is the distribution tent, howev- tact with people, really. […] so that this is, really ideal, er, given its function of the rapid distribution of clothes convenient.” and footwear, it is not envisaged as a place for any other interaction besides that of supply and demand.

I RISK 68 69 CHANGE INACCESSIBLE CAMP SPACES

The camp’s interior is crisscrossed with many physical, visible and invisible borders that separate accessible from inaccessible areas. The accessibility of certain parts of the camp to volunteers, employees and others depends on which group they belong to and, particularly in the case of larger organizations, on the functions they perform in the organization. In January 2016, shortly before our first research visit to the camp, we hear that there are ’guarded areas’ in the camp, which include areas ’from registration to the infamous sector‘ where refugees who are forbidden further travel, either temporarily or permanently, are being detained (profiling). With the permission to conduct research in the camp, we are not given any instructions regarding access to certain parts of the camp, or regarding the use audio-visual equipment, etc. The volunteer field guide of Fences, ZPTC RH, Slavonski Brod, 1 March 2016 2016 1 March Brod, RH, Slavonski ZPTC Fences, the Welcome! Initiative (Inicijativa Dobrodošli!) says that its volunteers have no access to the ‘pre-registration section.’ However, based on the volunteering experience of one of us in the camp in November 2015, we know that, like most volunteers and employees of humanitarian and similar organizations, we are not granted access to the registration tents or inside the train. With the exception of restrictions in the field guide, and signs forbidding photography and video recording (not applied to the media and others who CIRCULAR ROUTE are periodically allowed to make recordings, accompanied by police), which over time became more numerous and explicit, we learn about other restric- The refugees arrive to the camp by train and follow tions in the camp gradually, by word of mouth (interiorization of prohibitions). verbal instructions given via megaphone as well as In early February, as we are leaving the sector that we used to verbal or nonverbal signals from the police officers regularly visit during a chance encounter with one of the Red Cross volun- and volunteers, rare signs, and circular route formed teers we are given an instruction: “You may enter sector 5 only accompanied by entries, exits, fences and places where police of- by Red Cross volunteers, and you are not allowed to enter sector 3 under ficers stand. Refugees move through the camp in this any circumstances.” Prohibition on accessing parts of the camp to which way, imitating each other in a repeated pattern. The those who are not allowed to travel further, as a result of profilation, are circular route starts when they disembark the train, continually restricted, were transmitted verbally and informally for weeks. continues as they pass through the registration and They were officially formulated only in mid-February. In the Notes from the distribution tents with possible stoppages, for exam- Coordination Meeting of the NGO/INGO/IO in the Winter Transit Reception ple in the tent for mothers and babies, or at a kiosk. Center in Slavonski Brod of 8 February 2016, it says: Then it continues via the access road to the station and ends with boarding the train. There is constant “CRC [Croatian Red Cross] is allowed to enter sector 3 by the call police supervision, as the police direct and form of the Police, and no other organization can enter the sector 3. If the micro movements within the camp, while at some anyone tries to enter the sector 3, he will be processed by the points they have a very visible role, for example at an Police.” access road to the platform, where they sometimes briefly stop people to form single or double lines as methods of crowd control.

I RISK 70 71 CHANGE PROFILING

From mid-November 2015 until the corridor closed, in countries along the corridor the police implemented selection and discrimination measures, which prevented some of the refugees from travelling further west.

I RISK 72 73 CHANGE TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS, SUBSEQUENTLY PROHIBITED, SANCTIONED

We are taking photographs of the camp from outside the fence, with no clear signs around prohibiting photography. A police officer on patrol in that area demands to see our ID cards and we are taken to see the camp manager. The police officer does not take us inside the building, but we remain standing in front of the building in his company and in front of people who happen to be there, while several higher-ranking police officers address us from the upper floor window. We delete the photographs at the request of one of them, and are dismissed with the following words: Slavonski Brod, 1 March 2016 2016 1 March Brod, Slavonski

Sound from the platform, ZPTC RH, ZPTC the platform, Sound from “This is the first and last time. Do it one more time and you will lose your accreditation.”

AUDIO RECORDING, OVERT

Experimentation with note-taking methods that in the Croatian context might be considered somewhat alternative, and guided by our interest to reach different dimensions of the camp, we use a sound-recording device to overt- ly record sounds in the camp, particularly the first several minutes of the arrival and departure of the train, i.e. the beginning and end of refugee movement through the camp.

AUDIO RECORDING, COVERT

In mid-March, in the weeks preceding the camp’s closure, while several hundred persons are still detained in the camp, one of us switches on a sound-re- corder hidden in a jacket pocket and records distressing sounds: the nearly hour-long screams and shouts of a young man who is resisting the collective transfer of “single men” from one detention sector to another. Although we have previously not been faced with an explicit or implicit prohibition of sound recording inside the camp (interiorization of prohibitions), and although we have indeed been making overt voice recordings on other occasions (audio recording, overt), we did not consider overt recording to be a viable option under these circumstances, which is somewhat related to a previous research situation (taking photographs, subsequently prohibited, sanctioned).

I RISK 74 75 CHANGE Registration tents, ZPTC RH, Slavonski Brod, 1 March 2016 2016 1 March Brod, RH, Slavonski tents, ZPTC Registration

RAPID SCANNING, OBSERVATIONAL RAPID SCANNING, PARTICIPATORY

During a tour of the camp organized for the Minister of the Interior, we are We are granted rare ad hoc permission to enter railway carriages, affording led through the registration tent, which is not operational at that time. Given us an opportunity for rapid participatory scanning that differs from obser- the great speed with which the Minister and his entourage go through the vational scanning in terms of its potential for ethnographic insight: unlike camp, it is impossible to get a good look inside the tent. So, rather than using the protocolary ‘visit’ to the registration tent, which on that occasion is re- the technique of longer unobstructed observation and trying to notice details duced to a mere stage set, our short visits to the railway carriages generate from a specific research perspective, we could only apply techniques of strong impressions and significantly impact our understanding of the camp rapid scanning of the area, which literally lasted only a few seconds, the time and the transit of refugees. The image of the overcrowded carriage, com- it took the Minister to walk through the tent. pletely blocked with people, still being ‘loaded’ with twice or nearly twice as many passengers than is standard in regular transport, for us becomes a visual synecdoche for the policy of dehumanized efficient transit.

I RISK 76 77 CHANGE EXTERNAL OBSERVATION

Sometimes, albeit rarely, entrances to some registration tents are left open during registration procedures, which makes their interiors and what is happening inside relatively available to us as external observers. It is evident from our fieldnotes how limited our insight is in that kind of research situation:

The registration tent is open (the tent flap is up) and you can see inside, but the sunlight is so strong that I cannot see very well; a Slavonski Brod, 1 March 2016 2016 1 March Brod, Slavonski In a registration tent, ZPTC RH, tent, ZPTC In a registration police officer exited the tent, he has a mask on, there is a wheel- chair inside; I can see a woman holding a child close to her and sitting in a chair in front of a desk (I cannot see the police officer INTERIORIZATION OF PROHIBITIONS on the other side of the desk who is interrogating her, because my view is obstructed), several police officers are walking around the Although looking towards the tent and zooming in are tent, I can see a Red Cross uniform. not prohibited, in those extremely rare situations when the tent is open or when we are recording, we perceive the prohibition as if it did or could exist. Similarly, even though the orally transmitted prohibition of entering registration tents does not specify if it is related only to periods during registration or if it is otherwise forbidden to enter tents, we perceive it as constant, and the few times we did enter the tent it was exclusively under police escort or with their permission. The un- written nature of the rules and prohibitions carries a considerable dose of uncertainty as to what is allowed, and what is not. On the other hand, it enables the transgression of certain boundaries that would have been difficult to cross, had the restrictions been written. For example, the platform for the arrivals and departures of the trains, which is separated from the rest of the camp with a fence with a clear border sign visible to everyone in the camp, is the place of minor but con- EXTERNAL OBSERVATION, RECORDING INCLUDED stant disagreements. Every so often, volunteers from certain organizations would cross that border, for in- With prior approval and escorted by a police officer, we take photographs in stance when delivering blankets to people who were the camp and record the arrival and departure of the train with refugees. We sometimes spending hours waiting for departure try using zoom lenses to take photos of spaces that were otherwise inacces- aboard the cold train in the middle of winter. After this sible to us, for example, the area in front of the entrance to the registration practice is repeated, authorities responsible for hu- tents, and also of persons who are detained in one sector of the camp that manitarian support in the camp issue a prohibition we had no access to. For instance, using zoom lenses from a distance we against approaching the platform. For a while the vol- manage to photograph detained refugees as they, escorted by police, briefly unteers would abide by the rule only to go to the plat- leave the sector and go to a nearby kiosk inside the camp. form again at some point, which could be characterized as a moment of small rebellion against camp rules.

I RISK 78 79 CHANGE INTERVIEWS, SPOKESPERSONS INTERVIEWS, UNREALIZED, WITH VOLUNTEERS

We conduct recorded interviews in the camp only with persons in official An agitated and angry reaction from a manager of one of the organizations, positions, generally of high rank or uniquely connected with the functioning upon discovering that a lower-level employee of that organization spoke to of the camp: with employees of the police, Croatian Red Cross, army, health the researchers, is indicative of the relationship of management structures and other services in the camp. These interviews are meant to familiarize us towards the possibility of unsupervised, or unapproved transfers of informa- with management visions of the camp, i.e. those segments of the camp that tion and attitudes of the people working in the camp. Just as the camp is are not available to us on an experiential level. Interviews are not preceded replete with visible and invisible borders, it is replete with visible and invis- by getting to know our interlocutors, or building a relationship with them. ible ’gatekeepers.‘ Just as the borders impede access to certain areas and Therefore, the interviews themselves do not have a pronounced personal ethnographic observation, so the gatekeepers, one way or another, explic- stance, that is, they do not have some of the characteristics that are com- itly or implicitly, impede access to people and free interviewing. monly associated with an ethnographic interview. Given that, as far as the management of the camp is concerned, our participatory position is absent and observational insights are reduced to a minimum; we would not even call these interviews ethnographic, in the narrow sense of the term. What most clearly defines us as researchers in the camp, and what we personally see as a conformation of our role as such to the management structures, has much less ethnographic value for us in comparison to other methods that we use. In line with our interlocutors’ roles in the camp, and their general status as official representatives of their institutions, their positions voiced in the interviews had a spokesperson-like quality to varying degrees. Some of them hold the official function of spokespersons, while others implicitly present themselves as spokespersons for their institutions or the entire camp, even as spokespersons for Croatia (thank you Croatia). We do not contradict our interlocutors, we avoid certain sub-questions and move on to other topics when fractures start to appear in the almost perfect depiction of the camp in Slavonski Brod and the Croatian version of refugee reception, even when we know that what had been said does not coincide with reality. On the one hand, as researchers in the camp we have relatively unobstructed access to the environment of the humanitarian, and to some extent, security prole- tariat and precariat (volunteers, translators, police officers, etc.), but we are not allowed to document their statements in recorded form. On the other hand, the entire security and humanitarian management of the camp is largely outside our observational purview, however access to documenting the institutionally verified statements from that sector is essentially easy. There- fore, it could be said that in our case the permission to conduct research in the camp was in fact permission to enter the camp, but not to freely access all its spaces and structures.

I RISK 80 81 CHANGE INTERVIEWS, UNREALIZED, WITH REFUGEES, IN TRANSIT AND DETENTION

In order to make transit as quick and efficient as possible, contact between THANK YOU, CROATIA refugees and volunteers is limited, even during the short period of several hours when the refugees pass through the camp. This kind of transit organ- One of our interlocutors in the camp points out: ization means that there is very little space for ethnographic research aimed at refugees’ thoughts and experiences based on in-depth interviews as a “In every group that arrives here in the camp all you basic technique of its ’collection.‘ In-depth interviews could have possibly can hear is the following: Thank you, Croatia, thank you been conducted with refugees in detention sectors when we are given for the love, support, help, and so on. […] Croatia, a access to them several weeks before the camp closed in April 2016. Howev- small country with a small number of inhabitants com- er, we do not conduct interviews even then for a series of interrelated rea- pared to other countries, but with people who are warm sons, many of which are applicable also to the period of transit: our inability and willing to help.” to clearly present our role as researchers, the extreme disbalance of power between researchers and ‘the researched,’ our lack of knowledge of languag- By contrast, rather than “Thank you, Croatia,” in the es relevant for such research (Arabic, Persian, etc.), our unwillingness to camp we hear the following more than once: devote the short amount of time we are allowed to spend in detention sectors to recording verbal accounts, and the fear of inflicting secondary trauma on “We are not animals. the refugees and the likely devastating consequences this might have for Why do you treat us like that?” them in their present environment. Had we, despite everything, decided to conduct in-depth interviews, we believe we would not have recorded them primarily because of the danger of exposing detained persons who might have participated in recorded interviews, and especially because of potential unauthorized insight into the interviews.

In the camp we witness people being pushed, shout- ing, stopping people for no apparent reason or making them move faster, the separation of families or groups travelling together, forceful, sometimes confinement for several hours on the train prior to departure, over- crowding of railway carriages, not providing assistance to half-frozen people in the cold train awaiting departure, withholding information, verbal insults that are still insults regardless of the fact that persons who are insulted cannot understand them.

I RISK 82 83 CHANGE COMMUNICATION EXCHANGE, NONVERBAL-VERBAL, WITH REFUGEES, IN TRANSIT

Large concentrations of multilingual speakers encourage not only foreign language communication but also total or partial nonverbal communication. Our pointing to someone’s luggage rather than, (or with) a spoken offer of assistance in carrying things, pointing in the direction of the train, pointing to body parts in order to refer to clothing items or footwear that someone might need are only some of the examples of communication during transit; whereby the nonverbal component literally dominated over the verbal. A good indication of the great the potential for nonverbal communication is demonstrated in our conversation with an elderly man from Afghanistan. While he is waiting for a translator in front of a container in the temporary accommodation sector, behind the fence that separates us, he shares his frustration with us about the fact that he is detained in the camp, as well as his experience from his refugee journey. Our interlocutor ’tells us‘ – speaking in a language we do not understand, but could catch in a few words (like Junan for Greece, for example), using his hands to point at the fence in front of him, the camp area and the policeman guarding him, and by scrolling through photographs and video clips on his mobile phone – about the fact that he lived for a while with his family in Greece, in the apartment of a Greek doctor and his family, that he was a guest there, that he could move freely there. Contrary to that, here he is confined, not allowed to move even around the camp which itself is closed off from the outer world. His travel/refugee

Arrival, ZPTC RH, Slavonski Brod, 1 March 2016 1 March Brod, RH, Slavonski ZPTC Arrival, diary (mobile phone with photographs and video recordings, to which he eventually adds the photographs he took of us, after gesturing for permission), helps him convey, with considerable effort, what he wants to say to us despite the language barrier. Departure, ZPTC RH, Slavonski Brod, 1 March 2016 1 March Brod, RH, Slavonski ZPTC Departure,

I RISK 84 85 CHANGE COMMUNICATION EXCHANGES, VERBAL-NONVERBAL, WITH REFUGEES, IN TRANSIT

Given the radically reduced possibilities of extensive contact with refugees in transit, our communication primarily consists of short spontaneous verbal exchanges. These include many short conversations in English (at most a few minutes long), or a combination of English and nonverbal signs with some Persian and Arabic words, conducted during the brief walk to the platform or at some point along the way or on the platform itself, during which we exchange basic information about where they are travelling from and to, with whom and for how long, the procedure in the camp, their next country and stop along the way, time needed to get there, etc. We write some of these ‘exchanges’, such as the following, in our fieldnotes:

I am carrying a bag for mom (Iraq) (she is young) – her English is poor but enough to get by, she is holding her son by the hand, he is ill, he was running a fever last night, her husband has been in Fieldnotes, ZPTC RH, Slavonski Brod, 18 March 2016 2016 18 March Brod, RH, Slavonski ZPTC Fieldnotes, Germany since September. I ask if they saw a doctor, no, train, train (as if they told her that), I tell her she can stay here until the next train, she says – her family is with her I say – family too can stay no, no, the boy (3–4 years old) walking next to her, I come closer, he looks as if he’s staring into blank space. On the way to the platform she asks me several times if I think she will be able to get to her husband? I hope so I hope so. COMMUNICATION EXCHANGES, VERBAL-NONVERBAL, WITH REFUGEES, IN DETENTION This difficult and chaotic verbal interaction is recorded chaotically after- wards, as a multilingual transcript of dialogue clips combining narration, When we, and others in the camp, are given access to detention sectors for direct and indirect speech. As such, rather than impeding understanding several hours a day during the detention period, our communication patterns upon subsequent reading, at least to some extent it revives not only the with refugees change: in comparison to transit period, we communicate with chaos but also the gravity of the event it represents. a much narrower circle of interlocutors, and the communication itself, in terms of content and form, becomes more complex. At first it consists of short conversations boiled down to an informational level about options for leaving the camp; later we mostly speak about ’everyday topics‘. These conversations take place on the go, on a gravel plateau in front of the tents and containers, but also in exceptional circumstances ‘as guests’, when we are invited for a chat in some of the containers or when people make room for us on one of the benches in the sector. Although our conversations are still mostly fragmented and based on specific, mixed verbal and nonverbal exchanges, both multilingual and in a foreign language, they are generally not singular occurrences. Several words exchanged during one visit to the sector are generally built upon during the next visit, while one interlocutor or a group of interlocutors lead to other interlocutors and bring about new ac- quaintances that would continue even after the camp’s closure.

I RISK 86 87 CHANGE REMOTE COMMUNICATION, WITH VOLUNTEERS IN THE CAMP REMOTE COMMUNICATION, WITH REFUGEES, IN DETENTION

We are part of various online communication platforms in the camp, includ- We are in contact with detained refugees during the detention period even ing group communication via mobile applications used to exchange largely when we are not physically present in the camp. This kind of communication logistics information. These very short communication exchanges for the becomes a component part of our research. In some situations, it has pro- most part, become relevant research material only later, primarily in terms nounced participatory elements, for instance, during the period when refu- of the chronology of events and time spent in the field. We transcribe only gees are being transferred to the Centre for Asylum Seekers in Zagreb or the a few of them into our fieldnotes, for example: “a police officer struck an Detention Centre in Ježevo, i.e. period immediately before the camp closed. elderly man, it was reported on WhatsApp.” In an environment replete with contradictory information, the messages we exchange with persons detained in the camp who are facing the uncertainty of being transferred, are aimed at transmitting information (however partial), which was difficult to come by in the camp at that time. REMOTE COMMUNICATION, WITH ACTIVISTS OUTSIDE THE CAMP

We maintain contact with volunteers and activists outside the camp, some of whom we know personally, with others known only through social networks. We place particular emphasis on communication through social networks, email or mobile phone applications exclusively in the final detention phase of the camp. During that phase, one of us joins an online group established for the purpose of sharing information about the isolation and detention of persons in the Slavonski Brod camp, which includes people who had never visited that camp, but had relevant information and knowledge about other camps, legal regulations, or are in contact with persons who are currently, or had been recently detained in a camp. Of the many messages exchanged in these groups most are informative and operational in nature, however they are valuable for our understanding of the conditions of refugee camp detention. 9 May 2016 2016 9 May Bulletin board of Welcome Initiative, Initiative, of Welcome Bulletin board

I RISK 88 89 CHANGE II

II RISK 90 91 CHANGE ALONG THE TOWARDS ROADS OF SPATIAL MULTI CULTUR DETACH ALISM MENT

II RISK 92 93 CHANGE OF

CLAUS TRO PHOBIA MODERN CITIES

II RISK 94 95 CHANGE Is Rijeka a multicultural and open city, and are Rijekans tolerant and Barbara Matejčić & Drago Župarić-Iljić ready to welcome foreigners, minorities, migrants and refugees into their communities? Is Rijeka a city that accepts, hosts, and integrates those who decide to relocate there and stay for a short time, an extend- Rijeka as a ed period, or for life? As a city with a strong immigrant tradition, what kind of a place is Rijeka to live, in the eyes of not only its immigrant population, but also its returnees, those born in Rijeka who ventured Multicultural City: out into the world, then decided to return later in life? These are only some of the general questions we tried to answer through research conducted within the Risk Change project Research Results in late 2016 and early 2017, as part of the broader project “Rijeka 2020 – European Capital of Culture.” For the purposes of this project, we conducted desk and field research on the topic of migration, specifically from the Project immigration, with the themes of inclusion and the integration of immigrants into Croatian society and Rijeka as the city that our interlocutors chose to live in, as well as the topic of the interaction between different Risk Change social groups of native and immigrant populations in the community they now call home. What do foreigners, that is, the immigrants who moved to the city and its environs in different historical and personal stages of life with various plans about staying and integration, see as the comparative advantages of Rijeka? What drawbacks and challenges of life in Rijeka do they encounter and how they deal with them?

WHY RIJEKA? In the first part of our research we tried to learn more about the legislative and institutional framework of immigration and integration policy and practice in the context of Croatian society and of Rijeka. In the second part, field research was conducted through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 63 interlocutors in Rijeka, specifically, those who had moved to Rijeka for any reason from the 1940s until today, as well as natives of Rijeka who had spent parts of their life outside of Croatia but eventually returned to Rijeka. The project’s purpose was to examine and elucidate the relationship between the immigrant and local population with regards to the integration of ethnic and cultural diversity, a process related to modern processes of migration, as well as the ever-challenging and cumber- some process of integration itself. An additional research goal was to build networks and connections between all population segments and to strive for integration of all forms of diversity associated with the “When in a ferocious storm, strangers are wrecked, ravaged, on-going social and cultural changes of the twenty-first century. broken, battered and rumbled by the sea my city’s quiet port We achieved an adequate representative sample of always awaits you, to provide shelter, a tranquil harbour.” research participants by selecting specifically targeted categories of RADOJKA ŠVERKO, “A Song for Rijeka” interlocutors, using the principle of availability for the purpose of this

II RISK 96 97 CHANGE research. We contacted them through personal and intermediary contacts, using the ’snowball‘ method. Thus, our sample included people with different life and migration stories related to their reasons for moving to Rijeka to settle either temporarily or permanently, or those who had their reasons for returning to the city. Interviews were conducted in the form of narrative biographical storytelling, (the shortest of which lasted about half an hour and the longest more than four), which were then transcribed and analysed according to grouped themes. Interlocutors were comprised of 39 men and 24 women, two thirds of whom were in mid-life (41 years and older). It is interesting that they said they belonged to 22 nationalities in total, and spoke 18 different languages. Disproportionately represented in the sample were highly educated people, as 36 of them had university degrees, with more than half of our interlocutors being actively employed at the time the research was conducted. The primary reason for immigrating to Rijeka for the majority of our interlocutors (26 of them) was economic, i.e. they were labourers who had migrated to Rijeka mainly from the Former Yugoslavia, starting from the 1940s onwards to work in shipyards, tourism and the construction and hospitality industries. (“Rijeka had the highest employment rate, such as, for example, in the 3. Maj Ship- yard. That’s where the majority worked.”). Three of our interlocutors said they were transient (seasonal or circular) workers who tempo- Mate Ugrin, Interview with Oumar Alaji, video, 17’ 13’’, 2017 17’ 13’’, with Oumar Alaji, video, Interview Mate Ugrin, rarily but frequently stayed in Rijeka for work. Some of our male and female interlocutors (18 of them) are members of so-called migrant families who came with their parents or joined their spouses, then after having resolved their housing issues, stayed and lived together in Rijeka as permanent immigrants (“Dad’s job was such that he could choose any city that he wanted to go to, but mom was very ill and was recommended a change of climate, which meant going to warmer regions. This is why we moved […] to Rijeka.”). Some of our interlocutors who are members of migrant families are also newer immigrants who recently moved to Rijeka for love, marriage to Croatian citizens or to foreigners, and who are only Four of them came to Rijeka because of the need for pro- beginning to adapt to life in the ‘city that flows’. tection and safety, as refugees from the wars in the 1990s or as refugees Six of them moved to Rijeka from abroad for education today from the Middle East, people with asylum status or with subsidiary and study, for example our interlocutor from Syria who wanted to study protection. One interlocutor who fled Banja Luka as a child with her par- abroad and in 1971 came to study mechanical engineering in Rijeka: ents in 1995 at the end of the war explained why they chose Rijeka: “Well, “[…] a lot of students came from the Arab world. That is, from Syria, because of work […], many of our people went to Germany and we were Sudan, the majority from Iraq who won scholarships, two hundred of thinking maybe Germany, but my father said ‘Let’s first see what it’s like them, they studied here, graduated from university […], they came in Rijeka.’ […] That favourable position, they somehow thought they would from Sudan […] also because of a contract that existed between the find their way there. […] My father found work as a dock worker as soon 3. Maj Shipyard and Sudan, the shipyard was building ships for Sudan.” as he arrived, which is how he managed to rent an apartment for us.”

II RISK 98 99 CHANGE Three were diaspora returnees, natives of Rijeka who “openness and hospitality of people” and “their own intention to stay returned as young adults. We planned but were not able to interview permanently.” Therefore, members of the older generation, who had returnees who moved back to Rijeka in their retirement. One of our already spent their entire career and most of their lives in Rijeka, point interlocutors said that she moved to Rijeka because of the comfort- out the main advantages of Rijeka, for example its position, i.e. the able Mediterranean climate, while the two others came back for “other sea and climate, and the mentality and character of local people, reasons” that we were asked not to specify. mostly with regards to their openness. Several spoke to that fact: “What I like the most here is the geographic position, which I think is THE CITY’S HOSPITALITY AND THE QUESTION OF STAYING some form of openness”; “No one is bothered by who or what you As we were summarizing the results of our research we are, and you yourself are not bothered by it”; “What I love the most is noticed that the majority of our interlocutors said they were totally that it is a city-port located by the sea”; “People here don’t know how ready and willing to integrate into life in the city. At the same time, one to vote for nationalists.” third of the interlocutors thought that despite their good will, the local and even immigrant society that had received them were actually not MULTICULTURALISM IN PRACTICE committed enough to helping them achieve that goal (“Rijeka is defi- In view of these parameters, it seems that Rijeka has nitely not lively or open. If you have a lobby, it will be open, and if not (always) been a multicultural city with a century-old tradition of be- […], then it will not be open.”). We also found it necessary to take into longing to different historical and territorial units, one that is accus- consideration the moment of immigration, social and cultural affinity, tomed to the co-existence of various ethnic, cultural, linguistic and and the factor of longevity in terms of those living in Rijeka. Therefore, religious communities. Likewise, the rich cultural and artistic tradition, it did not surprise us that those who feel most integrated and who (both official/institutional, and as seen on the streets seen during express the least amount of scepticism towards the engagement of holidays and festivals) with its strong current of alternative culture local population in assisting with integration, are those who have stemming from its urban, maritime and industrial identity, i.e. a city worked and lived in Rijeka the longest; traditionally they are the work- of rock and punk music, made Rijeka an interesting, vivid experiment ers from the Former Yugoslavia who migrated at a time when jobs were in diversity – of lifestyles, worldviews, freedom and (inter)action. How- aplenty and the immigrant workforce was desired and sought after ever, as one of the interlocutors said: “Rijeka is actually living off of (“Rijeka used to be Yugoslavia in miniature”). Some specifically em- former glory, and in the meantime, realistically, nothing significantly phasised the role of migrant networks that they availed themselves of new was done to justify the city’s continued self-proclamation to be when they first moved there, or that their relatives and friends used the queen of an alternative, even left-wing scene.” Multiculturalism when they migrated to Rijeka for work: “Because Rijeka is a port city, as an inherited condition, a given, does not necessarily also imply an it was somehow considered that all were welcome, that one would be active political relationship and interaction that can be called multicul- able to find work here, and be accepted. A lot of our cousins, who had tural or intercultural in today’s terms. It is as though multiculturalism no connection to Rijeka, came precisely for that reason.” is an ideal and value that has to constantly be re-examined, built to- Given their history of immigration, most of our inter- gether and protected, and not taken for granted, resting on its own locutors (though not all of them) are fully integrated into the labour laurels. One of the interlocutors described Rijeka as a “rather homog- market and broader social and cultural spheres to the degree of com- enous environment where certain ethnicities and particular commu- plete naturalization and citizenship, having entered into mixed mar- nities have, it seems to me, greater rights than in some other environ- riages with the local population. A few of them even went to war, ments […], but that is not enough.” which they emphasize with pride and perhaps as an expression of More critical reflections came from those who were loyalty to the country and the city where they chose to live. A case perceived in Rijeka as a distinct visible minority, those who are only in point is an interlocutor who moved to Rijeka from Russia in 1974: differentially involved in urban life, most often in the sphere of labour, “It was funny when she called me […] to talk about those migrations while being frequently or occasionally excluded from broader social […], I completely forgot that I am an immigrant.” and cultural currents (“I did not have many unpleasant experiences, Our interlocutors named three factors they felt con- but people sometimes say things like ‘Your father is a Shqiptar.’”). tributed the most to their integration in Rijeka: “job opportunities,” Sometimes the solution to basic existential questions is problematic,

II RISK 100 101 CHANGE like the example of this interlocutor: “When life became more serious, in a profession you were educated for […] demands that you sort of after I got married, had a child who needed to start kindergarten, when join a clan that will not let go of you easily. In other words, my expe- you need something, and have to move from the ghetto […], then you rience of present-day Rijeka is that it is, de facto, a very closed city see things are not moving, you have to tear down not barriers but walls, for newcomers, where one can only become part of the structure if terribly high walls. Particularly if you have to rent an apartment, they you are part of certain clan stories. Prevalent here, actually, is the refuse to accept you. […] To live as a tenant and be a Roma, with chil- culture of nepotism, that is perhaps not as visible at first glance and dren, there was no chance. I could not find anything.” not as explicit, as in a father hiring his own son, but interest groups However, other interlocutors, who did not necessarily will hire those who are similar to them.” belong to a minority, also encountered existential or professional barriers: “Contrary to the myth of the city that people move to, Rijeka is PERSPECTIVE FOR A GOOD LIFE increasingly becoming a city from which people depart. Because of Those who moved to Rijeka relatively recently or in the their dissatisfaction with the fact that they cannot find an existential past decade, some for work or to attend university, others for love anchor here. Simply put, what occurred here is a form of elitism… and family or often a combination of the two, are more critical of Actually, the structures closed. The permeance and possibility to work Rijeka as the city that has mostly inherited the condition of multiculturalism, that is or could supposedly be the “port of diversity.” Inter- views were frequently conducted in English with these interlocutors, because of their poor knowledge of Croatian. Their critical views were more frequent, especially if the interlocutors expressed more dissatisfaction with institutional blockades they encountered when coming into contact with, for example, the Croatian bureaucracy (“institutions are distrustful, inert and inhospitable”), and it is not surprising that “simplification of bureaucratic procedures” surrounding questions of status is one of the perceived factors that would facilitate integration (“they are not even capable of providing the correct information about what kind of documents I need, which of them have to be certified, which translated […] I did not know who to turn to… Ministry of the Interior, health, retirement insurance, tax administration, nobody knows anything!”). Speaking the language of the area to which one migrates is, of course, a precondition for any integration, so the “provision of quality language courses” was recognized as one of the main requirements. One third of the interlocutors (especially “new immigrants”) think that the society receiv- ing them is not sufficiently committed to that, because there are no integration policies or programs of social inclusion and they often feel left to their own devices. The main advantages of Rijeka they say are the sea, the Mate Ugrin, Interview with Daniele Romeo, video, 19’ 44’’, 2017 44’’, 19’ video, with Daniele Romeo, Interview Mate Ugrin, climate (though they occasionally complain, at times with a dose of humour, about the famous rain), the transit position, slower rhythm, cultural and tourist offering, the carnival, the fact that the “city is more humane and civilized,” “life is simpler, you can find agreement on anything, the standard is not high, but people are normal.” At the same time, they see the city’s stagnation as its main disadvantage, because they perceive that Rijeka is not developing its infrastructure, industry,

II RISK 102 103 CHANGE tourism and culture: “I dislike the fact it has been stagnating for the past 10 years. Rijeka is not progressing in any sense […], everyone can feel a disinterest in people […], some kind of lethargy for years. Nothing is happening, or succeeding, there are less cultural events. Simply, no significant shift is visible anywhere.” Entrepreneurial pros- pects, also considerably impeded by the complicated administration encountered, are likewise estimated to be poorer than in other European cities. Interestingly, more recent immigrants from western and eastern European countries experience the local population as “more closed” and “more passive,” with an impression that a “collective lack of self-confidence” is felt in the city. Still, some find Rijeka to be “a multicultural city […] because of the co-existence of different cultures, religions, lifestyles.” Therefore, according to the answers of our interlocutors, it seems that with every new program fostering cultural diversity Rijeka remembers and actively cultivates its own multiculturalism by referring to its past heritage, while at the same time actively defining it for the future. Nevertheless, there is definitely space for critical reflection alongside this revalorization of its own experience, and for more active engagement in terms of community involvement in the creation of new cultural content. Consequently, through new forms of interaction between fellow citizens, facilitated by cultural practices, this multiculturalism could be more actively developed and em- braced. Only then, as the lyrics from the beginning of this text say, would Rijeka be not only a ‘quiet port’, a shelter for strangers, but also a true port of diversity for locals, newcomers and transients, a goals that the project Rijeka 2020 – European Capital of Culture can aspire to.

II RISK 104 105 CHANGE At the beginning of 2017, within the framework of the exhibition Irena Bekić & Duga Mavrinac “Between There and There: Anatomy of Temporary Migrations” held at the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Rijeka, we assem- bled the works of ten artists that were created over the past two dec- Temporary ades in response to the curators’ calls for participation, or as artistic examinations of migrant positions. These works combined different aspects of the phenomenon of temporary migration that we explored Migrations: in the eponymous project, and with which we outlined the anatomy of the case. The narration was initially based on the migrants’ simul- taneous use of two addresses, their invisibility in public discourse and Migrant (Self) the transformational potential of temporary migration as distinctive determinants of the said phenomenon. We later expanded on the problem by referring to social phenomena such as prevailing and representations intensive mobility, precarity and new forms of communication aided by technological progress, their social and cultural consequences and potential representation. and Artistic It is important to point out here that the exhibition (as well as the project) was the result of curatorial cooperation and collaboration between the fields of cultural anthropology and art. Reasons Strategies of for this communion derived from the tendency of both disciplines to be critically positioned against hegemonic structures, either in the political system or the hierarchy of local communities, and their infiltration Subjectivization of the spaces of these invisible, subordinate and marginalized groups (cf. Bekić and Mavrinac, 2017). In our quest for close proximity and active and dynamic roles within the scope of our own activities, the discovery of new methods, postulates and metaphors for considerations of mo- dernity occurred by overlapping and intertwining artistic 1 We wrote about sources of our methods of appropriation and methods of cultural anthro- collaboration, as well as the exhi- pological inquiry into possible representations. In this way bition, on the leaflet and in the text on the exhibition in “Biti/postojati we tried to point out possible spaces for negotiation with- između tamo i tamo; toposi privre- in dominant structures. The subsequent exhibition creat- menih migracija” u izložbi ‘Između ed space for a potentially liminal interdisciplinary field tamo i tamo; anatomija privremenih migracija,’” Život umjetnosti 101(2): frayed by the interferences of two professions to appear, 100-113, therefore certain points of while curatorial discourse emphasized and added sup- the here expressed opinions and themes coincide with aforesaid port to meanings and contexts of liminality immanent to texts. the theme, artistic positions and strategies undertaken.1 On the basis of four works from the exhibition, we will present the phenomena described in this introduction as well as their multiple manifestations. We will consider them primarily through an anthropological perspective on the temporary migrant experience, but also through artistic strategies regarding the subjectivization of migrants whose modalities and forms will be described in more detail in the text that follows.

II RISK 106 107 CHANGE CONDITIONED FLEXIBILITY AND PLACES OF RESISTANCE resent their public perception in Romania: “Romanian Woman With a One of the basic characteristics of modern temporary Degree in Forensics Denied Overnight Stay in a Hotel in the United migrations is the powerful intersection of personal and professional Kingdom Because They Thought She Was a Prostitute. ‘I Was Extremely identities, personal time and work time and living and working con- Embarrassed.” Thus, the artists emphasize and problematize the ubiq- ditions. This intersection is the result of contemporary economies in uity of gender mainstreaming and ethnicization of work that condemns European societies that, according to Mojca Pajnik, produce the “con- and pigeonholes Romanian women to work in the service sector. ditioned lives” of migrants (Pajnik, 2011). The confirmation and cause As opposed to the above-mentioned stereotyping of of this flexibility is found in the ‘precarity’ of the workplace, a domi- work, we find a potential site of resistance in the daily practices of nant term in contemporary theoretical and public discourse. Specif- migrants, their imagination and communication, which also have ically, work was transformed and became increasingly immaterial, become mobile. Specifically, the development of telecommunication relational, affective and intellectual as opposed to the hegemony of systems affects the redefinition and compression of space and time production typical for the Fordist model (Chicchi and Leonardi, 2011). in the experience of temporary migration and inspires the main- At the same time, creativity, innovation, emotion and originality cre- tenance of transnational relationships (Vertovec, 2002:4). Mobile ate an added value required for systemic reproduction. Transforma- phones, computers and accompanying applications enable the vir- tions in the labour market in the new millennium, including that of tual and imaginary mobility of workers because they personalize migrant labour, demand an absolute physical, emotional and person- migrant networks, build new forms of social, cultural, familial, gender al commitment from the worker, whereupon his knowledge and life and generational relationships, foster the rapid exchange of informa- (bios) become key characteristics that constitute contemporary tion and create an imaginary parallel presence in migrant and home bio-capitalism (Fumagalli, 2011). An example of the embodiment of environments (Hannam, Sheller, Urry, 2006:5). Social capital itself, this transformation of the labour market is surely evidenced in the strengthened in this way, becomes one of the key elements in the position of paid female domestic workers, who are almost always activation of new strategies of survival and mobility because, as migrants. Their work consists of a series of material services such as Lončar warns in the case of Croatian female migrant workers in cleaning, washing, cooking, dressing, etc. but also immaterial servic- Munich (Lončar, 2013), it is difficult to survive in migrant contexts es such as providing emotional attention, patience, understanding, without networking. Accordingly, social capital also embodies and affection, etc. Italian anthropologists Grilli and Mugnaini call this type reproduces economic strategies that penetrate broader social and of working and related living conditions a “symbiotic life” (Grilli and experiential tissue, and these non-economic relationships become Mugnaini, 2009), and the non-existent boundary between work-time crucial for economic success as well (Procoli, 2004:6). Certainly, new and rest-time indicates an intersection and intertwining of the private communication technologies, social relationships and everyday mi- and professional which inevitably leads to an interference and control grant practices collectively redefine spatial mobility thus demanding of the former over the latter. that the body, as a key element in accepting the materiality of mobil- With conditioned flexibility and precarity, migrant ex- ity, must be positioned in the centre of analysis. Namely, the physical perience and practices are totally dependent on the architecture of body that is moving by bus or train, materially connecting ‘two ad- power in daily life, because mobility is not a resource equally available dresses,’ is moving also as an affective body. It feels space and move- to all (Skeggs and Morley in Hannam, Sheller, Urry, 2006:3). Therefore, ment and constructs new emotional geographies, such as transna- who migrates, when, where and in what way depends on economic, tional parenting, maintenance of intimacy, familiarity and affection in gender, and social relationships as well as other forces, by which, in spite of distance and so forth (Crouch and Bondi et al. in Hannam, opposition to the thesis on the freedom of movement and flexibility Sheller, Urry, 2006:14). For example, in the work of Božena Končić as a choice, the typology of work and employment that is possible in Badurina and Duga Mavrinac entitled “Will Do, Will Do… But, How” the migrant context are conditioned. that we will discuss further in this text, it was written in the fictitious This idea is clearly illustrated in the work “About Home diary of domestic workers who cared for the elderly and infirm in and Being Away: Fridge Notes” by the Romanian art collective h.arta Italy as follows “twice daily, in the morning and afternoon, she makes group in which the artists juxtapose personal, often emancipatory Turkish coffee. She cannot stand the taste or the smell of espresso. stories of female migrant workers with newspaper headlines that rep- Which is why she takes to Italy, each time, at least half a kilo of ground

II RISK 108 109 CHANGE coffee for making Turkish coffee. She also carries several cartons of work abroad as care givers for the elderly and the infirm, nannies, cigarettes.” An almost ritual act of making Turkish coffee is a site of house keepers, posted workers, but also artists who, as workers in the resistance, in the sense of redefining the sensory dimension of work- cultural sector, according to some studies (Toplak Kristina, 2018) are space by evoking with the smell of coffee the atmosphere of home. exposed to increased pressure to accept the ideology of mobility as This quote illustrates the possibilities by which we arrive at the redef- an experiential and social capital crucial in the activation and securing inition of body and home, because proximity and connectivity can be of economic and symbolic recognition. imagined in completely new ways (Hannam, Sheller, Urry, 2006:2). In We wanted to include these perspectives in the exhi- contrast, however, new forms and practices of connectivity coincide bition, and talk about the strategies of being and coping of temporary with the intrinsic rupture of the migrant condition, that Sayad calls migrants from Croatia, Romania and Bosnia and Herzegovina in cir- “double absence,” a rupture that is constantly (re)opened, thereby cular migration flows towards Italy, Slovenia, Spain and Germany. creating altered structures of external and internal worlds, leading to Conversations about these themes in the context of an exhibition a continual redefinition of one’s relationship to physical and social inevitably include discussions of the artistic strategies that transmit surroundings (Sayad, 2011). According to the Algerian sociologist, them, because the channels selected in the process of subjectiviza- this rupture also entails a continuous feeling of guilt in those who are tion of the marginalised and whether it actually occurs, are not all the absent, in that each act of immigration always contains its reverse: same. Namely, the point is not to convey an image or to express com- emigration, whose justification is always open to question, for example, passion, but to structurally change the occupying relationships. In as a potential betrayal, abandonment or escape. Migrant and artistic other words, occupation of a certain space, or some other configu- representational strategies become crucial in that process, which we ration, implies transformation, that is to say, a change of the existing will discuss in the next section. social relational and spatial constellation, thereby opening up a space for alternative meaning. SOCIAL CONTEXT AND ARTISTIC STRATEGIES OF SUBJECTIVIZATION Furthermore, we started the narrative construction of OF TEMPORARY MIGRANTS the exhibition from the assumption that the process of subjectivi- Mobility, at a basic level, denotes the movement of peo- zation of marginalized groups is a key aspect of the redefinition of ple, goods and services locally and across the globe, is surely one of society. In so doing, the provided artistic and non-artistic strategies the key signifiers of the 21st century, and a dominant discourse that are based on performative actions: inscribing the body into public creates its own effects and contexts (Hannam, Sheller, Urry, 2006). space and an articulation of other forms of the subject’s materiality, Freedom of movement within the European Union, motivated by the such as the grammatical person, language or voice. We used the very desire to find work in the common labour market, with the pursuit of notion of performativity in line with authors who, like Michel Foucault a different lifestyle or possibilities of advancement for highly qualified or Judith Butler, appropriated it from Austin’s linguistic tradition. workers, is in principle ensured as the fundamental right of movement According to them, performative actions are neither representational of goods, services, capital and people. It is clearly an ideological and nor referential; in other words, there is no inherent essence or stable symbolic foundation of the political discourse of the European Union, identity that they are supposed to express (Butler, 2000). On the which is often identified with mobility (Toplak Cirila, 2018:17). The contrary, they produce identity as their meaning, by which they progress and articulation of that movement, interpreted as a resource, change structural relationships and trigger the process of subjectiv- but also as an ideological discourse and propagandist slogan, lacks ization. In the context of temporary migrations, inscribing/perform- the requisite underlying basic socio-economic political regulations ing the migrant body in public space signified a move outside the influencing the economic, social and cultural life of member states default space of otherness, i.e. that of marginalized migrant men and and demands reorganization of their institutions in the process of women, which opened a possibility to examine and redefine previ- creation of the so-called “networked society” (Hannam, Sheller, Urry, ously established relationships and boundaries. This move was not 2006:2). This stems our desire to call attention to the frequently ne- only symbolic. It entails a change also in the self-perception of mi- glected sector of contemporary migrants, more precisely, the tem- grant men and women; their figure becomes publicly visible and can porary or the so-called circular migrants who activate successive and also be recognized as an unstable, flexible, singular and active iden- manifold migration cycles. The latter are primarily persons who find tity. Such an identity participates in the construction and redefinition

II RISK 110 111 CHANGE about their personal status (limited labour rights, dependence on employers for work visas, poor living conditions, separation from families and discrimination) were installed in city light boxes in the busi- est locations in the centre of Ljubljana, positioning the migrant question as a political issue. Unlike Andreja Kulunčić, who established a political dialogue in dominant public space, Veda Popovici in her work “Migrant Monument” performed an auto-poetic symbolic gesture. By installing a memorial plaque dedicated to those “who cross the border (…), travel, work, love and suffer far from home and their loved ones” at the international bus station in Bucharest, a location representing daily migrant movements, Popovici’s act empowered a self-representational narration. This is also about the subversion of public rhetoric, in that a memorial plaque is a form of public sculpture used by the hegem-

Dejan Dragosavac – Ruta, photo: Dejan Habicht – Ruta, Dejan Dragosavac onic apparatus to map a particular historical and cultural construct, emphasizing its key positions, and defined supposedly by consensus.

“Bosnians Out! Workers Without Frontiers“, on site project for the for on site project Frontiers“, Without “Bosnians Out! Workers By appropriating the procedure of commemoration, including offi- Andreja Kulunčić, co-authors: Ibrahim Čurić, Said Mujić, Osman Pezić, Osman Pezić, Said Mujić, Čurić, Ibrahim co-authors: Kulunčić, Andreja exhibition “Museum in the Street“, MG MSUM Ljubljana, 2008, design: Ljubljana, 2008, MG MSUM “Museum in the Street“, exhibition cially revealing the plaque, Popovici created a new space of public memory and common emotion, but also a space of legitimation and of the contexts in which they participate in their life and work prac- acceptance of the significant presence of migrant movement in Ro- tices. We will attempt to elaborate on the aforementioned with exam- manian daily life. In some causal alignment and political discourse ples of works by Andreja Kulunčić, Veda Popovici and Božena Končić that would accept the fact of emigration and migrant transition through Badurina and Duga Mavrinac. the country, such a monument would represent a necessary com- The selected works re-examine the active potentials of memorative gesture. Ultimately, the artist introduces confusion into temporary migrants and problematize their social position in public our understanding of the dominant national narrative that is mediat- spaces in different ways. For example, in the work “Bosnians Out! ed by memorial configurations. Workers without Frontiers”, when Andreja Kulunčić tries to position the problematic nature of migrant work as a problem of social policies and legislation, and not only individual relationships towards foreigners, she applies the marketing strategies of advertising in urban space and uses the rhetoric of an advertisement: a first-person narrative and an imperative mood. This work was created for the exhibition “Museum in the Streets” in the Modern Gallery, Ljubljana in 2008, during the renovation of the museum building. In her response to the call for an exhibition addressing the theme of the urban margins, Andreja Kulunčić recognized that it was precisely migrant workers

who can be found at the furthest edges of society. She invited three 2014 Bucharest, construction workers from Bosnia, Osman Pezić, Said Mujić and Ibrahim Čurić, who were working on a temporary basis on the museum building’s reconstruction, and asked Museum authorities to sign a contract with them as co-authors and thus created a work about the position

of migrant workers in Slovenia. The final product was a public cam- Monument“, public intervention, “Migrant’s Popovici, Veda paign. Posters with photographs of workers and their statements

II RISK 112 113 CHANGE Migrant self-perception is defined by their public image, and flyers with addresses that the care workers could seek out should but it will be, as we previously mentioned, altered somewhat when they require assistance and protection. The diary, created after a joint the migrant body is moved into visible public space. However, as the field trip, is a notebook with sketches of everyday activities, living and h.arta group clearly cautions in their work, migrant self-perception working spaces and the practices of domestic care workers. These that is defined by their public image is always laden with political moving and witty notes are bursting with care, concern, thriftiness, and symbolic violence (Foucault, 2011). From media headlines like obedience, and daily inventions as zones of resistance. Printed in large “Romanian Minister Labelled Wives of Romanian Workers Abroad as quantities, they were intended to be distributed to visitors and then Loose Women, and Their Children Hooligans” or “Left to Their Own circulated further, beyond the control of the authors. By discussing Devices, Children of Romanian Migrants Find Ways to Succeed on the issue of the commodification of care, welfare and emotional work, Their Own” the moral condemnation of the female migrant labourer this artwork contextualized the contemporary phenomenon of infor- is clearly visible and the absence of mothers is emphasized. Her effort mal paid domestic work. It also questioned the legal regulations gov- to ensure her family’s financial security and build transnational par- erning this and the related absence of legal protection for female enting is completely neglected and neutralized. These examples of workers, pointing out that Croatia has still not ratified Convention C189. media stereotyping of migrants, which characterize them as either The works analysed herein demonstrate sacrifice, in- victims or criminals, point to the continued homogenization of the security, resourcefulness, adaptability, flexibility and resistance as migrant population. Ultimately, this is a political act that negates their value system strongholds that drive and maintain circular migration. particularity, and also reduces them to an almost amorphous, and So, the care worker ‘notes’ in her imaginary diary that “…she did not sometimes also a potentially dangerous, mass. cry for here nor there. She knew she had to go. Money was needed, The performative works of Andreja Kulunčić and Veda and she said to herself: If others can do it, so can I!” A construction Popovici created in the streets are present in the Museum as docu- worker from Bosnia and Herzegovina, who displayed the marginali- mentation, which recreates the relationships established in the zation of his own life and work on a poster in Ljubljana’s public space streets. In contrast, the collaborative work of anthropologist Duga said: “I’ve been living in Slovenia for a long time, I changed many Mavrinac and artist Božena Končić Badurina “Will Do, homes (meaning single-person household, n. I. B. and D. M.), but Will Do… But, How?!”, created on the basis of the au- 2 The International Labour Organiza- I have yet to find a single home worthy of a man, not an animal.” The thors’ joint field research and that previously conduct- tion’s (ILO) Convention C189 was posters also show the refined apartment interiors that the workers adopted in June 2011, with partici- ed by the anthropologist, is materialized as an ambient pation of government representa- built, juxtaposing them with images of their reduced standard of installation, devised so that one segment – a notebook, tives and employers, and a long- daily life. The grammar of the image refers to advertising, and the as a semi-fictitious collective diary of female narrators standing active participation of do- imperative sentence “Bosnians Out!” that might suggest the desired mestic workers themselves and their – is returned to the space of non-artistic daily life after representatives. The document was outcome. We should bear in mind that the workers themselves au- it passes through the gallery. After their field research the result of a long overdue need thored the posters, therefore we are dealing with a dual subversion: for formal recognition and evalua- involving female domestic care workers who, burdened tion of the specific nature and posi- in relation to the medium and in relation to the social constellation by ambivalent emotions because of their departure and tion of domestic workers; it clearly in which they live. Auto-irony here proved to be a powerful tool of absence, leave Croatia to go work in Italy, Končić defines basic measures of protec- the subordinated, which by boldly penetrating dominant space, tion of workers, protects their right Badurina and Mavrinac reconstructed their symbolic to privacy and right to form a union, exposed its patterns. We should also add that the local authorities home and semi-fictitious diary in the Museum of Modern it clearly defines working conditions, removed the posters immediately after they were installed, and after daily and weekly rest periods, enti- and Contemporary Art. Thus, they juxtapose them with tlement to minimum wage, etc. and the Museum’s insistence they put them back up. This unplanned sit- the legal and political act, Convention C1892, and po- finally recognizes the previously uation revealed the possible role of an art institution as a corrective sition their completely invisible and suspended per- often denied workers’, and some- of social balance. times even human rights. Still, as sonal lives in the public sphere. The Museum thus be- stated by the International Labour Finally, we should repeat that works selected in this text came their transit zone, a threshold area and a place Organization, the document was were created at an intersection of artistic and non-artistic aesthetics of legitimization. Likewise, and no less important, the ratified and implemented by only (cf. Rancière, 2009), and they opened public space to the subjectiv- 29 states, which is why it remains Museum is potentially transformed into a service zone, an elusive reality for those in whose ization of migrant bodies. In an interference between art, anthropol- because the display included information, materials name it was adopted in the first place. ogy and daily life, these works managed to occupy a heterogenous

II RISK 114 115 CHANGE aesthetic field, i.e. they generated it through the establishment of etnologiju i folkloristiku, pp. 243-259. new relationships. Namely, by positioning the work in liminal space, — Pajnik, Mojca, Campani Giovanna. 2011. “Introduction,” in Pajnik, M., which is in many ways the space of their artistic activity, the authors Campani G. (ed.) Precarious Migrant tried to destabilize the existing social constellation and redefine re- Labour Across Europe, Ljubljana: lationships therein. Explained in Rancière’s terms, they favoured the Mirovni Inštitut, pp. 7-14. — Toplak, Cirila. 2018. “Mobility in “topography of the configuration of possibilities, a perception of the Europe: Theoretical Insights,” in multiple alterations and displacements” over the idea of “historical Toplak K., Vah Jevšnik M. (ed.) Labour Mobility in the EU, Ljubljana: Inštitut necessity” (Rancière in Voorhies, 2017:140). According to Rancière, za slovensko izseljenistvo in that position facilitates artistic inventions as well as forms of political migracije ZRC SAZU, pp. 15-36. subjectivization (Voorhies, 2017). One of the starting points in our — Toplak, Kristina. 2018. “The Mobility of Artists and Culture approach to the phenomenon of temporary migration and the nar- Professionals in the European Union,” rative construction of the exhibition “Between There and There: in Toplak K., Vah Jevšnik M. (ed.) Labour Mobility in the EU, Ljubljana: Anatomy of Temporary Migrations” was precisely this thesis. With Inštitut za slovensko izseljenistvo in the selected examples we drew attention to the potential of artistic migracije ZRC SAZU, pp. 61-88. and non-artistic aesthetics in redefining the position of temporary — Procoli, Angela (ed.). 2004. “Introduction” in Procoli, A. (ed.). migrants as marginal and passive subjects. Lastly, these moves into Workers and Narratives of Survival in public and institutional spaces of the museums and the streets were Europe, New York: State University of manifested as possible tools to challenge a social topography based New York Press, pp. 1-14. — Rancière, Jacques. 2009. on a dichotomy of the centre and the periphery, i.e. dominant and Aesthetics and Its Discontents. marginal space. Cambridge: Polity Press — Sayad, Abdelmalek. 2004. The Suffering of the Immigrant, Cambridge/ Malden: Polity — Vertovec, Steven. 2002. “Transnational Networks and Skilled Labour Migration,” pp. 1-15. available BIBLIOGRAPHY: biopolitico, in Chicchi F. and Leonardi at: http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/ — Bekić, Irena, Mavrinac, Duga. 2017. E. (ed.) “Lavoro in frantumi; working%20papers/WPTC-02-02%20 “Biti/postojati između tamo i tamo; condizione precaria, nuovi conflitti e Vertovec.pdf toposi privremenih migracija u regime neoliberalista,” Verona: — Voorhies, James. 2017. Beyond izložbi ‘Između tamo i tamo: Ombre corte, pp. 63-78. Objecthood. The Exhibition as a Anatomija privremenih migracija’”, — Grilli, Siomnetta, Mugnaini Fabio. Critical Form Since 1968. Cambridge, Život umjetnosti 101(2), pp. 100-113. 2009. “Badanti on the Edge,” in Massachusetts, London: The MIT — Bekić, Irena. 2018. “(Po)etika Barkoff J., Eberhart H. (ed.) Press društvenih promjena”, in Kulunčić, A. Networking Across Borders and Art for Social Changes. Umjetnost za Frontiers: Connectedness in društvene promjene (second edition), European Culture and Society, Zagreb: MAPA, pp. 36-65. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Gmbh, pp. — Butler, Judith. 2000. Nevolje s 169-194. rodom; Feminizam i subverzija — Hannam, Kevin, Sheller, Mimi, identiteta. Zagreb: Ženska infoteka. Urry, John. 2006. “Editorial: — Chicchi, Federico, Leonardi, Mobilities, Immobilities and Emanuele (ed.). 2011. Lavoro in Moorings,” Mobilities vol. 1(1), frantumi; condizione precaria, nuovi pp. 1-22. conflitti e regime neoliberalista, — Lončar, Sanja. 2013. “Etnografije Verona: Ombre corte. hrvatskih radnih migrantica u — Focault, Michel. 2011. The Birth of Münchenu: važnost razvijanja Biopolitics: Lectures at the College društvenih mreža, novih osobnih de France 1978-79, New York: znanja i vještina,” in Čapo, J. and Palgrave Macmillian. Gulin Zrnić V. (ed.) Hrvatska — Fumagalli, Andrea. 2011. La svakodnevnica; etnografije vremena i condizione precaria come paradigma prostora, Zagreb: Institut za

II RISK 116 117 CHANGE In public discussions, migration is often understood as consisting Igor Petričević of binary oppositions such as economic migrant/refugee, native/foreigner, or the slightly more nuanced departure/(transit)/settlement. Relying on critical border studies and studies of everyday multicul- From Transit to turalism, this paper discusses the ambiguous space between two such oppositions. By presenting two ethnographic examples (unexpected and undecided settlement, and compassionate xenophobia) from Settlement, anthropological fieldwork conducted in Zagreb between 2017 and 2019, the paper will highlight how the ambiguity of the tension between a) transit and settlement, and b) compassion and xenophobia Between is productive of relations, emotions and subjectivities. The aim is to demonstrate how, as a result of recent migration through the Balkans, some aspects of the new socio-cultural diversity in Croatia are being Compassion constructed and negotiated in everyday life in an attempt to answer the following question: what kind of multiculturalism is emerging in Zagreb in the last decade? and Xenophobia: Schrover and Moloney (2013:37-41) state that multiculturalism emerged as an ideology and a policy for managing the cultural diversity that had resulted from migration to many western Negotiating the countries in the 1960s. The current form of migration to Croatia differs from the situation they refer to, and from previous migrations to Croatia from the countries of the former Yugoslavia. In contrast to New Diversity the post-WW2 period of economic growth and the welfare states in Western Europe, Zagreb’s urban dwellers negotiate the new difference at a moment when most European states with longer histories Inside and Around of postcolonial multiculturalism are dealing with the so-called “backlash against difference” (Vertovec and Wessendorf, 2010). The new diversity in Zagreb emerges in the context of heterogeneity, securi- Hotel Porin in tisation, economic crisis and precarity. Furthermore, Croatian experiences of nation building and exile in the 1990s play an important role. Diversity today, negotiated through different social, economic and Zagreb ethical frameworks, can hardly be separated from the technologies of bordering and the related processes of racialisation on the crisis-ridden periphery of the EU. However, as De Genova and Mezzandra (2015:57-62) argue borders are not merely lines or walls; they are productive and allow passage as much as they deny them, leading to the multiplication of subject positions.

UNEXPECTED AND UNDECIDED SETTLEMENT Croatia, as a new member-state on the fringes of EU territory at a moment when the EU is tightening its borders, aspires to enter the Schengen Area. This puts Croatia in a position to play a dual role: it must simultaneously respect the human rights of refugees

II RISK 118 119 CHANGE and police the external border for ‘illegal’ entry. From 1 From 2006 until March 31st 2019, or leaving Croatia at some future time (“you never know”) resonated 2015 the statistics have been growing annually for both 626 people have been granted with the dilemmas and future considerations of many young Croa- asylum and 141 have been granted applications and approved asylums, with a few hundred subsidiary protection in Croatia. tians. Making a decision to stay, but without completely abandoning applications approved1, even though many still attempt Majority of them come from Syria, the idea of moving further. Similarly, Simran – a thirty-three-year-old Afghanistan, and Iran (MUP 2019). to go further north. In reality, the numbers of those man from Sudan – emphasized that he is “here now” but will “see present in Croatia are significantly lower. how things go” in the near future. It is not “one hundred percent”, A government official stated in one public discussion like Vahid who expressed his desire with more certainty, but it is more in Zagreb, that “the migrants abuse the Croatian asylum system” to certain than what he thought when he first arrived. In the meantime, reach Europe and that the fact that 77 percent of them leave proves both of them learned the Croatian language, made close friends and they are economic migrants. That is, it is assumed if they were ‘real’ found jobs in Zagreb. asylum seekers, they would stay. Those that use Croatia only for transit Most people staying are those who did not have an often want better jobs further north or already have friends or relatives original plan to settle in Croatia but decided to stay during their jour- there. Elsewhere in Europe, people are attracted to larger migrant ney because it is relatively safe, or because they could not cross the networks and spaces which can enable “being in your own culture”, border. Among those who want to stay are also those who were de- as one Sudanese refugee told me, while explaining how the lack ported from Germany, Austria and other EU countries and sent back of these spaces in Croatia also makes it easier to integrate among to Croatia, as it was the first EU country they reached and where the Croatians. Those staying in the country for a longer time do so for border guards took their fingerprints. As a result of the border closing, various reasons, thus making it difficult to infer that their status is one while achieving basic cultural (language), social (friendships) and of a refugee or of an economic migrant. Here are some examples of economic (work) goals, they unexpectedly formed an attachment to the unstable aspirational space between transit and settlement. the new place. Collyer (2007:668) points out how understanding During my fieldwork I was volunteering (cleaning, migration as consisting of “increasingly fragmented journeys” can Croatian language lessons) in Hotel Porin. It is an old hotel that was help undermine the dominant “(…) understanding of migration as an repurposed to serve as the main reception centre for asylum seekers unproblematic transition from a place of origin to a place of desti- in 2011 and is located on the edge of Novi Zagreb’s Dugave neigh- nation”. Instead of assuming a linear logic, “for many migrants (…) bourhood. There I met Farzaad, a twenty-three-year-old Afghan man. their destination is not determined when they leave home, it may He arrived in Croatia in 2011 as an unaccompanied minor. After fin- change many times during the course of the journey and, whatever ishing high school, he enrolled at the university. While we are sitting it is, they may never get there”. The dynamic of staying and leaving in a cafe in Dugave, he said to me: “I did not have a plan to be here. in Croatia points to the complexity of decisions and regimes that in I wanted to go further, but I did not have the money. I waited around interaction shape or prevent mobility. Transit is thus one site where, three, four months to get the money, but in the meantime, I got asy- in order to go beyond seeing migration as a frictionless motion, we lum, (…) I decided to stay here”. Vahid – a thirty-eight-year-old man can observe the “on-going dynamic between situations of settlement from Iran with a similar story – replied when asked if he wanted to and those of mobility within situations of unequal power” (Glick Schiller stay, with a definite statement: “I am here. Here is my life, I am here”. and Salazar, 2013:188). As the Schengen borders become harder to Farzaad wants to stay in Croatia, but the aspiration to move remains cross, what was once temporary settlement can shift into permanent open-ended. “Sometimes I think, for example, when I graduate, and temporariness and potential long-term settlement. everything, then get some work experience (…) and then to go out. Carling and Collins (2018:911) in their discussion on the But, then I think. When you see a situation of one country, when you motivating forces that generate and impede migration attempt to know the language, you know the crew (ekipu)… then to go all over go beyond an exclusive reliance on either economic rationale or com- again from zero… you have to start in some new country, total zero. plete involuntary displacement. They state that migration theory needs Then I will be around twenty-seven, twenty-eight… You know, then it to “account for the multiplex componentry of migration, the way it is is hard to adjust. When you are young, you get used to all sorts of situated in imaginative geographies, emotional valences, social rela- situations quickly. When you’re older, maybe married by then, who tions and obligations and politics and power relations, as well as in knows”. Interestingly, the way he talked about the dilemma of staying economic imperatives and the brute realities of displacement”.

II RISK 120 121 CHANGE They argue that the subjectivity and identity of migrants is “always in Gordana - a woman in her forties, lives in a house two formation rather than predetermined by place of origin and mode of hundred meters from Hotel Porin. We met on one of my walks from arrival.” The examples above demonstrate the complexity of decisions, the Hotel - where I volunteered during my research - to the flat I aspirations, emotions and temporalities underpinning the relationship rented in Dugave for the year. When we met, I used the same muddy between transit and settlement. It is far more ambiguous than the shortcut, the so-called “azilanti from Porin” use daily to move through state’s assumption of migrants’ aspirations as closed, defined prior to the area. Taking a break from cleaning the fence, she said: “The ex- the journey and unaffected by various experiences en route. Moreover, periences we had were really bad, I clean the mud from their shoes together with a developing sense of culture, social networks and eco- that they wipe on our fence every day. “They walk here 24 hours a day, nomic opportunities, the state and its bordering practices (legislation, I clean every day.” With both hands pointed at each other, circling her fingerprinting) are a significant part of those experiences. Although forefingers, she hinted at endless repetition and resignation, describ- these young men have decided to stay in Croatia, this does not mean ing the transitory position of Croatia in current European migratory their journey is over. When asked about the uncertainty of the future, movements and the constant circulation of new asylum seekers that many answer with an assertion of the present, within which they have come here, stay for a while, (attempt to) leave and return. This makes more space to manoeuvre. As Simran says, the “here” and the “now”. it difficult to create long-lasting relationships in the neighbourhood on both sides as well as impacting more everyday concerns. She LOCAL RESIDENTS AND COMPASSIONATE XENOPHOBIA wouldn’t mind if a person comes from wherever and moves into the Whether they stay or not, the spatial (here) and the tem- house next door. But she has complained to the Porin staff and to the poral (now) are enmeshed in relationships with various Croatian citi- municipality. After a pause, Gordana continues: “I am not xenophobic. zens. These relations are the building blocks in an on going process of I know these people have been through a lot...” I believe her, since I construction of the new diversity. Media coverage, as well as sociological have seen and felt her visibly touched and compassionate when ref- and anthropological research on the actual experiences of contact be- ugee children were passing next to us going to the school nearby. tween the new migrants and Croatian citizens mainly express two However, despite her empathy, later in our conversation she slipped broad outcomes: empathy (Čapo, 2015:399) and xenophobia (Gregurović into more xenophobic framings, similar to those I have heard among et al 2016; Pozniak and Petrović, 2014; Župarić-Iljić and Gregurović, the less compassionate locals. For her it was the “loud and non-civi- 2013:209). Empathy is usually interpreted as a result of Croatian ex- lized hordes”, for others it was “savages”, “Mujahideens”, “cattle”, periences with war and exile in the 1990s. Similarly, it could be argued “garbage”, “rapists and terrorists”, or most commonly, that simulta- that the context of nation building and ethnic homogenization of the neously dangerous and spectacularly exotic category of “Blacks and said war contributes to the rejection of strangers. However, both col- Arabs” now present in Croatia. lective memories and the processes of making boundaries between The feeling she expresses while talking about her sit- groups are more complex, involving interplay between larger societal uation is nelagoda, meaning a feeling of discomfort, tension and anx- structures and processes and more micro-sociological and social psy- iety that is not easily verbalized further. It is a common affective chological negotiations. Below I present one example of this difficulty description of the daily co-presence of local residents and migrants to ‘pin down’ local reactions as either compassionate or xenophobic. in the neighbourhood. For the most part, nelagoda seems to be due Most of the decisions or intentions to accommodate to the demographic fact that many asylum seekers in Porin are young larger numbers of migrants in Croatia have resulted in placement men. It should be noted there are women and children as well, espe- outside of urban centres, in order to minimize contact with the local cially in recent years, but men form the majority. A few of the reasons population that did, or might, resist this. Nevertheless, even in the for that are because the Balkan route is very difficult to cross and most out-of-the-way places social co-presences, relations and inter- families are primarily accommodated in the reception centre in Kutina. actions emerge. As put forward in the research orientation known as Additionally, many of the women in Porin also spend more time in “everyday multiculturalism” (Wise and Velayutham, 2009) or “com- their rooms. Nelagoda is a need for distance, an indication that the monplace diversity” (Wessendorf, 2013), these everyday experiences, boundary of both personal and social space has been crossed by the encounters and contestations at the very local level are important Other. It can be sensed, for example, when someone gets up from a sites where many of the negotiations of difference occur (Amin, 2002). bus seat after a migrant sits next to them, or avoids sitting near a

II RISK 122 123 CHANGE migrant, or avoids the neighbourhood altogether. A young woman local residents in Dugave suggest that through proximity with the who lives and works in Dugave told me: “You don’t feel comfortable stranger and the passage of time, the space between acceptance and when there are ten Pakistanis or Algerians in a group and you sit alone rejection becomes more ambiguous. Such ambiguity simultaneously at the bus stop”. The most common depiction of the new diversity enables both the construction and transgression of social boundaries. in Zagreb’s margins is “groups of dark-skinned men”. This gendered The current discussion of migration in terms of states, racialisation (dark-skinned men) is tied to the specific social form borders, “flows”, “routes”, numbers, and the use of various catego- (groups) into which some of the new subjects amass themselves. The risations (refugee, asylum seeker, economic migrant) do not suffi- result is a feeling of fear or anxiety in local long-term residents. ciently explain the actual experience of migration and its impact on This discourse of dark-skinned men as “rapists” has the everyday lives of the various people involved. Border regimes spread across Europe, but the role of gender in boundary-making is affect migrants’ decisions and relationships with “non-migrants” in also appropriated through local histories of war. When I was buying complex ways. Experiences of multicultural interactions in everyday groceries in the small market store close to the Hotel, the cashier told life become wrapped in the interplay of these border effects with me: “Yes, we should help the people, I understand. There was war local histories and negotiations, such as reactions ranging between here, people were leaving, but among them there are many young xenophobia and compassion. To contrast these sorts of state-centric men, so, you know, take a rifle, put it on your shoulder and go”. She perspectives that dominate public conversations about migration, meant go to war, implying do as Croatian men did. Others often shared relying on a case study of Hotel Porin and surrounding spaces, this this view that young refugee men are “deserters” failing to defend paper focused on the ground-level experiences of ordinary people. their country. Categorizing them into deserters facilitates mistrust The emphasis has been on the interaction of aspirations and mean- and contempt rather than compassion. ing-making processes with social structures and histories, in an at- Given the heterogeneity of contemporary migration, tempt to reveal some of the nuances, paradoxes, and negotiations there are other migrant groupings that are less frequently mentioned that ordinary people employ and encounter in everyday life. The in the media. For example, school children, or individual (both dark- debate about migration and diversity can hardly be separated from and light-skinned) men and women evoke different emotions and these concerns. negotiate different encounters. After Gordana told me how she complained about the migrants, while I was struggling to understand her “compassionate xenophobia”, she was struggling herself. “I have asked myself more than once, am I exaggerating? Am I right to complain, are these just little problems? But it is my everyday life.” Her BIBLIOGRAPHY between Places: Trans-Saharan — Amin, Ash. 2002. “Ethnicity and Transit Migrants in Morocco and the xenophobia is of course more nuanced and milder than, for example, the Multicultural City: Living with Fragmented Journey to Europe.” that of a young man I overheard on bus number 220, when I was Diversity.” Environment and Planning Antipode 39(4), pp. 668–690. sitting nearby with my Iranian interlocutor from Porin. He said that 34, no. 6, pp. 959–80. — Čapo, Jasna. 2015. “The Security- — Carling, Jørgen and Francis scape and the (In)Visibility of he would kill them all as he observed us. Gordana’s feeling towards Collins. 2018. “Aspiration, Desire and Refugees: Managing Refugee Flow the migrants is both empathy and anger, thus also guilt. Interestingly, Drivers of Migration.” Journal of through Croatia”. Migracijske i when I talked to Gordana a few months later, she said: “It has calmed Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, no. etničke teme, vol. 31 no. 3, pp. 387- 6, pp. 909–26. 406. down, we haven’t had any problems. So, either we got used to it or — Casas-Cortes, Maribel, Sebastian — Gregurović, Margareta, Simona they got better”. Cobarrubias, Nicholas De Genova, Kuti and Drago Župarić-Iljić, Drago. Glenda Garelli, Giorgio Grappi, 2016. “Attitudes towards Immigrant Wessendorf (2013:410) argues that “(…) encounters in Charles Heller, Sabine Hess, Bernd Workers and Asylum Seekers in public and associational space do not necessarily enhance deeper Kasparek, Sandro Mezzadra, Brett Eastern Croatia: Dimensions, intercultural understanding, but that the absence of such encounters Neilson, Irene Peano, Lorenzo Determinants and Differences”. Pezzani, John Pickles, Federico Migracijske i etničke teme, vol. 32 no. can enhance prejudice. Especially regular encounters in social spac- Rahola, Lisa Riedner, Stephan Scheel 1, pp. 91-122. es (…) play an important role in the process of familiarisation with and Martina Tazzioli. 2015. “New — Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova Keywords: Migration and Borders.” Republike Hrvatske 2019. “Statistički people who are different and in getting accustomed to communicat- Cultural Studies 29, no. 1, pp. 55–87. pokazatelji tražitelja medunarodne ing across difference.” Experiences of contact between migrants and — Collyer, Michael. 2007. “In- zastite do 31.3.2019. [Statistical

II RISK 124 125 CHANGE Indicators for the Seekers of International Protection until 31.3.2019]”. https://mup.gov.hr/ pristup-informacijama-16/ statistika-228/statistika-trazitelji- medjunarodne-zastite/283234. Last accessed: June 20, 2019. — Pozniak, Romana and Duško Petrović. 2014. “Tražitelji azila kao prijetnja [Asylum seekers as a Threat]” Stud. ethnol. Croat. Vol 26, pp. 47-72. — Schrover, Marlou and Deirdre Moloney. 2013. Gender, Migration and Categorisation: Making Distinctions between Migrants in Western Countries 1945–2010. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. — Vertovec, Steven and Susanne Wessendorf. 2010. “Introduction: Assessing the Backlash against Multiculturalism in Europe”. In The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf. Routledge. — Wessendorf, Susanne. 2013. “Commonplace Diversity and the ‘Ethos of Mixing’: Perceptions of Difference in a London Neighbourhood.” Identities 20, no. 4, pp. 407–22. — Wise, Amanda and Selvaraj Velayutham. 2009. Everyday Multiculturalism. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hants. — Župarić-Iljić, Drago and Margareta Gregurović. 2013. “Stavovi studenata prema tražiteljima azila u Republici Hrvatskoj [Student Attitudes Towards Asylum Seekers in Croatia]”. Društvena Istraživanja, Časopis za Opća Društvena Pitanja. vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 41-62.

II RISK 126 127 CHANGE III

III RISK 128 129 CHANGE DO THE

BALKANS BELONG

TO EUROPE?

III RISK 130 131 CHANGE THE ISSUE OF INTE GRATION POLITICAL AND ON SOCIAL EUROPE'S MARGINS

III RISK 132 133 CHANGE The current moment, in which we are witnessing the rise of post- Dragan Markovina fascism precisely defined by Enzo Traverso, and consequently the final collapse of a humanist as much as an idealistic narrative of a united Europe, signifies the end of all illusions about the end of his- The Mediterranean tory and a world without conflict. However, it also underscores the continued existence of processes of the longue durée Braudel recognized as characteristic of the Mediterranean world. These process- and the Balkans at es are no longer restricted to the Mediterranean or the Balkans, which are part of the Mediterranean anyway, but extend to Western Europe, embodied by the EU, which reaffirms with each political action all the Gate of prejudices about the Balkans and the Mediterranean in circulation across Western Europe for an entire century. This is best reflected in the persistent rejected admission of post-Yugoslav countries into the Fortress Europe framework of the European Union, with the exception, and with great difficulty, of the accession of Slovenia and then Croatia as late as 2013. This rejection is still ongoing, despite the fact that those countries keep regressing in every way, because they lack, among other things, a European perspective. In this imaginarium, the Mediterra- nean and the Balkans become spaces of the repressed unconscious, destined to receive only crumbs through this wilfully prevented union for the Mediterranean or any role as the bulwark of Europe tasked to safeguard it. Such attitudes became evident in the 1990s, during the wars of Yugoslav succession, when the West bought the story of centuries-old violence rooted in the Balkans, so that the wars were interpreted from this perspective as something fateful and immuta- ble. This approach was exemplified in the book popular at the time, “Balkan Ghosts” by Robert Kaplan. The tragedy lies not only in the fact that experiences of this essentially frontier world were not considered in the creation of modern Europe, but also in the naïve con- viction prevalent within Europe that it is possible to stop desperate global mass movements of people looking for a decent existence with violence and borders. In other words, instead of trying to understand those who are arriving and to respect their historical and often traumatic experiences that have everything to do with the Western world, Europe is experiencing border closures, new barbed wire fences, mass hysteria and the rise of right-wing populism. Therefore, the correct question to ask today is: what happened to Europe without borders?

III RISK 134 135 CHANGE THE DISCOVERY OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD IN of the Mediterranean. The only aspect that is truly novel perhaps is THE ENLIGHTENMENT the current violence against refugees, as a means of preventing their That the discovery of the New World signified a de- entrance into Western Europe. We will return to this in the next chap- finitive turning point in world history and consequently pushed the ter, after we familiarize ourselves with the real discovery of the Med- Mediterranean world into the background is today a widely accepted iterranean in the Enlightenment, and the long since popularized term fact. This process, beginning with the advent of the Early Modern ‘balkanization’. Age and culminating with the actual rise of capitalism in the mid-nine- Specifically, thanks to the definitive end of large-scale teenth century and eventually transformed Great Britain and the conflicts between the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire, a Netherlands into great imperial powers, while the Mediterranean multi-decade peace was established in the Dalmatian hinterland in countries such as Spain, that had accumulated enormous wealth the first half of the eighteenth century. Its second consequence, thanks thanks to this discovery, in time became provinces that no longer to the outcome of the War of Candia (1645 – 1669), the Morean War had any real economic, social and political influence in the world, (1684 – 1699) and the war that ended with the Treaty of Passarowitz and even on the European level. This was equally true for the mari- (1714 – 1718), was that Venetian holdings in the Dalmatian hinterland time-merchant republics (Genoa, Venice and Dubrovnik), as well as increased significantly and a border was established that today sep- the Ottoman Empire, which had seemed invincible in the sixteenth arates Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. After these wars ended, century. David Landes wrote about consequences of this new eco- the Morlach population migrated into the vacated and expansive ter- nomic reality in his excellent book “The Wealth and Poverty of Na- ritory of the Venetian Republic. This happily coincided with the tions”. Although it was translated into Croatian in 2003, it remains development of the Enlightenment, and imaginings that primordial largely unread. However another book was studiously read and right- people living in the Dalmatian hinterland were authentic Europeans ly so, and became commonplace in the humanities and social scienc- uncorrupted by the achievements of Western civilization. This narra- es. It is Fernand Braudel’s capital two-tome study “The Mediterrane- tive, produced and promoted by the French encyclopaedists and aid- an and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II”, in which the ed by Alberto Fortis in his travelogue from Dalmatia, together with author, after visiting nearly all existing Mediterranean historical ar- Robert Adam’s book dedicated to Roman heritage and Diocletian’s chives, provided a detailed description of the Mediterranean at the Palace, blended nicely with the Venetian Republic’s efforts to establish end of the sixteenth century and introduced into the humanities the a new myth of legitimacy about the Republic that would find its key term ‘phenomenon of the longue durée’, describing it as the essential foundation in Dalmatia, as opposed to previous insistence on the Le- character of the Mediterranean world. Braudel’s thesis is that chang- vant. Why do I write about all this? Well, because this newly awakened es brought on by time occur in the Mediterranean only on the surface, interest in Dalmatia was accompanied by an increase and intensifi- while real life remains essentially untouched by them. Needless to cation of trade contacts between the two Adriatic coasts and the be- say, this great French historian was correct. When we speak of the ginning of a kind of primordial cultural tourism. In other words, ordi- Mediterranean, and even the Balkan world as an integral part of it, nary people participated in regular communication between the two we are primarily looking at two processes that alternate constantly. Adriatic coasts in equal measure, as European intellectuals, which One is narrowly connected to trade and any other type of exchange, from today’s perspective seems like an unimaginable legacy. Keep in whether cultural or demographic and is characteristic of peaceful mind that everything mentioned above took place before the fall of periods, while the other is connected to conflicts and wars, clearly Venice and the arrival of Napoleon’s administration, i.e. the estab- much less frequent than the first, even though that is not our impres- lishment of the Illyrian Provinces (1806 – 1813), followed by the ar- sion after we finish public primary and secondary school education. rival in the Adriatic of the Russian and the British fleets and the gen- Generally speaking, the Mediterranean and the Balkan world’s col- eral blockade of trade that interrupted previous relationships and lective experience is that of a frontier, with all of the positive and the therefore the economic rise of the Adriatic region; previously Dalmatia negative features this fact brings. Therefore, current questions re- functioned as a bridge that connected the East and the West in every lated to the refugee crisis, from migration caused by the desire for sense of the word. This experience was suppressed over time and a better life to the relationship of Christian Europe towards Islam, today it seems that the Adriatic coasts and the entire Mediterranean have been observed for a time, and so exist in the collective memory region have forgotten their own past.

III RISK 136 137 CHANGE NATIONALISM AS A FACTOR IN THE DIVISION OF SPACE Minor and a significant number from Constantinople moved in the Relative to the economically prosperous eighteenth opposite direction. After the first Cyprus Crisis and other organized century, the appearance and development of nationalism as a gen- street violence in the 1950s, the population of Greeks in Istanbul eral process in the nineteenth century shifted focus from trade and dropped from several hundred thousand in the beginning of the twen- civilian life to border issues, territory, majorities, minorities and oth- tieth century, to approximately 2,500 people today. Two excellent er such things and led to the maximal regression of the eastern Med- books on this topic were written by historian Mark Mazower. The first iterranean and Balkan regions, from then up until the present. Indi- is entitled “The Balkans: A Short History”, and the second, crucial for rectly it led to the development of the Western world’s prejudices our understanding of the level of destruction that occurred is “Sa- about this entire region, and culminated during the wars of Yugoslav lonica: City of Ghosts”. Specifically, this Greek city, meanwhile re- succession in the 1990s, despite the fact that it was precisely Western named Thessaloniki, precisely represents the paradigm by which Europe that was the scene of the bloodiest conflicts in World War I nationalism destroyed the sensitive structure and openness of the and ultimately the cradle of Nazi-fascism and everything that ideol- Eastern Mediterranean. It was the second largest port city in the Ot- ogy entailed. The Balkan-Mediterranean world that we know today toman Empire where, thanks to the fact that the Empire had welcomed was fundamentally determined by wars waged during the previous the exiled Spanish Sephardic population, Greeks, Turks and the Jews two centuries, respectively: the Greek War of Independence, followed lived in an almost ideal ratio, enriching the city. However, after the by wars for the national liberation of Balkan nations that culminated Turkish exodus and the holocaust, the city was reduced to virtually a in the Balkan wars and World War I, and then World War II, especially single nationality, with a pronounced nationalist sensibility. brutal in the territories of Yugoslavia and Greece, and finally the wars Thus, from the abundance of trade and exchange in the of Yugoslav succession. eastern Mediterranean and Balkan area in the eighteenth century, en- The story, at least in its outlines, is well-known. The abling continued prosperity for many people and communities, we decline of the Ottoman Empire, increasingly falling behind because came to antagonized and autarkic communities susceptible to ideas of excessive self-containment, and the concurrent appearance of of blood and soil and far removed from any normal communication. nationalism in Europe gave rise to the question of national liberation The rise of nationalism destroyed not only the prosperous mari- of Balkan nations, primarily Greece; this idea evoked sympathies of time-merchant republics such as Venice and Dubrovnik, but also great- the Western world because of its heritage of Antiquity. These pro- er transnational empires and ultimately the common space of com- cesses led to the Serbian Uprisings, then the Greek War of Independ- mercial and cultural exchange. When we add to this the relationship ence, followed by the First Balkan War in which young nations fought between Habsburg Dalmatia and Ottoman Bosnia more familiar to us, against the Ottoman Empire for liberation and territory, whereas in or more precisely, the decision by the Austrian government to suspend the Second Balkan War they fought each other. All this was accom- trade between those two regions for almost twenty years after the end panied by the first ethnic cleansing committed before the eyes of an of the Napoleonic wars, we get a clearer picture of what David Abula- international public, leading the Balkans to be perceived in European fia, a remarkable historian of the Mediterranean, characterized as the imagology as an extremely negative term. The culmination of such ‘fifth, fragmented Mediterranean’ situated in the Cold War years in his negative relationships and related decisions came during the second book “The Great Sea: The Human History of the Mediterranean”. The Greco-Turkish War, after the end of World War I with the Greek agen- Yugoslav attempt, especially in the Socialist period, to integrate an da to annex the coastal part of Asia Minor, primarily Smyrna/Izmir. important part of the space under consideration was annulled by the That conflict was followed by the creation of the Turkish national state, Cold War division of Europe, and accordingly, together with the ethnic with its accompanying Armenian genocide, as well as its retribution cleansing that ensued after the conclusion of World War II, almost against the Greek population of Constantinople. These national awak- completely eliminated internal differences within its territory, turning enings ended with the shameful Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, in which the Mediterranean from a sea of propinquity, as it was logically called this newly created international community permitted something by Predrag Matvejević in his “Mediterranean: A Cultural Landscape”, deeply inhumane and above all cynical, so-called ‘humane resettle- to a fragmented sea, as Abulafia called it. A distant echo of those pro- ment’. As part of this project, nearly the entire Turkish population of cesses, the Cyprus question is relevant to this day as living testimony Thessaloniki was forcibly resettled in Turkey, while Greeks from Asia of the futility of everything that the rise of nationalism has led us to.

III RISK 138 139 CHANGE HISTORICAL CONTINUITIES AND DISCONTINUITIES IN THE BALKAN- for the first time early in the nineteenth century, and almost complete- MEDITERRANEAN REGION ly destroyed through conflicts between Italian imperialism and South As previously stated in this text, the influence of the Slavic national sentiment. To the degree that it survived, it is only to phenomenon of the longue durée in the Mediterranean is such that a certain extent in the lexicon and way of life, and rather negligible in nothing that has happened in the last few years in the Mediterranean social memory. All those of late who have been trying to revive that and Balkan regions, except for the institutional rejection of true ac- memory, whether it was the progenitor of that approach, Predrag ceptance of refugees, is not unfamiliar in experience and memory. Matvejević, or the Trieste journalist Paolo Rumiz who wrote the trav- Aside from the fact that a considerable part of Europe has had either elogue “La Rotta per Lepanto”, or Vladimir Mićković, an artist from centuries-long experience of Ottoman rule or the presence of Otto- Mostar and author of an incredible musical dedication to that world mans at their borders, Western Europe had been in constant contact in the form of a recently published album entitled “Riva degli Schia- with the Islamic world. For a while this occurred through the Pyrene- voni”, all published their works deeply aware of the fact that they were an Peninsula, then through on going trade with North African cities collecting in single locations merely fragments of the memory of the and piracy with corsairs, and eventually through the Dutch and the once great Adriatic-Mediterranean culture. British who profited the most from Ottoman trade in the eighteenth century. However, during a substantial period in the Early Modern THE LAST MEDITERRANEAN OR THE BRUTAL NEW AGE Age, all this contact also had a different side, in terms of negative It is almost absolutely certain that as I write this text, fascination with the Islamic world. In that period, an important part groups of desperate people are trying to cross the Mediterranean of European identity grew from a combination of fascination and fear, illegally to reach Italian soil, and odds are they will not survive the leaving behind a neologism, detrimental for our region, of the so-called undertaking. It is equally absolutely certain that other groups of peo- bastion of Christianity that was revived again in the 1990s. Franco ple are attempting to do the same thing at the border between Bosnia Cardini, in his book “Europe and Islam” wrote about the initial closing and Herzegovina and Croatia. The world we live in is in many ways off of Europe from contact with the Islamic world and differences in marked by post-fascism, the term that historian Enzo Traverso offered architecture and mentality between Christian Mediterranean cities for lack of any alternative, in an attempt to define in new categories enclosed with bulwarks, and open Islamic cities. Another book entitled the current cocktail of historical revisionism, the recent closing off of “Die Sterbenden Europäer”, by the accomplished Austrian essayist Europe and intolerance of others. In my opinion, he succeeded and and expert in European cultures and communities Karl Markus Gauss, the term is perfectly suited as a definition of all such movements and in part deals with the Albanian refugees who fled from Ottoman in- political parties that began to spread through Europe on the wave of vasion into the interior of the Apennine Peninsula in the Early Modern this type of emotion over the last few years. Age, preserving their Albanian identity and historical memory. We The paradox and cynicism of neoliberal Europe today have an almost identical story with the Molise Croats, leading us to is perhaps best reflected in its relationship to the refugee crisis, es- conclude that in the Early Modern Age, as paradoxical as it sounds, pecially when we position this in the context of time. Namely, David Europe was often more open to encounters with the other than it is Abulafia starts the final chapter of his aforementioned book entitled today. Ultimately, since Venice was for centuries the capital city of “The Last Mediterranean, 1950-2010” by saying that the late twentieth insular coastal Dalmatia, and of terrestrial Dalmatia in the last century, century represented one of the great periods of Mediterranean mi- thousands of people from Dalmatia migrated to Venice in search of gration, with migrations out of North Africa to France, from Italy to work; the majority of them worked in the largest industrial plant in the United States, the increase in migration of Greek and Turkish com- this part of the world at the time, the Venetian Arsenal, capable of munities to London as a consequence of the Cyprus Crisis, and even- producing a completely new galley in a single day. Traces of their tually the Italian migration to Great Britain. Contemporary Europe’s presence are preserved to this day in the names of many streets in cynicism is reflected in the fact that these migrations were not prob- the Castello district, dedicated to people from the islands of Hvar, lematic in the least, while those of today are highly upsetting, even Šolta and others, which was and continues to be written about exhaus- though the ideological background of the Union dedicated to human tively by historian Lovorka Čoralić in her works. The continuity of his- rights did not change. All this was also preceded by the exodus of torical memory of Adriatic culture and its uniqueness was interrupted Germans with the status of national minority in the many European

III RISK 140 141 CHANGE countries in which they lived, exiled to Germany because of the col- BIBLIOGRAPHY — Abulafia, David. 2012. The Great lective guilt they carried, and the post-war emigration of many sur- Sea: A Human History of the Mediter- viving Jews to the newly formed state of Israel. However, these two ranean. London — Belamarić, Joško-Ana Šverko. 2017. processes were implemented according to a plan, as an expression Robert Adam and Diocletians Palace of political will by a Europe that defeated fascism and had begun in Split. Zagreb — Braudel, Fernand. 1997. Sredozem- to reconstitute itself. We should not forget here the significant wave lje i sredozemni svijet u doba Filipa II. Zagreb of refugees that spread across Europe from the war-torn region — Cardini, Franco. 2009. Europa i of Yugoslavia without any major problem, a time when the port of islam. Zagreb — Čoralić, Lovorka. 2001. U gradu Ancona in many cases functioned as the first place that these refu- Svetog Marka: povijest hrvatske gees encountered life in peace since the conflicts began. The case zajednice u Mlecima. Zagreb — Fortis, Alberto. 1984. Put po Dal- of Ancona is particularly interesting, because this was actually the maciji. Zagreb — Gauss, Karl Markus. 2010. Europlja- first time since the eighteenth century, when transportation connec- ni u izumiranju. Zagreb tions were active on an almost daily basis, that the eastern Adriatic — Landes, David. 2003. Bogatstvo i siromaštvo naroda. Zagreb world established a bridge to this western Adriatic city. Besides these — Matvejević, Predrag. 1990. Medit- completely well understood migrations, we can also observe the in- eranski brevijar. Zagreb — Mazower, Mark. 2003. Balkan: credible rise of the tourism industry that became the main economic kratka povijest. Zagreb sector of many Mediterranean countries, European and North African, — Mazower, Mark. 2018. Solun, grad duhova: hrišćani, muslimani i Jevreji and also in Turkey as well. 1430.-1950. Beograd — Rumiz, Paolo. 2004. Odavde do In other words, concurrent with this organized encour- Lepanta. Split agement of mass travel, we also have the organized prevention of the — Traverso, Enzo. 2018. Nova lica fašizma. Zagreb travel of others, i.e. open discrimination, specifically against people who primarily come from Mediterranean regions. Moreover, as much as the formation of a Union for the Mediterranean by the European Union may have appeared as a unilateral attempt by French President Sarkozy, the fact remains that though it was supposed to serve as a platform for the integration of that part of the world long before the explosion of the refugee crisis, it was rendered pointless and contex- tually crippled to such a degree that this Union made almost no statement from the time the refugee crisis began to this day. Union for the Mediterranean thus remains something that exists only on paper, while it realistically has no influence whatsoever, and least of all as it was initially envisaged in that through it, the European Union would, in some way, be able to integrate the rest of the Mediterranean world without formal accession the EU. Therefore, we are faced with a troublesome question, primarily as human beings, and then as Mediterraneans and Europeans, of whether and how we can help these people, and of how the memory of the Mediterranean could assist us. This text was written as a starting point from which to ponder this question.

III RISK 142 143 CHANGE This text is based on research as part of the Transit Migration Project Manuela Bojadžijev conducted between 2003 and 2005 with Rutvica Andrijašević and sound-artists Dont Rhine and Elliot Perkins from the Sound Art Col- lective “Ultra-red” in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia.1 Our “The Shortest Way 1 This paper was published in 2007 aim was to investigate that time’s implementation of a in the book Turbulente Ränder. European border regime at the outskirts of Europe and Neue Perspektiven auf Migration an den Grenzen Europas, which to do that from the migrant perspective, through the into the World” — presented the work of the Transit eyes of protagonists, and to methodologically focus on Migration Research Group at the migrant practices. In that way, through the approach Goethe University Frankfurt. We have not conducted this research ‘autonomy of migration’, we opened a perspective on Migration, Civil only in the countries of former Yu- migration that enabled us to look for the view on pro- goslavia, but also on two further groups in Turkey and Greece. http:// tagonists of migration politics not only at the state level, www.transitmigration.org/. i.e. on the part of the European Union, but to shed light on these policies through their relation to concrete mi- Rights and the EU 2 Thanks to the financial support from the Federal Cultural Founda- gration practices in individual states and regions in tion it was possible to establish the southeast of Europe.2 The decision to re-publish the cooperation between scholarly text for this book, although in slightly edited and sig- in the States of research-oriented and scientific- artistic practices and thus develop nificantly abbreviated form is interesting especially innovative research designs. In this because the topic of transit-migration through former way, from the project in former Yu- Yugoslavia since the “The Summer of Migration”, i.e. Former Yugoslavia, goslavia apart from texts emerged two albums titled “Blok 70”, based refugee flow from 2015 until today initiated renewed on sound ethnography. They were presence of flight and migration within and through the complemented by another one, “Blok a Reply after 70: Translations”, to which sound region of former Yugoslavia. It is thus important to re- and music artists from the entire member a situation already fifteen years away; it was a region of former Yugoslavia con- tributed by their remix-versions, kind of harbinger, because at that time conditions for Fifteen Years http://www.ultrared.org/pso7d.html. the current situation were set and have shown significant continuity ever since.

EUROPE – IMPOSSIBLE CITIZENSHIP? A few years after the end of the war in Yugoslavia this region has still remained a significant indicator for the process of European unification. Already during the military conflict Europe had different views on the question if Balkans belonged to Europe. The advocates of military and political interventions or NATO-bomb- ing put forth their arguments that the displacement policy like the one that took place in this war cannot be allowed on European soil, but on the other hand it was Europe that intervened here in the name of human rights. One of the political driving forces of this progressing obscurity is the Stability Pact for South-eastern Europe, conceived for “encouragement of the EU-capacity”. Pact coordinator Erhard Busek stated that the Stability Pact was actu- 3 See Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ally “a training camp”.3 Our investigations into the mi- from Apr. 9th, 2006 grant flow and conflicts regarding citizenship on the

III RISK 144 145 CHANGE other hand allow the assumption that this region can be understood the meantime caused a crisis of the European process, whose con- as a training camp for the EU. Until today it reproduces its own inca- sequences still cannot be fully assessed (key word: Brexit). pability through inner borders which it generates in In order to understand the multi-layered deregulation the Balkans by its migration policies. This research 4 Etienne Balibar, “Sind wir Bürger and re-regulation processes applied to territories and persons by the was also about the possibility and impossibility of the Europas?” Politische Integration, beginning of 2000s, the central key word is “Management of Popu- soziale Ausgrenzung und die Zu- European citizenship concept, to which Etienne Bali- kunft des Nationalen (Hamburg: lation Movements” that emerged at that time. Based on four aspects, bar’s question – Europe – Impossible Citizenship? – Hamburger Edition, 2003), 24. it was considered the central strategic topos for the EU was: (1) As a actually refers.4 consequence of war, estimated one million refugees (one of the highest numbers in the world) lived in this region; (2) Four of the so-called WAR, STATEHOOD, MIGRATION western Balkan states belonged to the most common origin countries The war in former Yugoslavia went beyond the de- of asylum seekers in the EU; (3) The return of the migrants (mostly struction of enemy forces. It organized the life of people complete- civil war refugees) from ex-Yugoslavia living in the EU (even the third ly anew, defined the borders and constituted the political geography generation was mentioned in the documents) should have been sup- of the region. New governments and non-governmental organiza- ported; (4) Because of the relatively weak border structures these tions followed it, while international and national courts of law took countries, supported by people smugglers, were considered to be over a part of the reconciliation politics. A new control mechanism transit countries to the EU. The operational main goal for the future for production forms and mobility practices was cre- consisted in fighting off the ‘illegal migration’. That is why asylum ated (see Negri, 2003).5 To avoid further conflicts after 5 See Thomas Atzert, “Der Krieg ist legislation and the “Integrated Border Management”, unified in all more than a decade of war conflicts in the region, a eine biopolitische Maschine. Ein countries, was supposed to be implemented in the entire region. Both Gespräch mit Toni Negri”, Subtro- series of states existing until today was encouraged to pen No. 2, (March, 2003) measures constitute central mechanisms for state migration control. leave the questions of their internal and external sov- The control aspect found its complement in migration management: ereignty open. It is often disregarded that the involvement of the EU “Control alone”, says one of the MARRI papers of the Stability Pact, in the so-called stabilization process of the region has side effects “will not guarantee safety for the states if it is not accompanied by regarding the undermining and transformation of statehood that measures that set free citizens’ productive resources, including mi- becomes prominent precisely because of migration and citizen rights grants and returnees.” The slogan ‘freedom of movement’ started a policies with their multiple protagonists like state administrations, new career and in this context it was applied to liberalization of the supra-national agencies, NGOs and migrant practices. The disputed visa regulations within and from the region. Namely free movement and conflict-ridden process of stabilization and association (SAP), was considered crucial in order to achieve the stability of the region which was then implemented through the CARDS program (Commu- and advance economic reforms. The implementation of the EU migra- nity Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilization) tion policies reached different levels in the countries of ex-Yugoslavia constituted the framework for different dynamics and paces among at that time – the nearer to EU borders, the more regulated, we could say. the states of the so-called Western Balkans (to which Albania was counted, but Slovenia not anymore), intended for implementation of WHO ARE THE MIGRANTS? migration policies, border controls and civil rights. The primary goal Even if this was not sufficiently noticed, a process of EU was homogenization of these policies and creation of a free-move- enhancement took place beyond its outer borders. This process – as ment area after the Schengen-model of the EU. However, the project formulated in one of the premises of our research project – cannot be of creating a kind of mini-EU in the Balkans, which would then be understood without a study of different migration movements based integrated as a whole, was by the beginning of 2000s already sub- on their social networks, which intersect these countries or emerge stituted by a different paces policy as Croatia and Macedonia were from there. They were a fragile basis for the implementation of EU already officially treated as pre-accession countries. We all know that migration and civil rights policies. Thus new ‘border landscapes’6 were in the meantime Croatia has become member of the EU, but that formed in ex-Yugoslavia. Not only that the EU expanded over its outer further association processes came to a halt, and that completely borders, but the multidirectional migration movements different processes, like the worldwide debt and financial crisis, in 6 Etienne Balibar, Op. cit pushed on the europeization of the continent.

III RISK 146 147 CHANGE As we were able to establish during our research in the help of Slovenian groups they attained public attention. They Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia, there were different migrant groups jointly organized a festival visited by 7000 people. As part of the whose history reflected political, social and economic changes that festival in the afternoon a football tournament took place in which took place in Yugoslavia after 1989. They marked the permanently teams played for the “Temporary Winner Cup”. In the evening, along changed political process of migration. with bands from Slovenia and Croatia, the famous band Manu Chao The war set flight movements in motion on a large scale took the stage. They became famous within the increasingly stronger and organized forced migration. In Belgrade we met the so-called critical globalization movement. Other actions followed that also ‘Vukovci’, mostly men from Vukovar, who earned their living as day- found an echo in the public and had an impact on political discussion. laborers and gathered in the park, around the monument to Serbian Lastly they were successful in the political struggle for the unlimited philologist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, at the former Bulevar Revolucije, stay and work permit, as well as the right to education and schooling one of Belgrade’s main streets. Most of them were war refugees, some of children. Even new housing in Ljubljana was guaranteed. came from Kosovo during the NATO bombardment. We met some who had experiences in work migration to Germany. Here they waited every TRANSIT MIGRATION – “A HUGE CIRCUS” day as cheap laborers to be picked up and deployed as cheap work Scholarly papers usually assume that the state is re- force at construction sites or in agriculture against low wages or hourly sponsible for the entry into and stay on a particular territory. However, rates. Many of them lived in more than 400 barracks and lodgings (not only) in Serbia this was a series of supranational and national constructed for “Internally Displaced Persons”. “Belgrade is a refugee organizations that had considerable influence on state politics, form- camp”, said one of them in an interview. Another group ing and determining it in different moments of the migration process. of day laborers came, mostly season-bound, in summer, 7 See Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic et al., Thus the migration regime in Serbia had different protagonists. They from Rumania or Bulgaria. They belonged to a large num- Trafficking in People in Serbia, (Bel- were the interior ministry and the border police that controlled the grad: VDS and OSCE, 2004), 40. ber of persons without personal documents who were borders and within the state territory the police that undertook ID apprehended and deported by the police every year.7 control. They also manage the ‘reception center’ Padinska Skela Not all of the refugees headed for the countries for where migrants without papers are directed. During our research which they were destined ethnically, but fled to places where they there we had the rare opportunity to visit this institution. Here we expected protection. Some of them lived in a barrack camp on the could observe that a part of a regular prison was reconstructed into outskirts of Ljubljana longer than ten years, with a temporary stay a detention camp for migrants who crossed the border ‘illegally’. Since permit that did not enable them to work and gave them no access to then migrants who crossed the border without papers or who were social benefits or health care. Their children were allowed to attend caught in Serbia without papers have been brought to Padinska Skela. schools and teenagers could finish their professional training, but They are supposed not to be kept there longer than thirty days. It was after that they could not be employed. As a consequence, many of planned that within that period measures for their return to their coun- them risked deportation by seeking their financial existence in infor- tries of origin would be organized. In case that the migrants would mal work relations. Others made other plans and moved to Germany seek asylum, they would be accommodated at the outskirts of Bel- or Austria. In 2002 the City of Ljubljana decided to discontinue the grade, in the Thousand Roses Motel. At the occasion of our visit to barrack camp with its about 2000 refugees and to put the EU guide- Padinska Skela, interviewing migrants was declared impossible since lines in the area of migration politics in the sense of demands for the they allegedly came from China and Bangladesh and spoke no avail- expansion process to realization: at the same spot they planned the able language. In an interview with the responsible deportation camp construction of an asylum seekers’ centre. The tenants of the barrack managers we learned that they participated in the state-organized camp were asked to seek new accommodation or, even better, to deportation of Serbian citizens from Germany. When we asked them return to the country where they came from. That was not only just a about repatriation practices and the possibilities of migration regu- cynical demand, but a complicated undertaking, because most of lation, our interview partners stated that this was just a huge circus them were refugees from Srebrenica. where transit migrants were pushed around European countries. They In order to evade the new forced migration policy they also said that this would not change as long as the world knows such organized themselves into a “Bosnian Refugee Committee” and with differences between the rich and the poor.

III RISK 148 149 CHANGE Although the camp was under authority of the Ministry communication and exchange. Thus we heard another story: if you of Internal Affairs, questions regarding the stay and status of migrants want to reach Hungary, you must get to Austria over the border. And at Padinska Skela were also subject to decisions by other bodies. The if the border police arrests you, you tell them you are coming from Red Cross, UNHCR and IOM visited the deportation camp regularly. Hungary and they get you there. The Red Cross was responsible for medical care and they distributed phone cards so that migrants could be in touch with the external “THE SHORTEST WAY INTO THE WORLD” world. UNHCR held an office in the same building, where they inter- Another group left Yugoslavia during the war. In Bel- viewed the arrested persons who sought asylum. In the case of fam- grade we encountered Roma who fled to Germany and of whom some ilies, medical reasons or if the bespoke persons sought asylum on the had lived there for more than ten years. As civil war refugees they basis of the Geneva Convention from 1951, they would be relocated received a so-called suspension of deportation, which they had to to the reception camp Thousand Roses Motel. Until 2005 Serbia and renew every three months. Most of them returned to Serbia through Montenegro had no asylum law. The consequence was that migrants ‘voluntary deportation’, which left them about two weeks time to could not seek asylum in these countries. Thus UNHCR judged in make necessary preparations and pack their things. ‘Voluntary return’ which cases asylum could be granted for a European country or Canada. followed after the right to welfare benefits ceased or the work permit After their decision it was left to state mechanisms to grant a person expired. The process was fast. In the morning the police would pick the official asylum seeker status. On the basis of the Readmission the person up and bring him or her to the airport and during that same Agreement between Serbia and Bulgaria, UNHCR Belgrade in that day send him or her to Belgrade with a JAT plane. There they would case advises that migrants who came from that direction should be greeted by an old poster of this Yugoslav airline, which was still return to Bulgaria and seek asylum there. there at the time of our research. Its strapline promised great things: Not all the migrants whom we met during our first two “The Shortest Way into the World”. The procedure of ‘voluntary exit’ visits – before we were denied access under the pretext that we could made return to Germany possible, but only for a short stay or vacation. interfere with the asylum procedure – at the Thousand Roses Motel Once deported, they had to rely on the network of their relatives or were caught while crossing a border. Some of them have already lived friends. In order to financially ensure survival, some of them worked in Belgrade for years without valid documents. In the Thousand Roses as wagers at city markets or shopping malls in Novi Beograd. Motel we got to know persons from Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Many of our interviewees reacted with head shaking Jordan and Somalia, who were caught on their way into the EU and when we asked them about the existing (transit) migration in Serbia. the USA. Some of them travelled with a tourist visa in the beginning, The cooked numbers of official statistics show the unemployment others passed borders with the help of people smugglers. Thus we rate in Serbia as higher than 30 per cent. Among younger people, heard stories how professional facilitators asserted they had already who stay with their parents mostly for financial reasons, almost none brought their clients to Austria and then they disappeared. For mi- had a permanent job. Work contracts were rare, most of them worked grants we talked to such treatment was a part of the transaction basis. a bit here and a bit there for a few months, earning no It turned out that already before the beginning of the journey they 8 See Boris Kanzleiter, “Etwas Bes- money in the meantime.8 Transit migration was not a had no illusions regarding fair treatment. Most migrants at the Thou- seres ist nicht in Sicht. Wo Preka- prominent topic. During our last research stay there, in risierung Normalität ist – Linke in sand Roses Motel had previously been interned in Padinska Skela. Belgrad“, Fantômas, No. 2, (2004). the summer of 2004, as a consequence of privatization In our interviews they drastically depicted catastrophic conditions fourteen factories were on strike. The existing regime under which in some cases they had been interned there for more of casualization and risk has implemented a new con- than three months. At the Thousand Roses Motel they waited that nection between wage labor and entrepreneurship, between the work- their asylum application would be processed. Some of them gave up ing hours and free time. A large part of work, which became apparent, because of the completely unclear waiting period and procedure has not returned to old forms of relatively secure employment relations and continued their journey on their own. Unlike Serbia, where most comparable to the industrialization phase of Yugoslavia with its ac- migrants to whom we spoke did not want to live, thanks to its EU- cording political organization forms, i.e. formalization of employment membership Hungary was an attractive destination. Without doubt, relations has not been re-introduced. Apart from that, the informal a place like the Thousand Roses Motel was an intersection point of work forms were not typical of a certain delineated area, but the major

III RISK 150 151 CHANGE part of employment relations followed this pattern. In that situation BIBLIOGRAPHY: social networks and cooperation attained increasing importance for — Atzert, Thomas. 2003. „Der Krieg ist eine biopolitische Maschine. Ein survival strategies and everyday economies. Also emigration, even if Gespräch mit Toni Negri“, Subtropen it remained just a dream of exodus, had to be counted to these surviv- No. 2, (March, 2003) al strategies and their inherent hope for a better life. — Balibar, Etienne. 2003. “Sind wir Burger Europas?” Politische Integra- tion, soziale Ausgrenzung und die CASUALIZATION OF WORK, CASUALIZATION OF MIGRATION Zukunft des Nationalen. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition The new control, regulation and limitation of mobility — Research group TRANSIT MIGRA- can be traced back to that time’s MARRI and CARDS programs, which TION. 2006. Turbulente Ränder: made this casualization situation productive and manageable. At the Neue Perspektiven auf Migration an den Grenzen Europas. Bielefeld: same time they were supposed to aim at stabilization of democratic Transcript institutions and support free movement within the region. In reality — Kanzleiter, Boris. 2004. „Etwas Besseres ist nicht in Sicht. Wo Preka- EU’s visa, border and migration policies resulted in considerable strat- risierung Normalität ist – Linke in ification in relation to accessibility of human rights. The enlargement Belgrad“, Fantômas, No. 2 process led to generation of differentiated spaces with different — Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna et al. 2004. Trafficking in People in Serbia. grades of work force mobility and different approaches to civil rights, Belgrad: VDS and OSCE which did not match the borders of national states.9 — Rigo, Enrica. 2005. „Citizenship at Europe’s Borders: Some Reflections The overlapping areas began to shape Europe to a bor- 9 See Enrica Rigo, “Citizenship at on the Post-colonial Condition of Europe’s Borders: Some Reflec- der landscape, which matches neither the Schengen Europe in the Context of EU Enlarge- tions on the Post-colonial Condi- ment“, Citizenship Studies, Vol. 9, Contract territory nor the outer borders of the EU. One tion of Europe in the Context of EU No. 1, (February, 2005), pp. 3-22. is everywhere at the border, which passes increasingly Enlargement”, Citizenship Studies, through its inner territory and is at the same time di- Vol. 9, No. 1, (February, 2005), 3-22. rected at the outer border through capillary paths. The borders are getting the regulatory function not to suppress migration, but to limit the number of migrants and establish a state of permanent casualization for them. Under these conditions the term migrant also became temporary. We started to ask ourselves if civil rights were a useful category for migration, which necessarily inherently questions the limits of the citizen rights concept. How does one, to think just of this Hannah Arendt’s pertinent question, give rights to persons who don’t have them? What is the situation with citizenship in Europe and at its borders? Constant undermining of state sovereignty through governance politics of the EU made the limits of the concept of Euro- pean citizenship visible and it has necessarily influenced the forms in which conflicts around citizenship develop. But maybe precisely under the conditions of impossibility of European citizenship emerges today the premise for undermining of the institution of civil rights: through autonomous practices of citizenship, upheld since 2015 by strong support efforts for migrants in the sense of democratization of societies in the region. But it is still very uncertain who will prevail in the end and be able to determine the course of the conflict, finally deciding it in his favor.

III RISK 152 153 CHANGE The basic methodological substrate of Neli Ružić’s artistic activity is Sabina Salamon the recreation of memories. It comes close to the model of cultural remembrance, where the preservation, storage, and symbolization impose themselves as the anchorages of identity. In most cases, the Third Is Possible artist makes reference to political issues, whereby she treats her topics of individual and collective memory in terms of erasure, repetition, and remembrance, basing herself primarily on her own experience — Reminiscences of ruptures and cultural displacement, which occurred thrice: with the social overturn in her homeland of Croatia (Yugoslavia), her departure in the late 1990s, and her unwilling return thirteen years later. and Oral Tradition She had to leave Mexico due to the dramatic escalation of violence and crime in the 2000s, related to drug trafficking. Detaching herself from the established truths, the artist has resorted to the immediate as Personal horizon of biographic remembrance and oral tradition. Relying on the discernment between memory and history as interpreted by Pierre Nora, she prefers memory as an everyday, living activity, which has Baggage in the completely disappeared from the modern, developed 1 Pierre Nora, ed., The Realms of world in favour of history.1 Thereby the negative aspect Memory: Les lieux de mémoires of history is that it “always stands for a problematic rep- (Paris: La republique, 1984) Processes of resentation of the past” and uses the principle of ra- tionalization (filtering and classification) in order to le- gitimize that past. Contrary to that, the artist considers memory, as a Cultural living activity subject to change (forgetting and recalling), to be a primordial and spontaneous act, non-resistant to censorship or manipu- lation – in other words, a perfectly human way of processing the accu- Displacement mulated life. It is this kind of memory that one encounters in the work of Neli Ružić, where suppressed places and unarticulated thoughts become an inspiring material to fill the gaps that history has never registered, or perhaps it has overlooked them intentionally. Thus, regardless of the fact that she uses the whole range 2 Jan Assman, Cultural Memory and of procedures in rendering cultural mnemotechnics – Early Civilization: Writing, Remem- adherence to the landscape, songs, and handwork (em- brance, and Political Imagination (New York: Cambridge University broidery) – she does not focus on the familiar and tested Press, 2011), 44. “fixed points in the past”.2 Instead, she creates her own by combining imaginary and historical spaces.

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: THE PLACE OF SUPRESSED MEMORY Landscape as a frequently occurring medium of cultural memory is thereby used in different ways, processed similarly in her videos and photographs: by overlapping stories inherited from her family (such as the one told by her father) with elements of biographic memory (landscape scenes from Mount Kozara are juxtaposed with the first war film that she saw as a child), she multiplies

III RISK 154 155 CHANGE the fictional dimension of the narrative built on the suggestiveness of potential, imagined outcomes of events that none of the involved persons (neither the narrator nor the author) has ever witnessed. This is a typical oral history, full of personal roles, doubts, and gaps; the father tells the story burdened by his emotional role, above all remorse and regret. Even though inconsistent, the story has factual power, same as the film that the artist recalls: “The Battle of Kozara” (1962), directed by Veljko Bulajić. In a similar way, the photograph “Two Mountains“ gives way to documentary presentation and counts on the visual co-

incidence of content and form (the photograph and the broken glass), the right), 2013 (on established on the basis of forced repetition of the mountain motif as a place of vanishing and death. Paired with the aforementioned video “Plaque (Two Mountains)”, it creates a whole that reveals itself as a sort of statement in which the artist neutralizes ideological polarity, the Future” for “Songs installation view, Neli Ružić, disentangles categorical judgments, and looks for a ‘third way’. In this way, the overlapping of two place names that played an important role in WWII, one of them as part of individual memory (Mosor) and the during the artist’s stay in Mexico. Neli Ružić dealt with erasure and other as a collective lieu de mémoire (Kozara), becomes a point in oblivion by engaging in performative cleaning and taking the first-per- which the universal and general merge with the personal. The title also son role, contrary to the videos and films where she appeared as an conceals elements of a story that touches upon erasure as one of the observer and witness. Many artworks belong to this group, including artist’s preferred topics ever since the early 1990s. Deconstructing the objects “Calendar Box, Clouds and Flies, Archipelago, High Tide, the title “Plaque (Two Mountains)” reveals that it refers to the memo- Snow, and Wind (Alexandria)”. This does not mean that she remained rial plaque with the name of her father’s brother, Miljenko Ružić, who detached from her subjects, which is manifest in “Plaque went missing on Mount Mosor, which is the subject of the father’s 3 One of the main premises pro- (Two Mountains)”, where she holds the observer’s atten- confession. The plaque was removed in 1992 under unclear circum- posed by Maurice Halbwachs is tion not only with the texture of the video image, but also that the selectiveness of memory is stances. The ‘great erasure’, which coincides with the onset of trauma established by means of negotia- with her intensely intimate relationship with the land- and thus with the revision of history, first appeared in her work “Brush” tion between individual and collec- scape, which makes the lieu de mémoire – Mount Kozara (1994), which announced the topic in its various variants from the tive. Cf. On Collective Memory (Uni- as a semioticized place and the stronghold of memory versity of Chicago Press, 1992). The “Galeb Dry Cleaners” from the late 1990s to the “Strategies of Obliv- term “suppressed memory” was in- – evaporate into the elegiac and tactile dimension of a ion” (2005/2006), all of which focus on erasure on a personal level, troduced by Michael Pollak in his landscape. In her artworks called “The Hole” and “Songs article “Memory, Oblivion, Silence”, originally published in Revista Estu- for the Future”, the landscape remains equally encoded, dos Historicos, (1989) owing to (self)censorship as an outcome of the selective procedure performed by memory and suppressed remembrance.3 Thus, both artworks use an active process of hushing and silencing – particularly manifest in the artist’s later work, owing to the lack of verbalization in songs with an outspokenly symbolical background. In the “Songs for the Future” each of the three figures – her friend Tanja Kolar, her father, and her son Luka – performs his or her own song as follows: “The International” as the song of the disowned,

video installation, 2007 “Marijane, Marijane” from the local folklore, with references to national identity, and “Konjuh planinom”, a partisan song from WWII, dedicated to a fallen mineworker from the surroundings of Tuzla, which also Neli Ružić, “Lengua Materna/Mother Tongue”, Materna/Mother Tongue”, “Lengua Neli Ružić, inspired a war film of the same name (1966), directed by Fadil Hadžić.

III RISK 156 157 CHANGE MOTHER TONGUE AND DECONSTRUCTION OF FEMALE IDENTITY be seen as an act of initiation or a critique of the logocentric Western Mistrust towards articulating history and the dominant culture, as argued, for example, by the feminist theory, where lan- narratives, which is characteristic of the “Breaths”, raises the issue guage is seen as the ideological tool of the patriarchal system of of translatability and bridging, on territorial as well as mental or emo- representation. This theme can be discerned in Neli Ružić’s other tional level, which recurs in the work of Neli Ružić in various forms. works as well, such as the “Songs for the Future”. Her preoccupation with nostalgia during the early 2000s resulted in There are two places Neli Ružić keeps revisiting – a work called “Transferrable Borders” (2003), which consisted of mountains and her mother tongue – as two opposite choices between four stones and some thread. “Grandparents’ Bed (Cama de los abue- escapism and the ‘founding memory’ of the self. los/granparents’ bed)” reveals her interest in cross-generational heritage, where links with the ancestors are established through the bed PERSONAL FIGURES OF MEMORIES VS. INSTITUTIONALIZATION as a symbolical object, inscribed in tradition as a metaphor of child- OF MEMORY bearing, marriage, and family. Using this outspokenly personal and Let us return to the “Breaths”, in which she denounced everyday story, yet nowadays completely erased from biographic the official history and the power of great narratives by embracing and cultural memory (in the past, beds were inherited, which is no the anonymity of breaths: she photographed the breaths of some longer the case), Neli addressed the concept of family, yet proceed- fifty persons whom she felt close to (from both Croatia and Mexico), ed to deconstruct female identity without saying it explicitly – I am during the year of 2007. Counting on their ephemeral inclined to make this conclusion indirectly, having noticed her per- 4 The artist photographed the breaths nature and the impossibility of identifying each particu- manent interest in matrilinear history. This is indicated by artworks by using flash and instructing the lar breath, she noted down their year of birth. Thus, she persons to breath against glass in such as the “Reproductive System” (2001/2006) and the “Strategies darkness, in order to avoid reflec- subverted the official notion of archive as a place of of Oblivion” series (2005/2006), where thread and sewing appear tion. Pierre Nora has discussed the universal and trans-temporal significance, as well as a as traditionally female ways of expression. In her video “Lengua ma- “hypertrophy of memory” in the symptom of the hypertrophy of memory that we are abovementioned text, explaining it 4 terna/Mother Tongue” (2007), the artist has established a triad and by the fact that memory has been witnessing today. In terms of documenting life, Neli’s a cross-generational, grandmother-mother-daughter relationship. left to the archives and other insti- oeuvre may be considered as a way of archiving an tutions of memory. In the work “Grandparents’ Bed” she reconstructed her knowledge insurmountable quantity of data. A way of addressing by entering the room (as a marked, holy place) and appropriating the 5 Nora, op. cit., pp. 7-8; Nora has both the past and the present. The background of her bed from a distance, through the photograph, yet finding a way to argued that memory in modern “Family Archive” seems to serve this purpose – to un- times has been based on archiving come closer: by licking the photograph, she embodied the experi- the material remnants. The less it dermine, even if involuntarily, the idea of the great and ence of appropriation and abolished the previously established dis- comes from the inside, the more it the noisy.5 Wool pellets as her personal ‘figures of re- depends on external tools. tance, both temporal and physical. In this way, she intensified the membrance’, spawned by the washing machine, sub- subversive value of paradoxical distance. The act of licking can also verted the hierarchy. Besides being proportional to the production of life, archives are also regressive. Imagine if we could turn on automatic archiving: every step forward would be immediately documented and frozen by taking a step backward. Archives tend to behave en- tropically: the faster time flies, the more we need memory and the archive grows proportionally. For Neli Ružić, archiving is a mimetic principle serving to revise and evaluate, an attempt at establishing an alternative order. Expecting that there is a ‘third way’ – writing out that which did not happen, for example. Whether as an unexpected burden or an invincible human passion, an archive has become a necessity as a way of docu- Memory”, print on acryllc glas, 2015

Neli Ružić, installation view, “Ministry of installation view, Neli Ružić, menting past events. Otherwise people would remain without history, memory, and background. Forever young.

III RISK 158 159 CHANGE IV

IV RISK 160 161 CHANGE RISK CHANGE

DOSSIER

IV RISK 162 163 CHANGE Artist-in-Residence Risk Change Exhibitions

Neli Ružić, 2016/2017 SOLO EXHIBITIONS Igor Bošnjak, 2016–2019 Neli Ružić, Shadows of the Future Tomo Savić Gecan, 2017–2018 MMSU, 13 / 12 / 2016 – 13 / 1 / 2017 Mate Ugrin, 2017 Pavlica Bajsić Brazzoduro Tomo Savić Gecan, Untitled 2017 & Dino Brazzoduro, 2018 Mali salon, 15 / 12 / 2017 – 13 / 1 / 2018 Manon Avram, Fanny Avram, Melanie Venino, 2019 Alicja Rogalska, 2019 GROUP EXHIBITIONS Simon Farid, 2019 Between There and There: Krzysztof Gutfranski, 2020 Anatomy of Temporary Migrations Fotini Gouseti, 2020 MMSU, 27 / 1 / 2017 – 18 / 3 / 2017 Lauren Moffatt, 2020 Vangjush Vellahu, 2020 Black Disguises MMSU, 14 / 12 / 2017 – 22 / 2 / 2018

Escape MMSU, 16 / 11 / 2018 – 1 / 2 / 2019

We’re Not Like Them MMSU, 4 / 10 – 10 / 11 / 2019

IV RISK 164 165 CHANGE Božena Končić Badurina & Between There and There: Duga Mavrinac, “Will Do, Will Do… but How?!“, installation Anatomy of Temporary Migrations view, 2017, detail

ARTISTS Tomislav Brajnović Danica Dakić & Sandra Sterle Larisa David h.arta group Silvia Hell Nicole Hewitt Ana Hušman Božena Končić Badurina Andreja Kulunčić Veda Popovici

CURATORS 2019. / Artists: Tomislav Brajnović, by the Centre for Peace Studies – — Irena Bekić, Duga Mavrinac Nicole Hewitt, Ana Hušman, Božena CMS, “Migrant Work – Activist Con- Končić Badurina, Tonka Maleković. tributions”, workshop leaders: Iva EXHIBITION DESIGN / Exhibition design: Out of Sight – Zenzerović, Centre for Peace Studies — Škart Dušica Dražić / Production: IPAK – is- (CMS), Julija Kranjec (CMS), Iva Ivšić traživački projekt i autorske koncep- (Antifascist Network/Brid), Branimir PRODUCTION cije & Out of Sight Šloser (Brid) and Duga Mavrinac — IPAK – istraživački projekti i au- (IPAK). torske koncepcije & MMSU Rijeka ADDITIONAL PROGRAM — 18 / 03 / 2017, round table, “Tem- — 14 / 03 / 2017, guided tour by porary Migrations – Liminality, Vul- — In a slightly different form, with a students from the Department of nerability and Labor“, participants: focus on the configurations of be- Cultural Studies, Rijeka Faculty of Centre for Peace Studies, Group longing of temporary migrants, and Humanities and Social Sciences 484, Brid, representatives of trade in collaboration with curator Dušica — 16 / 03 / 2017, guided tour with unions and workers, cultural anthro- Dražić, exhibition “Between There curators and artists pologist Duga Mavrinac and modera- and There: Third Place of Belonging” — 17 / 03 / 2017, Faculty of Human- tor Irena Bekić was held in Out of Sight gallery in ities and Social Sciences, Depart- — 18 / 3 / 2017, performance, Nicole Antwerpen, from 16 May to 30 June ment of Cultural Studies, workshop Hewitt, “Her name is Jasna 08“

IV RISK 166 167 CHANGE Ana Hušman, “Postcards“, three-channel video installation, production: Studio Pangoline, 2012, still

IV RISK 168 169 CHANGE Božena Končić Badurina & Duga Mavrinac, “Will Do, Will Do… but How?!“, installation view, detail of the artist book (Božena Končić Badurina), 2017

IV RISK 170 171 CHANGE Chorus Montenegrini performance at the opening

Danica Dakić & Sandra Sterle, “GO_ HOME“, multimedia project, partner: CEC International Partners / Artslink, Fritzie Brown, Katherine Carl, 2001

IV RISK 172 173 CHANGE Tomislav Brajnović, “They Will Flee to Their Native Land“, installation view, 2017

IV RISK 174 175 CHANGE Andreja Kulunčić, co-authors: Ibrahim Čurić, Said Mujić, Osman Pezić, “Bosnians Out! Workers Without Frontiers“, from the project for the exhibition “Museum in the Street“, MG MSUM Ljubljana, 2008, design: Dejan Dragosavac – Ruta, photo: Dejan Habicht, detail

Tomislav Brajnović, “Superman Overflight“, print, 2016, photo: David Brajnović & Suzana Lačok

IV RISK 176 177 CHANGE h.arta group (Maria Crista, Anca Gyemant, Rodica Tache), “About home and being away. Fridge notes.“, installation, 2017

Silvia Hell, “A Form of History“, sculptures, Alert studio, Bucharest, 2013, photo: Catalin Burcea

IV RISK 178 179 CHANGE IV RISK 180 181 CHANGE Roos van Haften, “Splendid Black Disguises Isolation“, installation, 2017

ARTISTS Carlos Aires Cristiano Berti & Can Sungu Marianna Christofides Aleksandar Garbin Roos van Haaften Laurent Van Lancker Miroslav Mikuljan Rafael Puetter (Rafucko) Davor Sanvincenti Ana Sladetić Elejan van der Velde

CURATORS Marijana Hameršak and Iva Pleše choreographer: Kate Foley, dancers: — Ksenija Orelj, Sabina Salamon, (Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Jana Budiša, Katja Butković, Lara Nataša Šuković, Marina Tkalčić Research, Zagreb,), Marko Luka Drljača and Jana Jakšić Zubčić (PhD student of Philosophy — 13 / 02 / 2018, Art-kino Croatia, JURY and Contemporariness at the film program “Immigrant Workers in — Ksenija Orelj, Sabina Salamon, University of Rijeka), Renato Art-kino”, selected by Diana Nenadić, Renato Stanković (Rijeka Faculty of Stanković (Department of Cultural HFS, films: “Jesenice-Stuttgart”, Humanities and Social Sciences, Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Miroslav Mikuljan, 1970, “Journey, Department of Cultural Studies), Social Sciences), Valentina Radoš Imotski”, Tomislav Radić, 1970, “The Nataša Šuković, Marina Tkalčić (Museum of Fine Arts, Osijek), Party”, Zoran Tadić, 1974, “Charter moderator: Marina Tkalčić Flight…”, Krsto Papić, 1975, “Pile ADDITIONAL PROGRAM — 20 / 02 / 201/8, dance ZgRiZg”, Đorđe Jandrić, 2014, in — 20 / 02 / 2018, symposium “Lives choreography “Migrations” by collaboration with Croatian Film on the Move – Conditions in the dance ensemble of Primary School Association, Croatian Radiotelevision Altered State of Borders”, participants: of Classic Ballet and Modern Dance and Zagreb film Jelena Prtorić (independent journalist), at Vežica Primary School, Rijeka,

IV RISK 182 183 CHANGE Davor Sanvincenti, “Borders“, series of photographs and a text, 2012, detail

IV RISK 184 185 CHANGE Davor Sanvincenti, “Borders“, series Elejan van der Velde, “Untitled of photographs and a text (700 x (dark matter)“, installation, 500 mm, 500 x 350 mm), 2012 2017, detail

IV RISK 186 187 CHANGE Rafael Puetter (Rafucko), “Rio de Janeiro, Illegal City”, video installation, 2017, installation view, detail

Carlos Aires, “Sweet Dreams Are Made of This“, video installation, 2016, still

IV RISK 188 189 CHANGE IV RISK 190 191 CHANGE Aleksandar Garbin, “G.F.P., Russia Belaja 1420 km”, object, 1989

IV RISK 192 193 CHANGE Dancers: Jana Budiša, Katja Butković, Lara Drljača and Jana Jakšić

IV RISK 194 195 CHANGE Christiano Berti & Can Sungu, “Highlife“, installation, 2017, detail

Laurent Van Lancker, “Limbo“, multichannel video installation, 2018, stills

IV RISK 196 197 CHANGE Ana Sladetić, “Collision”, video installation, 2017

Christiano Berti & Can Sungu, “Highlife“, installation, 2017, detail

IV RISK 198 199 CHANGE Marianna Christofides, “dies solis. Sundays in Nicosia“, video installation, film assistant: Bernd Bräunlich, 2016, stills

Aleksandar Garbin, “Canal grande do Norte”, object, 1997

IV RISK 200 201 CHANGE Installation view, Marianna Christofides, “dies solis. Sundays in Nicosia“, 2016

IV RISK 202 203 CHANGE Installation view, Manon Avram Escape & Pierre Aoudouard, “Everyone Has Their Place“, series of photographs, 2016

ARTISTS Manon Avram & Pierre Audouard Pavlica Bajsić Brazzoduro & Dino Brazzoduro Nisrine Boukhari Lana Čmajčanin Tomislav Čeranić Aleksandar Garbin Ibro Hasanović Siniša Labrović Lukas Marxt & Jakub Vrba Nika Oblak & Primož Novak Alicja Rogalska Sara Salamon & Hrvoje Spudić Tao G. Vrhovec Sambolec MMSU COLLECTION CURATORS — 29 / 11 / 2018, Art-kino Croatia, film — 14, 15, 16 / 12 / 2018, choreography Milenko D. Gjurić — Ksenija Orelj, Sabina Salamon program ‘Escape’, selected by Diana workshop “Transmutations”, workshop Nenadić, films: ‘Soske’, Rada Šešić, leaders: Selma Banich and Nina Gojić, JURY 2001, ‘Arme Leute’, Vlado Kristl, in collaboration with Prostor plus Branko Kovačević — Kora Girin, Ksenija Orelj, Sabina 1963, ‘Run’, Mladen Stilinović, 1973, — International Migrant Day, Salamon, Marina Tkalčić, Sabrina ‘Terra roza’, Aldo Tardozzi, 1999, ‘In 18 / 12 / 2018, OKC Palach, Žigo (Rijeka City Museum) Whitest Solitude’, Rada Šešić, 2003, presentation “Land Speaking About Andrija Maurović in collaboration with FACTUM, People / Returning Home” ADDITIONAL PROGRAM Goethe-Institut, Croatian Film Experiment Platform (Lara Badurina, — 16 / 11 / 2018, music performance Association Liberta Mišan, Sara Salamon), lecture “Escape”, with music written — 5 / 12 / 2018, symposium about a research on migrations in especially for the exhibition, “Contrasts of Escape”, speakers: Ana Rijeka, as part of RISK CHANGE Artefacts from the Rijeka City Museum Cyborgix 4E75 Dana Beroš, architect & researcher, project, speakers: Barbara Matejčić — 21 / 11 / 2018, workshop for and Matija Kralj, artist; Gordan and Drago Župarić Iljić, street kitchen students “Why do/don’t we run?”, Bosanac, human rights activist; Sanja and nativetronica and Maritime and History Museum of workshop leader: Daria Morosin Janović, psychiatrist, group analyst; — 26 / 04 / 2019, Manon & Fanny — 24 / 11 / 2018, children’s workshop Dragan Markovina, historian and Avram, Melanie Venino, performance “A Perfect City”, workshop leader: writer, moderators: Ksenija Orelj, “A Couple of Minutes in Migrant the Croatian Littoral Rijeka Tanja Blašković Sabina Salamon Shoes”

IV RISK 204 205 CHANGE Manon Avram & Pierre Aoudouard, “Everyone Has Their Place“, series of photographs, 2016

IV RISK 206 207 CHANGE Ibro Hasanović, “Note on Multitude“, documentary, 2015, still, installation view

IV RISK 208 209 CHANGE Lana Čmajčanin, “A Change Is Gonna Come II”, video, monologue: Olga Dimitrijević, music & sound: Ognjen Šavija, voice: Jelena Ilić, voice recording: Goran Antović, 2018, stills

IV RISK 210 211 CHANGE Nisrine Boukhari, "53 m2 of Spatial Memory", video installation, 2016/2017, installation view, stills

IV RISK 212 213 CHANGE Alicja Rogalska, “What If As If“, video, 2017, still

IV RISK 214 215 CHANGE Lukas Marxt & Jakub Vrba, “On a beautiful and quiet location”, two- channel video installation, 2015, installation view

Branko Kovačević, “We were occupied, but ...“, graphics, 1945, MMSU 1991

IV RISK 216 217 CHANGE Installation view, Andrija Maurović, “Prince Radoslav (The Migration of Croats I)”, comic strip panel,1943, MMSU-2215, “Golden Island”, comic strip panel, 1944/45, MMSU-2196 (on the left), Aleksandar Garbin, “Sculpture for Manola: Van Gogh's Bedroom in Arles“, installation, 2008 (on the right)

IV RISK 218 219 CHANGE Nika Oblak & Primož Oblak, “Border Mover“, kinetic video installation, 2015

Aleksandar Garbin, “Sculpture for Manola: Van Gogh's Bedroom in Arles“, installation, 2008, detail

IV RISK 220 221 CHANGE Tao G. Vrhovec Sambolec, “Reading stanley brown“, installation view, 2015 – 2016

Sara Salamon & Hrvoje Spudić, “Translations 1”, installation view, 2018

IV RISK 222 223 CHANGE IV RISK 224 225 CHANGE choreography workshop ''Migrations'' with Kate Foley and students of the Primary School of Balet and Modeern Dance,Vezica, Rijeka, 2018

Choreography workshop “Transmutations” with choreographers Selma Banić and Nina Gojić

Tomislav Čeranić, “Plein-air”, pencil on paper, 700 x 500 mm, 2014

IV RISK 226 227 CHANGE Opening of the ‘’Escape’’ exhibition, 2018

IV RISK 228 229 CHANGE We’re Not Like Them

ARTISTS Brook Andrew Nika Autor Gildo Bavčević Avgust Černigoj Lana Čmajčanin Nina Delanović & Mirna Gurdon Olga Dimitrijević Simon Farid Fotini Gouseti Driton Hajredini Janez Janša, Janez Janša, Janez Janša Ivana Keser Mirna Kutleša Chris Marker Chris Marker & Alain Resnais CURATORS Maritime and History Museum of the — 21 – 22 / 10 / 2019, workshops Danilo Milovanović — Ksenija Orelj, Marina Tkalčić Croatian Littoral Rijeka for 54+ generation and students, production of “Beni – JUXTAzin” JURY SUPPORT fanzine, workshop leaders: Tanja Driton Selmani — Vana Gović (Maritime and History — Creative Europe, Ministry of Blašković & Ivana Lučić Museum of the Croatian Littoral Culture of the Republic of Croatia, — 7 / 11 / 2019, symposium “The Rijeka), Katerina Jovanović, Ksenija the City of Rijeka, Rijeka 2020 Balkans Are Somewhere Else”, Vangjush Vellahu Orelj, Sabina Salamon, Marina — The exhibition is part of “Kitchen” speakers: Tea Perinčić, (PPMHP), Tkalčić program by Rijeka 2020 - ECOC Ana Inić & Sandra Jukić, PhD students Zvukospjevi (Nicole Hewitt, of Glottodidactics, Zagreb Faculty IN COLLABORATION WITH ADDITIONAL PROGRAM of Humanities and Social Sciences; — Art-kino Croatia, Centre for Peace — 19 / 10 / 2019, „Anti-Dodgeball“, Eric Ušić, Cultural Studies, Željko Vida Guzmić, Ivan Slipčević) Studies, Croatian Film Association, a children’s workshop in creating Senković, Department of Philosophy, Rijeka City Museum, Faculty of imaginary geographical maps, Osijek Faculty of Humanities and Humanities and Social Sciences, workshop leaders: Tanja Blašković Social Sciences; Moderators: Department of Cultural Studies, & Ivana Lučić Ksenija Orelj and Marina Tkalčić

IV RISK 230 231 CHANGE IV RISK 232 233 CHANGE Johnson, Riddle & Co., “Hark! Hark! the Chris Marker, ZOO PIECE, film, Dogs do Bark!“, print, London, 1914, 1990, courtesy of: Films du Jeudi courtesy of: British Library, London

Vangjush Vellahu, “Fragments I, Where Stories Cut Across the Land”, multichannel video installation, 2015 – 2018, stills & installation view (p. 236.)

IV RISK 234 235 CHANGE IV RISK 236 237 CHANGE Lana Čmajčanin, “Balkangreuel (Balkan Cruelty)“, installation, Driton Hajredini, “Sin“, video, 2004 2019, detail

IV RISK 238 239 CHANGE Fotini Gouseti, “Renkonto”, installation, 2014, still, photograph

IV RISK 240 241 CHANGE Janez Janša, Janez Janša, Janez Mirna Kutleša, “Blue Blood“, Janša, “I Love Germany”, 2013, installation, 2019, detail (p. 244.) photograph, photo: Asja Hrvatin

IV RISK 242 243 CHANGE IV RISK 244 245 CHANGE Danilo Milovanović, “The Snail Gildo Bavčević, 021_123 3-channel Project”, video, drawings, 2018, installation, 2017, stills detail

IV RISK 246 247 CHANGE Driton Selmani, “Two Jokes Make One Truth – When They Came”, installation, 2019

IV RISK 248 249 CHANGE Nika Autor, “Newsreel 62 – Family and Worker”, installation made in collaboration with Newsreel Front (Andreja Hribernik, Andrej Šprah, Nace Zavrl), 2019, with works from the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Koroška (KGLU), film stils

IV RISK 250 251 CHANGE Brook Andrew, “The Shepherd”, mixed media, 2016, courtesy of: Galerie Nathalie Obadia, Paris

Avgust Černigoj, “Exotica“, graphics, 1954, MMSU 396

IV RISK 252 253 CHANGE IV RISK 254 255 CHANGE Muzej moderne i suvremene umjetnosti

Brook Andrew, “Back of Man II”, mixed media, 2016, courtesy of: Galerie Nathalie Obadia, Paris

IV RISK 256 RISKIRAJ 258 259 PROMJENU IZMEĐU -INTER KONTROLE DISCIPLINARNI KRETANJA I PROJEKT

DRUŠTVENIH PROMJENA RISKIRAJ PROMJENU

UMJETNIČKO

RISKIRAJ 260 261 PROMJENU Između kontrole kretanja i društvenih II Stranputicama multikulturalizma do promjena — umjetničko-interdisciplinarni prostornog odvajanja – klaustrofobija projekt Riskiraj promjenu suvremenih gradova

Uvod Barabara Matejčić & Drago Župarić-Iljić Migracije su prirodani zakon, Rijeka kao multikulturni grad — Rezultati sve se kreće, svi migriraju istraživanja projekta Riskiraj promjenu 266 294

Irena Bekić & Duga Mavrinac Privremene migracije: migrantske (samo) I Stranac, izbjeglica, građanin, turist — reprezentacije i umjetničke strategije Europa kao prostor negostoljubivosti subjektivizacije 297

Željko Senković Igor Petričević Migracije, pitanje hospitaliteta i politika Od tranzita do naseljavanja, između prijateljstva suosjećanja i ksenofobije: prilagodba 270 novoj raznolikosti u zagrebačkom hotelu Porin i njegovoj okolici Ksenija Orelj & Sabina Salamon 303 Ostati tu zapravo je ludo* — o projektu Riskiraj Promjenu 276 III Pripada li Balkan Europi? — pitanje C. J. Stephens političke i socijalne integracije na Psihološko putovanje u drugost rubovima Europe 282

Marijana Hameršak & Iva Pleše Dragan Markovina Bilješke uz etnografsko istraživanje u Mediteran i Balkan pred vratima Zimskom prihvatno-tranzitnom centru tvrđave Europe Republike Hrvatske 310 286 Manuela Bojadžijev „Najkraći put u svijet“ — migracije, građanska prava i Europska unija u državama bivše Jugoslavije, replika nakon petnaest godina 314

Sabina Salamon Treće je moguće — prisjećanje i usmena predaja kao osobna poputnina u procesima kulturnog izmještanja 319

IV Dosje projekta Risk Change 325

RISKIRAJ 262 263 PROMJENU IV RISKIRAJ 264 265 PROMJENU MIGRACIJE

SVE SE SU KREĆE, PRIRODNI ZAKON: SVI

MIGRIRAJU

RISKIRAJ 266 267 PROMJENU Ksenija Orelj & Sabina Salamon između kulturalne studije o (ne)gostoljubivosti današnje Europe i umjetničke satire društvenog krajolika u kojoj se kao glavne sastavnice javljaju mit o superiornosti, imperijalna povijest, obuzetost či- stoćom i kontrolom, a sve kao reakcija na strah pred drugim i nepoznatim. Zaokupljena lokalnim iskustvom, kao i širim procesima politič- ke destabilizacije, čitanka nastaje na sjecištima službene povijesti i preskočenih pripovijesti, rasutih između napuštenog modela socijalne države i njezine globalizirane izvedenice s rasklimanim pravnim garancijama. Uz fotodokumentaciju projekta Riskiraj promjenu (sa slikovnim prilozima umjetničkih radova i kulturno-povijesnog mate- rijala), čitanka obuhvaća migracijsku, radnu i ekonomsku problema- tiku. Bavi se pitanjem granica i njihove umnoženosti – u teritorijalnom i administrativno-pravnom smislu – što je osobito izraženo u prvom poglavlju „Stranac, izbjeglica, građanin, turist – Europa kao prostor negostoljubivosti“. Tekstovi Željka Senkovića, Ksenije Orelj & Sabine Salamon, C. J. Stephens, Marijane Hameršak & Ive Pleše osvrću se na razdiobu ‘ja – drugi’, analizirajući zaoštrene odnose spram drugog koji se manifestiraju kroz pojačane sustave kontrole, isključivanja i odbacivanja. Prilozi se bave figurom stranca, izbjeglice – (ne)građa- nina – u razdoblju obilježenom desnim pomakom i obratom europskih liberalnih ideala prema političkom nasilju i bezobzirnom pra- gmatizmu, koji se očituju u sprezi migracijskih procesa i kapitala. Drugo poglavlje naslovljeno „Stranputicama multikulturalizma do prostornog odvajanja – klaustrofobija suvremenih gradova“, za- počinje lokalnim istraživanjem provedenim u sklopu projekta Riskiraj promjenu, a uz prilog Barbare Matejčić & Drage Župarića Iljića, donosi i tekstove Irene Bekić & Duge Mavrinac te Igora Petričevića. Knjiga pred vama nastala je kao epilog četverogodišnjeg projekta Kroz istraživačke studije i analizu suvremenih umjetničkih praksi, Riskiraj promjenu na temu migracija i kontrole kretanja. Naslanjaju- tekstovi u ovom poglavlju obaziru se na probleme multikulturalizma ći se na moto projekta: „Migracije su prirodni zakon. Sve se kreće, u svakodnevici koji bi, u suprotnosti s modelom asimilacije, trebao svi migriraju“, nastoji potaknuti širu raspravu o (ne)mogućnostima predstavljati priznanje i održavanje kulturnih raznolikosti. Iz perspek- današnje pokretljivosti. Tematizira krajnosti suvremene društvenos- tive terenskog rada i empirije spomenuti tekstovi sagledavaju aktu- ti. S jedne strane – mobilnost, multikulturalizam i suradnja; s druge alno stanje u tretiranju raznolikosti i različitosti, suprotnoj povlašte- – kontrola granica, izbjeglištvo, isključivanje. Čitanka je oblikovana nom (etničkom i nacionalnom) integritetu. Opisuju svakodnevne na razmeđu antropologije, socijalne psihologije, umjetničkih i ku- zamke u priznavanju drugog, zakrabuljene u administrativnu-pravnu, stoskih praksi. Okuplja teoretičare i praktičare različitih profila, ma- socijalnu, kulturalnu i psihološku frazeologiju. hom sudionika izložbi i simpozija održanih u sklopu projekta. Kroz Zaključno je poglavlje čitanke „Pripada li Balkan Europi? – pi- aktualne osvrte na odnose socijalnih i migrantskih politika, kulturnih tanje političke i socijalne integracije na rubovima Europe“. Tekstovi praksi i migracijskih procesa, čitanka potiče razmjenu iskustava i Dragana Markovine, Manuele Bojadžijev i Sabine Salamon odraža- perspektiva sa širokom publikom. Bazirana na raznovrsnim teksto- vaju pogranična iskustva balkanskog i mediteranskog svijeta ozna- vima, od studija slučaja, etnografsko-antropoloških izvještaja s tere- čenog širim nacionalističkim podjelama čija je ekonomska pozadina na i kustoskih priloga do eseja povijesnog ili filozofskog pristupa, često prikrivena. Sugerirajući pitanje „Što se dogodilo s Europom čitanka nastoji potvrditi migracije kao općevažeće načelo, istražu- bez granica?“1, istražuju alternative rastućoj ksenofobiji i socijalnoj jući njihove stvarne i fikcijske mogućnosti izvan dohvata zadanih diskriminaciji. Pred porazom ideje stvaranja nadnacionalne zajedni- granica. Vezuje se uz tematske koncepcije održanih izložbi, od ana- ce i često tek dekorativnog barjaka multikulturalizma preostaje za- tomije privremenih migracija („Između tamo i tamo: Anatomija pri- mišljanje nad mogućnostima ujedinjenog fronta koji bi umjesto vremenih migracija“, 2016.), problema prisilnih migracija i nesnala- kulturalnih, afirmirao univerzalna građanska prava, uz bok socijalnim ženja u vremenu poremećene sigurnosti („Crne krabulje“, 2017.), i ekonomskim pravima. Tome u prilog idu i umjetničke prakse, ključ- bijega kao pokušaja opstruiranja kontrole kretanja („Bijeg“, 2018.), ni medij projekta, koje se odmiču od službenih načina registriranja do pitanja o oblikovanju predodžbi o strancu i drugom („Mi nismo povijesti i umjesto uvriježenih ‘objektivnih’ istina favoriziraju suosje- kao oni“, 2019.). U fokusu su rizici promjena koji nastupaju u ogra- ćanje i solidarne akcije kao mjerodavne katalizatore promjene i bi- ničavajućim izvanjskim okolnostima gdje ciljeve samoodržanja i jega iz klaustrofobije današnje društvenosti. Bijeg kao gesta kretanja zaštite vlastite intime prate iscrpljujući napori prilagodbe i ostvare- 1 Iz teksta Dragana Markovine: i čin samoodržanja manifestira se kao posljedica pomanjkanja tole- nja zajedništva. „Između kontrole kretanja i društvenih promjena – „Mediteran i Balkan pred vratima rancije prema trenutnom stanju, ali i povlastica da se u bijeg može- umjetničko-interdisciplinarni projekt Riskiraj promjenu“ kreće se tvrđave Europe“ mo upustiti. Postaje li bijeg uslijed pojačane kontrole sve vidljiviji?

RISKIRAJ 268 269 PROMJENU I EUROPA STRANAC, IZBJEGLICA, KAO GRAĐANIN, PROSTOR TURIST NEGOSTO LJUBIVOSTI

I RISKIRAJ 270 271 PROMJENU Željko Senković lažna alternativa, jer kao i neoliberalni diskurs osi- da (p)ostanu prihvaćeni u svijetu: kada su pro- uzrokovale sirijsku katastrofu, npr. Iran, Rusija, romašujuju i reduciraju prostor slobode. U takvim gnani iz Njemačke te u Francuskoj pristali postati Saudijska Arabija, Sjedinjene Američke Države. ideologemima, čovjek je čovjeku prvenstveno ‚Švabe’, trudili su se zapravo biti Francuzima i pri- Njihova geopolitička strategija je zaseban aspekt Migracije, poslodavac ili rob, ili je pak devoluirao u valjanog hvatili zatvaranje u Francuskoj kao opravdano. interesa, licemjerstva i nasilja; europski politički ili poželjnog Mađara, Rusa, Hrvata, koji zna i pro- Diljem svijeta događalo se čudno pripadanje-ne- put ne smije se izroditi u političko nasilje i fokusi- pitanje kazuje Druge, pretpostavljajući ispravne koordi- pripadanje pojedinim klasama i narodima, iden- rati na vlastite nepropusne granice, jer je to put u nate naroda ili skupina, o kojima je već riječ. titet im je postao fluidan i teško ustanovljiv. produbljivanje katastrofe. Mirotvorna politika bi hospitaliteta Ono što u budućnosti slijedi neće biti svo- “Čovjek je društveno biće i njemu život nije zasigurno trebala biti politika sprečavanja sadaš- i politike divo na dosadašnje političke pojmove, jer se mi- lak kad se presjeku društvene spone. Moralna pra- njeg suludog naoružavanja, u kojem učestvuje i jenjaju prijašnje političke paradigme. Veliki mi- vila mnogo je lakše poštivati u društvenoj struk- Republika Hrvatska. No kako reče Shakeaspeare prijateljstva grantski valovi s Bliskog Istoka i Afrike propitivat turi. Vrlo malo pojedinaca ima snage da zadrži u „Machbethu” – život je bajka što je pripovijeda će etičke horizonte odgovornosti spram Drugih, dostojanstvo ako je njihov društveni, politički i idiot, puna buke i bijesa. Stoga je teško očekiva- konstitutivne za europski humanistički duh. pravni status nejasan. Bez hrabrosti da se borimo ti nagli i potpun zaokret u sadašnjim mračnim i promijenimo društveni i pravni status, mnogi od vremenima, kada umjesto mišljenja koristimo STOLJEĆE IZBJEGLIŠTVA nas odlučili su promijeniti identitet. A ovo čudno ideološke etikete i širimo ozračje ravnodušnosti. “Jedna od temeljnih postavki Hannah Arendt ponašanje samo je pogoršalo stanje. I mi smo Plemenska svijest i vrućica nacionalističkih usklika o budućem svijetu raspada suverenosti nacija- odgovorni za pomutnju u kojoj živimo” (Arendt, ne dopuštaju traženje neutralne referentne točke, država upozorava izričito da će 21. stoljeće biti 2017: 125). izmještanje u prostor gdje je istinski subjekt čo- dobom izbjeglištva. Postavka istodobno upućuje No promjenjivost identiteta također otkriva vječanstvo. Potrebna je nadnacionalna institucija, na tri međusobno povezana sklopa kraja modernih teškoće i beznadnost egzistencije, ali i psihotične reformirani i zaista snažni UN ili nova internaci- političkih ideja: aspekte odbacivanja židovskog identiteta, budu- onalna formacija, sazdana od konsenzusa svih 1. kraj nacije-države; 2. kraj europske pa- ći da su Židovi bili opsjednuti željom za afirma- velikih svjetskih država, koja će uspostavljati i radigme suverenosti naroda i 3. kraj prava čovje- tivnom i poželjnom asimilacijom. Pravi problem širiti područja zaštićena od nasilja, gladi i bolesti. ka u značenju univerzalnoga građanstva kozmo- arendtijanske dijagnoze, koji proishodi iz židovske To što u današnjem svijetu nemamo takvu zaista politskoga poretka vladavine uma u povijesti. lutalačke sudbine, pronalazimo u naravi svijeta funkcionalnu organizaciju, pokazuje nužan smjer Umjesto kozmopolitskoga građanina, kako koji ne prihvaća ljudska bića po sebi, u kojem je djelovanja i daljnju vezanost suvremene politike ga je još zamislio Kant u ideji vječnoga mira, su- diskriminacija postala moćnim društvenim oruž- uz koncept države (Sloterdijk, 2017:195). bjekt europskog novoga poretka je postao onaj jem s kojim se bez prolijevanja krvi rješavate dru- Prema Sloterdijku, premda sve više živimo Suvremeno doba, za razliku od uobičajenog mni- ‘dobar Europljanin’ kojeg Nietzsche ironično uzima gih ljudi. Ovisni smo o statusu za koji smo spremni u eri kulturno homogenih državnih naroda, država jenja, jest doba nemogućnosti. Zakašnjele poli- za primjer europske kaljuže vrijednosti. Naime, riječ plaćati visoku cijenu. U tom smislu, i danas vrlo je i dalje nositelj neophodnih principa političke tike identiteta, vođene novoprobuđenim ideje o paranoičnome strahu od Drugoga. A to se profetski zvuče njene riječi: civilizacije. Doduše, i on će, iako se opredjeljuje aliziranjem naroda i domovine sudaraju se s zbiva upravo tamo gdje je u 20. stoljeću kršćan- “Izbjeglice, prisiljene da mijenjaju zemlje, za pojačani nadzor njemačkih i europskih grani- globalizmom kojeg vodi neoliberalistička ideja stvo bilo nadomješteno vulgarnom ideologijom prethodnica su svojih naroda, ukoliko zadrže svoj ca, ustvrditi da nam na globalnom polju nedo- racionalnog korporativnog upravljanja. Te dvije totalitarnoga komunizma.”(Paić. 2017: 169) identitet. Prvi put povijest Židova nije izdvojena, staje učinkovita središnja agencija, koja bi mogla prevladavajuće smjernice u konkretnim obzorima Danas je često teško razlikovati između već je spojena s poviješću drugih naroda. Zajed- zaustaviti fatalne procese. Iz uvida pak ne slijedi prvenstveno proizvode ozračje ravnodušnosti i izbjeglištva, apatridstva i migrantstva, premda se ništvo europskih naroda razbijeno je u trenutku odgovarajuća akcija, a na svim razinama kao re- paradoksa, jer se romantička svijest pokazuje izbjeglištvo može specifično odrediti kao kretanje kad je dopušteno, i zbog toga što je dopušteno, aktivna snaga neosviještenog ljudskog pobjeđu- jalovom i predmodernom u srazu s logikom ka- stanovništva uzrokovano ratnim ili političkim pro- isključivanje i progon najslabijeg među njima.” je egoizam. pitala. Pojedinac, koji je u (post)modernoj dezo- gonom, odnosno strahom od njega. Da bismo se (Arendt, 2017:128) “Ovdje u igru ponovno ulazi nesretna naci- rijentiranosti otišao i korak dalje od dvadesetsto- u ovom dobu velikih migracijskih kretanja na pravi onalna država. Ona je u isti mah neophodna i ne- ljetnog ‚čovjeka mase’, jer mu masa i masovnost način orijentirali u vezi biti naše suvremenosti, KRIZA IDEJE EUROPE I NEDOSTATNOST dostatna. Sve to danas nije više, nego manje od obezličenja u nama samima nije niti upitna, nego treba usporediti horizont današnjih problema i NACIJE-DRŽAVE zbroja vlastitih dijelova. Slijedom toga, iza djelo- se supstituira u ispraznost eskapističkih doživljaja događaja iz 20. stoljeća. U ideju Europe upisana je ideja mira, to je vanja dijelova ne nastaje sinergija nego paraliza.” i zabavnih ugođaja, pristaje na nova služnička obo- Hannah Arendt, kao izbjeglica iz nacističke ono prvotno i osmišljavajuće, pathos s kojeg bi (Sloterdijk, 2017:196) gotvorenja. Jedno od njih pokazuje se u prihva- Njemačke, u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama trebalo sagledati suvremene rasprave o krizi sta- Neki aspekti Sloterdijkove debate o izbje- ćanju države kao osmišljavatelja i instance kojoj 1943. godine objavljuje tekst „Mi izbjeglice (We rog kontinenta. Upravo se iz ideje mira, ujedno gličkoj krizi takvi su da se on nažalost pokazuje je delegirana uloga zaštite i nadzora nad slobo- refugees)”. Tekst je sugestibilan i paradigmatičan najkonkretnijeg i najapstraktnijeg društvenog kao protivnik pluralističkog društva, jer tvrdi da dom i Drugima. Stoga, ukoliko se danas uopće za pogled u svevremene aspekte izbjeglice, tj. počela, svojevrsnog oživotvorenja duhovnosti, su izbjeglice ono prijeteće strano. Zamjetno je da može govoriti o profiliranom političkom smjero- onoga tko je za Europu danas ujedno i opasnost treba iščitati ogroman problem i izazov koji nosi i mislilac takvog ranga može lako otkliznuti u po- kazu kao alternativi neoliberalnoj ideologiji glo- i vjesnik nadolazećeg, neizvjesnog doba. Budući patnja i očaj izbjegličkih valova. Ne bude li ade- sredovatelja ‚narodnog mišljenja’. Doduše, premda balizacije, onda je riječ o novim nacionalističkim da je komparacija najbolja kritika, kako je rekao kvatnog odgovora, tj. da se krize rješavaju u nji- smatram da rasprave o tome lako abdiciraju od buđenjima, kojima diljem planeta pomaže širok Deleuze, razmotrimo što Arendt kaže (Arendt, hovim korijenima, globalno i mirotvorno, ideja realnosti, poanta nije u manjku realnosti nego u spektar ideologijskih poticaja, od čuvara tradici- 2017) o neizvjesnostima i nadama izbjeglice. Go- Europe će se gasiti, puno brže nego od posljedi- ‚višku realnosti’, tj. pristajanju na kvantitativno- je do religioznih svjetlonoša. Svejedno je li riječ voreći o životu Židova izbjeglica, ona konstatira ca neoliberalnog pogona koji melje i banalizira ideologijsko-identitetno računanje i preračuna- o mađarskom ili ruskom prostoru, ideologemi te da je samoubojstvo među njima postalo puno klasične vrijednosti. Tu ne pomaže realpolitičko vanje ‚izbjegličkog vala’, uz odustajanje od huma- vrste su neka retrogradna alternativa, zapravo češće i kako je paradoksalno nastojanje Židova pitanje o primarnoj odgovornosti država koje su nističkog momenta. Čovječanstvo može konačno

I RISKIRAJ 272 273 PROMJENU sebe zadobivati (Friedrich Nietzsche), samo ako tvaranje u etničke kategorije, oni opsjenarski i omotač u koji se pojedinci sklanjaju, od biološke Mreži, Iluziji materijalnog progresa. No mislenost se odvaži na trud onoga što se čini tako teškim, iluzorno zaboravljaju da nema te kupole u kojoj do kulturne sfere. Smisao suvremene civilizacije mora držati mogućim i drugačiju usmjerenost, dalekim, pa i nemogućim, a to je prevladavanje se može zaštititi bogata i izolirana nacija. Stoga trebao bi biti u tome da se različite zajednice/ s onu stranu uljuljkanosti u visoki stil potrošač- dosadašnjih političkih kategorija i odnosa, koje se je također svaki oblik otpora i pobune vezan uz kulture dotiču na način da se solidarnost kao po- kog života i proishodećeg nihilizma. Tertium datur. vrte u krugu zatvorene real političke mržnje. Dakle, internacionalizaciju problema, kako bi Kinez, Rus, čelo unutar zajednice proširuje na ostale zajed- ukoliko je jedino moguće rješenje migracijskih Turčin, Slovak i Hrvat postali ljudima, udaljava- nice, tj. čovječanstvo. Jer što možemo danas s DRUGAČIJI PRISTUPI PREMA ČOVJEKU I ŽIVOME problema zaustavljanje ratova, onda nova svjetska jući se od politike identiteta dosadašnjih (ne) činjenicom bezuvjetnog prioriteta odnosa unutar Misliti drugačije značilo bi misliti istinsku zajednica to može i treba učiniti. Fobične abdika- vrijednosti. Govori se o novom hladnoratovskom jedne zajednice pred vezama s okolnim svije- otvorenost, koja je pak u području ljudskog ostva- cije u zakašnjele politike identiteta neće donijeti dobu, ali primjerenije mi se čini reći da je nastu- tom? Takva ekskluzivnost (izvorno plemenska, riva ukoliko prevlada solidarnost kao počelo glo- nikakvo dobro. U tom smislu, Europska Unija treba pila era hladnoljudskih odnosa, doba sveopće (kvazi)religijska, nacionalna) teži sklanjanju u zi- balne zajednice. se odvažiti na povijesno djelovanje, kako zbog ravnodušnosti, doba ljudi koji više ne sanjaju o dove/granice. To je politika zida koja postoji od “Tamo gdje nedostaje iskonsko tlo kao fik- mogućih milijuna migranata i izbjeglica, tako i boljem i pravednijem svijetu jer su uljuljkani u primitivnih društava sve do danas. No izolaciona- sno boravište političkih građana unutar grada- zbog nesagledivih posljedica klimatskih promjena. eskapistički besmisao. lizam našeg i ograđenog prostora ne govori jezi- države, tamo je prostor političkoga u nepresta- Budući da je završeno doba u kojem su mno- Zbiljsko rješenje problema migracije može kom koji je logos. Premda se proizvodnja svojeg, nom sažimanju i otvaranju. A čovjek se ne odre- ge moćne europske države vršile sramotna i nase ispravno postaviti ako se prvenstveno upitamo zaštićenog mjesta ne može i neće nadići dok ima đuje metafizički kao zoon politikon, nego iz svoje silna koloniziranja, sadašnje djelovanje treba se o realnoj pomoći i mogućnostima europskih dr- ljudi, ovdje je riječ o potrazi za okončanjem ljud- lutalačke sudbine planetom bez sigurna pribje- dogoditi u okviru traženja drugačijeg djelovanja žava. Etički govoreći, onaj tko prepoznaje nevo- ske povijesti kao povijesti zidova. Ta potraga je žišta. U stalnome kretanju poput nomada u po- za život, kojeg ćemo moći izboriti tako što ćemo ljene pokazuje da voli život i ima vjeru u smisao ujedno put oslobađanja Drugih od zlosilja i nemo- trazi za novim domom i zemljom, njegov se život mijenjati naš način života. Potrošački i egoistični sutrašnjice. Nestane li toga, nastupaju ksenofobija gućnosti da žive ljudski dostojan život. U Eritreji i vodi kao vječita preobrazba njegova bitka […] mentalitet je opustošio svijet. Budući da je kriza i druge mržnje. Ja se najbolje ostvaruje spram Ti, Siriji treba osloboditi prostor za život tih napaće- Doista ne slučajno, najveći filozofi etičko-politič- opasnost i šansa (Sutlić, 1972), jedini izlaz je u Mi se dobro razvija u svjetotvornoj politici ako Vi nih i poniženih ljudi. Jedini put k tome je put us- koga obrata u doba globalne planetarnosti, koz- radikalnoj promjeni načina života i traženju usu- nije stranost koja ugrožava, nego politika da se postave mira i zajedničkog svjetskog ethosa. mopolitizma, izbjeglištva naroda, kraja suverenosti glašenosti oko postizanja kozmopolitske, nadna- kulture međusobno civiliziraju (Sloterdijk, 2013). Doduše, izgleda li mir i danas kao ‚ljubavna nacija-država, suočenja s autoimunim sustavom cionalne instance, koja će oživotvoriti ideju mira. Čovječanstvo treba minimalnu usuglašenost u iluzija’ (Krleža) ili snoviđenje u svijetu koji se odu- političke entropije informacijskoga kapitalizma, Europska mislena tradicija, od stoika do Kanta, svezi perspektiva budućnosti, koje ne može bez čio od čežnje za dobrotom i pravdom? Čovje- obilježeni su nastojanjem preusmjeravanja za- treba potaknuti dijalog sa istočnim mirotvornim solidarnosti i nove svjetske zajednice. Stoga je čanstvo ipak mora iznova naučiti sanjati i zado- padnjačke metafizike iz prostora ukorijenjenosti etičkim diskursima, kako bi se odmaknuli od sa- današnji bijeg od odgovornosti nedopustiv, on biti ideale, da bi uopće zadobilo sebe. Svjetski u vrijeme mesijanskoga došašća. Franz Kafka u dašnjih političkih projekata mržnje i straha od se tiče kako država, tako i svakog pojedinca kojeg mir je nedosanjani san iz kojeg bi se odmah izro- ‚Dnevnicima‘ naziva ovo potragom za ‚trećom Drugih. Čovječanstvo se može iznova roditi i na- konstantno konstituira suodnos Ti-Ja. Ljudi nisu dili mnogi putovi ozdravljenja i zacjeljenja bijede zemljom’” (Paić, 2015:7). staviti samo u univerzalnom, inače će implodirati otok, a izbjeglice, jučer-danas-sutra, samo poka- i patnje. Stoga je urgentna zadaća svih osvije- Potraga za Novim i Drugačijim početkom u bezumnim partikularitetima. zuju suvremenu potrebu solidarnosti, da je upravo štenih pojedinaca i skupina da se odupiru bub- je konzekvencija drugačijeg razumijevanja čovje- “Da se poslužimo metaforom Titanica: pro- u njoj, a ne u ‚tržišnoj utakmici’ pravi topos ljud- njevima vojničke glazbe, usprotive militarizaciji, ka. Poslije epohe prevlasti logocentrične tradici- svijećeni ljudi vide santu leda kako plovi ravno skosti. Naime, ništa nije važnije od ublažavanja nepravdi jedne jedine logike današnjeg doba, je i potrebe da se misli transgresivno, kroz dru- na pramac, znaju da je brodolom neminovan, patnje. Sva logocentričnost i humanost europske logici kapitala. Militaristička i neoliberalna pro- gačijost i otvorenost slobode. Naime, čovjek je prigrabe sebi čamce za spašavanje i zatraže od i zapadnjačke tradicije blijedi u sučeljavanju s ab- paganda skupa se protive zbiljskom zaokretu. Mi slobodno sebeuspostavljanje u istinitosti, kroz orkestra da dovoljno dugo svira uspavanke kako dikacijom pred ovom zadaćom. smo u jednosmjernoj ulici, a jedina šansa nam je bivanje u harmoniji sa svijetom u sebi i izvan sebe. bi oni pod okriljem moći odmaglili prije nego Osjećaj panike zbog velikih migracijskih po- u promjeni smjera. Stoga je patnik koji je čudovišno neljudski pro- što pretjerani nagib broda uzbuni ostale klase” kreta je razumljiv, ali on je uvijek nešto više od Neoliberalno društvo Europe, Zapada, ali i gnan u potragu za novim domom, na stranom i (Latour, 2017:210). nelagode kojom društvo Danske sebe razumije u mnogih meridijana hibridno-političkog globusa, nepoznatom tlu, naš subrat i znamen mogućnosti suočavanju s većim brojem ljudi iz Eritreje ili Sirije. ne zna kako primjereno odgovoriti na problem budućnosti. Novalis je taj pathos i čuvstvovanje HLADNOLJUDSKO RAZDOBLJE I POLITIKA ZIDA Naravno, mogućnosti integracija su pomične i migranata, azilanata, izbjeglica i uopće pridošlica zastrašujućeg i ujedno iskonske mogućnosti slo- Bilo da su upućene elite cinične ili naprosto uvjetovane. Stoga je uvijek bolje rješavati veliku stranaca, jer prevladava binarna logika kao simp- bode i opasnosti zvao Unheimlichkeit. Sigurnost egoistične, njihovi povlašteni uvidi i držanje masa krizu u njenim temeljima, uvažavajući kulturološke tom dugotrajne povijesti koja se danas reducira pred egzistencijalnim bezdanom pronalazimo u sukobima kultura, pokazatelj su jedne od te- zasebitosti. Međutim, fobija od stranaca umnogo- u ‚doba mreže’. U svakom slučaju, od propasti jedino u Drugome (Levinas). Taj Drugi je prepo- meljnih odrednica suvremenosti, eskapizma. me je i reakcija reptilskog sloja mozga, koji instin- velikih ideoloških pokreta 20. stoljeća prevladava znata ljudskost, a ono Drugo, danas potrebito, Živimo u bijegu od odgovornosti i prešutno pri- ktivno razgraničava naše od njihovih. Za primarno razdoblje rezignacije, cinizma i kraj univerzalnog jest novi etičko-politički početak kojega treba hvaćenoj bespomoćnosti, raste sveopća ravno- razgraničenje u izvornom smislu nisu potrebni morala. Stoga je svaki personalni i za zajednicu uspostaviti globalno, na ruševinama zapadnjačkih dušnost. No migrantska i ekočoška kriza postajat fizički zidovi, kako bi se zajednica objedinila. Pr- utemeljujući pokušaj zaokreta, koji bi da istinski ideala. Klasična politika dovela je do današnje će sve povezanije, a poziv za odvažnošću nasto- votna, plemenska zajednica endogeno se repro- misli i čuvstvuje patnju bližnjih, upućen na pro- krize. Stoga se čovjeku i svemu živome treba pri- janja oko svjetskog mira urgentan. Potrošačko ducira pomoću kohezijskih energija koje joj omo- mišljanje mislilaca koji su razmatrali smisao hos- stupiti drugačije, uvažavajući dostojanstvo ljud- društvo i revival plemenske svijesti koja srlja una- gućavaju da grupa stvori egzistencijski prostor i pitaliteta. To su u prvom redu: Immanuel Kant, skog i mjesto prirodnog u prirodi. Bez harmonije trag čudna su mješavina našeg doba. Sve više životne forme. Ona ima vlastitu centripetalnu silu Emmanuel Levinas, kasni Jacques Derrida. Ono u odnosu logosno-alogosno život postaje be- jačaju etnički, religijski i plemenski identiteti. koja je ograđuje i zaštićuje, a integracija u njen što trebamo očekivati od filozofije jest nadilaže- smislen. U doba narušenog iskonskog sklada i u Njihovo veliko protuslovlje, ali i kompatibilnost prostor dobiva se rođenjem ili ritualnim pripušta- nje isključivih alternativa i imanentnu otvorenost. bezavičajnosti, tragamo za novim izvorima koje ozbiljno upozoravaju na promjenu smjera. Kada njem. U tom smislu, od takve zajednice do niza Današnje doba svojom tehno-kibernetičkom pronalazimo u krhotinama povijesti. Tumačeći narodi umjesto dobrobiti čovječanstva žele za- drugih razvijenijih grupa, svaka ima svoj zaštitni svevlasti sugerira da nema alternative kapitalizmu, povijest (Foucault-Agamben) filtriramo i selek-

I RISKIRAJ 274 275 PROMJENU tiramo, optiramo za spasonosno. Jednom pro- kako bi ustvrdila Hannah Arendt, (Arendt, 1991.) treba pronalaziti i iskušavati. Slično kao kod koje se događa i dobrote koja često ne dokučuje kušano, primjerice stoičko razumijevanje načina od ovoga svijeta. Ali sve je upravo na tome: odredbe vrline kao sredine, riječ je o promišljanju zlo, nego na neki način živi odijeljenim paralelnim života, ali i svako drugo vježbovno-asketsko živ- “Što jest filozofija drugo negoli čežnja za granice i mogućnosti prijateljstva. U tom smislu, životom, naša je obveza da njegujemo solidar- ljenje, bit će danas novo i drugačije. Stoga, bu- zavičajem i težnja za njegovim povratkom, pa ta izreka je izniman čin priznanja etičko-političkih nost i postuliramo rješivost velikih globalnih pro- dućnost valja pronalaziti u svevremenitosti bitnih makar sve to bilo tek posljednjom iluzijom. Nova- poteškoća, čin slobode koju treba transgresivno blema, a umanjujemo diskurse koji šire paniku i prošlih tradicija. Tako i nova etiko-politika može lis, dakle, kaže: Filozofija je uistinu čežnja za zavi- tumačiti ukoliko zajednice treba biti. Teško je ravnodušnost spram Drugih. To su problemi koje biti iskušavana samo kao znamen odgovornosti čajem, težnja da se posvuda bude kao kod kuće. imati istinskog prijatelja ako nadiđete mladenač- su prouzrokovali ljudi i oni ih mogu riješiti. za ono čega još uistinu nije bilo, osim u tragovi- Biti posvuda kao kod kuće? Težnja je to koja otva- ki naivitet. Analogno tome, teško je ostvarivati Danas, kada je neoliberalni korporativni stroj ma, ali je kao izvor i šansa dobrog života moguća ra vrata nadolazećega. U neizvjesnosti i nenada- dobrotu i ljubav u političkom području, ali jedino minimizirao ili uništio izvorni smisao politike, a i ostvariva iz potrage za Dobrom kao takvim. To nosti događaja posve drukčijega od ove ravno- je riječ o tome: o sferama smisla koje će nadići umjesto njega ponudio management koji uprav- što smo prvenstveno potaknuti patnjom Drugih, dušnosti u postojanome tijeku istoga odvija se biologizirane varijante pseudo-politike (neolibe- lja ustrojenim društvom, na unutra i spram van, signum je urgentnosti i očaja epohe, a poziv na povijest nakon njezina kraja. Nije preostalo mno- ralizam) i tiransku ne-politiku (totalitarizam). takav način tehnoznanstvenog upravljanja želi zaokret je ujedno mišljenje života kao prostora i go vremena. Treba ga proživjeti dostojanstveno učiniti odlučujući čin spram globalne izbjegličke vremena krize i mogućnosti. Kada zamre svevla- i žrtvovati sigurnost za spas duše. Europa nije GOSTOLJUBIVOST KAO OTPOR MILITARIZACIJI krize (Derrida, 2002). Derrida je u dosadašnjoj dajuća banalna i besmislena svevlast ekonomske pitanje ni razuma ni srca. Ona je stvar one Nova- Nije točno da je današnja svjetska krizna logocentričkoj kulturi Zapada prepoznao nasil- paradigme, proizvodnja dobara, istine i ljudskosti lisove čežnje za zavičajem i težnja da se posvuda situacija nerješiva. Svi bitni problemi (ekološki, nost, koja s jedne strane govori o univerzalnim zadobit će drugačije mogućnosti. bude kod kuće. Ali ne sam, već u zajedništvu s ekonomski, migracijski) rješivi su drugačijim dis- ljudskim pravima i slobodama, a realno razgra- Drugim kao svojim prijateljem” (Paić, 2015:105). poniranjem koje uključuje otpor spram militariza- ničava ‚naše’ i ‚njihove’. Stoga je smisao njegova POLITIKA PRIJATELJSTVA Takva dispozicija, s onu stranu navodne cije i prevladavajuće ekonomsko-ideološke para- zahtjeva, slično Levinasovom, u činu bezuvjetnog Da je moguć drugačiji poredak u horizontu nerealnosti, u Levinasovom smislu je horizont digme. Vjerojatno je riječ o tome da se (Agamben, hospitaliteta. Pojmovi koji su ključni za ovaj radi- vrijednosti, ovdje nam se pokazuje kroz metafi- pomirenja političkog i religijskog, bez da se uza- 2017) umjesto inzistiranja na sukobima promišlja kalni zahtjev prihvaćanja drugačijeg smjera su: zički preokret Emmanuela Levinasa, koji ključnim ludno tematizira staro pitanje o odnosu vjere i urgentno potrebna ‚strategija izlaza’. Zašto se to prijateljstvo, nadolazeća demokracija, beskrajni metafizičkim pitanjem drži etičku odgovornost razuma. Jedino bitno je pitanje o odnosu vjere i ne događa, stvar je određenih antropološko-kul- zahtjev pravednosti. Budući da tek trebamo oz- čovjeka spram Drugoga. Etičko nas priprema za čina, o njihovoj konvergenciji i uzajamnosti. Sto- turnih konstanti koji ljude zatvaraju u ograničene biljiti ono čega nije bilo ali jest moguće, važno nadolazak Drugoga u njegovoj apsolutnoj drugosti, ga je ovakva filozofija zahtjev za pravednošću i egocentrične, hedonističke i eskapističke modu- je drugačije misliti kako bi ostvarili kozmopolitsku uvažavanje i prihvaćanje. Kroz Drugog mi se otva- beskrajnom odgovornošću, što je ujedno postu- se. U tom i takvom postavu, migranti su opasnost tvorbu drugačijeg svijeta. Ono što je nužno, mora ra moja i njegova ranjivost, kroz iskustvo patnje liranje ljubavi kao metafizičkog događaja nadila- od koje se treba zaštititi. Migrantski problem može biti ostvareno: kako antiratna politika tako i rje- nadilazimo klasična određenja o primarnosti ra- ženja ovosvjetskih (ne)vrijednosti. Današnji svijet se i treba riješiti, rješavajući korijene problema šavanje ekstremnog siromaštva u svijetu. Stoga, cionalnog u nama, a intenzivira se su-čuvstvovanje potrebuje bezuvjetne postulate. Za Levinasa lju- koji bjesomučno proizvodi nepravdu i ratove. budući je najbolje da ne bude ratnih migranata, života samoga, egzistencije. Ovo nas pak po sebi bav i život određeni su iz područja svetoga, ali Globalizacija koja povezuje i ujedno raslojava, onda treba voditi takvu politiku. Međutim, do poziva na hospitalitet: umjesto Boga riječ je o slobodi i pravednosti, tj. razdvaja i produbljuje ekonomske i druge razlike tada su nužni derridijanski ‚gradovi izbjeglica’, ta “Metafizički događaj transcendencije – do- odvažnosti da se čovjek više ne misli kao pogla- ljudi, posebno je upečatljiva s obzirom na razmje- mjesta neukorijenjenosti izvan središta nacija- brodošlica Drugome, gostoprimstvo – Želja i jezik vito animal rationale nego kao potrebiti animal re siromaštva. Ekstremno siromaštvo, od Azije i država, kao znamen politike prijateljstva. – ne postiže učinak kao ljubav. No, transcenden- sympateticum. Afrike do Latinske Amerike, još uvijek miriše na “Između ‚radikalnoga idealizma’ etike go- cija razgovora je vezana za ljubav. Pokazat ćemo Slično Levinasu, kasni Derrida, razračunava ogromnu patnju kolonizacije koja je jednom po- stoljubivosti (Dobrodošli u ‚moj’ skromni dom!) i kako u ljubavi transcendencija smjera i dalje i se s metafizikom racionalnosti, novovjekovnom dručju zasigurno donijela višestoljetne patnje, a ciničnoga pragmatizma politike uvjetnoga go- manje daleko od jezika.” (Levinas, 1969:254) vladavinom uma i političkim apsolutističkim za- temelje za naglo bogaćenje povlaštenih društve- stoprimstva (Koliko vas ima? Do kada mislite ostati? Prema Levinasu, moja egzistencija se po- htjevima. Za njega je u samoj metafizici sjeme nih slojeva, kao i država u cijelosti. Velike migra- Tko će sve to platiti?) stoji prostor-između (in- tvrđuje odgovornošću prema Drugome. Što je totalitarizma Istosti (Derrida, 1978:91), te se okreće cije su u povijesti često bile posljedica nasilnih between). Veliko je to kraljevstvo jedne politike to, dakle, nego krajnje zahtjevan iskorak iz heideg- dekonstrukciji kao novom tumačenju tradicije, događaja. Od 1843. do 1933. godine oko 30 mi- koja može biti samo kozmopolitska po nakani i gerovske Sorge u arendtijanski dispozitiv Liebe, razgrađujućoj izgradnji, kako bi zadobio novi smjer. lijuna muškaraca i žena s indijskog potkontinen- ljudska-odveć-ljudska po konačnome cilju bez kao horizont potvrđivanja svjetovnosti svijeta. Ovdje bih naglasio istrajavanje u paradoksalnosti ta dovedeno je da radi na britanskim plantažama ikakve druge svrhe osim radikalne promjene Svijet potvrđujemo tako da prihvaćamo ono što kao bitnom momentu ključnih momenata života u jugoistočnoj Aziji, Africi, Karibima i Pacifiku ovoga neodrživoga stanja lažne univerzalnosti je u Levinasa nenadvladivo: asimetričnost odno- uopće. Ta paradoksalnost vidi se u Derridinom (Cruz, 2015:103). prava. Ako se sve to raspada u licemjerju i cinizmu sa. Stoga, svaki hospitalitet jest izniman čin, tako pojmu ‚politike prijateljstva’, kao nečemu krh- U dvadesetom stoljeću, najveći katastrofični europskoga ‚kolapsa’ svih vrijednosti, vrijeme je drugačiji od današnjeg mentaliteta očekivanja kom, kontingentnom i nesigurnom, ali sve je u sukobi koji potiču migracije bili su svjetski ratovi, možda za posljednji etičko-politički obrat, Pitanje uzvrata i tržišne kalkulacije. Oni dolaze, migranti, tome da se suptilno istrajava na prekoračenju zatim pakistanski sukobi, ratovi u Laosu, Kam- stranaca, izbjeglica i azilanata uvjet je mogućno- i to u velikom broju, što će biti s nama, sa mnom? Aristotelovog izraza: “O prijatelji moji, nema pri- bodži, Afganistanu. Naravno, postojala je i para- sti istinske i nove, ali ova puta u množini, politika Razlozi zbog kojeg postavljamo ovakva pitanja jatelja”. Ta legendarizirana izreka, pripisana Ari- lelna priča velikih seoba koje je pokrenula potre- prijateljstva” (Paić, 2015:82). bez imalo stida je što zaboravljamo na navedeni stotelu, implicira asimetriju (voljeti je bolje nego ba i želja za boljim životom i boljom zaradom, a Treba sve učiniti da pronađemo ‚treću ze- levinasovski moment odgovornosti: ovdje i sada biti voljen), komplicira pitanje jednakosti, razno- razmjeri takvih migracija najimpozantniji su u mlju’, za koju je Kafka rekao ‚da je za čovjeka nema’. lice čovjeka pokazuje mi patnju i potrebu. Stoga, vrsnih situacija, ustvrđuje da nema prijateljstva Aziji. Pored realnih problema mogućnosti odre- No budući da zemlju ne nastanjuje čovjek nego njegov konstrukt ‚etike kao prve filozofije’ nema i povjerenja bez prihvaćanja vremenitosti i kon- dišnih mjesta da apsorbiraju veliki broj ljudi, istra- ljudi (Arendt, 1991), takva zemlja kao prostor u sebi ništa s preokretanjem klasične aristotelovske tingentnosti. Apsolutno povjerenje je apsolutna živanja otkrivaju da je uvijek slijedila i solidarna slobode i otvorenosti može biti rođena iz smisla sheme prema kojoj je ontološko pitanje temeljno, sigurnost, a u nedostatku toga aristotelovski dis- akcija zbrinjavanja i pomoći od strane državnih i zajedništvovanja, ukoliko se o budućnosti još nego je riječ o pozivu na čin dobrote, koji nije, kurs je u preferenciji konkretnog i situacijskog, religijskih institucija. Ma koliki bio jaz između zla uopće ozbiljno misli.

I RISKIRAJ 276 277 PROMJENU * Članak je prvotno objavljen u: “Sud- Ksenija Orelj & Sabina Salamon potisnutih pripovijesti, rasutih između napušte- kretanja iz jednog kraja grada na drugi, jednaki bina otvorenih granica: zbornik radova nog modela socijalne države i njezine globalizi- pristup urbanim zonama, u kojoj privikavanje sa znanstvenog skupa Globalizacija i rane izvedenice s rasklimanim pravnim garanci- na rizik postaje normalno stanje društva. Podije- regionalni identitet 2018”, Šundalić, Antun; Zmaić, Krunoslav; Sudarić, Ti- Ostati tu jama. Od početka projekta 2016., svake godine ljeni grad tematizira i dokumentarni film Maria- hana; Pavić, Željko; Janković, Dejan; organiziramo međunarodnu izložbu s popratnim nne Christofides „Dies solis, nedjelje u Nikoziji“, u Dremel, Anita; Krivokapić, Nataša (ur.), zapravo je aktivnostima – konferencije, radionice, reziden- kojem klasna nejednakost označava i nacionalnu, Osijek : Filozofski fakultet u Osijeku, cijalni programi, kino program – uglavnom orijen- ali s manje negativnim ishodima. Tako radne Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Po- ludo* — 3 ljoprivredni fakultet u Novom Sadu, tiranima na lokalne stanovnike, osobito mlade. migrantice (u Cipar dolaze uglavnom iz Šri Lan- Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta Crne o projektu Svaku izložbu baziramo na radovima po- ke, Indije, Filipina i Vijetnama) nedjeljnim oku- Gore, 2018. 247-264. zvanih autora i onima pristiglim na javni poziv, pljanjima stvaraju vlastiti društveni prostor, kao Riskiraj uključujući petnaestak umjetnica i umjetnika ra- katalizator promjene i otpor socijalnoj izolaciji. zličitih generacija. Izložbenim nizom slijedimo I pojedini radovi s izložbe „Bijeg“ bave se BIBLIOGRAFIJA promjenu određenu tematsku koncepciju, od anatomije pometnjom izazvanom izmijenjenim uvjetima — Agamben, Giorgio. 2017. “Europa privremenih migracija („Između tamo i tamo: granica. Kombinirajući snimke protagonista koji mora kolabirati”, Europski glasnik, Anatomija privremenih migracija”), problema ‚glavom o zid’ gura zamišljenu, nama nevidljivu Vol. 22, str. 5-13. — Arendt, Hannah. 2017. “Mi izbjegli- prinudnih migracija i nesnalaženja u vremenu barijeru, umjetnički dvojac Nika Oblak i Primož ce”, Europski glasnik, Vol. 22, str. „Dolazimo k njima kao pred- poremećene sigurnosti („Crne krabulje“), bjego- Novak u instalaciji „Pomicatelj granica“ ostva- 119-128. stavnici superiorne rase i Božije va kao pokušaja opstruiranja kontrole kretanja ruje vremensko-prostornu petlju u kojoj se repe- — Arendt, Hannah. 1991. Vita activa, sluge koji žude da prosvetle („Bijeg“), do pitanja o oblikovanju predodžbi o titivnost radnje pojavljuje kao naznaka barem Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša najnazadnije članove ljudske strancu i drugom („Mi nismo kao oni“). nekoliko mogućih čitanja. Od potrebe za ruše- — Cruz, Gemma Tulud. 2015. “Migranti i Crkva u doba globalizacije”, porodice… da bismo postali njem fizičkih i mentalnih ograda i vjere da je Concilium, Year LI, No. 3, str. 101- glasnici mira u dosad rastrojenoj SUVREMENA SHIZOFRENOST svaka prepreka savladiva, do naznake da su po- 108. rasi.”1 DAVID LIVINGSTONE, URBANIH PROSTORA kušaji uzaludni. Spektar osjećaja i tumačenja — Derrida, Jacques. 1978. Writing misionar i istraživač Afrike u Izuzev izložbe „Između tamo i tamo: Ana- koje rad nudi kreće se od optimizma do rezigna- and Difference, Chicago: The Univer- instrukcijama za ekspediciju tomija privremenih migracija” koju su radile po- cije. Zanosa i zamora. Pritom tijelo kao pokretač sity of Chicago Press. — Derrida, Jacques. 2002. Negotiati- na rijeku Zambezi, 1858. zvane kustosice Irena Bekić i Duga Mavrinac, promjene nije upitno – mukotrpno guranje pre- ons: Interventions and Interviews, ostale epizode pripremile su kustosice MMSU-a. tvara u komični geg koji raspiruje optimizam, no 1971-2001, Stanford-California: Stan- Zajednička karakteristika izložbi „Bijeg“ i „Crne beskonačno ponavljanje, koje zaobilazi klasični ford California press. Migracije i pokretljivost, sastavni dio povijesti, krabulje“ je inzistiranje na višemedijskim prilozi- zaplet i rasplet, ogoljava misao da je pokušaj — Krastev, Ivan 2017. “Povratak unazad stotinjak godina pojačani su do te mjere ma autora različitih generacija koje se opire jed- bijega suspendiran. većinskih sustava”, Europski glasnik, Vol. 22, str. 215-226. da možemo govoriti o Europi kao migrantskom nom dominantnom težištu i zagovaranju odre- — Latour, Bruno. 2017. “Europa kao kontinentu kojeg karakteriziraju složeni migracij- đene umjetničke struje. Onkraj centralizirane TKO UŽIVA SLOBODAN PROLAZ? utočište”, Europski glasnik, Vol. 22, ski tokovi mnogi potaknuti ratovima, politikom i perspektive, potičući raznovrsnost umjetničkih U rasponu od personaliziranih i poetskih str. 207-213. ekonomijom nadnacionalnih razmjera kao što je izraza, izložbe nastoje potvrditi migracije kao pristupa do dokumentarnih i kritičkih, „Crne kra- — Levinas, Emmanuel. 1969. Totality slučaj u aktualnoj migrantskoj krizi. U okolnosti- općevažeće načelo i istražiti njihove stvarne i bulje“ i „Bijeg“ naznačuju spektar (ne)mogućno- and Infinity, Pittsburgh, Duquesne University Press. ma u kojima se javlja snažnija kontrola granica i fikcijske mogućnosti izvan dohvata zadanih gra- sti snalaženja u situacijama poremećene sigur- — Paić, Žarko. 2015. Gradovi izbjeglica: jačanje negativne percepcije migranata, zagova- nica. Smještaju se između krajnosti suvremene nosti i zaštite: stanje dezorijentiranosti i beznađa, Od etike gostoljubivosti do politika ranje multikulturalizma povlači se pred monokul- društvenosti. Osvrću se na poduhvate boljeg ali i napore prekoračenja zadanih granica, po- prijateljstva, Zagreb, Institut za turalnim poimanjem identiteta, uglavnom u smje- života i na njihovo osporavanje bio/nekropolitič- duhvate bijega. Pored bezvremenosti fenomena europske i globalizacijske studije. — Paić, Žarko. 2017. “Sezona u paklu: ru etničkog tipiziranja i povećanja razdaljina kim mjerama, poput neokolonijalizma, kseno- migracija, izložbe ističu dugotrajnu umjetničku Izbjeglištvo, teror, Europa”, Europski između ‚nas’ i ‚njih’. Kao mikro-odraz navedene fobije, protjerivanja migranata s granica. Susre- preokupaciju temom lomljivosti ljudskih veza, glasnik, Vol. 22, str. 163-179. situacije možemo istaknuti postavljanje transpa- ćemo suvremenu shizoidnost: s jedne strane ekscesom nesigurnosti i odbačenosti koje ova — Sloterdijk, Peter. 2017. “Primitivni renta s najavom projekta Riskiraj promjenu na pokretljivost i mobilnost te napori optimizma i tema izaziva. Pritom se pozivaju na imaginaciju refleksi”, Europski glasnik, Vol. 22, fasadi Muzeja 2017. Krilatica projekta „Sve se zajedništva, a s druge kontrola granica, izbjegli- i ljudsku snalažljivost u kreiranju heterotopija4 str. 181-202. — Sutlić, Vanja. 1972. Bit i suvreme- kreće, svi migriraju“, uskoro je iskrižana i popra- štvo, isključivanje. Tako granične zone postaju – paralelnih, imaginarnih i konkretnih protu-pro- nost, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša. ćena negativnim komentarima. Spomenimo i ključni toposi u obje izložbene epizode. Politika stora – mišljenih kao privremeno uspostavljenih — Sloterdijk, Peter. 2013. Božja rev- lokalno istraživanje o ‚luci različitosti‘ koje smo granica, njihove umnoženosti i diversifikacije u prostora izvan zatečenih prostornih podjela. Ljud- nost, Sarajevo: Bosansko narodno proveli u sklopu projekta2. Intervjui s različitim suvremenom okruženju, iskazuje se kroz nepre- skoj je naravi prirođeno da na stanje ugroze od- pozorište. doseljenicima u Rijeku pokazuju da je Rijeka u stano redefiniranje graničnih prostora u sva- govara trima reakcijama: paralizom, bijegom te odnosu na Hrvatsku i dalje liberalniji grad koji kodnevici. Katkad se ističe dinamika razdvajanja pokušajem promjene zatečenih uvjeta. Možemo prihvaća različitost, ali s premalo multikultural- unutar jednog grada koja čini polazište radova istaknuti radove Aleksandra Garbina i njegov nosti u praksi i s izraženim opadanjem manjin- Marianne Christofides i Rafaela Puettera s izlož- dugotrajni poduhvat prekrajanja granica. Garbi- skog stanovništva. Ponukani lokalnim iskustvom, be „Crne krabulje“. Puetterova videoinstalacija novi radovi geopolitičku zadanost granica proi- kao i aktualnim procesima političke destabiliza- „Rio de Janeiro, ilegalni grad“ sučelice prikazuje gravaju kao konvenciju. Kartografske fiksacije cije, projekt Riskiraj promjenu postavljamo na mega-spektakl olimpijskih igara i svakodnev- ističu kao projekciju, kolonijalnu miljenicu koja sjecištima službene povijesti i izostavljenih ili nu borbu za osnovna građanska prava: sloboda je učestalo služila kao osvajačko oruđe. Garbin,

I RISKIRAJ 278 279 PROMJENU zaokupljen zamjenom simbola i markacija, slo- davnog sustava. Prisilne, masovne migracije u nu Nollywood filmske industrije, svjedoče o sno- MI NISMO KAO ONI bodno prekraja ‚male’ i ‚velike’ teritorije. Politiza- kojima se ukazuje na (ne)mogućnost prekorače- vima o mogućnosti blagostanja, ali i neprekinutim Nakon teme prinudnih migracija i teme bi- ciju kartografske prakse, time i njezinu vjerodo- nja zadanih granica, a time i promjene pretpo- sponama s matičnom kulturom iz koje su trbu- jega, u posljednjoj izložbi projekta „Mi nismo kao stojnost izvrće naglavačke. Umjesto opsesija stavljenih okvira i regula, predstavljaju ključne hom za kruhom, otišli. oni“, zaokupljamo se imaginacijom stranca i stra- unutarnjim i vanjskim razgraničenjima Garbin pod-teme izložbe. Bitna karakteristika je okuplja- Izložba „Bijeg“ usredotočila se na razne nih prostora. Bavimo se predodžbama kojima naglašava međuovisnost između ‚nas’ i ‚njih’. Vraća nje radova koji odmiču od društveno-političke figure bijega, od bijega od opasnosti ili ugroze oblikujemo sliku drugog, pored pitanja kako nas na polazišno pitanje, kome granice pogoduju statistike i zalaze u emotivno-psihičku pozadinu do bijega misli i bijega od stvarnosti. Dok potre- drugi vide nas? Uz to, zanima nas koji su povi- – tko uživa slobodan prolaz? migracija. Katkad su to alegorijski radovi, katkad ba za bijegom često nosi negativan predznak, jesni stereotipi o stranim prostorima eventualno O Garbinovom, ali i ostalim radovima na dokumentarni i s autobiografskom perspekti- izložba se za bijeg zanimala kao proaktivan čin, i danas prisutni, i ima li onih novijeg datuma? izložbi, možemo govoriti kao o modelima izvrta- vom, nerijetko njihovi među-žanrovi, poput videa mehanizam samoodržanja koji se manifestira u Na razmeđu suvremene umjetnosti, antropolo- nja veličina i kriterija koji se uzimaju zdravo za Lane Čmajčanin. „Promjena je na vidiku II“ po- najmanju ruku dvojako – kao posljedica pomanj- gije i socijalne psihologije polazimo od neobič- gotovo. Umjetnici se oslanjaju na ironijska kon- sreduje morski horizont kao zajedničko dobro. kanja tolerancije prema trenutnom stanju, ali i nog pojmovnika o susjedu, strancu, pridošlici. trastiranja i obrtanja značenja, ne bi li usporili Kontemplativnoj veduti Mediterana, supostav- povlastica da se u bijeg možemo upustiti. Bijeg Relativnost predodžbi o drugom i njihova ovi- našu pažnju i izazvali sumnjičavost spram nor- ljen je uznemirujući narativ kojeg u prvom licu je ovdje približen kao efemerna praksa bazirana snost o društveno-političkom kontekstu čine maliziranih vrijednosti. Kao pandan možemo na- iznosi ženski glas i pažnju preokreće u zloslutnu na pokretu, u dijametralnom odnosu sa Zako- polazišta četvrte izložbe projekta. „Mi nismo kao vesti videoinstalaciju „Sweet Dreams Are Made opservaciju morskog prostora. ‚Naše more‘ po- nom, koji ponajprije postoji kao zabilježena riječ oni“ nastoji raspoznati (crno)humornu notu u Of This“ Carlosa Airesa. Tematizirajući granice staje sinonim za pomno premjeren i kontroliran i kao takav ostaje podložan hirovitim interpreta- poimanju nas i njih. Izložba se kreće između kul- između pojedinaca koji predstavljaju specifične prostor, zatvoreno more koje mnogima predstav- cijama i nejednakim primjenama pisanog slova. turalne studije o stereotipima, putopisne do- društvene skupine, Aires izaziva uobičajene raz- lja posljednje putovanje. „Svi traže sreću a nije U tom se smislu ističe video poljske umjetnice ku-fikcije o figuri stranca u današnjoj Europi i daljine između demonstranata i policije, a ujed- svaka sreća ista / I svi će umreti / Samo što ni bazirane u Londonu, Alicje Rogalske „Što bi bilo umjetničke satire društvenog krajolika u kojoj no preokreće uvriježenu hijerarhiju između he- svaka smrt nije ista / Neće svaka biti ožaljena.“ kad bi bilo“ koji nastaje u suradnji s pravnicima se kao glavne sastavnice javljaju mit o superior- teroseksualaca i onih ‚sumnjive’ spolne orijentacije. U videu Lane Čmajčanin migranti se oslovljava- imigrantima u Veliku Britaniju, a koje povezuje nosti, kolonijalna povijest, opsesija čistoćom, U videu se dvojica zakrabuljenih policajaca, odje- ju kao ljudi u bijegu, zatečeni potragom za sigur- odvjetnički posao i imigrantski status. O pravnim požuda. Uz dokumentarni materijal, izložba oku- venih u zaštitnu uniformu za savladavanje de- nim prolazom i zaklonom. S one strane deper- peripetijama vezanim uz migracijske procese, plja dvadesetak radova u rasponu između osob- monstracija, pojavljuju zagrljeni, u plesu. Maski- sonaliziranih masa kao što je to slučaj u velikom hirovitim promjenama zakona i administrativnim nih pripovijesti, alegorijskih i kritičkih zapisa, a rani tandem pleše tango na stihove pop benda dijelu medijskih prikaza. Zanimljiv primjer sup- ograničenjima koja ne vrijede jednako za sve, koji su nastali u rasponu od pedesetih godina Eurythmics: „Some of them want to use you / tilnog preokretanja anonimnosti ljudi prinuđenih sudionici progovaraju iz prvog lica i osobnog 20. stoljeća pa do radova izrađenih upravo za Some of them want to get used by you / Some na bijeg u opći i alarmantno potisnuti problem iskustva. Pravo i pravda pokazuju se u kontrast- ovu izložbu. „Mi nismo kao oni“ umjesto nagla- of them want to abuse you / Some of them want današnjih imigrantskih politika, predstavlja vide- nom svjetlu. Sudionici stoga zamišljaju zakono- ska na individualnim pozicijama, ističe pitanje to be abused“. Aires travestira, ali i humanizira oinstalacija „Limb“ Laurenta Van Lanckera. Iz- davna rješenja koja bi doprinijela stvaranju bolje drugog kao političko pitanje koje se zasniva na moć, pridodaje joj humornu dimenziju. „Moć koja mjenjujući sekvence snimljene tijekom aktualne uređenog i generalno sigurnijeg društva bez povlasticama elite spram (autsajderske) manjine može ironizirati samu sebe ostaje zlo“.5 migracijske krize u migrantskom kampu u Calaisu obzira na trenutno zacrtane nacionalne granice. ne, ovisno o tome tko je u poziciji subjekta koji Oslanjajući se na iskustvo oprečnih osje- (velika vrata imigracijskog toka pretežno iz Afrike), Kao i u drugim radovima s „Bijega“, npr. Manon može govoriti. „Da je beg cicija, ne bi bio beg“, ćaja svojstvenih kontaktu s drugim, od pomire- rad prenosi stanja dezorijentiranosti i beznađa, Avram & Pierre Audouarda, Nisrine Boukhari ili rekla bi stara uzrečica. nja i zagrljaja do suparništva i zazora, izložbeni provociranih socijalnom izolacijom i nehumanim Ibre Hasanovića, istaknuto je heterogeno mnoš- Suprotno suvremenim proklamacijama o niz nastoji potaknuti remećenje ustaljenih hije- uvjetima života ‚na ivici pakla’. Na presjeku poli- tvo u pokušaju izazivanja unutarnjih hijerarhija kulturnoj raznolikosti, u vrijeme turbulentnih rarhija između ‚naših’ i ‚vaših’. Nastaje iz poriva tike i poezije, preuzimajući stihove Danteove europskog prostora, što u isti mah ukazuje na društvenih promjena, doživljaj drugoga često za razvijanjem mnoštvenosti, nasuprot binarnih „Božanstvene komedije“, a zaobilazeći puku fak- potrebu za redefiniranjem odnosa između Euro- poprima negativan naboj, vidljiv u isključivanju, grupiranja. „Društveno gledano, realnost se pro- tografiju, rad aktualizira pakao kao realnu mo- pe i njezinih višestrukih ‚izvan’. osporavanju ili negiranju, uz kreiranje fiktivne matra standardnim ‚shematskim’ načinom (…) gućnost u 21. stoljeću, u kojem supostojanje Obje izložbe unutar projekta podozrive su slike potencijalnog krivca za sve. U uvjetima eko- i tako gubi na kompleksnosti. Čini se kao da je oprečnosti, poput zakidanja prava na osnovne prema odnosima građanin – čovjek koji u jeku nomske stagnacije i socijalne nesigurnosti, pro- predestinirana i uglavljena, a ne promjenjiv tra- uvjete života i potraga za životom na nekoj drugoj ‚migrantske krize’ tj. u slučajevima izbjeglištva porcionalno stagnira i raznolikost koja podrazu- jan proces. Estetski, realnost se doživljava spon- planeti, perpetuira sudaranje obespravljenih i iskazuju dominaciju figure građanina nad čovje- mijeva ravnopravnost . Kako u post-socijalističkim tano i dijalektički – kao problematičan raskliman privilegiranih, nemoćnih i nadmoćnih. Kao po- kom7. Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata i masovnog državama tako i u zapadnim demokracijama, beskrajan proces pun napetosti i kontradikcija, sljedica nepomirljivih kontrasta klasne raslojeno- migracijskog vala, Hannah Arendt istaknula je svjedočimo zaoštrenim odnosima spram drugog od kojih su neke razriješene, a neke nisu – što sti globalnog društva, izložbama se provlači tema paradoks u zaštiti ljudskih prava: jer oni koji naj- koji se nerijetko manifestiraju kroz upitna pojed- otvara put k uvidu u nju i autotransformaciju i ograničenog pristupa tržištu rada, o kojoj upe- više trebaju zaštitu, često imaju najviše poteš- nostavljenja mi – oni. Jedan od radova koji odra- ponovnu uspostavu ravnoteže, koji dolaze sa čatljivo govori rad „Highlife“ privremenog umjet- koća u pristupu njoj.8 Isključivanje ljudi iz teri- žava spomenute simptome je plakat u javnom spoznajom.“6 ničkog dvojca Cristiana Bertija i Cana Sungua. torija i slova zakona pokazuje se kao jedna od prostoru Ivane Keser koji halucinacijske frazeme Prikupljajući materijalne ostatke nigerijske video- najstarijih, najviše uznemirujućih priča o ljudima. o „kolijevkama civilizacije okružene barbarima“ POBJEĆI GLAVOM BEZ OBZIRA teke iz Torinske četvrti San Salvario, gdje je kra- Isto se može reći i za neumornu potrebu za stva- ističe kao mit o iznimnosti određene nacije (PRAVO ČOVJEKA) jem osamdesetih godina obitavala mnogobrojna ranjem društvenih veza izvan okvira geografske spram drugih. Navedeni se citat pojavljuje na Rizik snalaženja u rasklimanim životnim nigerijska zajednica, autori fragmentarno grade teritorijalnosti ili nacionalne pripadnosti, što po- različitim jezicima kao perpetuiranje mitskog uvjetima čini bitno polazište „Crnih krabulja”. priču koja svjedoči o njihovoj potrebi za vlastitim tvrđuje i Risk Change projekt. Ni građanstvo, ni pitanja „Tko je bio prvi?“ (Tko je stigao prvi na Izložba ujedno upućuje na zakučastost današ- socijalnim prostorom za kojeg su zakinuti. Izma- humanost nisu stabilne i fiksne kategorije. Kako određeni teritorij? Tko je prvi u kulturnim dosti- njeg sustava kontrole, kao i pozadine zakono- štane priče nigerijskog ‚highlifea’ koje čine sušti- ih razumijemo i primjenjujemo? gnućima?, i sl.)

I RISKIRAJ 280 281 PROMJENU KARTOGRAFIJA DRUGOSTI UMJESTO JEZIKA SAMOUVJERENOSTI ljepši od onoga što jesmo. Stranac se iskazuje https://pescanik.net/o-drugim- Bez obzira što se mahom ne iskazuje kroz Baveći se stereotipima o drugom, pojedini kao figura glasina, zabluda, paranoja; vlastite pod- prostorima/ (12.rujna 2019.) doslovne prostorne podjele na ‚crne i bijele’, radovi polaze od jezičnih izraza koji žive kao dio svijesti. Često u tragikomičnom odrazu. „Plava 5 Gustav R. Hocke, Svijet kao labirint (Zagreb: AC, 1991), 190. ‚divlje i civilizirane’, već se normalizira suptilnijim usmene predaje i folklora, a istovremeno jezik krv” Mirne Kutleše polazi od spomenutog pojma 6 Donald Kuspit, Kraj umjetnosti, razinama, suvremena kartografija koja se diči prikazuju kao osnovu definiranja slike o sebi. koji se pojavio u 17. stoljeću među španjolskom uredila Leila Topić (Zagreb: MSU, svojom multikulturnom slikom i dalje počiva na Instalacija „Dvije šale čine jednu istinu“ Dritona aristokracijom, a slikovito je opisivao one koji su 2018), str. 21. negativnim predodžbama i podcjenjivanju dru- Selmanija naslanja se na dokumentarne zapise, zbog pošteđenosti od rada i boravka na suncu 7 Jezgroviti prikaz tog pitanja u: gog. U strahovanju od neminovnih globalnih viceve i parafraze o drugom koji raspiruju nela- imali blijedu put kroz koju su se ocrtavale žile. I Posthuman Glossary (Bloomsybury Academic, 2018), str. 440. - 442. promjena koje pridonose rasipanju fiksnih poj- godu, ali i otpuštaju loše emocionalne elektrici- time se izdvajali od ostalih. Kutlešin crtež naliku- 8 Ibid, str. 440. mova identiteta, ali i učvršćivanju onih statusno tete. Bazirana na igri riječima i apsurdnim meta- je formi korijena, stabla ili žila upućujući na op- 9 Svein Mønneslan, Istra i Kvarner i nacionalno moćnijih, drugi ostaje kvalitativno forama koje propituju nacionalne i kulturalne sesiju plemenitim obiteljskim podrijetlom. Sadrži očima stranaca (Oslo: Sypresss drukčiji i pod prismotrom. I zato ne iznenađuje stereotipe i služeći se ironijskim humorom kao riječi asocijativno vezane uz pojam plava krv, a Vorlag, 2019) pitanje „je li biti Albancem grijeh?“, koje umjetnik glavnom sastavnicom, otkriva moguću putanju koje su skrivene. Moguće ih je pročitati tek izbli- 10 Željka Matijašević, Crna limfa / zeleno srce. Alternativni leksikon Driton Hajredini, s Kosova postavlja prilikom is- kojom se nadilazi konfliktni susret raznih kultura. za: kraljevska loza, degeneracija, incest, parano- duše, (Zagreb: Durieux, 2016), str. 16. povijesti katoličkom svećeniku (video „Grijeh“). U međuprostoru privlačnog i odbojnog, radovi ja, hemoglobin… Na djelu je zadivljujuća ljudska Uz pomoć masovnih medija, konstrukcija na izložbi „Mi nismo kao oni“ koriste se izmje- sklonost izmišljanju, pronalaženju pseudoznan- drugog lako postaje instrumentom političkog nama ustaljenih vizura i perspektiva. Kao glavni stvenih izgovora za isključivanje drugog. Igra menadžmenta koji vlastito precjenjuje, a tuđe mehanizam u stvaranju stereotipnih predodžbi skrivača potvrđuje se kao najpopularnija igra odra- dehumanizira. „Ne pravi sebi lika urezana“, kaže izdvajaju autocenzuru. Tako, za razliku od tradi- slih. Šareno upakirana, a svejedno šizofrena za- drevni poučak. Ipak, egzaltacija odnosom između cijskih hvalospjeva aktivnom muškom licu, istra- mka – „Mi nismo kao oni“. Kako kaže alternativni sebe i drugog primamljiva je i jer je neprovjerljiva, živaču, putniku, ratniku, osvajaču, u performa- leksikon duše: „…u regresivnom hodu prema obilata neistinama ili poluistinama. Oslobađajući tivnom predavanju „Zvukospjeva“, glavnu ulogu donjim polovima nesvjesnog sa sustavima mi- adrenalinski višak, fikcija, osobito ona emocional- preuzima žena kao istraživačica i programerka šljenja i vjerovanja koji su utemeljeni na strogim no obojana, privlači više od fakta. Mitologizaciju u vremenu Drugog svjetskog rata. Dok pretresa- polarizacijama, nema prijelaznog prostora u ko- drugog (i idealiziranu i negativnu) u prošlosti su ju strahove koje izaziva figura stranca, izloženi jem crno i bijelo mogu supostojati, nema dijalo- mahom pribavljali službeni ukazi vladara, karto- se radovi podsmjehuju obrambenim mehaniz- ga koji vi kao dobra osoba možete voditi sa svo- grafske prakse ili putopisi o egzotičnim, slabije mima koji pogoduju očuvanju (poželjne) slike o jim lošim dijelovima. (…) Ja dobri Bog, ti đavao. razvijenim stranim zemljama, što je na izložbi sebi. Figura stranca ili autsajdera u pojedinim je Kako bih ja bio savršen, svu svoju nesavršenost, potkrepljeno dokumentarnim materijalima (pla- slučajevima podvojena, iskazana kao mutna i sve svoje agresivne i negativne afekte projicirat nisfera Pierrea Desceliersa, film „I kipovi umiru“ skliska. Tako u videu Gilde Bavčevića, splitskom ću na tebe i pripisati ti ih. Da mi dalje sretno živiš o kolonijalnoj povijesti i etnografskim muzejima, triptihu „021_123“, lokalno stanovništvo u jeku kao repozitorij mojih demona. I nemoj mi umri- isječci o Rijeci iz pera stranih pisaca9). Današnja turističke sezone zadobiva poziciju autsajdera, jeti i nestati jer te trebam. (…) Ovisim o tebi ako moć medija i njihovog utjecaja na kategorizaciju koje takvu ulogu uglavnom preuzima samoinici- to nisi znao“.10 i najudaljenijih strana svijeta podjednako je fasci- jativno radi osiguranja bolje egzistencije. nantna. Štoviše, i kultura ima suučesničku ulogu Kako se uslijed veće mobilnosti, sveprisut- u osporavanju drugog, što razotkrivaju radovi Lane nosti medija i komunikacijskih tehnologija, ste- * citat s radionice u sklopu muzej- Čmajčanin i Nike Autor. U instalaciji „Balkangre- reotipi – nacionalni, klasni, rodni i ini – potenci- skog fanzina „Beni“ (ur.: Tanja Blašković, uel“, Čmajčanin fokusira istoimenu elitnu grafičku jalno mijenjaju, i na izložbi su ocrtani ne samo u Daria Morosin, MMSU, 2018.) mapu, nastalu početkom 20. stoljeća u Beču. U ekstremnim polaritetima već i u inverzijama i likovni prikaz upakirano pornografsko štivo „Bal- nadopunama. Padaju na individualnim primjeri- 1 Dejan Sretenović, Crno telo, kangreuel“ služilo je i dehumanizaciji neprijatelja, ma, u slučaju osobnih iskustava i međusobnih bele maske / Afrika (Beograd: Muzej balkanskog divljaka, sa ženskim tijelom kao ano- upoznavanja. Instalacija „Renkonto“ Fotini Gou- afričke umetnosti, 2004), 21. nimnim osvajačkim teritorijem. Instalacija Nike seti bilježi vjenčanje umjetnice Grkinje i njezinog 2 Istraživanje su proveli Barbara Matejčić i Drago Župarić-Iljić čiji je Autor ide tragom izložbe „Mir, humanost i prija- partnera Makedonca, nastojeći na simboličan tekst sastavni dio ove publikacije. teljstvo među nacijama“, održane 1966. pod po- način nadići negativne stereotipe i čestu nesno- 3 Možemo spomenuti radionice u kroviteljstvom UN-a u Slovenj Gradecu, a na kojoj šljivost između susjednih zemalja. Koristeći ritu- sklopu muzejskog fanzina „Beni“ u su sudjelovali umjetnici iz Pokreta Nesvrstanih, al vjenčanja kao simboličnu društvenu gestu, suradnji s Tanjom Blašković i Darijom kao i sa Zapada. Instalacija fragmentarno rekon- „Renkonto“ dokumentira i niz suradničkih, umjet- Morosin i plesno-koreografske radionice „Migracije“ s Kate Foley i pola- struira tadašnje utopijske premise o izgradnji ničkih radova koji se poigravaju s predrasudama znicama Osnovne škole za balet i boljeg i mirnog svijeta diplomatskim i kulturnim i očekivanjima u susretu s drugim, a mijenjaju ih suvremeni ples, Vežica, Rijeka. Dosa- akcijama. Paralelno iskazuje kako su se političke kroz miješanje kulturnih kodova i odupiranje au- dašnji programi Risk Change, http:// kategorije prelamale u polje umjetnosti pa su toritarnoj nacionalnoj simbolici. mmsu.hr/dogadaji/1025/, http:// tako, i medijski i nagradama, prvenstveno isticani Između suprotstavljenih opisa ‚nas’ i ‚njih’, mmsu.hr/dogadaji/bijeg/, https:// riskchangeproject.wordpress.com/ radovi zapadnih autora. Pola stoljeća kasnije kar- napredni – zaostali, kreposni – poročni, miroljubivi 4 Michel Foucault, „O drugim pro- ta svijeta izgleda sasvim drugačije, sa zatvorenim – agresivni, izložbom se nastojimo nasmijati vla- storima“, Peščanik.net., (31.08.2013.), vratima prema nekoć ‚bratskim’ zemljama. stitoj žudnji da budemo veći, glasniji, uspješniji, traži pod „Podatci o pojavljivanju“,

I RISKIRAJ 282 283 PROMJENU C. J. Stephens se estetika bavi pitanjima drugosti shvaćenim kao među jezika i percepcije, svijet oko nas i ostali se omogućava nam bolje razumijevanje onog čud- nešto što je psihološki, fenomenološki i herme- čine već određeni. Zbog te udaljenosti, ovaj stadij, novatog i stranog u sebi samima. neutički prisvojeno. Estetski pothvati oblikuju na- kao i stadij zrcala doživljavaju se donekle otuđu- Kao rezultat toga, Kristeva (1991: 182) po- Psihološko čine na koje vidimo sebe kao druge i skupa s jućim. Treći stadij, Realni, je onaj u kojem zapo- stavlja pitanje: „Hoće li im dopustiti da se uzaja- drugima, a javljaju se kroz iskustva turizma, eska- činjemo proces prihvaćanja alijenacije iz prva dva mno podnose kao nesvodivi, jer su željni, poželj- putovanje u pizma i izbjeglištva. stadija. Ne realno u pravom smislu riječi, „realno ni, smrtni i nosioci smrti?“ Luce Irigaray inzistira je ono što uvijek leži iza automatona“ (Lacan, 1973: na ovoj vrsti propitivanja koje omogućava modu- drugost NA KOJI NAČIN PSIHOANALITIČKI NABIJENO 54). Ovaj stadij utječe na našu svjesnost i nesvje- laciju odnosa s drugim. Njezin interes za drugost DRUGO UTJEČE NA SUVREMENA PITANJA snost ukazujući na iskustvo rascjepa između svi- obuhvaća „novu ontologiju, novu etiku i novu MIGRACIJE, IMIGRACIJE I IZBJEGLIŠTVA? jesti i percepcije. Slično kao i jezik, struktura ne- politiku, u kojoj je drugi prepoznat kao drugi, a Naše psihoanalitičko putovanje kroz čud- svjesnog uma omogućuje nam da prihvatimo ne kao isti“ (Irigaray, 1985: 19). Ono što ona i Kri- novatost sebe samih započinjemo pregledom svoje podijeljeno ja kao nepotpuno na isti način steva dijele je želja da se osvijetle razlike među Freudovih i Lacanovih pojmova svjesnog (ego) i na koji doživljavamo odmak u značenjima unutar drugima, unutarnje i vanjske. Etički gledano; ima- nesvjesnog (id). Svjesni um je namjeran i dekla- strukture jezika. mo obvezu ponašati se prema sebi i drugima s rira se kao ‚ja‘. Međutim, ne možemo reći ‚ja‘, a Nastavljajući se na Freudovu teoriju nesvje- poštovanjem prema različitostima, a ne istosti. da pritom ne prepoznamo napetost koja postoji snog i Lacanove hermeneutički proširene pojmo- Problem drugosti koji se tiče suvremenih u nesvjesnom umu koji se odupire autoritetu tog ve žudnje i jezika, čudnovatost kojom se bavi Julia pitanja migracije, imigracije i izbjeglištva ispre- deklariranog ‚ja‘. Bez namjere, nesvjesni um bje- Kristeva pravi izravnu poveznicu između psihičkog pleten je s kompleksnim psihičkim procesima i ži od shvaćanja kako bi izbjegao potpuno iscr- prostora unutar sebe samih i vanjskih prostora umnogome ovisi o tome kako prepoznajemo pljivanje od strane svjesnog, namjernog uma. U društvenih i političkih odrugačenja. U njenoj stu- drugost unutar sebe i kroz druge koje srećemo. svjesnom namjernom subjektivnom ‚ja‘ postoji diji „Stranci sebi samima” (”Strangers to Ourse- Na granicama između gradova, država i zemalja „Psihoanaliza se tada doživljava iluzija stabilnosti, a nesvjesno znači poremetiti lves“) čitamo, „Kako netko može tolerirati stranca postoje različite vrste migracija. Stavovi prema kao putovanje u čudnovatost tu iluziju kako bismo ostali otvoreni za mogućno- ako ne zna da je stranac samom sebi?“ (Kristeva, strancima imat će puno veze s nacionalnim jezi- drugog i sebe samog, prema sti neutjelovljenog sebe koje se ne može ekspli- 1991: 182). Ono što dobivamo je temeljno razumi- kom koji nas najviše povezuje, jer je ugrađen u etici koja poštuje nepomirljivo.” citno odrediti. Freud (1989: 573) napominje, „do- jevanje drugosti kao stranosti jer nam taj proces simbolički jezik nesvjesnog. Zbog porasta migra- JULIA KRISTEVA bitak na značenju potpuno je opravdan temelj za omogućuje prihvaćanje drugih kao stranaca. cija i izbjeglištva, ključno je razumjeti na koji na- prekoračenje granica neposrednog iskustva“. Stranost je simptom nesvjesnog procesa, čin psihički procesi utječu na naš stav i ponašanje Znanje o sebi i svijetu gradimo kroz iskustvo pre- nužna psihička korisnost koja omogućuje, na priprema drugosti. Etimologija riječi ‚drugo‘ otkriva tako malo o svo- puno toliko različitih aspekata da je nužno pohra- mjer, da ‚ja’ primi svoje ‚drugo’ kao nerazdvojivo joj hermeneutici. Porijeklom iz grčkog jezika, allos niti ili potisnuti neke informacije koje će biti do- i korisno. Kako piše Kristeva (1991: 170), „znamo NA KOJI NAČIN DRUGOST ODGOVARA znači drugo, drugi; ova riječ koristi se u Bibliji stupne kasnije. Freud (1989: 574) objašnjava, da smo stranci sebi samima, i jedino uz pomoć NEGATIVNOJ RETORICI KROZ ESTETIKU? (Matej, 12:13) i za označavanje drugog iste vrste, „tako da veći dio onog što nazivamo svjesnim te podrške možemo pokušati živjeti s drugima“. Umjetničke prakse se javljaju kao strana, a i za označavanje drugog različite, strane ili čudne znanjem ionako mora neko određeno vrijeme biti Kristeva teži drugačijoj konceptualizaciji zajed- ipak poznata iskustva drugosti. Budući da umjet- vrste. Ono čime se ova definicija ne bavi jest na- u stanju latentnosti, to jest, biti psihički nesvje- ništva identificirajući na koji način je drugost po- nici u svom istraživanju koriste slobodnu maštu, čin na koji ideja drugosti izlazi iz svoje definicije sno“. Ono što potiskujemo ostaje nesvjesno, a vezana s jezikom na unutar i interpersonalnom čini se da imaju jedinstven pristup nesvjesnom i ulazi u psihički prostor straha, otuđenja i hije- tek nakon što se dogodi svjesna transformacija nivou. Lokalizirajuća snaga drugosti koja je vidlji- aparatu uma. Iako ovo istraživanje nema namjeru rarhije. Bez izvorišta koje bi drugo utemeljilo u ili prijevod doznajemo za te potisnute stvari. Dru- va i naglašena u nacionalnim jezicima i kulturama dokazati takvu tvrdnju, pristupit ćemo ovim pi- određenu poziciju, drugotnost postoji izvan he- gim riječima, sama nesvjesnost može se spozna- ponavlja se unutar psihičkog procesa drugosti. tanjima kroz intertekstualni projekt koji se referi- gemonijskog diskursa. Ovo istraživanje namjera- ti i dohvatiti tek u svjetlu svjesne namjernosti. Kristeva (1991: 182) objašnjava: „Kroz rasplitanje ra na negativnu političku retoriku naspram mi- va predstaviti psihoanalitičko putovanje u drugost Lacan proširuje pojam napetosti između prijenosa – glavne dinamike drugosti, ljubavi/mr- gracije, imigracije i izbjeglištva. kako bismo doveli u vezu posljedice stranosti, svjesnog i nesvjesnog fokusirajući se na žudnju žnje prema drugom, stranom sastojku naše psihe U svom radu iz 2019. godine, „Sladoled”; čudnovatosti i drugosti s problemima migracije, i jezik. Shodno tome, u Lacanovoj teoriji, ljudska – a na temelju drugog, ja se mirim sa svojom dru- umjetnik Driton Selmani nudi običnu plastičnu imigracije i izbjeglištva. se subjektivnost formira u tri stadija koja uključu- gošću-stranošću, igram se njome i živim od nje“. vrećicu. Kao svojevrstan ironični komentar, na Pitanja koja pokreću ovo putovanje su: na ju sebe u različite načine drugosti. Stadij Zrcala Prijenos je aktivnost odrugačenja, proces u kojem plastičnoj vrećici se nalazi nacrtana slika zelene koji način psihoanalitički nabijeno drugo (kao drugi započinje proces imaginarne slike o jedinstvu unutarnje drugo treba vanjsko drugo kako bi se kopnene mase obrubljene crnom linijom. Unutar i s drugima) utječe na suvremena pitanja migra- sebe. Kada se odvojimo od majčinog tijela, raz- pomirile razlike. U knjizi „Elsewhere Within Here”, te kopnene mase je crveni tekst koji glasi, „BOLI cije, imigracije i izbjeglištva? Na koji način dru- dvajanje osjećamo subjektivno, iz čega proizlazi Trinh T. Minh-ha (2010: 868) piše: „Postajem ja ME KURAC STO MADJARSKA NEMA MORE“. Sel- gost odgovara negativnoj retorici kroz estetiku? žudnja da svijet učinimo drugačijim kako bismo preko drugog. Ovisno o tome tko promatra, eg- manijeva zelena kopnena masa Mađarske stoji Kako bismo pristupili tim pitanjima, pokazat ublažili odrugačenje (eng. othering) sebe. Ta žud- zotičan je drugi, ili ja“. sama, netaknuta svojim susjedima, Hrvatskom, ću da bi se ovo putovanje trebalo promatrati kroz nja postaje poticaj za kretanje područjima jezika, Štoviše, Freud (1989: 195) je čak napome- Slovenijom, Austrijom, Slovačkom, Ukrajinom, dvije glavne ulazne točke: smatram da drugost slika, značenja i vizije. Nadalje, stadij Jezika za- nuo, „biti stranac, pripadati nekom ‚drugom’, mora Rumunjskom i Srbijom. Obrubljivanje ove kopne- moramo razumjeti iz psihoanalitičke perspektive počinje proces simboličkog reda, koji nudi usva- se objasniti mentalnim životom koji se pripisuje ne zemlje ima dvostruki učinak i istovremeno kao polazišnu točku unutar sebe samih kako bi- janje jezika, uključujući slike, i razumijevanje toj drugoj osobi“. Posljedice razumijevanja pounu- izgleda kao grafički logo neke kompanije i kao smo mogli otkriti na koji način taj unutarnji psi- njihovih značenja. Na taj način, učimo kako us- trene drugosti izravno se odnose na to kako gle- otok okružen vodom. hički prostor komunicira s vanjskim društvenim postaviti odnos s drugima putem jezika, značenja damo na druge i kako se prema njima ponašamo. U psihoanalitičkom smislu, ovo djelo suoča- i političkim prostorima. Također ću obrazložiti da i slika. S obzirom na udaljenost koja nastaje iz- Obratno je također istinito: kontakt s drugima va se s izolacijom unutar pojedine zemlje i suprot-

I RISKIRAJ 284 285 PROMJENU stavlja je s onim što joj nedostaje, a to je luka. Ovaj rad remeti iluziju stabilnosti opona- problemima suvremenih migracija, Riskiraj jedanje se odlikuje sposobnostima adaptacije i Njezine granice toliko su povezane s drugim šajući iskustvo rascjepa između svijesti i percep- promjenu uspijeva u svom intertekstualnom germinacije; a kroz egzil i migraciju, putovanje granicama, a nedostatak mora je kao da kažete cije. Ono što se opaža u ovom djelu su formalni pristupu. Javni poziv za sudjelovanje na izložbi koje se proširilo u vremenu i prostoru postaje da joj nedostaje sloboda bijega. Plastična vrećica elementi povezani na fenomenološkoj razini. „Mi nismo kao oni” uključuje dvadesetak radova vrtoglavo složeno sa svojim negativnim posljedi- kao spremnik, iako privremeni, ako sadrži slado- Elementi oblika linije i izolirani momenti prikazu- suvremenih umjetnika koji pružaju intertekstual- cama. Oboje, međutim, imaju potencijal da šire led kao što naslov sugerira, aludira na psihički ju pokrete i ponavljanja koji se događaju nena- ni dokaz različitih drugosti koje nailaze na kon- horizonte nečije mašte i pomiču granice stvar- prostor nesvjesnog. Spremnik sadrži ono što će mjerno. Metaforički ocean svjetla pliva na zidu i frontacije: „Suprotno suvremenim proklamacija- nosti i fantazije, ili ovog Ovdje i Tamo”.2 poslije odstraniti, što je privremeno i prolazno, a čak prelazi granice koje stvara staklo. Kvaliteta ma o kulturnoj raznolikosti, u vrijeme turbulentnih duboko integralno za događaj koji slijedi. Također ovog crteža nalik snu pobuđuje nesvjesno dok društvenih promjena, doživljaj drugog često izgleda i prazan, pa Selmani opet ironično koristi snovi obitavaju u tom drugom jastvu. Kroz inti- poprima negativni naboj, vidljiv u isključivanju, 1 https://riskchangeproject. simbolički redoslijed jezika da bi otkrio sadržaj mnost i vanjštinu, doživljavamo unutarnje istra- odbojnosti ili negiranju, kreiranju fiktivne slike wordpress.com događaja koji će tek uslijediti i onog koji je već živanje bijega iz crne rupe koja centrira crtež potencijalnog krivca za sve“.1 2 Trinh T, Minh-ha, Elsewhere, Within Here. (New York: Taylor prošao (žudnja). Značajna napetost između reto- svojim jasnim rubovima. U jednom dijelu ovog Je li nacija glavni krivac za propagiranje and Francis, 2010), 607. rike praznine naglašene političkim/nacionalnim crteža nalazi se kolaž od prikrivenih komada pro- stereotipa o stranim mjestima, ljudima i migra- jezikom i privremenosti spremnika, ili onoga što zirnog papira koji ne skrivaju ništa, već razotkri- cijama? Ili je glavni krivac jezik? Oboje postoje sadrži smisao, u ovom je djelu antagonistička. vaju privremenost. Jednom kada se bijeg dogodi, u imaginarnim i simboličkim sferama nesvje- BIBLIOGRAFIJA Selmanijeva plastična vrećica reklamira na kojem ćemo tlu stajati? Hoće li sustav uništiti snog, pa je možda krivac nenamjerni id. Nacije — Gay, Peter. 1989. The Freud Reader. izolaciju i odrugačenje određene nacije zbog stranca? Ova pitanja ne potiču stvarne odgovo- stvaraju veze sa svojim narodom kroz poseban Yale University — Irigaray, Luce. 1985. This Sex onog što joj nedostaje. U tom smislu, ovaj objekt re već dokazuju žudnju za nečim više. Estetika način zajedničkog života koji ispunjava simbo- Which is Not One. Cornell University predstavlja ono s čim se estetika suočava na više otvara prostor za izazivanje sebe i drugosti koja ličku prazninu te zajedničke imaginarne solidar- Press nivoa istovremeno. Ako na Selmanijevo djelo her- s vremena na vrijeme pobjegne iz nutrine, u nadi nosti. Na sličan način na koji jezik simbolizira — Kristeva, Julia. 1991. Strangers to meneutički primijenimo psihoanalizu, odmah da će pronaći nekog drugog, stranca koji će po- misao i značenje kroz činove govora i pisanja, Ourselves. Columbia University Press smo suočeni s izazovom simboličkog, i slike i miriti razlike. Kako ističe Kristeva (1991: 2): „Pro- udaljenost između tih činova i načina na koji ih — Lacan, Jacques. 1977. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho- jezika. Pitanje kako vidimo sebe kao druge i s mjena statusa stranaca koja je danas nužna, percipiramo rezultira otuđenjem. Važno je usvo- Analysis. W. W. Norton and drugim izbija iz ovog jednostavnog nađenog i navodi nas na razmišljanje o našoj sposobnosti jiti pozitivan jezik za taj osjećaj stranosti kao onaj Company izmijenjenog predmeta. Također, fizički oblik da prihvatimo nove modalitete drugosti“. koji utjelovljuje razliku. Kristeva (1991: 1) piše, — Minh-ha, Trinh T. 2010. Elsewhere plastične vrećice postaje dio neupitnog susreta Razumijevanje drugosti, kao nesvjesnog „Stranac ulazi nakon buđenja svijesti o mojoj ra- Within Here. Taylor and Francis. sa svakodnevnim predmetom. Osim svakodne- događaja ili procesa unutar nas samih predstav- zličitosti, a nestaje nakon što prihvatimo sebe kao Kindle Edition — Moi, Toril. 1986. The Kristeva vice, ukazuje i na eksces. Eksces je u ovom slu- lja korak prema pomirenju s ‚drugim’. Sljedeći strance, koji ne podliježu vezama i zajednicama“. Reader. Columbia University Press čaju i ironičan jer ne nosi ništa, a ipak njegova korak prema prihvaćanju pounutrenog stranca Da rezimiramo i zaključimo ovo psihoana- — https://riskchangeproject.word- praznina simbolizira vremensku lingvističku pra- je kroz kontakte s drugima, što generira poziv na litičko putovanje u drugost, osvrnimo se na uda- press.com zninu u formiranju nacionalnosti. Možemo vidje- jezik. Jezik stvara i most i jaz između drugosti. ljenost koju smo prešli. Psihički prostor straha, ti kako Selmanijev estetski pothvat oblikuje na- Umjesto da se tek srećemo s drugima, i pozdrav- žudnje, otuđenja i hijerarhije postoji u svima čine propitivanja kako vidimo sebe kao druge i ljamo drugosti, modifikacija će se vjerojatnije nama kroz naše svjesne i nesvjesne tenzije. Želi- sebe s drugima, i kako to odgovara negativnoj dogoditi kroz Kristevinu (Toril Moi, 1986:37) de- mo stabilnost u podijeljenom jastvu koje jednako retorici kroz ironiju. finiciju intertekstualnosti: „mozaik citata; bilo koji želi autonomiju. Jezik na koji smo najviše navikli Još jedan izazov koji potkopava negativnu tekst je apsorbiranje i preobrazba drugog. Pojam u stanju je nositi teret tih tenzija na nacionalnoj retoriku o drugosti predstavlja multimedijski cr- intertekstualnosti zamjenjuje pojam intersubjek- razini, ali moramo biti svjesni u kolikoj je mjeri ta tež s izložbe „Bijeg”, održane 2017. godine u okvi- tivnosti, a pjesnički se jezik čita najmanje kao stabilnost iluzija. Prema Lacanu, nikada nije po- ru projekta Riskiraj promjenu. Umjetnica Roos dvostruk“. U književnu teoriju je intertekstual- stojao stadij razvoja u kojem smo se kao subjek- van Haften predstavlja rad „Divna izolacija”. Ovaj nost uveo Bakhtin, a pojam je prerastao literarnu ti osjećali sigurno u stvarnosti podijeljenog ja- crtež efemernog pejzaža u nijansama sive boje sferu, ušao u naš fizički prostor i uključio kom- stva, a taj osjećaj otuđenja potiče želju za većim sastoji se od praznog neba, teksturnog planin- pletnu estetiku i tehnologije. određenjem s jedne strane i slobodom kroz au- skog masiva kao horizonta, a u prvom planu vi- Projekt Riskiraj promjenu rasvjetljava in- tonomiju s druge. dimo prazno projekcijsko platno. Vrlo tamna rupa tertekstualne pristupe stavovima, iskustvima i Drugost je čudna, strana, a opet oslobađa- u tlu izgleda kao da je iz nje upravo izašla izolira- psihičkoj uključenosti u drugost i migracije. Kroz juća, kako piše Kristeva (1991: 117): „ ali kako net- na figura. U lijevom uglu je grafički prikaz nijansi proces intertekstualizacije, Riskiraj promjenu ko može biti slobodan bez kakve utopije, neke sive boje, a dva kolažirana komada crnog papira odražava Kristevin stav da drugost i stranost vrste čudnovatosti? Budimo, dakle, niotkud, ali nalaze se malo desno od centra, koji izgledaju pružaju mogućnost za promjenu, pokret i protok. ne zaboravimo da smo negdje“. Estetika i inter- kao glava i ruka osobe koja pliva, izolirane figure. Ovaj projekt briše granice između mašte i stvar- tekstualne prakse pozitivni su i zanimljivi načini Pričvršćen za zid na dnu ovog crteža, komad sta- nosti, što je i samo po sebi drugost. Na blogu suočavanja s problemima drugosti u okviru da- kla na šarkama reflektira svjetlost i projicira je projekta u svibnju 2019. godine, čitamo sljedeće, našnjeg razdoblja migracije, a strancima koje ispod crteža. To staklo stvara ocean pokretnih „na razmeđu suvremene umjetnosti, antropolo- susrećemo možemo pomoći pozdravljajući ra- svjetlosnih čestica u pravokutniku istih dimenzi- gije i socijalne psihologije polazimo od neobič- zličitosti koje dijelimo u drugosti. ja kao i crtež. Ovi formalni elementi pridonose nog pojmovnika o ‚drugom’ – susjedu, strancu, O svom iskustvu egzila, Trinh T. Minh-ha osjećaju čudnog sna. pridošlici.“ U namjeri da nas suoči s pitanjima i piše: „Putujući kroz generacije i kulture, pripovi-

I RISKIRAJ 286 287 PROMJENU Marijana Hameršak & Iva Pleše usmjeriti na tumačenja, osobne poglede i per- početka ožujka kada u kamp više ne dolaze vla- na kojemu bi dolazilo do interakcija mimo onih spektive drugih, dakle na onu razinu kojoj u pra- kovi, a mi nemamo pristup ljudima zatvorenim u ponude i potražnje. vilu teži etnografija, već smo svoje zaključke mo- detencijskim sektorima. Od 18. ožujka 2016., kada Bilješke uz rale temeljiti na parcijalnim, raspršenim i često rukovoditelj kampa svim organizacijama odo- KRUŽNA PUTANJA KRETANJA samo posredovanim, ali u okružju kampa gotovo brava pristup tim sektorima, organizacije trebaju Izbjeglice u kamp dolaze vlakom te slijedeći etnografsko jedinim mogućim uvidima. Pa ipak, neprekidan prethodno poimenično prijaviti već akreditirane usmene upute s megafona i usmene ili neverbal- terenski rad oslonjen na diverzificirani etnografski zaposlenike/volontere, a oni se osim na ulasku u ne signale prisutnih policajaca i volontera, zatim istraživanje u metodološki instrumentarij oblikovao je, zajedno kamp dodatno evidentiraju i pri ulasku u sektore, rijetke signalizacijske znakove te ulazima, izlazi- Zimskom s otvorenošću prema problematizaciji i preispiti- kako kod službenika Ministarstva unutarnjih poslo- ma, ogradama i mjestima na kojima stoje policaj- vanju, specifičnu perspektivu koja, vjerujemo, va, tako i u kontejneru Hrvatskoga Crvenog križa. ci oblikujući kružnu putanju prolaze kroz kamp prihvatno- unatoč svim ograničenjima, otvara mjesta razlike oponašajući jedni druge. Kružna putanja započi- u odnosu na dominanta razumijevanja onoga što LOKACIJA KAMPA nje izlaskom iz vlaka, nastavlja se prolaskom kroz tranzitnom se u Hrvatskoj olako svodilo pod nazivnik izbje- Kamp se nalazi u industrijskoj zoni na tere- registracijski i distribucijski šator uz eventualna gličke krize. nu nekadašnjega rafinerijskog postrojenja, izvan zadržavanja, primjerice u šatoru za mame i bebe, centru Pišući o kampu pitale smo se i kako izbjeći mreže glavnih gradskih putova i dohvata javnog ili zaustavljanja na kiosku, zatim prilaznom ce- Republike normalizaciju koju generira znanstveni jezik i apa- prometa. Ograđen je prirodnim i umjetnim pre- stom do perona te završava ulaskom u vlak, uza rat, odnosno kako u tekstovima barem donekle prekama, rijekom i ogradom, a čak i u onome stalan nadzor policije koja usmjerava i oblikuje Hrvatske zadržati težinu onoga čemu smo svjedočile. U svojem aspektu u kojemu se čini da je izravno mikrokretanje u kampu, a na pojedinim točkama ovom prilogu izlazimo iz okvira tog aparata i u povezan s okružjem, željezničkom prugom, za- ima i izrazito vidljivu ulogu kao, recimo, na pri- osloncu na formu etnografskih bilješki, u prezentu, pravo je izoliran. Željeznička pruga u kampu za- stupu peronu ili cesti koja vodi do njega gdje fragmentirano, nedovršeno, predstavljamo neke vršava slijepim kolosijekom do kojega putuju ponekad privremeno zaustavlja ljude ili formira od istraživačkih metoda i postupaka koje smo samo vlakovi s izbjeglicama u policijskoj pratnji. redove ili dvorede primjenjujući metode uprav- iskušavale i na kojima smo ustrajavale tijekom U razgovoru s našim sugovornicima (intervjui, ljanja masom. istraživanja u kampu, a koje vidimo kao važne i glasnogovornički) možemo čuti: „Građani uopće za razumijevanje samoga kampa i onoga što se ni ne vide migrante. Oni jednostavno prolaze tu, NEDOSTUPNI PROSTORI KAMPA u njemu događalo. Tijekom našeg istraživanja, odlaze vlakom, nitko, ne znam da li ih je itko ikad Kamp je iznutra ispresijecan brojnim, fizič- kamp je od mjesta primarno tranzita postao mje- vidio, pa rekao: e vidio sam. Možda je netko vidio kim i vidljivim ili nevidljivim, granicama koje stom zadržavanja i detencije, što se na specifičan vlak s migrantima, ali ono ništa posebno. […] odvajaju dostupne od nedostupnih prostora. Kao što smo to zapisale u tekstu „Winter Recep- način, kako to nastojimo pokazati, reflektiralo i [Željeznička pruga] reklo bi se kroz grad ide, ona Dostupnost pojedinih dijelova kampa volonteri- tion and Transit Center in the Republic of Croatia: na naše istraživačke metode. ide zapravo kroz grad al’, međutim, nema doti- ma, zaposlenicima i drugima ovisi o tome kojoj An Ethnographic View of the Slavonski Brod caja uopće s ljudima, stvarno. […] tako da je to, skupini pripadaju te, osobito u slučaju većih or- Refugee Camp” objavljenom 2017. u časopisu ULAZ U KAMP baš je ono idealno, zgodno.“ ganizacija, o funkcijama koje u njoj imaju. U si- Narodna umjetnost (54/1: 101-127), na kojemu Pristup kampu u Slavonskom Brodu moguć ječnju 2016., netom prije prvoga istraživačkog temeljimo i ovaj prilog, naše je istraživanje u je jedino uz odobrenje i višestruku provjeru Mi- AUTOMATIZIRANA PODJELA RADA odlaska u kamp, čujemo da u kampu postoje i izbjegličkom kampu u Slavonskom Brodu, otvo- nistarstva unutarnjih poslova. Institut za etnolo- Nastojanje na minimalizaciji kontakta izme- ‚čuvani dijelovi’ koji obuhvaćaju prostore ‚od re- renom u studenome 2015. na ruti balkanskog giju i folkloristiku iz Zagreba upućuje Ministarstvu đu izbjeglica i volontera iščitava se iz organiza- gistracije do famoznog sektora’ u kojem se za- koridora, bilo istodobno obilježeno metodološ- 7. prosinca 2015. molbu da se grupi njegovih cijskih obilježja kampa, ponajprije naglašene država izbjeglice kojima je privremeno ili trajno kim redukcionizmom, ali i metodološkim plura- istraživača, kojoj i same pripadamo, omogući parcelizacije prostora, podijeljenog na sektore zabranjen nastavak putovanja (profilacija). lizmom. Pojedine su se etnografske metode u „ulazak, kretanje i istraživanje u prihvatnom cen- za izbjeglice, skladišne jedinice, upravno i volon- Uz dozvolu za istraživanje, u kampu ne do- kontekstu kampa svodile, naime, na svoje kontu- tru u Slavonskom Brodu“. Ulazak je načelno odo- tersko sjedište i slično, kao i iz strogo zacrtane bivamo upute o (ne)dostupnosti pojedinih nje- re da bi u odmaku ili nadogradnji s drugim etno- bren isti dan, a formalno šest tjedana poslije kada kružne putanje kojom se u kampu trebaju kretati govih dijelova, upotrebi audiovizualne opreme i grafskim metodama otvarale i oblikovale mno- iz Ministarstva radi izrade akreditacijskih iskazni- izbjeglice u tranzitu. Za svaku od točaka na kruž- sl. U terenskom vodiču za volontere Inicijative gostruke ulaze u istraživačko polje. K tome, naše ca traže naša imena, osobne identifikacijske bro- noj putanji predviđena je zasebna vrsta aktivno- Dobrodošli! piše da njezini volonteri nemaju pri- istraživanje, koje je trajalo od siječnja do travnja jeve i fotografije. sti i zasebna skupina volontera ili zaposlenika koji stup ‚pred-registracijskom dijelu’, ali slijedom 2016., u znatnoj je mjeri nosilo obilježja istraži- je provode: pomoć pri izlasku iz vlaka, provjera volonterskog boravka jedne od nas u studenome teljskog rada koja su, primjerice, vidljiva u tehni- PROVJERE NA ULAZU U KAMP stvari i osobnih podataka, odnosno registracija, 2015. znamo da, poput većine volontera i zapo- kama skeniranja nedostupnih prostora, proma- Volonteri i zaposlenici u kamp ulaze na sre- podjela odjeće i obuće, podjela hrane, pomoć slenika humanitarnih i srodnih organizacija, ne- tranja izvana, ali i u umrežavanju s onima s kojima dišnji cestovni ulaz uz koji se, u blizini zgrade u pri ukrcaju u vlak i sl. Parcelizacija i automatiza- mamo pristup ni registracijskim šatorima, niti smo dijelile interes za rekonstrukciju događajno- kojoj je sjedište policije i kampa, nalazi kontejner cija aktivnosti u kojoj se svatko bavi jednim se- unutrašnjosti vlaka. Uz iznimku zabrane iz teren- sti u kampu. U okružju u kojemu nam je toliko za provjeru akreditacijskih iskaznica, s detekto- gmentom u cjelokupnom procesu, stvara dojam skog vodiča, kao i znakova za zabranu fotografi- toga bilo skriveno ili zbog različitih razloga rom metala i rendgenom za kontrolu stvari. Od rada na pokretnoj traci. Za volontere nevladinih ranja i snimanja kamerom (koji se ne odnose na nedostupno, neprestano smo morale otkrivati veljače 2016., otkad je kamp sve manje mjesto udruga jedino mjesto koje je bilo zamišljeno kao medije i druge kojima se periodično, u pratnji pojavnu razinu svijeta koji istražujemo, a koju tranzita izbjeglica, a sve više prisilnog zadržava- ono na kojem se mogu susresti s izbjeglicama policije, dopušta snimanje), koji tijekom vremena istraživači u nekim drugim kontekstima obično do- nja i zatvaranja, ad hoc detencije kao posljedice tijekom tranzita bio je distribucijski šator koji, bivaju sve brojniji i uočljiviji, o zabranama u kampu hvaćaju prvu i bez većih poteškoća. Zbog toga svo- profilacije, tu se vodi i pisana evidencija o ulasci- međutim, zbog svoje namjene, što brže podjele saznajemo postupno, usmenim putem (interiori- ju istraživačku pozornost nismo mogle primarno ma i izlascima volontera i zaposlenika, kao i nakon odjeće i obuće, nije istodobno zamišljen kao punkt zacija zabrana).

I RISKIRAJ 288 289 PROMJENU Početkom veljače, na odlasku iz sektora u ranja. Na tome mjestu dežuran policajac nas le- vidim policajca s druge strane stola koji je ispi- stvene službe i drugih službi u kampu. Ti nam koji dotad redovito zalazimo, pri slučajnom su- gitimira te smo privedene rukovoditelju kampa. tuje jer mi je zaklonjen), nekoliko policajaca hoda intervjui trebaju omogućiti upoznavanje s ope- sretu s jednim od volontera Crvenog križa dobi- Policajac nas pritom ne uvodi u zgradu, nego u po šatoru, vidim jednu uniformu CK. rativno-upravljačkim vizijama kampa, tj. s onim vamo uputu: „U peti sektor možeš samo u pratnji njegovoj pratnji i pred onima koji su se tu zatekli segmentima kampa koji nam nisu dostupni na volontera Crvenog križa, a u treći nikako.“ Zabra- stojimo ispred dok nam se s prozora na katu, iz- PROMATRANJE IZVANA, S UKLJUČENIM iskustvenoj razini. Ovim intervjuima ne prethodi na odlaska u dijelove kampa u kojima se kontinu- mjenjujući se, obraćaju višerangirani policijski SNIMANJEM upoznavanje i izgrađivanje odnosa sa sugovor- irano zadržavaju oni koji nisu prošli profilaciju, službenici. Fotografije na zahtjev jednog od njih Uz odobrenje i pratnju policijskog službe- nicima, a sami intervjui, donekle i s tim u vezi, tjednima se prenosi usmeno i neformalno da bi brišemo te smo otpuštene riječima: nika, u kampu fotografiramo i snimamo dolazak uglavnom nemaju izraženiju razinu osobnog, prema sredini veljače bila formulirana službeno. „Ovo vam je prvi i zadnji put. Još jednom i odlazak vlaka s izbjeglicama. Nastojimo uz po- odnosno neke od karakteristika koje se uvriježe- U „Bilješci sa sastanka NGO/INGO/IO u Tran- i izgubit ćete akreditaciju.“ moć dohvata zooma snimiti nedostupne prostore, no vezuju uz etnografski intervju. S obzirom na zitnom prihvatnom centru u Slavonskom Brodu” primjerice područje ispred ulaza u registracijske to da, dakle, kada je riječ o ovom, upravljačkom od 8. veljače 2016. čitamo: „HCK ima dozvolu BRZINSKO SKENIRANJE, PROMATRAČKO šatore, ali i nama nedostupne osobe zatvorene aspektu kampa, izostaje naša sudionička pozici- ulaska u sektor 3 na poziv MUP-a, sve ostale or- Pri obilasku kampa organiziranog za mi- u jednom od sektora kampa. Primjerice, s uda- ja, a promatrački su uvidi svedeni na minimum, ganizacije nemaju dozvolu ulaska. Ukoliko netko nistra unutarnjih poslova, provedeni smo i kroz ljenosti i uz pomoć zooma jednom prigodom intervjue ne bismo ni nazvali uže etnografskim. bez dozvole pokuša ući u sektor 3, bit će u poli- registracijski šator koji u tom trenutku nije u fotografiramo zatvorene izbjeglice kada u pratnji Ono što nas u kampu za druge najjasnije defini- cijskom postupanju.“ funkciji. Zbog brzine kojom ministar zajedno s policajaca nakratko izađu iz sektora do obližnjeg ra kao istraživačice i što i same vidimo kao neku pratnjom prolazi kroz kamp, nije moguće dobro kioska unutar kampa. vrstu potvrde naše istraživačke uloge upravljač- PROFILACIJA LJUDI promotriti unutrašnjost šatora. Umjesto dugo- kim strukturama, za nas ima manju etnografsku Selekcijske i diskriminacijske mjere koje od trajnijeg i neometanog proučavanja kojim se iz INTERIORIZACIJA ZABRANA vrijednost u odnosu na druge metode kojima se sredine studenoga 2015. do zatvaranja koridora specifičnog istraživačkog fokusa nastoje uočiti Iako gledanje u smjeru šatora ili zumiranje služimo. U skladu s ulogama koje naši sugovor- primjenjuju policije zemalja duž koridora i teme- detalji, može se primijeniti samo tehnika br- nisu zabranjeni, zabranu, u onim iznimnim situ- nici imaju u kampu, kao i s njihovim statusom ljem kojih se dijelu izbjeglica onemogućuje daljnje zinskog skeniranja prostora od doslovno neko- acijama kada je šator otvoren ili kada snimamo, uglavnom službenih predstavnika institucija, kretanje prema zapadu. liko sekundi, koliko je trajao ministrov hod kroz percipiramo kao da postoji ili bi mogla postojati. njihovi nastupi u intervjuima imaju glasnogovor- šator. Isto tako, iako u usmeno prenošenoj zabrani ula- nička obilježja. Neki od sugovornika i službeno SNIMANJE ZVUKA, NESKRIVENO ska u registracijske šatore nije specificirano od- imaju takvu funkciju, a oni drugi implicitno se Eksperimentirajući metodama bilježenja BRZINSKO SKENIRANJE, SUDIONIČKO nosi li se samo na vrijeme dok traje registracija predstavljaju kao glasnogovornici svoje institu- koje bi se u hrvatskom kontekstu mogle smatrati Rijetki i kratki ulasci u vagone odobravaju ili je u šatore zabranjeno ulaziti i inače, percipi- cije ili čitavoga kampa, pa čak i kao glasnogo- donekle alternativnima, te vodeći se interesom za nam se na licu mjesta i prilika su za brzinsko, ramo je kao konstantnu, ušavši ipak u šator ne- vornici Hrvatske (hvala Hrvatska/Kroacija). Sa dohvaćanjem različitih razina kampa, sa snimačem izraženo sudioničko skeniranje koje se od proma- koliko puta, ali isključivo uz pratnju ili odobrenje svojim se sugovornicima ne sukobljavamo, po- zvuka otvoreno snimamo zvukove u kampu, preci- tračkog razlikuje i s obzirom na etnografski po- policije. Nepisanost pravila i zabrana sa sobom jedina potpitanja izbjegavamo ili prelazimo na znije prve minute dolaska i odlaska vlaka, odnosno tencijal uvida: za razliku od protokolarnog ‚po- nosi priličnu dozu nesigurnosti o tome što se druge teme onda kada se počinju nazirati puko- početak i završetak kretanja izbjeglica kroz kamp. sjeta’ registracijskom šatoru, koji je u tom smije, a što ne smije. S druge strane, to nam omo- tine u gotovo savršenim slikama slavonskobrod- trenutku sveden samo na scenografiju, kratki gućuje prelaženje nekih granica koje bi se teško skog kampa i hrvatske varijante prihvata izbje- SNIMANJE ZVUKA, SKRIVENO ulasci u vagone generiraju jake dojmove i bitno prelazile da su utvrđene pisanim zabranama. glica, pa i onda kada znamo da se izrečeno ne Sredinom ožujka, u tjednima prije zatvara- utječu na naše razumijevanje kampa i tranzita Primjerice, peron na koji stižu i s kojeg odlaze poklapa sa stvarnim stanjem. nja kampa, dok je u njemu zatvoreno više stotina izbjeglica. Prizor pretrpanog, potpuno neprohod- vlakovi, a koji je od ostalog dijela kampa odvojen osoba kojima samo rijetki volonteri i zaposlenici nog vagona koji se ‚utovaruje’, a prema standar- ogradom kao jasnim graničnim znakom svima u INTERVJUI, NEOSTVARENI, S VOLONTERIMA imaju pristup, mučne zvukove, gotovo jednosat- du smještaja dvostruko ili gotovo dvostruko više kampu, mjesto je malih, ali stalnih prijepora. Sva- Uznemirena i ljutita reakcija rukovoditelja ne vriskove i povike mladića koji se opire kolek- putnika nego u redovnom prometu, za nas po- ko toliko, naime, volonteri pojedinih organizacija jedne od organizacija na informaciju o tome da tivnom preseljenju „muškaraca samaca“ iz jed- staje vizualna sinegdoha politike dehumanizira- prelaze tu granicu, primjerice, noseći deke ljudi- je jedna od nižerangiranih djelatnica te organi- nog u drugi detencijski sektor, jedna od nas snima noga efikasnog tranzita. ma koji usred zime u negrijanom vlaku katkad i zacije razgovarala s istraživačima upućuje na držeći upaljeni snimač u džepu jakne. Iako se satima čekaju na polazak. Nakon što se takav odnos upravljačkih struktura prema mogućnosti prethodno nismo susrele s eksplicitnom pa ni PROMATRANJE IZVANA postupak ponovi, od čelništva nadležnog za hu- nenadziranog, odnosno službenim kanalima implicitnom zabranom snimanja zvuka u kampu Katkad su prilikom registracijskih postupaka, manitarnu podršku kampa stiže zabrana prilaska nedogovorenog prijenosa informacija i stavo- (interiorizacija zabrana) te iako, štoviše, u nekim iako rijetko, na pojedinim registracijskim šatorima peronu. Zatim je se neko vrijeme volonteri pridr- va ljudi koji u kampu djeluju. Kao što je kamp drugim prilikama i otvoreno snimamo snimačem otvoreni ulazi pa nam je kao promatračima izva- žavaju da bi u određenom trenutku ponovno, što premrežen vidljivim i nevidljivim granicama, tako (snimanje zvuka, neskriveno), neskriveno snimanje na donekle dostupna njihova unutrašnjost, kao i bi se moglo okarakterizirati kao male trenutke je premrežen i vidljivim i nevidljivim ‚čuvarima zvuka u tim okolnostima ne procjenjujemo kao ono što se u njima događa. Iz terenskih je bilješki pobune protiv reda kampa, izlašli na peron i opi- ulaza’. Kao što granice priječe pristup prostorima izvedivu opciju, a što je donekle povezano i s razvidno o kakvom je stupnju parcijalnosti uvida sani bi se ciklus ponavljao. i etnografskim promatranjima, tako čuvari ulaza, jednom ranijom istraživačkom situacijom (foto- u takvoj istraživačkoj situaciji riječ: na ovaj ili na onaj način, eksplicitno ili impli- grafiranje, naknadno zabranjeno, sankcionirano). šator za registraciju je otvoren (krilo od INTERVJUI, GLASNOGOVORNIČKI citno, priječe pristup ljudima i slobodnim inter- vrata je dignuto) tako da se vidi unutra, ali je Snimane intervjue u kampu vodimo samo vjuiranjima. FOTOGRAFIRANJE, NAKNADNO jako sunce tako da ne vidim baš najbolje; iz ša- s osobama na službenim, uglavnom hijerarhijski S jedne strane, kao istraživačice u kampu ZABRANJENO, SANKCIONIRANO tora izašao policajac, ima masku, unutra se vide višim ili jedinstvenim položajima povezanim s imamo relativno neometan pristup okružju hu- Fotografiramo kamp izvana, s vanjske strane jedna invalidska kolica; vidim ženu koja drži dije- funkcioniranjem kampa: sa zaposlenicima poli- manitarnog, donekle i sigurnosnog proleterijata ograde na kojoj nigdje nema zabrane fotografi- te na sebi kako sjedi na stolici ispred stola (ne cije, Hrvatskoga Crvenog križa, vojske, zdrav- i prekarijata (volontera, prevoditelja, policajaca i

I RISKIRAJ 290 291 PROMJENU dr.), ali nemamo pristup dokumentiranju njiho- Nasuprot tome, u kampu umjesto „hvala komunikacijske razmjene. Riječ je o brojnim krat- sugovornik ili grupa sugovornika vode drugim vih iskaza u snimanom obliku. S druge strane, Kroacija“, više puta čujemo: „We are not animals. kim ili nešto duljim, iako samo višeminutnim raz- sugovornicima te se uspostavljaju poznanstva cjelokupan sigurnosno-humanitarni menadžment Why do you treat us like that?“ govorima, na engleskom jeziku ili u kombinaciji koja će trajati i nakon zatvaranja kampa. kampa uvelike je izvan našega promatračkog U kampu svjedočimo guranju, vikanju, be- engleskog i neverbalnih znakova, s nekoliko per- dosega, ali je pristup dokumentiranju institu- zrazložnom zaustavljanju ili tjeranju naprijed, od- zijskih ili arapskih riječi, koji se vode na kratkom KOMUNKACIJA NA DALJINU, cionalno ovjerenih iskaza iz tog registra u os- vajanju obitelji ili razdvajanju grupe koja zajedno putu do perona, na nekoj od točaka na tom putu S VOLONTERIMA U KAMPU novi lagan. Stoga se može reći da je i u našem putuje, prisilnom, katkad i višesatnom zadržava- ili na samome peronu, a u kojima se izmjenjuju U kampu smo uključene u komunikacijske slučaju dozvola za istraživanje u kampu bila za- nju u vlaku prije njegova polaska, natrpavanju osnovne informacije o tome odakle i kamo netko on-line platforme, pa tako i grupnu komunikaciju pravo dozvola za ulazak u kamp, ali ne i za slo- vagona, nepružanju pomoći promrzlim osobama putuje, s kime, koliko je dugo na putu te o pro- preko mobilnih aplikacija kojom se razmjenjuju bodan pristup svim njegovim prostorima i struk- u negrijanom vlaku koji čeka na polazak, uskra- ceduri u kampu, sljedećoj zemlji i stanici na putu, uglavnom operativne informacije. Te pretežno vrlo turama. ćivanju informacija, verbalnim uvredama koje vremenu koje je potrebno da vlak do nje stigne i kratke komunikacijske razmjene tek naknadno za ostaju uvredama iako ih onaj kome su upućene sl. Neke od tih ‚razmjena‘, poput sljedeće, zapi- nas postaju istraživački relevantne, ponajprije ve- INTERVJUI, NEOSTVARENI, S ne može razumjeti. sujemo u naše terenske bilježnice: nosim torbu zano uz kronologiju zbivanja i bivanja na terenu. IZBJEGLICAMA, U TRANZITU I DETENCIJI mami (Irak) (mlada je) – loše govori engleski ali U vlastite bilješke prenosimo samo rijetke od njih, Zbog imperativa što brže i efikasnije pro- KOMUNIKACIJSKE RAZMJENE, NEVERBALNO- može se sporazumjeti, za ruku drži sina, bolestan primjerice: „policajac je udario jednog starijeg vedbe tranzita, kontakt između izbjeglica i volon- VERBALNE, S IZBJEGLICAMA, U TRANZITU je, noćas imao visoku temperaturu, muž joj je u čovjeka, o tome je izviješteno na what’s upu.“ tera reduciran je i u onom kratkom razdoblju Koncentracija velikog broja govornika razli- Njem. od 9. mj. pitam je jesu li bili kod doktora, od nekoliko sati u kojem izbjeglice prolaze kroz čitih jezika potiče ne samo na inojezičnu nego i ne train, train (kao da su joj tako govorili) kažem KOMUNIKACIJA NA DALJINU, kamp. U tako organiziranom tranzitu malo je na potpuno ili pretežno neverbalnu komunikaciju. joj da može ostati ovdje do sljedećeg vlaka, ona S AKTIVISTIMA IZVAN KAMPA prostora za etnografsko istraživanje koje bi bilo Naše pokazivanje na nečiju prtljagu, umjesto ili kaže – family je s njom ja kažem – i family može Održavamo veze i s volonterima i aktivisti- usmjereno na razmišljanja i iskustva izbjeglica uz izgovorenu ponudu za pomoć u nošenju stva- ostati ne ne dječak (3-4 g.) hoda pored nje, pri- ma izvan kampa od kojih neke poznajemo i osob- te bi se temeljilo na dubinskim intervjuima kao ri, pokazivanje u smjeru u kojem treba nastaviti bližim mu se, kao da gleda u prazno. na putu do no, a neke samo preko društvenih mreža. Na ko- osnovnoj tehnici njihova ‚prikupljanja‘. Dubinski put do vlaka, pokazivanje dijelova tijela kako bi se perona me nekoliko puta pita mislim li da će ona munikaciju preko društvenih mreža, elektroničke su se intervjui eventualno mogli voditi s izbje- uputilo na dio odjeće ili na obuću koja je nekome doći do muža? I hope so I hope so. pošte ili telefonskih aplikacija posebno se orijen- glicama u detencijskim sektorima onih nekoliko potrebna, tek su neki primjeri komunikacije tije- Ovu tešku i kaotičnu verbalnu interakciju, tiramo u završnoj, isključivo detencijskoj fazi kam- tjedana prije zatvaranja kampa kada nam je u kom tranzita u kojoj je neverbalno, po ulozi u spo- kaotično i bilježimo, kao naknadnu višejezičnu pa. U toj fazi jedna od nas pridružuje se i on-line travnju 2016. u njih omogućen ulaz. No ni tada razumijevanju, dominiralo nad verbalnim. Koliko transkripciju dijaloških isječaka u kombinaciji grupi osnovanoj upravo za razmjenu informacija intervjue ne vodimo zbog cijelog niza međusob- su velike mogućnosti neverbalne komunikacije narativiziranja i upravnog i neupravnog govora. o izolaciji i zatvaranju ljudi u kampu u Slavonskom no isprepletenih razloga, od kojih su mnogi pri- dobro pokazuje naš razgovor sa starijim čovjekom Umjesto da kao takva u naknadnim čitanjima pri- Brodu, u kojoj sudjeluju i osobe koje nikada nisu mjenjivi i na razdoblje tranzita: od nemogućnosti iz Afganistana. Dok iza ograde koja nas razdvaja ječi razumijevanje, ona barem djelomično obnav- bile u slavonskobrodskom kampu, ali raspolažu jasnog predstavljanja istraživačke uloge i do kraj- čeka prevoditelja ispred kontejnera u sektoru za lja ne samo kaotičnost nego i težinu događaja relevantnim informacijama i znanjima o drugim nosti dovedene neravnopravnosti potencijalnog privremeni smještaj, dijeli s nama svoju frustraci- koji predstavlja. kampovima, zakonskoj regulativi ili su u kontaktu odnosa istraživača i ‚istraživanih‘, preko našeg ju time što je zatvoren u kampu, kao i dio svog s osobama zatvorenima ili donedavno zatvoreni- nepoznavanja za takvo istraživanje relevantnih iskustva na izbjegličkom putovanju. Naš nam su- KOMUNIKACIJSKE RAZMJENE, VERBALNO- ma u kampu. Među brojnim porukama što se u jezika (arapskog, perzijskog i dr.), naše nespre- govornik ‚priča’ – govoreći nama nerazumljivim NEVERBALNE, S IZBJEGLICAMA, U DETENCIJI toj grupi razmjenjuju prevladavaju one informa- mnosti da dokumentiranju etnografskih iskaza jezikom, iako s pokojom uhvatljivom riječi (kao Kada nam se, kao i drugima u kampu, na tivne i operativne naravi koje imaju svoju vrijed- posvetimo ono kratko vrijeme koje imamo na ras- Junan za Grčku), pokazujući rukama i pogledom nekoliko sati dnevno u detencijskom razdoblju nost za razumijevanje uvjeta zatvaranja izbjeglica polaganju za boravak u detencijskim sektorima, ogradu ispred sebe i okolni prostor kampa, poli- odobrava pristup detencijskim sektorima, naši se u kampu. do straha od sekundarne traumatizacije izbjeglih cajca koji ga čuva te listajući na svome mobitelu komunikacijski obrasci s izbjeglicama mijenjaju: ljudi i njezinih izgledno devastirajućih posljedica fotografije i videoisječke – o tome da je u Grčkoj komuniciramo s bitno užim krugom sugovornika KOMUNIKACIJA NA DALJINU, u okružju u kojem se u tom trenutku oni nalaze. neko vrijeme zajedno s obitelji živio u stanu grč- u odnosu na razdoblje tranzita, a sama komuni- S IZBJEGLICAMA, U DETENCIJI Da smo se unatoč svemu ipak odlučile za dubin- kog liječnika i njegove obitelji, da je ondje bio kacija s obzirom na sadržaj i medije postaje kom- Sa zatvorenim izbjeglicama u detencijskom ske intervjue, vjerujemo da ih ne bismo snimale ugošćen, da se slobodno kretao, a da je ovdje pleksnija. Isprva obuhvaća kratke i na informa- smo razdoblju u kontaktu i onda kada nismo fi- ponajprije zbog opasnosti od izlaganja zatvorenih zatvoren i da se ne može kretati čak ni po kampu tivnu razinu svedene razgovore o opcijama za zički prisutne u kampu. Ta komunikacija postaje osoba samim sudjelovanjem u snimanim intervju- ionako ograđenom od vanjskog svijeta. U svoj izlazak iz kampa, a poslije primarno razgovore o sastavnim dijelom istraživanja. U pojedinim situ- ima, a posebice eventualnim neautoriziranim uvi- putni (izbjeglički) dnevnik (mobitel s fotografskim ‚svakodnevnim temama’. Ti se razgovori odvijaju acijama ima izražene elemente sudioničkog kao, dima u njihove sadržaje. i videozapisima), koji mu pomaže da nam, unatoč s nogu, na šljunkom posutom platou ispred ša- recimo, u vrijeme premještanja izbjeglica u Pri- jezičnoj barijeri, i uz velik trud, prenese ono što tora i kontejnera, ali iznimno i ‚u gostima’, kada hvatilište za tražitelje azila u Zagrebu ili u Prihvat- HVALA HRVATSKA želi, na kraju pridodaje i naše fotografije koje, uz smo pozvane na razgovor u neki od kontejnera ni centar za strance u Ježevu, odnosno u deten- Jedan od naših sugovornika u kampu ističe: molbu gestom, snima. ili je za nas napravljeno mjesto na nekoj od klupa ciju, neposredno prije zatvaranja kampa. U okružju „U svakoj skupini koja dođe ovdje u kamp čuju u sektoru. Iako su i tada uglavnom fragmentirani, kontradiktornih informacija, poruke koje izmje- se samo riječi: hvala Kroacija, hvala vam za lju- KOMUNIKACIJSKE RAZMJENE, VERBALNO- temeljeni na specifičnim, isprepletenim verbal- njujemo s osobama zatvorenima u kampu i suo- bav, za podršku, za pomoć i tako dalje. […] Jed- NEVERBALNE, S IZBJEGLICAMA, U TRANZITU nim i neverbalnim razmjenama, višejezični i ino- čenima s neizvjesnošću preseljenja usmjerene na Hrvatska, mala zemlja sa malim brojem ljudi S obzirom na radikalno reducirane moguć- jezični, naši razgovori u pravilu nisu jednokratni. su na posredovanje informacija (koliko god par- naspram bilo koje druge zemlje, ali gdje su ljudi nosti duljeg kontakta s izbjeglicama u tranzitu, u Nekoliko izmijenjenih riječi pri jednom ulasku u cijalnih) do kojih se u tom trenutku teško dolazi topli i koji hoće pomoć.“ našoj komunikaciji prevladavaju kraće i spontane sektor u pravilu se nadograđuje u sljedećem, a u samom kampu.

I RISKIRAJ 292 293 PROMJENU II PROSTORNOG ODVAJANJA STRANPU TICAMA —

MULTIKULTU KLAUSTRO RALIZMA FOBIJA

DO SUVREMENIH GRADOVA

II RISKIRAJ 294 295 PROMJENU Barabara Matejčić & Drago Župarić-Iljić ZAŠTO RIJEKA? Dio naših sugovornika i sugovornica, njih kulturnu bliskost te faktor dugovječnosti boravka Prvim dijelom istraživanja nastojali smo 18, pripada tzv. obiteljskim migrantima koji su u Rijeci. Stoga nije čudno što se najviše integri- doznati više o zakonodavno-pravnom i instituci- dolazili s roditeljima ili pridružiti se svojim su- ranima te onima koji najmanje izražavaju skepsu Rijeka kao onalnom okviru useljeničke i integracijske politi- pružnicima i suprugama te su, riješivši stambe- prema angažiranosti domicilnog društva oko ke i prakse u kontekstu hrvatskoga društva i Grada no pitanje, svi zajedno, kao vrsta trajne imigraci- pomoći u integraciji osjećaju upravo oni s najdu- multikulturni Rijeke. Drugi dio, terensko istraživanje obavljeno je, ostajali živjeti u Rijeci („Tata je imao takvu žim ‚stažom‘ rada i života u Rijeci, tradicionalno je metodom upitnika i polustrukturiranog inter- službu da je mogao dobiti grad u koji želi ići, a radnici doseljeni iz bivših jugoslavenskih republi- grad vjua sa 63 sugovornika u gradu Rijeci, i to onih majka je bila jako bolesna i bilo joj je savjetovano ka u doba kada je ponude poslova bilo i imigrant- — Rezultati koji su iz bilo kojega razloga doselili u Rijeku od da promijeni klimu, znači da odemo u toplije kra- ska je radna snaga bila poželjna i tražena („Rijeka 1940-ih godina do danas, kao i rođenih Riječana jeve. Zbog toga smo se doselili […] u Rijeku.“). je bila Jugoslavija u malome.“). Neki su istaknuli istraživanja koji su određeni dio životnog vijeka boravili izvan Dio sugovornika kao obiteljskih migranata pripa- upravo ulogu migrantskih mreža kojima su se i Hrvatske, a na koncu su se vratili u Rijeku. Svrha da i novim useljenicima koji su se zbog ljubavi i sami ispomagali u prvotnom dolasku njih samih projekta je projekta bila istražiti i pojasniti povezanost iz- braka s hrvatskim državljanima ili sa strancima ili njihove rodbine i prijatelja pri doseljavanju u među useljenika i domaćeg stanovništva u pro- nedavno doselili u Rijeku te se tek privikavaju na Rijeku zbog posla: „Zato što je Rijeka lučki grad Riskiraj cesu integracije etničke i kulturne raznolikosti život u ‚gradu koji teče‘. nekako se smatralo da su tu svi dobrodošli, da promjenu povezane sa suvremenim procesima migracija, Šestero ih se u Rijeku doselilo iz inozemstva ćeš tu pronaći posao, da ćeš biti prihvaćen. Do- kao i s uvijek izazovnim i bremenitim procesom zbog školovanja i studiranja, kao primjerice, susta naših rođaka, koji nisu povezani s Rijekom, integracije. Dodatni je cilj istraživanja bio izgrad- govornik iz Sirije koji je htio studirati u inozem- baš zbog toga su došli”. nja mreža i povezanosti svih dijelova populacije, stvu i 1971. je došao na studij strojarstva u Rijeku: S obzirom na povijest doseljavanja sugo- „Kad more strance u strašnoj stremeći integraciji svih oblika raznolikosti po- „(…) došlo je puno studenata iz arapskog svijeta. vornici su danas posve integrirani u sferu tržišta oluji kida, ruši, lomi, tuče i vezanih s konstantnom društvenom i kulturnom Znači, iz Sirije, iz Sudana, većina iz Iraka, stipen- rada i u šire društvene i kulturne tokove (iako ne grmi tiha luka moga grada mijenom u 21. stoljeću. disti su bili, po dvjesto njih došlo, tu su studirali, svi), sve do potpune naturalizacije preko ostva- tebe uvijek čeka, da ti zaklon Uzorak je sudionika istraživanja bio prigo- završili studije (…), a iz Sudana su došli (…) i zbog renih državljanstava, miješanih brakova s lokal- pruži, tihu luku.” RADOJKA dan i do njega smo došli biranjem ciljano osmi- toga što je bio ugovor između 3. maja i Sudana, nom populacijom i nerijetko s ratnim stažem koji ŠVERKO, Pjesma Rijeci šljenih kategorija sugovornika te načelom do- 3. maj je gradio brodove za Sudan“. neki od njih s ponosom ističu, možda kao izraz stupnosti i s obzirom na svrhu istraživanja. Javili Četvero je u Rijeku došlo zbog potrebe za lojalnosti državi i gradu koji su odabrali. U prilog smo im se preko osobnih ili posredovano ostva- zaštitom i sigurnošću, kao izbjeglice iz ratova tome govori citat sugovornice koja se u Rijeku Je li Rijeka multikulturan i otvoren grad, a Riječani renih kontakata, uz primjenu metode ‚snježne 1990-ih ili kao današnje izbjeglice s Bliskog istoka, doselila 1974. iz Rusije: „Bilo je smiješno kad me tolerantni i spremni na dobrodošlicu stranaca, grude’. Tako je naš uzorak obuhvaćao osobe s osobe sa statusom azila ili supsidijarne zaštite pa zvala (…) na temu tih migracija (…), posve sam manjina, migranata i izbjeglica u svoju zajednicu? različitim životnim i migrantskim pričama o do- tako sugovornica koja je kao dijete s roditeljima zaboravila da sam imigrantica“. Je li Rijeka grad koji prihvaća, ugošćuje, integrira lasku u Rijeku, kao grad privremenog ili trajnog izbjegla iz Banja Luke 1995., na samome kraju Kao tri najviše vrednovana čimbenika koja one koji tu odluče doći i ostati kraće ili duže vri- boravka, ili povratka u nju. Intervjui su vođeni u rata, pojašnjava zašto je odabir pao na Rijeku: „Pa pridonose integraciji u Rijeci, sugovornici su na- jeme ili za cijeli život? Kao grad jake doseljeničke obliku narativnih biografskih kazivanja, od kojih zbog posla (…), dosta naših je otišlo u Njemačku veli „priliku za zaposlenje“, „otvorenost i gosto- tradicije, kakvo je mjesto za život Rijeka u očima je najkraći trajao oko pola sata, a najduži više od i onda smo mi mislili možda u Njemačku, ali moj primstvo ljudi“ te „vlastitu namjeru trajnog ostan- svojih doseljenika, ali i povratnika, onih koji su se četiri sata, potom su transkribirani i analizirani tata je rekao ‚Ajmo prvo vidjeti kako je u Rijeci’. ka“. A pripadnici starije generacije, koji su već rodili u Rijeci, iz nje se otisnuli u svijet pa se u prema grupiranim temama. Sugovornici su nam (…) Taj povoljni položaj, nekako su smatrali da će čitav radni i životni vijek proživjeli u Rijeci, kao starijoj dobi odlučili na povratak u nju? bili 39 muškaraca i 24 žene, dvije trećine njih u se tu snaći. (…) Tata je našao posao kao lučki glavne prednosti grada ističu položaj, tj. more i To su tek neka od općih pitanja na koja smo starijoj životnoj dobi (stariji od 41 godinu). Zani- radnik čim je došao i samim time je uspio stan klimu, mentalitet i karakter ljudi, ponajviše u smi- pokušali dobiti odgovore u istraživanju vezanom mljivost je i to da su iskazali kako pripadaju iznajmiti za nas”. slu otvorenosti. Mnogi navodi govore o tome: uz projekt Riskiraj promjenu, koje je provedeno u ukupno 22 nacionalnosti, a 18 jezika navode Troje su povratnici iz dijaspore, rodom Ri- „Meni se ovdje najviše sviđa geografski položaj, krajem 2016. i početkom 2017. u sklopu šireg pro- materinskima. Visokoobrazovani su bili neraz- ječani, mlađe dobi. Jedna je sugovornica kazala čak mislim da je to neka otvorenost.“ „Nikome ne jekta Rijeka 2020 – Europska prijestolnica kulture. mjerno zastupljeniji u uzorku jer njih 36 ima da je u Rijeku došla zbog ugode povezane s me- smeta tko si ni što si, ni ti sam ne gledaš to.“ „Naj- Za projekt je provedeno desk-istraživanje i teren- fakultetsku diplomu, a više od polovice sugo- diteranskom klimom, a dvoje zbog ‚ostalih razlo- više volim to da je na moru i da je to grad-luka.“ sko istraživanje na temu migracije, konkretnije vornika bilo je aktivno zaposleno u vrijeme pro- ga‘, ali smo zamoljeni da ih ne navodimo. „Ovdje ljudi ne umeju da glasuju za nacionaliste“. useljavanja, na temu inkluzije i integracije dose- vođenja istraživanja. ljenika u hrvatsko društvo i Rijeku kao grad koji Prema primarnim razlozima useljavanja u GOSTOPRIMSTVO GRADA I PITANJE OSTANKA MULTIKULTURALNOST U PRAKSI su sugovornici odabrali kao mjesto življenja te na Rijeku najveći dio sugovornika, njih 26, čine tzv. Sažimajući rezultate istraživanja uočili smo Gledajući ove parametre čini se da Rijeka temu refleksije o interakciji raznih društvenih ekonomski, tj. radni migranti koji su u Rijeku do- kako najveći dio sugovornika izražava da su bili jest (oduvijek) multikulturan grad koji ima dugu skupina domicilne i useljeničke populacije u Ri- seljavali od 1940-ih naovamo, ponajviše iz bivših ili jesu prilično ili posve spremni i voljni integri- stoljetnu tradiciju pripadanja raznim povije- jeci kao lokalnoj zajednici koju nazivaju domom. jugoslavenskih republika kao radnici u brodo- rati se u život grada. Istodobno, trećina sugovor- sno-teritorijalnim jedinicama i koji zna za suživot Što stranci, novi imigranti koji su doselili u grad gradilištima i u graditeljstvu, u turizmu i ugosti- nika smatra kako se unatoč toj volji društvo use- raznih etničkih, kulturnih, jezičnih i vjerskih za- i okolicu, u različitim povijesnim i osobnim život- teljstvu (“Posla je bilo najviše u Rijeci, primjerice, ljavanja i primitka ne angažira dovoljno da bi im jednica. Također, bogata kulturna i umjetnička nim fazama i s različitim planovima za ostanak i u 3. maju. (...) Tamo su svi većinom radili.“). Troje pomoglo to i ostvariti („Rijeka definitivno nije živa tradicija, i ona oficijelna, institucionalna, i ona potencijalom za integraciju, vide kao kompara- sugovornika su se izjasnili kao privremeni (sezon- niti otvorena. Ako imaš lobi, bit će otvorena, a ulična, praznična, festivalska, uz jaku struju alter- tivne prednosti Rijeke? Koje mane i izazove ži- ski ili cirkularni) radnici koji zbog posla privre- ako nemaš (…), onda neće biti otvorena.“). U ob- nativnih kulturnih obrisa proizišlih iz urbanog, vota u Rijeci uočavaju i kako se nose s njima? meno, ali učestalo, borave i rade u Rijeci. zir treba uzeti i vrijeme useljavanja, socijalnu i lučkog i industrijskog identiteta, grada rocka i

II RISKIRAJ 296 297 PROMJENU punka, činila je Rijeku zanimljivim, vividnim ek- PERSPEKTIVA ZA DOBAR ŽIVOT stanovništvo kao ‚zatvorenije‘ i ‚pasivnije‘, uz do- Irena Bekić & Duga Mavrinac sperimentom različitosti – životnih stilova, svje- Prema Rijeci kao gradu koji uglavnom ba- jam kako se u gradu osjeća „kolektivni nedostatak tonazora, slobode i (inter)akcije. No kako reče štini stanje multikulturnosti, te kao gradu koji jest samopouzdanja“. Ipak, poneki Rijeku doživljava- jedan sugovornik: „Zapravo Rijeka živi na staroj ili bi mogao (trebao?) biti ‚luka različitosti’ malo ju multikulturnim gradom „(…) jer tu koegzistira- Privremene slavi, a u međuvremenu se, realno, ništa značaj- su kritičniji oni koji su se doselili u Rijeku razmjer- ju različite kulture, religije, životni stilovi”. no novo nije napravilo što bi opravdalo da grad no nedavno u ovom ili prošlom desetljeću, neki Stoga se čini, sudeći prema odgovorima migracije: i dalje sebe proglašava nekakvom kraljicom al- zbog posla, neki zbog ljubavi i obitelji, često i naših sugovornika, kako se Rijeka svakim novim ternativne, pa i lijeve scene“. Multikulturnost kao zbog kombinacije tih dvaju razloga, poneki radi programom koji njeguje kulturnu različitost pri- migrantske naslijeđeno stanje, datost, ne implicira nužno i studiranja. S tim sugovornicima intervjui su se sjeća i aktivno njeguje vlastitu multikulturnost, (samo) aktivnu politiku, odnos i interakciju koja bi se zva- nerijetko vodili na engleskom jeziku zbog slabijeg pozivajući se na nasljeđe iz prošlosti, ali i aktivno la multikulturalističkom ili interkulturalističkom, znanja hrvatskoga jezika. Njihovi su kritičniji po- se određujući prema budućnosti. Ipak, prostora reprezentacije a koja bi vrijedila i danas. Kao da je multikultur- gledi bili češći, bilo da su sugovornici više izraza kritičku refleksiju i revalorizaciju vlastita isku- nost ideal i vrijednost koja se uvijek iznova mora žavali nezadovoljstvo s nekim institucionalnim stva te još aktivniji angažman za uključivanje i umjetničke propitivati, zajednički graditi i čuvati, a ne uzeti blokadama s kojima su se susreli u doticaju, pri- zajednice u stvaranje novih kulturnih sadržaja zdravo za gotovo, jašući na staroj slavi. Jedan su- mjerice, s hrvatskom birokracijom („institucije su zasigurno ima. Posljedično bi se novim oblicima strategije govornik za Rijeku kaže da je “dosta homogena nepovjerljive, inertne i negostoljubive“) te ne interakcije sugrađana, facilitiranim kulturnim subjektivizacije sredina u kojoj određeni etnikumi i određene začuđuje da je „pojednostavljenje birokratskih praksama, ta multikulturnost još više prigrlila i zajednice imaju, čini mi se, veća prava nego u procedura“ u rješavanju statusnih pitanja jedan aktivno razvijala. Onda bi, kao u početnim stiho- nekim drugim sredinama (…), ali to nije dovoljno“. od percipiranih faktora koji bi olakšao integraci- vima, Rijeka bila ne samo ‚tiha luka‘, zaklon za Nešto više kritičkih refleksija dolazi od onih ju („ne znaju ti dati prave informacije u vezi toga strance, nego uistinu luka različitosti domaćih, koji su u Rijeci percipirani kao određena vidljiva što točno od dokumentacije, što meni sve treba, novopridošlih i usputnih, što jest jedan od ciljeva manjina za koju vrijedi da su u život grada tek što trebam ovjerit, što treba prevesti. (…) Nisam kojemu projekt Rijeka 2020 – Europska prijestol- diferencijalno uključeni, najčešće u sferi rada, ali znala kamo se okrenuti... MUP, zdravstveno, mi- nica kulture može stremiti. su iz širih društvenih i kulturnih tokova počesto ili rovinsko, pa porezna, ne znaš ‘ko pije, ‘ko pla- povremeno isključeni („Nisam imao puno neu- ća!“). Ono što je, dakako, preduvjet bilo koje in- godnih iskustava, ali ljudi ponekad kažu nešto kao tegracije jest poznavanje jezika sredine u koju se ‚Tvoj otac je Šiptar’“.). Katkad je rješenje bazičnih useljava pa je „osiguranje kvalitetnog tečaja je- egzistencijalnih pitanja problematična točka, kao zika“ prepoznato kao jedna od glavnih potreba. u primjeru ovog sugovornika: „Kada sam se oz- Trećina sugovornika (posebno ‚novih useljenika’) Početkom 2017. u okviru izložbe „Između tamo i biljno počeo baviti životom, kada sam se oženio, smatra da se društvo primitka u tome nedovoljno tamo: anatomija privremenih migracija” održane dobio dijete, kada je krenulo u vrtić, kada tražite angažira jer nema integracijskih politika ni pro- u Muzeju moderne i suvremene umjetnosti u Ri- nešto, kada se želite maknuti iz geta (…), onda grama društvene inkluzije pa se nerijetko osjeća- jeci okupile smo radove desetero umjetnika koji vidite da to ne ide, da morate ne razbijati barijere, ju prepušteni samima sebi. su, kao odgovori na kustoske pozive ili umjetnička nego zidove, i to užasno visoke zidove. Pogotovo Oni glavnim prednostima Rijeke vide more, propitivanja migrantskih pozicija, nastali u pro- ako trebate stan unajmiti, tada vas ne žele primiti. klimu (iako i na klimu sporadično imaju zamjerke tekla dva desetljeća. Ovim radovima zahvatile (…) Živjeti kao podstanar i biti Rom, još s djecom, zbog poznate riječke kiše, no to izražavaju u po- smo različite aspekte fenomena privremenih mi- to nema šanse. To nikako nisam mogao naći”. katkad šaljivom tonu), prometni položaj, uspore- gracija što smo ga u istoimenom projektu istra- No na egzistencijalne ili profesionalne ba- niji ritam života, kulturnu i turističku ponudu, živale, čime smo ocrtale svojevrsnu anatomiju rijere nailaze i drugi sugovornici, koji ne pripada- karneval, to da je „grad humaniji i civiliziraniji”, slučaja. Naraciju smo početno uspostavile na ju nužno manjinama: „Rijeka suprotno onom mitu „život je jednostavniji, možeš se dogovoriti o migrantskoj istovremenoj pripadnosti dvjema o gradu u koji ljudi dolaze, sve više i više postaje svemu, standard nije visok, ali ljudi su normalni”. adresama, nevidljivosti u javnom diskursu i tran- grad iz kojeg ljudi odlaze. Zbog toga što su ne- Istodobno glavnim nedostacima smatraju sta- sformirajućem potencijalu privremenih migraci- zadovoljni činjenicom da se ovdje ne mogu egzi- gnaciju grada jer opažaju da se Rijeka ne razvija ja kao distinktivnim odrednicama spomenutog stencijalno usidriti. Naprosto, ovdje se dogodila infrastrukturno, industrijski, turistički i kulturno: fenomena. U kasnijim smo razradama problem jedna vrsta elitizacije... Zapravo su se strukture „Ne sviđa mi se što je stagnacija već zadnjih 10 dopunile tangirajući društvene fenomene poput zatvorile. Prohodnost i mogućnost da radiš neka- godina. Rijeka ne napreduje ni u kom smislu (…), rasprostranjene i intenzivne mobilnosti, prekar- kav posao za koji si se školovao (…) zahtijeva jed- svi osjećaju neku nezainteresiranost ljudi (…), kao nosti te novih oblika komunikacije potpomognu- nu vrstu pristupanja klanu, koji te neće tako lako neka učmalost već godinama. Ne događa se ni- tih tehnološkim napretkom, kao i njihovih druš- pustiti. Drugim riječima, moje je iskustvo sadašnje šta, ne uspijeva, kulturnih događanja sve je ma- tvenih i kulturnih posljedica i mogućnosti Rijeke da je ona, de facto, jedan vrlo zatvoren grad nje. Jednostavno, nigdje se ne vidi neki veći po- reprezentacije. za došljake, gdje ti možeš ući u strukture samo mak“. Također, perspektive za poduzetništvo Važno je ovdje naglasiti da je izložba, kao i ako si dio određenih klanovskih priča. Ovdje vla- procjenjuju slabijima u odnosu na druge europ- projekt, bila rezultat kustoske suradnje i kolabo- da jedna, zapravo, nepotistička kultura, koja mož- ske gradove, pri čemu znatno odmaže i kompli- racije kulturne antropologije i umjetnosti. Razlozi da nije toliko vidljiva na prvi pogled i koja nije cirana administracija s kojom se susreću. Zani- tom zajedništvu proizašli su iz težnje obiju disci- eksplicitna, tipa otac će zaposliti sina, ali će inte- mljivo je da skorašnji useljenici iz zapadnih i plina da se kritički pozicioniraju naspram hege- resne skupine zaposliti sebi slične“. istočnijih europskih zemalja doživljavaju domaće monijskih struktura, bio to politički poredak ili

II RISKIRAJ 298 299 PROMJENU hijerarhija lokalne zajednice, prodirući u prosto- što su čišćenje, pranje, kuhanje, presvlačenje itd., prodiru u šire društveno i iskustveno tkivo, a Urry, 2006.). Sloboda tog kretanja unutar Europ- re nevidljivih, podređenih i marginaliziranih sku- ali i onih nematerijalnih poput pružanja pažnje, str- neekonomski odnosi postaju ključni i za ekonomske unije, motivirana željom za pronalaskom po- pina (usp. Bekić i Mavrinac, 2017). Traženjem bli- pljenja, razumijevanja, nježnosti itd. Takve uvjete ski uspjeh (Procoli, 2004.:6). Dakako, i nove teh- sla na zajedničkom tržištu rada, potragom za skosti u aktivnim i dinamičnim ulogama unutar rada i života talijanski antropolozi Grilli i Mugnaini nologije u komunikaciji, društveni odnosi i sva- drugačijim životnim stilom ili mogućnostima vlastitih djelovanja, pronalaženjem novih meto- nazivaju „životom u simbiozi“ (Grilli i Mugnaini, kodnevne prakse migranata zbirno redefiniraju napredovanja za visokokvalificirane radnike, na- da, postavki i metafora promišljanja o suvreme- 2009.), a nepostojeća granica između vremena prostornu mobilnost te time zahtijevaju da se čelno je osigurana kao temeljno pravo na kreta- nosti, a zatim preklapanjem i preplitanjem umjet- rada i vremena odmora označava umrežavanje i tijelo, kao ključni element u priznavanju materi- nje dobara, usluga, kapitala i ljudi. To je, dakako, ničkih metoda aproprijacije i metoda kulturno ispreplitanje privatnog i poslovnog što neminovno jalnosti mobilnosti, smjesti u samo središte ana- i ideološka i simbolička potkova političkog dis- antropološkog propitivanja mogućih reprezenta- dovodi do upliva i kontrole prvog nad drugim. lize. Naime, fizičko tijelo koje se kreće autobusom kursa Unije koja se s tim pojmom često i poisto- cija, pokušale smo ukazati na moguće prostore Uz uvjetovanu fleksibilnost i prekarnost, ili vlakom, materijalno spajajući „dvije adrese“, u vjećuje (Toplak Cirila, 2018.:17). Dinamika i arti- pregovaranja unutar dominantnih struktura. Na- migrantsko iskustvo i prakse u potpunosti ovise pokretu je i kao afektivno tijelo. Ono osjeća mje- kulacija tog kretanja, tumačena kao resurs, ali i stala izložba kreirala je prostor potencijalnog li- o arhitekturi moći u svakodnevnici, jer mobilnost sto i kretanje te gradi nove emocionalne geogra- kao ideološki diskurs i propagandna krilatica minalnog disciplinarnog polja iskrzanog interfe- nije resurs jednako dostupan svima (Skeggs i Mor- fije, poput transnacionalnog roditeljstva, odr- bez nužnih popratnih i temeljnih socijalno-eko- rencijama dviju struka, dok je takav kustoski ley u Hannam, Sheller, Urry, 2006:3). Stoga, tko, žavanja intime, prisnosti i bliskosti usprkos nomski političkih regulativa, utječe na ekonom- diskurs naglasio i dodatno podržao značenja i kada, gdje i na koji način migrira ovisi o odnosu udaljenosti i sl. (Crouch i Bondi et al. u Hannam, ski, društveni i kulturni život država članica te sadržaje liminalnosti imanentnih temi, umjetnič- ekonomskih, rodnih, socijalnih i drugih snaga te Sheller, Urry, 2006.:14). Primjerice, u radu Božene iziskuje reorganizaciju njihovih institucija u pro- kim pozicijama i korištenim strategijama.1 time, protivno tezi o slobodi kretanja i fleksibilno- Končić Badurine i Duge Mavrinac „Ćemo, ćemo… cesu stvaranja tzv. „networked society“ (Hannam, Na temelju četiriju radova s izložbe prikazat sti kao izboru, uvjetuje tipologiju rada i zaposlenja ja, ma kako ćemo”, o kojemu ćemo još govoriti, Sheller, Urry, 2006.:2). Iz navedenoga proizlazi i ćemo uvodno naznačene fenomene i njihove koja je moguća u migrantskom kontekstu. u fiktivnom dnevniku njegovateljice starijih i ne- naša želja za skretanjem pozornosti na često za- manifestacije. Sagledat ćemo ih kroz antropološ- Ovo je zorno ilustrirano u radu „Poruke na moćnih na radu u Italiji zapisano je kako ona nemarenu skupinu suvremenih migranata, toč- ku vizuru prvenstveno privremenog migrantskog vratima frižidera” rumunjskog ženskog kolektiva „dvaput dnevno, ujutro i popodne, kuha tursku nije privremenih ili tzv. cirkularnih migranata iskustva, ali i kroz umjetničke strategije subjekti- h.arta group, u kojemu autorice suprotstavljaju kavu. Espresso ne podnosi, ni okus ni miris. Zato koji aktiviraju uzastopne, višestruke i, ponekad, vizacije migranata čiji će se modaliteti i oblici osobne, često emancipirajuće priče migrantskih i u Italiju svaki put ponese barem pola kile mlje- višekratne migracijske cikluse. Potonji su prven- detaljnije opisati u tekstu koji slijedi. radnica s novinskim naslovima koji u domovini vene kave za tursku kavu. Uzme i nekoliko kutija stveno osobe koje nalaze posao u inozemstvu reprezentiraju javnu sliku o njima: „Rumunjki s cigareta.“ Taj gotovo ritualni čin kuhanja turske kao njegovateljice starijih i nemoćnih, dadilje, UVJETOVANA FLEKSIBILNOST I MJESTA OTPORA diplomom iz forenzike odbili noćenje u hotelu u kave mjesto je otpora u smislu redefiniranja osje- kućne pomoćnice, upućeni radnici, ali i umjetni- Jedna od temeljnih značajki suvremenih Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu jer su mislili da se bavi tilne dimenzije prostora rada koji mirisom kave ci koji su, kao radnici u kulturnom sektoru, prema privremenih migracija snažna je premreženost prostitucijom. ‚Bilo mi je iznimno neugodno’“. priziva atmosferu doma. Ovaj citat ilustrira mo- nekim istraživanjima (Toplak Kristina, 2018.) izlo- osobnog i radnog identiteta, privatnog i radnog Time autorice naglašavaju i problematiziraju i gućnosti putem kojih dolazi do redefiniranja tije- ženi pojačanom pritisku ideologije mobilnosti vremena te životnih i radnih uvjeta. Ta je premre- sveprisutno orodnjavanje i etnicizaciju rada, koje la i doma, jer se blizina i povezanost mogu zami- kao iskustvenog i društvenog kapitala ključnog ženost rezultat djelovanja suvremenih ekonomi- osuđuje i ukalupljuje rumunjske radnice u poslo- šljati na sasvim nove načine (Hannam, Sheller, u aktivaciji i osiguranju ekonomskog i simbolič- ja europskih društava koje, prema Mojci Pajnik, ve uslužnog sektora. Urry, 2006.:2). Nasuprot tome, međutim, na nove kog priznanja. proizvode „uvjetovane živote“ migranata (engl. Nasuprot navedenoj stereotipizaciji rada, oblike i prakse povezanosti naliježe i intrinzična Te smo rakurse željele obuhvatiti izložbom, conditioned lives) (Pajnik, 2011.) čiji zakonski sta- potencijalno mjesto otpora nalazimo u svakod- raspuknutost migrantskog stanja, koju Sayad na- govoreći o strategijama bivanja i snalaženja pri- tus, poslovna nesigurnost na tržištu rada te ne- nevnim praksama migranata, njihovoj imaginar- ziva „dvostruka odsutnost“, puknuće koje se izno- vremenih migranata iz Hrvatske, Rumunjske i sigurni radni odnosi proizvode prisilnu fleksibilnosti i komunikaciji, koje također postaju mobilne. va (ra)stvara, gradeći pritom izmijenjene struktu- Bosne i Hercegovine u cirkularnim migracijskim nost u službi globalnog kapitala (Campani i Pajnik, Naime, razvijenost telekomunikacijskih sustava re vanjskog i unutarnjeg svijeta, što dovodi do tokovima prema Italiji, Sloveniji, Španjolskoj i 2011.). Potvrdu i uzrok navedene fleksibilnosti utječe i na redefiniranje i komprimiranje prostora kontinuiranog redefiniranja odnosa s fizičkom i Njemačkoj. Govor o ovim temama u kontekstu nalazimo u prekarnosti radnog mjesta, pojmu koji i vremena u iskustvu privremenih migracija te društvenom okolinom (Sayad, 2011.). Prema ovom izložbe nužno uključuje i govor o umjetničkim je zavladao teorijskim i javnim diskursom. Točni- potiče održavanje transnacionalnih odnosa (Ver- alžirskom sociologu, takvo puknuće stanja povla- strategijama kojima se prenose, jer nije svejedno je, rad se transformirao pa postaje sve više ne- tovec, 2002.:4). Mobiteli, kompjuteri i popratne či za sobom i kontinuirani osjećaj krivnje odsutnih, koji se kanali odabiru u procesu subjektivizacije materijalan, relacijski, afektivan i intelektualan aplikacije omogućuju virtualnu i imaginarnu mo- naglašavajući da svaki čin imigracije ima i svoje marginaliziranih i događa li se ona doista. Naime, nasuprot hegemoniji proizvodnje tipičnoj za for- bilnost radnika, zato što personaliziraju migrant- naličje: emigraciju čija je opravdanost uvijek upit- nije stvar u tome da se prenese slika ili izrazi su- distički model (Chicchi i Leonardi, 2011.). Pritom ske mreže, grade nove oblike društvenih, kulturna, na primjer, kao potencijalna izdaja, napuštanje osjećanje, već u tome da se izmijene zauzeti od- kreativnost, inovacija, emocija te originalnost tvo- nih, obiteljskih, rodnih i generacijskih odnosa, ili bijeg. U tom procesu postaju ključne migrant- nosi u strukturi. Drugim riječima, zaposjedanje re dodanu vrijednost nužnu za reprodukciju si- potiču brzu razmjenu informacija te stvaraju za- ske i umjetničke reprezentacijske strategije, o nekog prostora, ili neke druge konfiguracije, po- stema. U novom tisućljeću transformacije na tr- mišljenu paralelnu prisutnost u migrantskom i čemu ćemo govoriti u narednom poglavlju. drazumijeva njihovu transformaciju, odnosno žištu rada, pa tako i migrantskog, zahtijevaju matičnom okruženju (Hannam, Sheller, Urry, promjenu postojeće socijalne relacijske i prostor- cjelokupni fizički, emotivni i karakterni zalog rad- 2006.:5). Na ovaj način osnažen društveni kapital DRUŠTVENI KONTEKST I UMJETNIČKE ne konstelacije čime se otvara prostor alternativ- nika u kojemu njegovo znanje i život (bios) i sam postaje jedan od ključnih elemenata u ak- STRATEGIJE SUBJEKTIVIZACIJE nim značenjima. Nadalje, u gradnji narativa izložbe postaju ključne odlike koje tvore suvremeni tivaciji novih strategija preživljavanja i kretanja PRIVREMENIH MIGRANATA polazimo od pretpostavke da je proces subjekti- bio-kapitalistički sustav (Fumagalli, 2011.). Primjer jer, kao što upozorava Lončar u slučaju hrvatskih Mobilnost, to jest, u svojoj ogoljenoj defi- vizacije marginalnih skupina ključni aspekt rede- utjelovljenja takve transformacije tržišta rada radnih migrantica u Münchenu, (Lončar, 2013.) niciji, kretanje ljudi, dobara i usluga na globalnoj finiranja društva. Pritom se ponuđene umjetničke, zasigurno je pozicija plaćenih radnica u kućan- bez udruživanja se teško opstaje u migrantskom i lokalnoj razini, zasigurno je jedna od temeljnih kao i neumjetničke strategije grade na performa- stvu, gotovo uvijek migrantica. Njihov se rad kontekstu. Prema tome, društveni kapital utjelov- značajki 21. stoljeća, ali i moćan diskurs koji stvara tivnim radnjama: na upisivanju tijela u javni pro- sastoji od čitavog niza materijalnih usluga kao ljuje i reproducira i ekonomske strategije koje vlastite posljedice i uvjetovanja (Hannam, Sheller, stor te na artikulaciji drugih oblika materijalnosti

II RISKIRAJ 300 301 PROMJENU subjekta, kao što su (gramatičko) lice, jezik ili na frekventna mjesta u središtu Ljubljane, pozici- Na cesti realizirani radovi Andreje Kulunčić M.), ali još nisam naišao na jedan dom koji je glas. Sam pojam performativnosti koristile smo onirajući migrantsko pitanje kao političko pitanje. i Vede Popovici ulaze u Muzej kao dokumentaci- dostojan čovjeka, a ne životinje“. Pritom plakati na tragu autora koji ga, poput Michela Foucaulta Za razliku od Andreje Kulunčić, koja uspo- ja, čime se odnosi uspostavljeni na cesti iznova prikazuju profinjene interijere stanova na čijoj su ili Judith Butler, preuzimaju iz Austinove lingvi- stavlja politički dijalog u dominantnom javnom izvode. Za razliku od toga, suradnički rad antro- izgradnji radnici zaposleni, suprotstavljajući ih stičke tradicije. Performativne radnje po njima prostoru, Veda Popovici radom „Spomenik mi- pologinje Duge Mavrinac i umjetnice Božene prikazima njihove reducirane svakodnevice. Gra- nisu ni reprezentativne ni referencijalne; drugim grantima” izvodi autopoetičnu simboličku gestu. Končić Badurine „Ćemo, ćemo… ja, ma kako matika slike upućuje na reklamu, a imperativna riječima, ne postoji neka unutrašnja bit ili stabilni Postavljanjem spomen-ploče posvećene onima ćemo?!”, koji je nastao na osnovi zajedničkoga rečenica „Bosanci van!“ mogla bi sugerirati po- identitet koji bi one trebale izraziti (Butler, 2000.). „koji prelaze granicu (…), putuju, rade, vole i pate terenskog istraživanja autorica i prethodnih istra- željni proizvod. Valja imati na umu da su radnici Naprotiv, one proizvode identitet kao svoje zna- daleko od svojih domova i voljenih“, na među- živanja antropologinje, realizira se kao ambijen- sami autori plakata, stoga je posrijedi dvostruka čenje, čime mijenjaju odnose u strukturi te za- narodni autobusni kolodvor u Bukureštu, koji talna instalacija, osmišljena da se jednim svojim subverzija: u odnosu na medij i u odnosu na druš- počinju procese subjektivizacije. U kontekstu predstavlja mjesto svakodnevnih migrantskih segmentom – bilježnicom kao polufiktivnim tvenu konstelaciju u kojoj žive. Autoironija se privremenih migracija, upisivanje/izvođenje kretanja, Popovici djeluje na osnaživanje auto- dnevnikom kazivačica – nakon prolaska kroz ga- pokazuje ovdje kao moćan alat podređenih koji migrantskog tijela u javnom prostoru značilo je reprezentacijske naracije. I ovdje se radi o sub- leriju vrati u prostor neumjetničke svakodnevice. je smjelim prodorom u dominantni prostor ogo- iskorak iz zadanog prostora drugosti tj. margina- verziji javne retorike. Naime, spomen ploča oblik Međutim, Končić Badurina i Mavrinac, nakon te- lio njegove uzuse. Dodajmo pritom da su gradske liziranog migranta ili migrantice, što je otvorilo je memorijalne javne plastike kojom hegemonij- renskog istraživanja s njegovateljicama koje, op- vlasti uklonile plakate odmah po njihovu postav- mogućnost propitivanja i redefiniranja već uspo- ski aparat mapira određenu povijesnu i kulturnu terećene ambivalentnim osjećajima zbog odla- ljanju, da bi ih na inzistiranje Muzeja ponovno stavljenih odnosa i granica. Takav iskorak nije konstrukciju, naglašavajući njezina ključna mje- ska i vlastite odsutnosti, odlaze iz Hrvatske na vratile. U toj neplanirano nastaloj situaciji ocrtava samo simboličan. On povlači promjenu i u samo- sta definirana tobožnjim konsenzusom. Preuzi- rad u Italiju, rekonstruiraju njihov simboličan dom se moguća uloga umjetničke institucije kao ko- percepciji migranata i migrantica, a njihova figu- majući postupak komemoracije, uključujući i i mogući dnevnik. Na taj ih način supostavljaju rektiva društvene ravnoteže. ra postaje javno vidljiva te se može prepoznati i svečano otkrivanje ploče, Popovici stvara novi pravnom političkom aktu, Konvenciji C1892 te Ponovimo, na kraju, da su radovi koje smo kao klizni, fleksibilni, singularni i aktivni identitet. prostor javnog sjećanja i zajedničke emocije, ali smještaju njihov posve nevidljiv i suspenzan život u ovom tekstu izdvojile, nastali na sjecištu umjet- Takav identitet sudjeluje u izgradnji i redefiniranju i prostor legitimacije i priznavanja velike prisut- u zonu javnosti. Time Muzej postaje njihova pro- ničkih i neumjetničkih estetika (usp. Rancière, konteksta u kojemu svojim životnim i radnim nosti migracijskih kretanja u rumunjskoj svakod- lazna zona, prostor praga i mjesto legitimacije. 2009.), a otvorili su javni prostor za subjektiviza- praksama participiraju. Pokušat ćemo elaborira- nevnici. U nekom uzročno-posljedičnom porav- Isto tako, i ne manje važno, muzej se potencijal- ciju migrantskog tijela. U interferenciji umjetno- ti navedeno na primjerima radova Andreje Kulun- nanju i političkom diskursu koji bi priznao no transformira u servis zonu, jer postav uključu- sti, antropologije i svakodnevnice, ovi radovi čić, Vede Popovici te Božene Končić Badurina i činjenicu iseljavanja i migrantske tranzicije kroz je informativne materijale i letke s informacijama uspjeli su ovladati heterogenim estetskim po- Duge Mavrinac. zemlju, ovakav bi spomenik bio nužna komemo- o adresama na koje se njegovateljice mogu javi- ljem, odnosno, oni su ga generirali uspostavlja- Izdvojeni radovi na različite načine preispi- racijska gesta. U konačnici, autorica ipak unosi ti za pomoć i zaštitu. Dnevnik kreiran nakon za- jući nove odnose. Naime, smještajući rad u limi- tuju potencijale djelovanja privremenih migrana- zabunu u iščitavanje dominantnog nacionalnog jedničkog boravka na terenu bilježnica je koja nalni prostor, koji je umnogome i prostor ta te problematiziraju njihov društveni položaj u narativa kakav se posreduje memorijalnim kon- skicira svakodnevne radnje, prostore i prakse njihovoga umjetničkog djelovanja, autorice su javnim prostorima. Primjerice, kada u radu „Bo- figuracijama. bivanja i rada njegovateljica. Ove dirljive i duho- težile poljuljati važeću društvenu konstelaciju, sanci van! Radnici bez granica”, Andreja Kulunčić Samopercepcija migranata definirana je vite crtice prenapregnute su brigom, skrbnošću, redefinirajući odnose u njoj. U Rancièreovim ter- želi pozicionirati problem migrantskog rada kao javnom slikom o njima, ali će se, kao što smo štednjom, poslušnošću i svakodnevnim invenci- minima rečeno, one su ideji o „povijesnoj nužno- problem socijalnih politika i legislative, a ne samo spomenule, donekle promijeniti kada se mi- jama kao zonama otpora. Tiskane u velikoj nakladi, sti“ pretpostavile „topografiju konfiguracije mo- pojedinačnih odnosa spram stranaca, ona pri- grantsko tijelo premjesti u vidljiv javni prostor. namijenjene su dijeljenju posjetiteljima i drugim gućnosti, percepciju mnogostrukih promjena i mjenjuje marketinške strategije oglašavanja u Međutim, kako h.arta groupa zorno upozorava u nekontroliranim distribucijama. Progovarajući o izmještanja“ (Rancièr u Voorhies, 2017:140). Takva urbanom prostoru i služi se retorikom reklamnog svome radu, samopercepcija migranata defini- pitanju komodifikacije njege, skrbi i emotivnog pozicija po Rancièru omogućuje umjetničke in- oglasa: govor iz prvog lica i imperativni način. rana javnom slikom uvijek je opterećena politič- rada, ovaj rad kontekstualizira suvremeni feno- vencije kao i forme političke subjektivizacije (Vo- Riječ je o radu koji je nastao za izložbu „Muzej na kim i simboličkim nasiljem (Foucault 2011.). Iz men neformalnog plaćenog rada u kućanstvu. orhies, 2017.). U izgradnji narativa izložbe „Između cesti” Moderne galerije u Ljubljani, 2008. za vri- medijskih naslova poput „Rumunjski ministar Time ujedno propituje i zakonodavne odredbe te tamo i tamo: anatomija privremenih migracija” jeme renoviranja muzejske zgrade. Odgovaraju- proglasio supruge rumunjskih radnika u inozem- s njima povezanu pravnu nezaštićenost radnica, upravo je navedena teza bila jedna od polazišnih ći na pozivnu temu posvećenu gradskoj margini, stvu lakim ženama, a njihovu djecu huliganima“ ističući kako u Hrvatskoj Konvencija C189 i dalje točaka u pristupu fenomenu privremenih migra- Andreja Kulunčić prepoznaje da su upravo mi- ili „Prepuštena sebi samima, djeca rumunjskih ostaje neratificiran dokument. cija. Kroz navedene primjere ukazale smo na po- grantski radnici oni koji se nalaze na krajnjem migranata pronalaze način da sama uspiju“ jasno Analizirani radovi svjedoče o požrtvovnosti, tencijale umjetničkih i neumjetničkih estetika u društvenom rubu. Poziva tri građevinska radnika je vidljiva moralna osuda ženske radne migraci- nesigurnosti, snalažljivosti, prilagodljivosti, flek- redefiniranju pozicije privremenog migranta kao iz Bosne, Osmana Pezića, Saida Mujića i Ibrahima je te se ističe fizička odsutnost majke. Njezin sibilnosti i otporu kao uporištima vrijednosnih marginalnog i pasivnog subjekta. Na kraju, ovi Čurića, privremeno zaposlenih na obnavljanju napor da financijski zbrine vlastitu obitelj i pri- sustava koji pokreću i održavaju cirkularnu mi- iskoraci u javne i institucionalizirane prostore muzejske zgrade da, potpisujući ugovor s Muze- tom izgradi transnacionalno roditeljstvo u pot- graciju. Tako njegovateljica u zamišljenom dnev- Muzeja i ulice pokazali su se kao mogući alati jom pod istim uvjetima kao i ona, zajedno napra- punosti je zanemaren i neutraliziran. Navedeni niku ‚bilježi’ kako „…nije plakala ni za vamo ni za propitivanja društvene topografije temeljene na ve rad o poziciji migrantskih radnika u Sloveniji. primjeri medijske stereotipizacije migranata, u tamo. Znala je da mora poć. Novaca je trebalo, dihotomiji centra i ruba, odnosno dominantnog Finalni produkt je javna kampanja. Plakate s fo- kojoj se oni karakteriziraju kao žrtve ili zločinci, rekla je sebi: Ako mogu druge mogu i ja!“. Gra- prostora i prostora margine. tografijama radnika i njihovim izjavama o vlasti- ukazuju na kontinuiranu homogenizaciju mi- đevinski radnik iz Bosne i Hercegovine izlažući tom statusu, ograničenim radnim pravima, veza- grantske populacije. To je u krajnjoj liniji i poli- na plakatu u javnom prostoru u Ljubljani vlastitu 1 O izvorištima naše suradnje, kao i nosti radne vize uz poslodavca, lošim životnim tički čin negacije njihovih posebnosti, ali i čin životnu i radnu marginaliziranost izjavljuje: „U o izložbi, pisale smo u deplijanu i u uvjetima, razdvojenosti od obitelji i diskriminaci- njihova svođenja na gotovo amorfnu, a nekad i Sloveniji sam dosta dugo, promijenio sam mnoge tekstu o izložbi u Životu umjetnosti ji kojoj su izloženi, postavljaju u city light boxove potencijalno opasnu, masu. domove (misli se na samački dom, op. I. B. i D. pod naslovom „Biti/postojati između

II RISKIRAJ 302 303 PROMJENU tamo i tamo; toposi privremenih „Networking Across Borders Igor Petričević nih migracija u Hrvatsku iz zemalja bivše Jugo- migracija u izložbi ‚Između tamo i and Frontiers: Connectedness in slavije. Za razliku od perioda ekonomskog rasta tamo; anatomija privremenih mi- European Culture and Society“, i socijalnih država nakon Drugog svjetskog rata gracija’“, Život umjetnosti 101(2): Frankfurt: Peter Lang Gmbh, str. u zapadnoj Europi, urbani žitelji Zagreba prilago- 100-113., stoga se pojedina mjesta 169-194. Od tranzita do ovdje iznesenih razmišljanja i tema — Hannam, Kevin, Sheller, Mimi, đavaju se na nove različitosti u trenutku kada se podudaraju s navedenim tekstovima. Urry, John. 2006. „Editorial: naseljavanja, većina europskih država s dužom poviješću po- 2 Uz sudjelovanje predstavnika Mobilities, Immobilities and stkolonijalnog multikulturalizma suočava s tzv. vlada i poslodavaca te dugogodišnje Moorings“, Mobilities vol. 1(1), između „otporom prema različitostima“ (Vertovec i We- aktivne participacije samih radnica/ str. 1-22. ssendorf, 2010). Nova raznolikost u Zagrebu jav- ka u kućanstvu i njihovih predstavni- — Lončar, Sanja. 2013. „Etnografije suosjećanja ka, u lipnju 2011. godine izglasana je hrvatskih radnih migrantica u lja se u kontekstu heterogenosti, sekuritizacije, Konvencija C189 Međunarodne Münchenu: važnost razvijanja i ksenofobije: ekonomske krize i prekarnosti. Štoviše, hrvatsko organizacije rada (ILO). Dokument je društvenih mreža, novih osobnih iskustvo izgradnje nacije i izgnanstva u 1990-ima rezultat prijeko potrebnog formalnog znanja i vještina“, u Čapo, J. i Gulin prilagodba novoj odigralo je važnu ulogu. Raznolikost danas, kojoj priznavanja i vrednovanja specifično- Zrnić V. (ur.) Hrvatska svakodnevnica; se prilagođavamo kroz različite društvene, eko- sti položaja radnica/ka u kućanstvu; etnografije vremena i prostora, raznolikosti u jasno definira osnovne mjere zaštite Zagreb: Institut za etnologiju i nomske i etičke okvire, ne može se razdvojiti od zaposlenika/ca, štiti njihovo pravo folkloristiku, str. 234-259. zagrebačkom tehnologija razgraničenja i srodnih procesa rasi- na privatnost i pravo na osnivanje — Pajnik, Mojca, Campani Giovanna. jalizacije na krizom pogođenoj periferiji Europske sindikata, jasno definira uvjete rada, 2011. „ Introduction“, u Pajnik, M., unije. Međutim, kako tvrde De Genova i Mezzan- dnevni i tjedni odmor, minimalna Campani G. (ur.) Precarious Migrant hotelu Porin i primanja i sl. te konačno priznaje Labour Across Europe, Ljubljana: dra (2015:57-62), granice nisu samo linije ili zido- dosad često uskraćivana radnička, Mirovni Inštitut, str. 7-14. njegovoj okolici vi; one su produktivne i dozvoljavaju prolazak u a ponekad i ljudska prava. Ipak, — Toplak, Cirila. 2018. „Mobility in jednakoj mjeri kao što ga priječe, što dovodi do kako navodi Međunarodna organi- Europe: Theoretical Insights“, u umnažanja podređenih pozicija. zacija rada, dokument je do danas Toplak K., Vah Jevšnik M. (ur.) Labour ratificiralo i primijenilo samo 29 Mobility in the EU, Ljubljana: Inštitut država, zbog čega on ostaje neza slovensko izseljenistvo in NEOČEKIVANO I NEODLUČENO NASELJAVANJE dostižna realnost za one u čije je migracije ZRC SAZU, str. 15-36. U trenutku kad Europska unija učvršćuje ime i izglasan. — Toplak, Kristina. 2018. „The svoje granice, Hrvatska, kao nova članica na rubu Mobility of Artists and Culture njezinoga teritorija teži ući u Schengenski pro- professionals in the European stor. Ovo Hrvatskoj nameće dvostruku ulogu: duž- BIBLIOGRAFIJA: Union“, u Toplak K., Vah Jevšnik — Bekić, Irena, Mavrinac, Duga. 2017. M. (ur.) Labour Mobility in the EU, U javnim raspravama često se smatra da migrana je poštivati ljudska prava izbjeglica, ali istodob- „Biti/postojati između tamo i tamo; Ljubljana: Inštitut za slovensko cija sadrži binarne suprotnosti kao što su ekono i štititi vanjsku granicu od ‚ilegalnih‘ ulazaka. toposi privremenih migracija u izseljenistvo in migracije ZRC SAZU, nomski migrant/izbjeglica, starosjedilac/stranac, Od 2015. godine raste broj zaprimljenih zahtjeva izložbi ‚Između tamo i tamo; str. 61-88. ili nešto preciznije odlazak/(tranzit)/naseljavanje. za dodjelu azila, i već ih je odobreno nekoliko sto- — Procoli, Angela (ur.). 2004. anatomija privremenih migracija’“, Oslanjajući se na kritičke granične studije i istra- tina1, iako mnogi još uvijek pokušavaju otići dalje Život umjetnosti 101(2), str. 100-113. „Introduction“ u Procoli, A. (ur.). — Bekić, Irena. 2018. „(Po)etika Workers and narratives of survival in živanja svakodnevnog multikulturalizma, ovaj rad na sjever pa su u stvarnosti ove brojke znatno niže. društvenih promjena“, u Kulunčić, A. Europe, New York: State University razmatra dvoznačan prostor između tih dviju Dužnosnik hrvatske vlade izjavio je u jednoj Art for Social Changes. Umjetnost za of New York Press, str. 1-14. suprotnosti. Predstavljanjem dvaju etnografskih javnoj diskusiji u Zagrebu da „migranti zloupotre- društvene promjene(drugo izdanje), — Rancière, Jacques. 2009. primjera (neočekivano i neodlučeno naseljava- bljavaju hrvatski sustav azila“ kako bi ušli u Euro- Zagreb: MAPA, str. 36-65. Aesthetics and Its Discontents. — Butler, Judith. 2000. Nevolje s Cambridge: Polity Press nje, i suosjećajna ksenofobija) iz antropološkog pu te da činjenica da 77 % njih odlazi dokazuje da rodom; Feminizam i subverzija — Sayad, Abdelmalek. 2004. terenskog rada provedenog u Zagrebu između su oni ekonomski migranti. Ovime se, zapravo, identiteta. Zagreb: Ženska infoteka The Suffering of the Immigrant, 2017. i 2019. godine, rad će istaknuti na koji način željelo reći da su ti migranti ‚pravi’ tražitelji azila, — Chicchi, Federico, Leonardi, Cambridge/Malden: Polity dvoznačnost napetosti između a) tranzita i nase- ostali bi ovdje. Oni koji koriste Hrvatsku samo kao Emanuele (ur.). 2011. Lavoro in — Vertovec, Steven. 2002. ljavanja i b) suosjećanja i ksenofobije proizvodi tranzit često su u potrazi za boljim poslom dalje frantumi; condizione precaria, nuovi „Transnational Networks and Skilled conflitti e regime neoliberalista, Labour Migration“, 1-15. dostupno na: odnose, emocije i subjektivnosti. Cilj je pokazati na sjeveru ili ondje imaju prijatelje ili rodbinu. Verona: Ombre corte http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/ kako se, kao rezultat nedavnih migracija preko Drugdje u Europi ljude privlače veće migrantske — Focault, Michel. 2011. The Birth of working%20papers/WPTC-02-02%20 Balkana, stvaraju aspekti nove društveno-kultur- mreže i prostori koji omogućavaju „život u svojoj Biopolitics: Lectures at the College Vertovec.pdf ne raznolikosti u Hrvatskoj i kako teče prilagodba kulturi“, kako mi je rekao jedan sudanski izbjegli- de France 1978-79, New York: — Voorhies, James. 2017. Beyond na njih u svakodnevnom životu, da bi se odgovo- ca, objašnjavajući kako nedostatak tih prostora u Palgrave Macmillian Objecthood. The Exhibition as a — Fumagalli, Andrea. 2011. „La Critical Form Since 1968. Cambridge, rilo na sljedeće pitanje: kakav se multikulturali- Hrvatskoj ipak olakšava integraciju među Hrvate. condizione precaria come Massachusetts, London: The MIT zam razvio u Zagrebu u posljednjem desetljeću? Oni koji u zemlji borave duže vrijeme čine to iz paradigma biopolitico“, u Chicchi F. i Press Schrover i Moloney (2013:37-41) smatraju raznih razloga, što otežava procjenu njihovog Leonardi E. (ur.) Lavoro in frantumi; da se multikulturalizam pojavio kao ideologija i statusa kao izbjeglica ili ekonomskih migranata. condizione precaria, nuovi conflitti e politika za upravljanje kulturnom raznolikošću Slijedi nekoliko primjera nestabilnog prostora te- regime neoliberalista, Verona: Ombre corte, str. 63-78. koja je nastala uslijed migracija u mnoge zapad- žnje između tranzita i naseljavanja. — Grilli, Siomnetta, Mugnaini Fabio. ne zemlje 1960-ih godina. Sadašnji se oblik mi- Tijekom terenskog rada volontirao sam (či- 2009. „Badanti on the Edge“, u gracije u Hrvatskoj razlikuje od onog na koji se šćenje, satovi hrvatskog jezika) u hotelu Porin. To Barkoff J., Eberhart H. (ur.) spomenuta dva autora pozivaju, ali i od prethod- je stari hotel koji je 2011. godine prenamijenjen

II RISKIRAJ 304 305 PROMJENU u glavni prihvatni centar za tražitelje azila, a smje- grante (…) njihovo odredište nije određeno kada et al., 2016; Pozniak i Petrović, 2014; Župarić-Iljić do obližnje škole. Međutim, unatoč iskazanoj šten je na rubu Novog Zagreba, u Dugavama. napuštaju dom, ono se može promijeniti puno i Gregurović, 2013:209). Empatija se obično tu- empatiji, poslije se u naš razgovor uvuklo sve više Ondje sam upoznao Farzaada, dvadesettrogo- puta tijekom putovanja i, koje god ono bilo, mož- mači kao rezultat hrvatskih iskustava u Domovin- ksenofobnih izraza, sličnih onima koje sam čuo dišnjaka iz Afganistana. U Hrvatsku je došao 2011. da u njega nikada neće stići“. Dinamika ostanaka skom ratu i izgnanstva u 1990-ima. Isto tako, od manje samilosnih mještana. Oni su za nju bili godine kao maloljetnik bez pratnje. Nakon zavr- i odlazaka iz Hrvatske ukazuje na kompleksnost moglo bi se reći da su kontekst izgradnje nacije „glasna i necivilizirana horda“, za druge su bili šene srednje škole upisao se na fakultet. Dok odluka i režima čija interakcija oblikuje ili sprječa- i etnička homogenizacija u navedenom ratu do- „divljaci“, „mudžahedini“, „stoka“, „smeće“, „si- sjedimo u kafiću u Dugavama, govori mi: „Nisam va mobilnost. Tranzit je, dakle, mjesto na kojem, prinijeli odbacivanju stranaca. Međutim, i kolek- lovatelji i teroristi“, ili najčešće, ona istovremeno planirao biti ovdje. Želio sam otići dalje, ali nisam da bismo nadišli promatranje migracije kao neo- tivna sjećanja i procesi stvaranja granica između opasna i spektakularno egzotična kategorija „crnci imao dovoljno novca. Čekao sam oko tri, četiri metanog kretanja, možemo promatrati „kontinu- skupina su složeniji, i uključuju uzajamno djelo- i Arapi“ koji se sada nalaze u Hrvatskoj. mjeseca da dobijem novac, ali u međuvremenu iranu dinamiku između situacija naseljavanja i vanje većih društvenih struktura i procesa te više Osjećaj koji ona izražava dok opisuje svoju mi je odobren azil, (…) odlučio sam ostati ovdje“. kretanja u situacijama nejednake moći“ (Glick, mikrodruštvenih i društveno-psiholoških prego- situaciju je nelagoda, znači osjećaj nelagode, Vahid – tridesetosmogodišnjak iz Irana sa sličnom Schiller i Salazar, 2013:188). Kako je schengenske vora. U nastavku navodim primjer ove poteškoće napetosti i tjeskobe koji nije lako bolje iskazati. pričom – na pitanje želi li ostati odgovara nedvo- granice sve teže prijeći, ono što je nekad bilo pri- da se lokalne reakcije precizno definiraju ili kao To je uobičajeni afektivni opis svakodnevne koe- smislenom izjavom: „Ovdje sam. Ovdje je moj ži- vremeno naseljavanje može postati stalna privre- suosjećajne, ili kao ksenofobne. gzistencije lokalnih stanovnika i migranata u su- vot, tu sam“. Farzaad želi ostati u Hrvatskoj, ali menost i potencijalno dugotrajno naseljavanje. Većina odluka ili namjera da se u Hrvatskoj sjedstvu. Čini se da je najvećim dijelom nelagoda težnja da ode ostaje otvorena. „Ponekad se mi- U svojoj raspravi o motivacijskim silama smjesti veći broj migranata rezultirala je njihovim posljedica demografske činjenice da su mnogi slim, na primjer, nakon što diplomiram i sve osta- koje generiraju i sprječavaju migraciju, Carling i smještanjem izvan gradskih centara, kako bi se tražitelji azila u hotelu Porin mladići. Treba napo- lo, steknem neko radno iskustvo (…) da onda Collins (2018:911) pokušavaju ići korak dalje od minimizirao kontakt s lokalnim stanovništvom menuti da su tamo smješteni i žene i djeca, po- odem. Ali se opet mislim. Nakon što upoznaš si- isključivog oslanjanja ili na ekonomsko objašnje- koje se tome možda protivi. Ipak, čak i na naju- sebice posljednjih godina, ali muškarci čine ve- tuaciju u jednoj zemlji, naučiš jezik, upoznaš eki- nje, ili na potpuno prisilno preseljenje. Navode daljenijim mjestima javljaju se društvene prisut- ćinu. Jedan od razloga je taj što je balkanska ruta pu… početi iznova, od nule… u nekoj novoj zemlji, da teorija migracije treba „uzeti u obzir višestru- nosti, odnosi i interakcije. Kao što je izneseno u vrlo teška za prijeći pa su obitelji uglavnom smje- totalno od nule. Tada ću imati oko dvadeset i se- ke komponente migracije, koja je njezina pozici- istraživačkoj orijentaciji poznatoj kao „svakod- štene u prihvatnom centru u Kutini. Osim toga, dam, dvadeset i osam godina… Znaš, teško se tada ja u imaginarnim geografijama, valencijama emoci- nevna multikulturalnost“ (Wise i Velayutham, žene koje se nalaze u Porinu većinu vremena prilagoditi. Dok si mlad, privikneš se vrlo brzo na ja, društvenim odnosima i obvezama i politikama 2009) ili „uobičajena raznolikost“ (Wessendorf, provode u svojim sobama. Nelagoda je potreba razne situacije. Kada si malo stariji, možda do tada i odnosima moći, kao i ekonomskim imperativima 2013), ova svakodnevna iskustva, susreti i ospo- za udaljenošću, znak da je „Drugi“ prešao grani- i oženjen, tko zna“. Zanimljivo, način na koji je pri- i surovoj realnosti preseljenja“. Oni tvrde da se ravanja na lokalnoj razini važna su mjesta na ko- cu osobnog i društvenog prostora. To se može, čao o dvojbi oko ostanka ili odlaska iz Hrvatske u subjektivnost i identitet migranata „nastavljaju jima se odvijaju mnogi pregovori o različitostima na primjer, osjetiti kada netko ustane sa sjedala neko buduće vrijeme („nikad se ne zna“) odjek je formirati te da nisu predodređeni mjestom pori- (Amin, 2002). u autobusu nakon što migrant sjedne pored njih, dilema i budućih promišljanja mnogih mladih Hr- jekla i načinom dolaska“. Navedeni primjeri po- Gordana – žena u četrdesetim godinama, ili izbjegava sjesti u blizini migranta, ili u pot- vata. Donio je odluku da ostane, ali nije potpuno kazuju složenost odluka, težnji, emocija i privre- živi u kući dvjesto metara udaljenoj od hotela punosti izbjegava taj dio grada. Jedna mlada žena napustio ideju o odlasku. Slično, Simran – tride- menosti na kojima se temelji odnos između Porin. Upoznali smo se na jednoj od mojih šetnji koja živi i radi u Dugavama mi je rekla: „Ne osje- settrogodišnjak iz Sudana – naglasio je da je „sada tranzita i naseljavanja. Daleko je dvosmisleniji od iz hotela – gdje sam radio kao volonter tijekom ćaš se ugodno dok sjediš sama na autobusnoj ovdje“ ali da će „vidjeti kako će se stvari razvijati“ državne pretpostavke da su težnje migranata za- istraživanja – do stana koji sam te godine iznajmio stanici, a pored tebe je grupa od deset Pakista- u bliskoj budućnosti. Nije „sto posto siguran“ kao tvorene, definirane prije putovanja i netaknute u Dugavama. Sreli smo se dok sam hodao istom naca ili Alžiraca“. Najčešći opis nove raznolikosti Vahid, koji je izrazio želju s više sigurnosti, ali si- raznim iskustvima na putu. Štoviše, zajedno s blatnjavom prečicom koju su tzv. „azilanti iz Pori- na periferiji Zagreba je „grupa tamnoputih muš- gurniji je nego što je mislio kada je tek došao. U razvijenim osjećajem za kulturu, društvenim mre- na“ svakodnevno koristili za kretanje tim područ- karaca“. Ova rodna rasijalizacija (tamnoputi muš- međuvremenu, obojica su naučila hrvatski, stekli žama i ekonomskim mogućnostima, država i nje- jem. U pauzi od čišćenja ograde, rekla mi je: karci) vezana je za određene društvene forme bliske prijatelje i našli posao u Zagrebu. ne granične prakse (zakonodavstvo, uzimanje „Iskustva s njima su zaista loša, čistim blato s (skupine) u koje se neki od novih subjekata gru- Većina ljudi koji ostanu su oni koji se nisu otisaka prstiju) značajan su dio tih iskustava. Iako njihovih cipela koje svakodnevno brišu na našoj piraju, a to rezultira osjećajem straha ili tjeskobe isprva planirali naseliti u Hrvatsku, ali su to odlu- su ti mladići odlučili ostati u Hrvatskoj, to ne zna- ogradi. „Oni hodaju ovdje 24 sata dnevno, a ja kod lokalnog stanovništva. čili tijekom putovanja, jer je ovdje relativno sigur- či da je njihovo putovanje završeno. Na pitanje o svakodnevno čistim“. Gestikulirajući i praveći Diskurs o tamnoputim muškarcima kao „si- no, ili zato što nisu mogli prijeći granicu. Među neizvjesnoj budućnosti, mnogi odgovaraju po- kružne pokrete prstima, Gordana aludira na be- lovateljima“ proširio se diljem Europe, ali su rod- onima koji žele ostati su i oni koji su deportirani tvrdom sadašnjosti, u kojoj imaju više prostora skonačno ponavljanje i rezignaciju, opisujući ne uloge u stvaranju granica također usvojene iz Njemačke, Austrije i drugih EU zemalja i posla- za manevar. Kao što Simran kaže, „ovdje“ i „sada“. tranzitni položaj Hrvatske u trenutačnom europ- kroz lokalne povijesti rata. Dok sam kupovao ni natrag u Hrvatsku, jer je to bila prva EU zemlja skom migracijskom kretanju i stalan opticaj novih namirnice u maloj trgovini u blizini hotela, bla- u koju su došli i gdje su im granični policajci uze- LOKALNO STANOVNIŠTVO I tražitelja azila koji dolaze ovamo, ostaju neko gajnica mi je rekla: „Da, razumijem, treba pomo- li otiske prstiju. Kao posljedica zatvaranja granice, SUOSJEĆAJNA KSENOFOBIJA vrijeme, (pokušaju) otići pa se vrate. To otežava ći ljudima. I ovdje je bio rat, ljudi su odlazili, ali a postizanjem glavnih kulturnih (jezik), društvenih Bilo da ostanu ili ne, prostorno (ovdje) i izgradnju dugotrajnih odnosa na obje strane u među njima ima puno mladića, pa, znaš, uzmi (prijateljstva) i ekonomskih (posao) ciljeva, neo- vremenski (sada) su isprepleteni odnosima s hr- susjedstvu, i utječe na više svakodnevnih proble- pušku, stavi je na rame i idi“. Implicirala je neka čekivano su se vezali za novo mjesto. Collyer vatskim građanima. Ti odnosi su građevni bloko- ma. Njoj ne bi smetalo da ljudi dođu od bilo kud idu u rat, kao što su to napravili hrvatski muškar- (2007:668) ističe kako shvaćanje migracije koja vi u kontinuiranom procesu gradnje nove razno- i usele u susjednu kuću, ali ipak se žalila osoblju ci. I drugi su dijelili slično mišljenje, da su mlade se sastoji od „sve fragmentarnijih putovanja“ likosti. Medijsko praćenje, kao i sociološka i hotela Porin i općini. Nakon stanke, Gordana na- izbjeglice „dezerteri“ koji nisu obranili svoju ze- može pomoći potkopavanju dominantnog „(…) antropološka istraživanja o stvarnim iskustvima stavlja: „Ja nisam ksenofobna. Znam da su ti lju- mlju. Svrstavanje u dezertere podupire nepovje- razumijevanja migracije kao jednostavne tranzi- dodira između novih migranata i hrvatskih gradi prošli puno toga…“ Vjerujem joj, vidio sam i renje i prezir, a ne suosjećanje. cije od mjesta porijekla do odredišta“. Umjesto đana uglavnom izražavaju dva opća ishoda: em- osjetio da je bila vidno dirnuta i suosjećajna kada S obzirom na heterogenost suvremene mi- da pretpostavimo linearnu logiku, „za mnoge mi- patiju (Čapo, 2015:399) i ksenofobiju (Gregurović su pored nas prolazila izbjeglička djeca na putu gracije, postoje i druge grupacije migranata koje

II RISKIRAJ 306 307 PROMJENU se rjeđe spominju u medijima. Na primjer, školska 1 Od 2006. do 31. ožujka 2019. u — Vertovec, Steven and Susanne djeca, ili muškarci i žene (i tamne i svijetle puti) Hrvatskoj je azil odobren za 626 Wessendorf. 2010. “Introduction: pojedinačno, izazivaju različite emocije i ostvaru- osoba, a za 141 je priznata supsidijar- Assessing the Backlash against na zaštita. Većina dolazi iz Sirije, Multiculturalism in Europe”. In The ju drukčije susrete. Nakon što mi je Gordana rekla Afganistana i Irana (MUP 2019.). Multiculturalism Backlash: European kako se žalila na migrante, a dok sam se trudio Discourses, Policies and Practices. shvatiti njezinu „suosjećajnu ksenofobiju“, i ona Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wes- se sama borila. „Pitala sam se više puta, pretjeru- BIBLIOGRAFIJA: sendorf. Routledge. jem li? Imam li se pravo žaliti, jesu li to tek mali — Amin, Ash. 2002. “Ethnicity and — Wessendorf, Susanne. 2013. the Multicultural City: Living with “Commonplace Diversity and the problemi? Ali u pitanju je moj svakodnevni život“. ‚Ethos of Mixing’: Perceptions of Naravno, njena ksenofobija je slojevitija i blaža Diversity.” Environment and Planning 34, br. 6, str. 959–80. Difference in a London Neighbour- nego, na primjer, u mladića kojeg sam načuo u — Carling, Jorgen and Francis Col- hood.” Identities 20, br. 4, str. 407– autobusu br. 220 dok sam sjedio blizu njega sa lins. 2018. “Aspiration, Desire and 22. svojim iranskim sugovornikom iz hotela Porin. Gle- Drivers of Migration.” Journal of — Wise, Amanda i Selvaraj Velayuth- am. 2009. Everyday Multiculturalism. dajući nas, rekao je da bi ih sve pobio. Gordanin Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, br. 6, str. 909–26. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, osjećaj prema migrantima mješavina je suosjeća- — Casas-Cortes, Maribel, Sebastian Hants. nja i ljutnje, a time i krivnje. Zanimljivo, kada sam Cobarrubias, Nicholas De Genova, — Župarić-Iljić, Drago and Margareta nakon nekoliko mjeseci opet razgovarao s Gorda- Glenda Garelli, Giorgio Grappi, Gregurović. 2013. “Stavovi studenata nom, rekla mi je: „Smirilo se, nismo imali više pro- Charles Heller, Sabine Hess, Bernd prema tražiteljima azila u Republici Hrvatskoj [Student Attitudes To- blema. Dakle, ili smo se navikli ili su se oni popravili“. Kasparek, Sandro Mezzadra, Brett Neilson, Irene Peano, Lorenzo Pezza- wards Wessendorf (2013:410) tvrdi da „(…) susreti ni, John Pickles, Federico Rahola, Asylum Seekers in Croatia]”. Društ- u javnom i društvenom prostoru neće nužno do- Lisa Riedner, Stephan Scheel and vena Istraživanja, Časopis za Opća prinijeti dubljem međukulturnom razumijevanju, Martina Tazzioli. 2015. “New Key- Društvena Pitanja. vol. 22, br. 1, str. ali odsustvo takvih susreta može pojačati predra- words: Migration and Borders.” 41-62. sude. Redoviti susreti u društvenim prostorima (…) Cultural Studies 29, br. 1, str. 55–87. — Collyer, Michael. 2007. “In-be- igraju osobito važnu ulogu u procesu upoznavanja tween Places: Trans-Saharan Transit s ljudima koji su drugačiji i privikavanja na komu- Migrants in Morocco and the Frag- nikaciju s različitima.“ Iskustva kontakata između mented Journey to Europe.” Anti- migranata i lokalnog stanovništva u Dugavama pode 39(4), str. 668–690. ukazuju na to da kroz neposrednu blizinu sa stran- — Čapo, Jasna. 2015. “The Security- scape and the (In)Visibility of Refu- cem i protokom vremena, prostor između prihva- gees: Managing Refugee Flow ćanja i odbacivanja postaje nejasniji. Takva više- through Croatia”. Migracijske i et- značnost istovremeno omogućuje izgradnju i ničke teme, vol. 31 br. 3, str. 387- transgresiju društvenih granica. 406. Današnja rasprava o migraciji na nivou dr- — Gregurović, Margareta, Simona Kuti i Drago Župarić-Iljić, Drago. žava, granica, „tokova“, „ruta“, brojeva i korištenja 2016. Attitudes towards Immigrant raznih kategorija (izbjeglica, tražitelj azila, eko- Workers and Asylum Seekers in nomski migrant) nedovoljno objašnjava stvarni Eastern Croatia: Dimensions, Deter- doživljaj migracije i njezin utjecaj na svakodnevni minants and Differences. Migracijske i etničke teme, sv. 32, br. 1: 91-122. život ljudi uključenih u taj proces. Granični režimi — Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova na složene načine utječu na odluke migranata i Republike Hrvatske 2019. Statistički njihove odnose s „ne-migrantima“. Iskustva mul- pokazatelji tražitelja medunarodne tikulturnih interakcija u svakodnevnom životu zastite do 31. 3. 2019. [Statistical uhvaćena su u međuigru tih graničnih utjecaja s Indicators for the Seekers of Interna- tional Protection until 31.3.2019]. lokalnim povijestima i pregovorima, pa imamo https://mup.gov.hr/pristup-infor- reakcije u rasponu od ksenofobije do suosjećanja. macijama-16/statistika-228/statisti- Nasuprot takvih državocentričnih perspektiva koje ka-trazitelji-medjunarodne-zas- dominiraju javnim raspravama o migraciji, a osla- tite/283234. Pristupljeno: 20. 6. njajući se na istraživanje u hotelu Porin i okolnim 2019. — Pozniak, Romana and Duško Petro- prostorima, ovaj rad fokusira se na praktična isku- vić. 2014. “Tražitelji azila kao prijetn- stva običnih ljudi. Naglasak je stavljen na interak- ja [Asylum seekers as a Threat]” ciju između težnji i procesa stvaranja značenja s Stud. ethnol. Croat. Vol 26, str. 47-72. društvenim strukturama i povijestima, kako bi se — Schrover, Marlou and Deirdre pokušale otkriti neke nijanse, paradoksi, i prego- Moloney. 2013. 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II RISKIRAJ 308 309 PROMJENU III PITANJE

POLITIČKE I PRIPADA LI SOCIJALNE BALKAN INTEGRACIJE EUROPI? NA RUBOVIMA EUROPE

III RISKIRAJ 310 311 PROMJENU Dragan Markovina stavovi najbolje su došli do izražaja devedesetih skog svijeta. Braudelova teza je da se promjene Levantu. Zašto sve ovo pišem? Pa zato što je taj godina, tijekom ratova za jugoslavensko nasljeđe, koje vrijeme donosi na Mediteranu događaju is- novoprobuđeni interes za Dalmaciju bio praćen kada se na zapadu odlično primala priča o sto- ključivo površinski, dok zapravo istinski život sve intenzivnijim trgovačkim dodirima dviju ja- Mediteran i ljećima ukorijenjenom nasilju na Balkanu pa su ostaje suštinski netaknut promjenama. Izlišno je dranskih obala i svojevrsnim prapočecima kul- se iz te perspektive tumačili ratovi kao nešto sud- i napominjati kako je ovaj veliki francuski povje- turnog turizma. Drugim riječima, u redovnoj ko- Balkan bonosno i nepromjenjivo. Egzemplar ovakvog sničar bio u pravu. Kada govorimo o mediteran- munikaciji među jadranskim obalama sudjelovao pristupa bila je tada popularna knjiga Roberta skom, pa i balkanskom svijetu, kao njegovom je običan svijet, jednako kao i europski intelektu- pred vratima Kaplana „Balkan ghosts“. Tragedija svega nave- integralnom dijelu, primarno u vidu imamo dva alci, što se iz današnje perspektive čini kao ne- tvrđave Europe denog nije samo u tome što nisu iskorištena isku- procesa koja se konstantno izmjenjuju. Jedan je zamislivo nasljeđe. Imajući u vidu sve navedeno, stva tog suštinski pograničnog svijeta u konstruk- usko vezan uz trgovinu i svaku vrstu razmjene, sve do pada Venecije i dolaska Napoleonove ciji moderne Europe, nego i u tome što unutar bilo kulturne ili demografske, te karakterizira mir- uprave, odnosno formiranja Ilirskih provincija Europe vlada naivno uvjerenje da je očajne mase na razdoblja, dok je drugi vezan uz sukobe i ra- (1806. – 1813.), nakon čega su u Jadran uplovile svijeta u pokretu k pristojnoj egzistenciji moguće tove, koji su, jasno, bili puno rjeđi od ovih prvih, ruska i britanska flota te općom blokadom trgo- zaustaviti nasiljem i granicama. Drugim riječima, iako to nije dojam koji nosimo nakon što prođemo vine prekinule, kako veze, tako i gospodarski umjesto da pokuša razumjeti ljude koji dolaze i javno osnovnoškolsko i srednjoškolsko obrazo- uspon jadranskog prostora, Dalmacija je funkci- uvaži njihova povijesna, ali i traumatska iskustva, vanje. Općenito govoreći, kolektivno iskustvo onirala kao most koji je spajao istok i zapad u koja itekako imaju veze sa zapadnim svijetom, u mediteranskog i balkanskog svijeta je iskustvo svakom smislu. To iskustvo je s vremenom poti- Europi je došlo do zatvaranja granica, postavlja- granice, sa svim dobrim i lošim stvarima koje ta snuto i danas jadranske obale i čitav mediteran- nja bodljikavih žica bez ikakvog pravog razloga, činjenica nosi. Stoga su sva aktualna pitanja u ski prostor kao da su zaboravili vlastitu prošlost. masovne histerije i uspona desnog populizma. vezi izbjegličke krize, od migracija vezane uz že- Stoga, pravo je pitanje danas: što se dogodilo s lju za boljim životom, pa do odnosa kršćanske NACIONALIZAM KAO FAKTOR Europom bez granica? Europe prema islamu, nešto što je već odavno PARCELIZACIJE PROSTORA viđeno i postoji u memoriji Mediterana. Jedino Za razliku od gospodarski prosperitetnog PROSVJETITELJSKO OTKRIĆE što predstavlja istinsku novost u tom odnosu je 18. stoljeća, pojava i snažan razvoj načina nacio- MEDITERANSKOG SVIJETA nasilje prema izbjeglicama, motivirano nastoja- nalizma kao općeg procesa u 19. stoljeću, preba- Da je otkriće Novog svijeta označilo defini- njem da im se onemogući dolazak u zapadnu cio je fokus s trgovine i civilnog života na pitanje tivnu prekretnicu u svjetskoj povijesti i posljedič- Europu. Ovome ćemo se vratiti u sljedećem po- granica, teritorija, većine i manjine i svih sličnih no potisnulo mediteranski svijet u drugi plan, glavlju, nakon što se upoznamo s istinskim otkri- stvari koje su maksimalno unazadile istočni Me- Aktualni trenutak u kojem svjedočimo usponu danas je općepoznata stvar. Taj proces, koji ot- ćem Mediterana u prosvjetiteljstvu te odavno diteran i balkanski prostor, sve od tada pa do postfašizma, kakvim ga je precizno definirao počeo s nastupom Ranog novog vijeka, a svoj populariziranim pojmom balkanizacije. danas. To je posredno dovelo do predrasuda za- Enzo Traverso, a posljedično i konačnom raspadu vrhunac doživio s pravim usponom kapitalizma Naime, zahvaljujući definitivnom okonča- padnog svijeta prema čitavom tom prostoru, koje koliko humanističkog toliko i idealističkog nara- polovicom 19. stoljeća, pretvorio je u konačnici nju većih ratnih sukoba između Mletačke Repu- su vrhunac doživjele za vrijeme ratova za jugo- tiva o ujedinjenoj Europi, označio je kraj svih ilu- Veliku Britaniju i Nizozemsku u velike imperijalne blike i Osmanskog Carstva u prvoj polovici 18. slavensko nasljeđe devedesetih, a sve to unatoč zija o kraju povijesti i beskonfliktnom svijetu. No, sile, dok su mediteranske zemlje, čak i one poput stoljeća uspostavljen je višedesetljetni mir u za- činjenici da je upravo zapadna Europa bila popri- ujedno je i ukazao na daljnju egzistenciju proce- Španjolske koje su se enormno obogatile zahva- leđu Dalmacije, a njegova druga posljedica je da šte najkrvavijih sukoba u Prvom svjetskom ratu, sa dugog trajanja, koje je još Braudel prepoznao ljujući tom otkriću, s vremenom postale provin- je zahvaljujući ishodima Kandijskog (1645. – a u konačnici i kolijevka naci-fašizma i svega što kao karakteristične za mediteranski svijet. Ti pro- cija bez ikakvog realnog ekonomskog, društve- 1669.), Morejskog rata (1684.– 1699.) i rata koji je je ta ideologija donijela sa sobom. Balkansko-me- cesi sada nisu samo ograničeni na mediteranski nog i političkog utjecaja na svjetskom nivou, pa završio mirom u Požarevcu (1714. – 1718.), značaj- diteranski svijet kakvog danas poznajemo temelj- ili balkanski svijet, koji je ionako dio Mediterana, čak i na europskom. To je jednako vrijedilo za no proširen mletački posjed u zaleđu Dalmacije no je određen ratovima koji su se odvijali tijekom nego i na zapadnu Europu, oličenu u EU, koja pomorsko-trgovačke republike (Genovu, Veneci- i uspostavljena je granica koja i danas čini grani- posljednja dva stoljeća, i to redom: Grčkim ratom svakom svojom političkom aktivnošću iznova ju i Dubrovnik), kao i za Osmansko Carstvo koje cu Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine. Po okončanju za nezavisnost, potom ratovima za nacionalna afirmira sve predrasude o balkanskom i medite- se činilo nepobjedivim u 16. stoljeću. O posljedi- tih ratova, na golemi ispražnjeni teritorij Mletač- oslobođenja balkanskih naroda koja su vrhunac ranskom svijetu, koje kolaju prostorom zapadne cama nove ekonomske stvarnosti odlično je u ka Republika doselila je morlačko stanovništvo, doživjela u Balkanskim ratovima i Prvom svjet- Europe već čitavo stoljeće. To se najbolje očituje svojoj knjizi „Bogatstvo i siromaštvo naroda“, što se zgodno poklopilo s razvojem prosvjetitelj- skom ratu, Drugim svjetskim ratom, koji je bio u upornom odbijanju prihvaćanja postjugosla- pisao David Landes, no ona je, iako u Hrvatskoj stva i imaginacije o iskonskim ljudima koji žive u posebno brutalan na prostoru Jugoslavije i Grčke, venskih zemalja u okvir Europske unije, s izuzet- prevedena 2003. godine, ostala temeljito nepro- zaleđu Dalmacije, kao autentični Europljani, ne- te na koncu ratovima za jugoslavensko nasljeđe. kom Slovenije i Hrvatske koja je teškom mukom čitana. No, zato je jedna druga knjiga, s pravom iskvareni dosezima zapadne civilizacije. Ovaj Priča je, barem u osnovnim crtama, opće- ušla u EU tek 2013. godine. To odbijanje je cijelo ozbiljno pročitana i postala je opće mjesto hu- narativ, proizveden i promoviran od strane fran- poznata. Slabljenjem Osmanskog Carstva, koje vrijeme aktualno, unatoč činjenici da te zemlje, manistike i društvenih znanosti. Riječ je o kapi- cuskih enciklopedista te potpomognut od strane je i inače počelo sve više zaostajati, zbog sve između ostalog i zbog nedostatka europske per- talnoj dvotomnoj studiji Fernanda Braudela „Sre- Alberta Fortisa, točnije njegovog putopisa iz veće zatvorenosti unutar sebe i pojavom ideje spektive, odlaze u regresiju na svim poljima. U dozemlje i sredozemni svijet u doba Filipa II.”, u Dalmacije, zajedno s knjigom Roberta Adama nacionalizma na europskoj razini, počelo se potom imaginariju Mediteran i Balkan postaju pro- kojoj autor, nakon što je obišao gotovo sve me- posvećenom rimskom nasljeđu i Dioklecijanovoj stavljati pitanje nacionalnog oslobođenja balkan- stori potisnutog nesvjesnog, prostori kojima su diteranske povijesne arhive, ispisuje detaljnu palači, odlično se uklopio u nastojanja Mletačke skih naroda, u prvom redu Grčke, koja je zbog namijenjene mrvice u vidu svjesno onemoguće- sliku Mediterana s konca 16. stoljeća i kao termin Republike da utemelji novi legitimacijski mit Re- antičkog nasljeđa uživala simpatije zapadnog ne Unije za Mediteran ili uloge nekakvog predzi- u humanistici uvodi „fenomen dugog trajanja“, publike koja će svoje ključno utemeljenje naći u svijeta. Ti su procesi doveli do srpskih ustanaka, đa Europe koji bi je trebao konzervirati. Ovakvi označivši ga kao temeljno obilježje mediteran- Dalmaciji, za razliku od prijašnjeg inzistiranja na pa rata za nezavisnost Grčke, zatim do Prvog

III RISKIRAJ 312 313 PROMJENU balkanskog rata u kojem su se mlade nacije bo- odluku austrijskih vlasti da na gotovo dvadeset europskih kultura i zajednica, Karl Markusa Gaussa, novog zatvaranja Europe u sebe, netrpeljivosti rile za oslobođenje i teritorij protiv Osmanskog godina po okončanju Napoleonovih ratova sus- „Europljani u izumiranju“, dijelom se bavila alban- prema drugima i drukčijima definirati unutar no- Carstva, a u Drugom balkanskom ratu međusob- pendira trgovačku razmjenu između tih dviju skim izbjeglicama pred osmanskom najezdom vih kategorija. Mislim da je u tome uspio i da no. Sve to bilo je praćeno prvim etničkim čišće- regija, dobit ćemo jasnu sliku onoga što je izvr- koje su u ranom novom vijeku izbjegle u unutraš- termin savršeno odgovara kao definicija svih tanjima pred očima međunarodne javnosti, uslijed stan povjesničar Mediterana, David Abulafia u njost Apeninskog poluotoka, zadržavši albanski kvih pokreta i političkih stranaka koje su na valu čega je Balkan počeo biti percipiran u imagolo- knjizi „The Great Sea: The Human History od the identitet i povijesno pamćenje. Gotovo identičnu tog tipa osjećaja počele širiti Europom posljed- giji Europe kao izrazito negativan pojam, da bi Mediterranean“, okarakterizirao kao „peti, fra- priču imamo s moliškim Hrvatima, uslijed čega njih godina. vrhunac takvih negativnih odnosa i odluka došao gmentirani Mediteran“, smjestivši ga u hladno- možemo zaključiti kako je u ranom novom vijeku, Paradoks i cinizam neoliberalne Europe s drugim grčko-turskim ratom, koji je počeo po ratovske godine. Jugoslavenski pokušaj, posebno koliko god to paradoksalno zvučalo, Europa često danas možda se najbolje ogleda u odnosu prema okončanju Prvog svjetskog rata, s grčkom idejom onaj iz socijalističkog razdoblja, koji je umnogo- bila otvorenija za susrete s drukčijima nego što izbjegličkoj krizi, posebno kad je smjestimo u da pripoji obalni dio Male Azije, ponajprije Smir- me integrirao značajan dio promatranog prostora, je to danas. U konačnici, s obzirom na to da je kontekst vremena. Naime, David Abulafia u spo- nu/Izmir Grčkoj. Kako je sve skupa bilo praćeno bio je anuliran hladnoratovskom podjelom Euro- Venecija stoljećima bila glavni grad obalne i otoč- menutoj knjizi svoje posljednje poglavlje, naslov- i procesom stvaranja turske nacionalne države, pe, koja je na taj način, uz etnička čišćenja koja ne Dalmacije, a u posljednjem stoljeću i kopnene, ljeno kao „Posljednji Mediteran, 1950.-2010.“, uz popratni genocid nad Armencima, kao i uz su uslijedila po okončanju Drugog svjetskog rata, tisuće ljudi s dalmatinskog prostora preselilo se započinje rečenicom da kasno 20. stoljeće pred- odmazdu prema grčkoj populaciji Carigrada, sva gotovo u potpunosti eliminirala različitosti na u Veneciju u potragu za poslom, pri čemu ih je stavlja jedno od razdoblja velikih migracija meta nacionalna buđenja okončana su sramnim svom prostoru, pretvorivši Mediteran od mora najveći broj radio u tada najvećem industrijskom diteranskog svijeta, i to zbog sjevernoafričke sporazumom iz Lausanne iz 1923., u kojem je tek bliskosti, kakvim ga je logično nazvao Predrag pogonu ovog dijela svijeta, mletačkom Arsenalu, migracije u Francusku, talijanske u SAD, ali i sve stvorena međunarodna zajednica dopustila ne- Matvejević u „Mediteranskom brevijaru“, u more koji je u jednom danu mogao proizvesti komplet- brojnije migracije grčke i turske zajednice u Lon- što duboko antihumano i prije svega cinično, a fragmentiranosti, kakvim ga je prozvao Abulafia. no novu galiju. Tragovi prisutnosti tih ljudi sa- don, kao posljedica Ciparske krize te na koncu i to je tzv. humano preseljenje. U sklopu tog pro- Ciparsko pitanje koje je kao daleki odjek tih pro- čuvani su do danas u imenima mnogih ulica u talijanske migracije u Veliku Britaniju. Cinizam jekta, gotovo čitava turska populacija Soluna cesa aktualno i danas, živo svjedoči o besmisle- sestieru Castello, posvećenim Hvaranima, Šolta- suvremene Europe ogleda se u tome što im ove praktično je nasilno preseljena u Tursku, a u su- nosti svega do čega je uspon nacionalizama nima i ostalima, o čemu je iscrpno pisala i piše migracije nisu ni najmanje smetale, dočim je da- protnom smjeru otišli su maloazijski Grci i dobar doveo. povjesničarka Lovorka Čoralić u svojim radovima. našnje uznemiruju, iako se ideološka pozadina dio carigradskih. Nakon prve ciparske krize i još Kontinuitet povijesnog pamćenja jedinstvene Unije posvećene ljudskim pravima nije promije- jednog organiziranog uličnog nasilja iz pedesetih POVIJESNI KONTINUITETI I DISKONTINUITETI jadranske kulture je početkom 19. stoljeća prvi nila. Svemu tome su naravno prethodili egzodus godina, populacija carigradskih Grka spala je s NA BALKANSKO-MEDITERANSKOM PROSTORU put prekinut, da bi kroz sukobe talijanskog impe- Nijemaca, koji su bili u statusu nacionalnih ma- nekoliko stotina tisuća s početka 20. stoljeća, na Kao što sam već ranije u tekstu naveo, fe- rijalizma i južnoslavenskog nacionalnog senti- njina u brojnim europskim zemljama odakle su tek oko 2 500 ljudi danas. O svemu ovome dvije nomen dugog trajanja na Mediteranu utjecao je menta bio gotovo u potpuno destruiran. Do te zbog kolektivne krivnje koju su ponijeli protjera- odlične knjige napisao je povjesničar Mark Ma- na to da ništa od onoga što se posljednjih godina mjere da je donekle preživio u leksiku i načinu ni u Njemačku, te postratna emigracija mnogih zower. Prva je „Balkan: kratka povijest“, a druga, događa na mediteranskom i balkanskom prosto- života, a vrlo zanemarivo u memoriji društava. preživjelih Židova u novoformirani Izrael. Među- koja je kapitalna za razumijevanje razine destruk- ru, izuzev institucionalnog odbijanja da se izbje- Svi oni koji u posljednje vrijeme pokušavaju oži- tim, ova dva procesa bila su planski provedena cije, je „Solun: grad duhova“. Naime, upravo taj glice istinski prihvate, nije nepoznato u iskustvu vjeti tu memoriju, bilo da je riječ o rodonačelniku kao izraz političke volje Europe koja je porazila grčki grad, koji je u međuvremenu promijenio i pamćenju. Pored toga što je dobar dio Europe tog pristupa, Predragu Matvejeviću, ili tršćan- fašizam i počela se rekonstituirati. Ovdje ne treba ime u Thessaloniki, predstavlja paradigmu kojom imao, bilo višestoljetno iskustvo osmanske upra- skom novinaru Paolu Rumizu koji je napisao pu- zaboraviti ni značajan izbjeglički val koji se iz ra- je nacionalizam uništio osjetljivu strukturu i otvo- ve, bilo prisutnost Osmanlija na granicama, za- topisnu knjigu „Odavde do Lepanta“, pa sve do tom zahvaćenog jugoslavenskog prostora razlio renost istočnog Mediterana. Taj se grad, koji je padna Europa je također bila u stalnom kontaktu Vladimira Mićkovića, mostarskog umjetnika i po čitavoj Europi, bez ikakvih većih problema, pri bio druga luka Osmanskog Carstva i u kojem su s islamskim svijetom. Jedno vrijeme preko Piri- autora nevjerojatne glazbene posvete tom svije- čemu je luka u Anconi u mnogim takvim slučaje- zahvaljujući činjenici da je Carstvo s dobrodoš- nejskog poluotoka, a potom kroz stalne trgovač- tu u vidu nedavno objavljenog albuma pod nazi- vima funkcionirala kao prvo mjesto susreta izbje- licom primilo prognane španjolske Sefarde, go- ke ili piratske kontakte sa sjevernoafričkim gusa- vom „Riva degli Schiavoni“, objavili su svoja dje- glica sa životom u miru. Ovo s Anconom je po- tovo u idealnom omjeru živjeli Grci, Turci i Žido- rima i gradovima te na koncu kroz činjenicu da la duboko svjesni da na jednom mjestu skupljaju sebno zanimljiv slučaj, budući da je realno prvi vi, čineći grad bogatim, nakon egzodusa Turaka su zapravo Nizozemci i Britanci najviše profitira- tek ostatke memorije nekoć velike jadransko-me- put nakon 18. stoljeća kada su te veze bile goto- i holokausta pretvorio skoro u jednonacionalni li od osmanske trgovine u 18. stoljeću. No, svi ti diteranske kulture. vo svakodnevne, istočnojadranski svijet usposta- grad s izrazitim nacionalističkim senzibilitetom. kontakti imali su i drugu stranu koja se odnosila vio most prema ovom zapadnojadranskom gradu. Tako smo od bogate trgovačke razmjene na negativnu fascinaciju islamskim svijetom u POSLJEDNJI MEDITERAN ILI Pored ovih posve normalno shvaćenih migracija, na istočnomediteransko-balkanskom prostoru u dobrom dijelu ranog novog vijeka. Iz te kombi- BRUTALNO NOVO DOBA imamo i činjenicu nevjerojatnog porasta turistič- 18. stoljeću, koja je mnogim ljudima i zajednica- nacije fascinacije i straha izniknuo je i značajan Gotovo je sasvim sigurno da u momentu ke industrije, koja je postala glavna gospodarska ma omogućila kontinuiran prosperitet, došli do dio europskog identiteta tog doba, iz čega je dok pišem ovaj tekst grupa očajnih ljudi pokuša- grana mnogih mediteranskih zemalja, kako eu- antagoniziranih i autarkičnih zajednica podložnih ostala i za naše prostore pogubna kovanica tzv. va ilegalno preploviti Mediteran i doći na talijan- ropskih, tako i sjevernoafričkih, ali i Turske. ideji krvi i tla te daleko od bilo kakve normalne predziđa kršćanstva, koja je oživljena devedese- sko tlo, s velikim izgledima da neće preživjeti taj Drugim riječima, istovremeno s organizira- komunikacije. Uspon nacionalizma nije stoga tih godina. O prvotnom zatvaranju Europe u sebe poduhvat. Jednako kao što je posve sigurno da nim poticanjem masovnih putovanja, imamo samo dokinuo prosperitetne pomorsko-trgovač- pred susretom s islamskim svijetom i arhitekton- istu stvar pokušava neka drugi grupa ljudi na gra- organizirano onemogućavanje putovanja nekih ke republike, poput Venecije i Dubrovnika, nego skim te mentalitetnim razlikama između bedemi- nici između Bosne i Hercegovine i Hrvatske. Svi- drugih ljudi, odnosno otvorenu diskriminaciju, i i velike transnacionalne carevine i u konačnici ma opasanih kršćanskih mediteranskih gradova jet u kojem živimo umnogome je obilježen po- to mahom ljudi koji upravo dolaze s mediteran- jedinstveni prostor trgovačko-kulturne razmjene. i otvorenih islamskih gradova, pisao je Franco stfašizmom, što je termin koji je u nedostatku skih prostora. Štoviše, koliko god se to možda i Kad tome pridodamo i nama bliži slučaj odnosa Cardini u knjizi „Europa i islam“. Jedna pak druga boljega ponudio povjesničar Enzo Traverso, poku- mogao činiti kao jednostrani pokušaj francuskog habsburške Dalmacije i osmanske Bosne, točnije knjiga, vrsnog austrijskog esejista i poznavatelja šavajući aktualni koktel povijesnog revizionizma, predsjednika Sarkozyja, ostaje činjenica da je

III RISKIRAJ 314 315 PROMJENU formiranje Unije za Mediteran od strane Europske Manuela Bojadžijev EUROPA I NJEZINO NEMOGUĆE GRAĐANSTVO stvorio je okvir za različite dinamike i brzine u unije, koja je trebala poslužiti kao platforma za Nekoliko godina nakon završetka rata u Ju- zemljama takozvanoga Zapadnog Balkana (u koji integraciju tog svijeta, znatno prije eksplozije goslaviji ova je regija i dalje bila značajan indika- se ubrajala i Albanija, ali ne i Slovenija) kad je bila izbjegličke krize, u tolikoj mjeri obesmišljeno i „Najkraći put tor za europski proces ujedinjenja. Još za trajanja riječ o provođenju migracijskih politika, kontroli sadržajno osakaćeno, da se ta Unija gotovo uop- ratnih sukoba na ovim prostorima, u Europi nije na granicama i građanskim pravima. Prvobitni je će nije oglasila otkad je izbjeglička kriza započela. u svijet“ postojao jedinstven stav o tome je li Balkan dio cilj bio homogenizacija tih politika i stvaranje Unija za Mediteran je tako ostala nešto što eg- Europe. Zagovornici vojne i političke intervenci- prostora slobodnog kretanja osoba prema šen- zistira tek na papiru, dok realno nema nikakav — migracije, je ili NATO-vih bombardiranja iznosili su argu- genskome modelu Europske unije. Pritom je pro- utjecaj, a ponajmanje onaj kakav je bio zamišljen građanska prava mente kako se politiku progona, kakva se dogo- jekt stvaranja neke vrste mini EU-a na Balkanu, izvorno, da putem nje Europska unija na neki dila u tom ratu, ne smije dopustiti na europskom koju bi se onda kao cjelinu integriralo, početkom način integrira ostatak mediteranskog svijeta, i Europska unija tlu, a s druge se pak strane Europa u ime ljudskih dvijetisućitih godina potisnut zbog različitih br- bez da on formalno uđe u EU. prava i uplitala u taj rat. Jedan od političkih po- zina u politici pojedinih zemalja jer su Hrvatska i Stojimo tako, prije svega kao ljudi, a potom u državama bivše kretača ove sve veće zbrke bio je Pakt o stabil- Makedonija službeno tada već bile zemlje kandi- i kao Mediteranci i Europljani, pred zabrinjavaju- nosti u jugoistočnoj Europi, izmišljen za „unaprje- datkinje za pristup Europskoj uniji Znamo da je ćim pitanjem, možemo li i kako tim ljudima po- Jugoslavije, đivanje sposobnosti Europske unije“; koordinator Hrvatska u međuvremenu postala članicom EU-a, moći i na koji nam način memorija Mediterana replika nakon Pakta Erhard Busek izjavio je kako je Pakt o stano daljnji je proces pridruživanja potom u velikoj može u tome pomoći? Ovaj tekst napisao sam bilnosti zapravo „kamp za obuku“3. No naše istra- mjeri zapeo, dok su sasvim drugi procesi, poput kao polaznu točku za razmišljanje o tim pitanjima. petnaest godina živanje o migracijskim kretanjima i konfliktima dužničke i financijske krize, u međuvremenu do- povezanima s konceptom građanstva otvara veli u krizu i sam europski proces, a posljedice mogućnost za tezu da je upravo obrnuto, da se toga ni danas nisu sasvim sagledive (podsjećamo BIBLIOGRAFIJA: ovu regiju može smatrati kampom za obuku Eu- na Brexit). — Abulafia, David. 2012. The Great ropske unije. Sve do danas Europska unija repro- Da bi se razumjeli višeslojni procesi dere- Sea: A Human History of the Mediter- ducira vlastitu nesposobnost zahvaljujući unu- guliranja i ponovnog reguliranja teritorija i sta- ranean. London — Belamarić, Joško-Ana Šverko. 2017. tarnjim granicama stvorenima migracijskom novništva početkom dvijetisućitih godina, nužno Robert Adam and Diocletians Palace politikom na Balkanu. U ovom je istraživanju je promotriti središnji moto „Management of in Split. Zagreb stoga riječ i o (ne)mogućnostima koncepta gra- Population Movements“ koji se u to vrijeme po- — Braudel, Fernand. 1997. Sredozemlje đanstva u Europi, što je pak povezano s pitanjem javio. Smatralo se da je zbog svoja četiri aspekta i sredozemni svijet u doba Filipa II. Etiennea Balibara o nastajanju novih granica na ovaj moto središnji topos EU-a: (1) zbog posljedi- Zagreb 4 — Cardini, Franco. 2009. Europa i Ovaj se tekst temelji na istraživanjima koja sam ovom kontinentu: „Europa – nemoguće građanstvo?“ ca rata otprilike je milijun izbjeglica (među naj- islam. Zagreb provela u okviru projekta Tranzitne migracije iz- brojnijima u svijetu) živjelo u ovoj regiji, (2) četiri — Čoralić, Lovorka. 2001. U gradu među 2003. i 2005. zajedno s Rutvicom Andri- RAT, DRŽAVNOST, MIGRACIJE od pet takozvanih zapadnobalkanskih država bile Svetog Marka: povijest hrvatske jašević te sound art umjetnicima Dontom Rhine- Rat u bivšoj Jugoslaviji nadišao je granice se najčešća zemlja podrijetla tražitelja azila u ze- zajednice u Mlecima. Zagreb om i Elliotom Perkinsom iz sound art kolektiva pukog uništenja protivničke vojske. Taj je rat život mljama EU-a, (3) trebalo je poduprijeti povratak — Fortis, Alberto. 1984. Put po Dal- 1 maciji. Zagreb Ultra-red u Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji. Cilj nam stanovništva organizirao na potpuno novi način, migranata i migrantica (većinom izbjeglica iz — Gauss, Karl Markus. 2010. Europljani je bio istražiti ondašnju primjenu europskoga definirao granice i oblikovao političku geografiju rata) koji su živjeli u Europskoj uniji (u dokumen- u izumiranju. Zagreb graničnog režima na rubovima Europe i to učini- ove regije. Nove su se vlade i nevladine organi- tima su se spominjali čak i pripadnici treće ge- — Landes, David. 2003. Bogatstvo i ti iz očišta samih migranata, tj. metodološki sta- zacije nakon rata dale na posao, a nacionalni i neracije) iz bivše Jugoslavije, (4) te su zemlje siromaštvo naroda. Zagreb viti u fokus migrantske prakse. Tako smo – koristeći međunarodni sudovi preuzeli na sebe dio politi- zbog razmjerno slabih struktura na granici i zbog — Matvejević, Predrag. 1990. Medit- eranski brevijar. Zagreb se pristupom ‚autonomije migracija‘ – otvorili ke pomirenja. Nastao je novi oblik kontrole proi- ilegalnih pomagača pri prelasku granice smatrane — Mazower, Mark. 2003. Balkan: pogled na migracije koji nam je omogućio ne zvodnih oblika i prakse mobilnosti (usp. Negri tranzitnim zemljama za ulazak u Europsku uniju. kratka povijest. Zagreb samo da obuhvatimo aktere migracijske politike 2003.)5. Da bi se u regiji izbjegli daljnji konflikti Glavni operativni cilj za budućnost tada je treba- — Mazower, Mark. Solun, grad duho- na državnoj razini, tj. razini Europske unije, nego nakon više od desetljeća ratnih sukoba, cijeli niz la biti borba protiv ‚ilegalnih migracija’. U tu je va: hrišćani, muslimani i Jevreji 1430.- 1950. Beograd, 2018. smo njihovu politiku uspjeli dovesti u odnos s do danas postojećih država bio je prisiljen pitanja svrhu trebalo u svim zemljama primjenjivati je- — Rumiz, Paolo. 2004. Odavde do konkretnim praksama migranata u zemljama i svoje unutarnje i vanjske suverenosti ostaviti dinstveno zakonodavstvo vezano uz davanje azi- Lepanta. Split regijama jugoistočne Europe.2 Odluka da se otvorenima. Često se zanemaruje činjenica da la te „Integrated Border Management“ u cijeloj — Traverso, Enzo. 2018. Nova lica tekst za ovu knjigu objavi u ponešto prerađenom miješanje EU-a u takozvani proces stabilizacije u regiji. Obje su te mjere bile temeljni mehanizmi fašizma. Zagreb i jako skraćenom obliku zanimljiva je posebno regiji ima popratne pojave koje podrivaju držav- u državnoj kontroli migracija. Kontrolni je aspekt stoga što je tema tranzitnih migracija kroz bivšu nost i negativno se odražavaju na njezine pro- bio nadopunjen upravljanjem migracijama. U jed- Jugoslaviju od ‚ljeta migracija‘, tj. kretanja izbje- mjene, a to posebno jasno dolazi do izražaja u nom od MARRI-jevih (Migration, Asylum, Refu- glica od 2015. do danas, ponovno probudila temu migracijskim politikama te politikama koje se tiču gees Regional Initiative) dokumenata iz Sporazu- izbjeglištva i migracija u regiji i kroz regiju bivše građanskih prava sa svojim brojnim akterima kao ma o stabilizaciji piše: „Sama kontrola ne može Jugoslavije. Treba se dakle prisjetiti situacije od što su državni aparat, nadnacionalne agencije, jamčiti sigurnost državama ako ne bude popra- koje je doduše prošlo petnaestak godina, ali koja nevladine organizacije i migrantske prakse. Os- ćena mjerama koje će osloboditi produktivne je bila neka vrsta prethodnice jer su u tom tre- poravani i konfliktni proces stabilizacije i pridru- resurse građana, uključujući i migrante i njihov nutku uspostavljeni preduvjeti za današnje okol- živanja, naknadno provođen Programom CARDS povratak“. Slogan ‚sloboda kretanja’ tu je zapo- nosti, u čemu se može uočiti značajan kontinuitet. (Pomoć zajednice za obnovu, razvoj i stabilizaciju), čeo novu karijeru i u ovom je kontekstu značio

III RISKIRAJ 316 317 PROMJENU liberalizaciju davanja viza unutar i iz ove regije. jima su etnički pripadali, nego su odlazili onamo i ‚sabirnim centrom‘ Padinska Skela, kamo se smo sreli za vrijeme naša prva dva posjeta u Mo- Jer sloboda kretanja smatrala se odlučujućim gdje su očekivali zaštitu. Neki su od njih više od šalju migranti bez osobnih dokumenata. Za vri- telu 1000 ruža – prije nego što nam je zapriječen čimbenikom koji će osigurati stabilnost u regiji i deset godina živjeli u barakaškom naselju u pred- jeme našeg istraživačkog boravka imali smo ri- pristup pod izlikom da bismo mogli ometati po- unaprijediti gospodarske reforme. Primjena mi- građu Ljubljane s privremenom dozvolom borav- jetku prigodu posjetiti tu ustanovu. Ustanovili stupak odobravanja azila – bili uhvaćeni pri pre- gracijskih politika EU-a u ono je doba u zemljama ka kojom im nije dopušteno da se zaposle, a nisu smo da je dio nekadašnjega zatvora prenamije- lasku granice. Neki su od njih već više godina bivše Jugoslavije bila u različitim fazama – može imali ni pravo na socijalnu pomoć ili zdravstvenu njen u logor za internaciju migranata koji su ‚ile- živjeli u Beogradu bez važećih osobnih isprava. se reći da je njihova primjena bila to usklađenija skrb. Djeca su, doduše, smjela ići u školu i zavr- galno‘ prešli granicu. Od tog su trenutka migran- U Motelu 1000 ruža upoznali smo ljude iz Afga- s propisima što je zemlja bila bliža Europskoj uniji. šiti izobrazbu za određeno zanimanje, ali potom ti uhvaćeni na srpskim granicama bez osobnih nistana, Azerbejdžana, Irana, Jordana i Somalije ne bi imali pravo na radnu dozvolu. Mnogi su od dokumenata dovođeni u Padinsku Skelu. Oni koji su bili uhvaćeni na putu u EU ili SAD. Neki su TKO SU MIGRANTI? njih stoga bili prisiljeni na rad na crno, a time su tamo ne smiju boraviti dulje od trideset dana. U na put krenuli s turističkom vizom, drugi su pre- Iako taj proces nikad nije dovoljno jasno automatski bili izloženi riziku protjerivanja iz ze- tom se razdoblju provode mjere za njihov povra- lazili preko granice uz pomoć ilegalnih pomaga- percipiran, proces proširenja EU-a dogodio se i mlje. Drugi su se pak odlučili na alternativne pu- tak u zemlju podrijetla. Oni koji bi podnijeli za- ča. Čuli smo priče o tome kako su profesionalni izvan njezinih granica. Jedna od premisa našega tove pa bi otišli u Njemačku ili Austriju. Grad htjev za azil, bili bi premješteni u Motel 1000 ruža pomagači nakon prelaska granice svojim ‚klijen- istraživanja TRANSIT MIGRATION glasila je da se Ljubljana se 2002. odlučio na raspuštanje bara- u predgrađu Beograda. Za vrijeme našeg posje- tima’ znali reći da su već prešli austrijsku granicu taj proces ne može razumjeti ako se ne istraže kaških naselja u kojima je tada živjelo približno ta Padinskoj Skeli nismo dobili dozvolu za razgo- pa bi potom jednostavno nestali. Za migrante s različita migracijska kretanja zasnovana na druš- dvije tisuće izbjeglica i u skladu s propisima EU-a vor sa zatočenicima pod izgovorom da migranti kojima smo razgovarali takvo je postupanje bilo tvenim mrežama koje se u ovim zemljama ispre- u području migracijske politike ispunjavanje za- potječu iz Kine i Bangladeša i da ne govore ni dio pogodbe. Ispostavilo se da već i prije polaska pleću ili iz njih potječu. Upravo su te mreže stvo- htjeva postavljenih procesom proširenja: na jednim od jezika koji su nama stajali na raspola- na put nisu imali nikakve iluzije o poštenju ilegal- rile krhki temelj za primjenu migracijskih politika istom je mjestu planirana izgradnja doma za tra- ganju. U intervjuu s odgovornim voditeljima lo- nih pomagača. Velika je većina migranata u Mo- i politika za provođenje građanskih prava Europ- žitelje azila. Stanovnici barakaških naselja bili su gora za protjerivanje iz zemlje doznali smo da su telu 1000 ruža prije toga bila zatočena u Padin- ske unije. Tako su na području bivše Jugoslavije pozvani da si pronađu novi smještaj ili, još bolje, oni službeno zaduženi i za povratak srpskih gra- skoj Skeli. Tijekom tih razgovora drastično su nastali „novi granični krajobrazi“6 (Balibar 2003). da se vrate odakle su došli. To nije bio samo ci- đana protjeranih iz Njemačke. Kada smo ih upi- opisivali katastrofalne uvjete pod kojima su mno- Ne samo da se Europska unija proširila preko svo- ničan zahtjev nego i složen pothvat jer je većina tali o praksi povratka u zemlju podrijetla i mo- gi bili zatočeni i dulje od tri mjeseca. U Motelu jih vanjskih granica nego su migracijska kretanja njih pobjegla iz Srebrenice. gućnostima regulacije migracija, naši su nam 1000 ruža čekali su na obradu zahtjeva za azil. u raznim smjerovima pospješila europeizaciju Da iznova ne bi postali žrtve politike protje- sugovornici objasnili kako je tu riječ o velikom Mnogi bi zbog potpuno neprozirne procedure i kontinenta. rivanja, organizirali su Bosanski izbjeglički odbor cirkusu u kojemu se tranzitni migranti iz jedne vremena čekanja nastavili put na vlastitu ruku. Naše je istraživanje u Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj i i uz potporu slovenskih skupina pobudili pozor- europske zemlje samo prebacuju u drugu. I da Za razliku od Srbije, u kojoj je samo mali broj mi- Srbiji pokazalo da postoje razne skupine migrana- nost javnosti. Zajednički su organizirali festival se to neće promijeniti tako dugo dok na svijetu granata s kojima smo razgovarali imao namjeru ta u čijim se pričama odražavaju socijalne i eko- na koji je došlo oko sedam tisuća ljudi. U okviru bude siromaštva. živjeti, Mađarska je zbog svojeg članstva u Eu- nomske promjene koje su se zbile u Jugoslaviji u festivala odigran je poslijepodnevni nogometni Iako je ovaj logor bio pod upravom Mini- ropskoj uniji bila atraktivan cilj. Mjesto poput razdoblju nakon 1989. Te su promjene obilježile turnir na kojemu su se momčadi borile za „Tem- starstva unutarnjih poslova, o boravku i statusu Motela 1000 ruža bilo je bez sumnje sjecište ko- politički proces migracija podložan stalnoj mijeni. porary Winner Cup“. Navečer je na pozornici, uz migranata u Padinskoj Skeli odlučivale su i druge munikacije i razmjene informacija. Tako smo do- Rat je u velikoj mjeri pokrenuo izbjeglička bendove iz Slovenije i Hrvatske, nastupio u okvi- instancije. Crveni križ, UNHCR i Međunarodna znali i ovu priču: „Ako hoćeš doći u Mađarsku, kretanja i organizirano protjerivanje izbjeglica. U ru tada sve snažnijega kritičkog antiglobalizacij- organizacija za migracije IOM redovito su posje- moraš ući preko austrijske granice. A ako te pri- Beogradu smo sreli ‚vukovce‘. Bili su to uglavnom skog pokreta u ono doba slavni bend Manu Chao. ćivali ovaj sabirni centar. Crveni je križ bio odgo- tom uhvati granična policija, samo reci da dolaziš muškarci iz Vukovara koji su se okupljali u parku Slijedile su i druge akcije s isto tako snažnim voran za zdravstvenu skrb i dijelio telefonske iz Mađarske i onda te oni sami tamo odvedu“. oko spomenika srpskoga filologa Vuka Stefa- odjekom u javnosti i važnom ulogom u političkim kartice kako bi migranti mogli stupiti u kontakt s novića Karadžića na bivšem Bulevaru revolucije, raspravama. Naposljetku su i dovele do uspjeha vanjskim svijetom. UNHCR je imao vlastiti ured u „NAJKRAĆI PUT U SVIJET“ jednoj od glavnih beogradskih ulica, gdje su če- u političkoj borbi za neograničenu dozvolu bo- zgradi u kojoj su vodili intervjue sa zatočenicima Još je jedna skupina ljudi krenula iz Jugo- kali da im netko ponudi kakav privremeni posao ravka i rada, kao i za pravo na školovanje djece i koji su tražili azil. Ako je bila riječ o obiteljima, ili slavije za vrijeme rata. U Beogradu smo sreli Rome da zarade nadnicu. Većina je njih izbjegla pred mladih. Izborili su se i za jamstva za smještaj u su postojali zdravstveni razlozi, ili bi osobe zatra- koji su pobjegli u Njemačku, a neki od njih tamo ratom, neki su došli za vrijeme NATO-vih bom- ljubljanskim stanovima. žile azil u skladu sa Ženevskom konvencijom iz su živjeli i više od deset godina. Kao izbjeglice s bardiranja s Kosova. Sreli smo i one s iskustvom 1951., bile su poslane u prihvatilište Motel 1000 ratnoga područja u Njemačkoj su dobili takozva- radne migracije u Njemačkoj. Ovdje su svaki dan TRANZITNA MIGRACIJA KAO „VELIKI CIRKUS“ ruža. Do svibnja 2005. Srbija i Crna Gora nisu nu Duldung, ispravu o toleriranju boravka, koju čekali da ih netko zaposli kao jeftinu radnu snagu U znanstvenim se radovima o migracijama imale zakon o azilu pa migranti u tim zemljama su morali obnavljati svaka tri mjeseca. Većina ih za malu nadnicu ili plaću po satu za rad na gra- obično polazi od pretpostavke da država reguli- nisu ni mogli tražiti azil, tako da je UNHCR odlu- se u Srbiju vratila na temelju „dragovoljnog pro- dilištu ili u poljoprivredi. Mnogi od njih živjeli su ra boravak i ulazak na neki teritorij. No (ne samo) čivao o tome u kojem se slučaju može odobriti tjerivanja iz zemlje“, postupka koji im je davao u jednoj od preko četiristo baraka ili smještaju u Srbiji cijeli je niz nadnacionalnih i međunarod- azil za neku europsku zemlju ili Kanadu. Po do- dva tjedna da obave potrebne pripreme i spaki- dodijeljenom Internally Displaced Persons. „Be- nih organizacija imao velik utjecaj na državnu nošenju te odluke državnim je službama bilo raju stvari. „Dragovoljni povratak“ obično bi usli- ograd je izbjeglički logor“, rekao je jedan od njih politiku i u različitim trenutcima te su organiza- prepušteno da samostalno odluče hoće li nekoj jedio nakon što bi izgubili pravo na socijalnu po- u intervjuu. Druga skupina nadničara dolazila bi cije oblikovale i određivale migracijske procese. osobi dodijeliti službeni status tražitelja azila. moć ili bi im bila oduzeta radna dozvola. Postupak ljeti, uglavnom sezonski, iz Rumunjske ili Bu- Tako je u migracijsko-političkome režimu u Srbi- Zbog sporazuma između Srbije i Bugarske o pre- je bio brz. Ujutro bi po njih došla policija i odve- garske. Oni su pripadali skupini bez dokumenata ji sudjelovalo više aktera. Tu su bili Ministarstvo uzimanju migranata, UNHCR u Beogradu bi u la ih u zračnu luku pa bi ih još isti dan JAT-ov avion koju bi policija svake godine pokupila i poslala unutarnjih poslova i granična policija za kontrolu slučajevima kada je netko u Srbiju došao iz smjera prevezao u Beograd. Tamo ih je dočekao stari natrag preko granice.7 granica, a unutar državnoga teritorija policija je Bugarske preporučivao da se osoba vrati u Bu- plakat ove jugoslavenske zrakoplovne kompanije Nisu svi ratni izbjeglice odlazili u zemlje ko- kontrolirala osobne dokumente. Policija upravlja garsku i ondje zatraži azil. Nisu svi migranti koje koji je u vrijeme naših istraživanja još visio na zidu

III RISKIRAJ 318 319 PROMJENU i u naslovu obećavao čuda: „Najkraći put u svet“. je do stvaranja diferenciranih prostora s različitim znanstvenika i znanstveno-umjet- Sabina Salamon Postupak „dragovoljnog napuštanja zemlje“ ostav- stupnjevima mobilnosti radne snage i različitim ničkih praktičara, pa tako i razviti ljao je mogućnost povratka u Njemačku, ali samo pristupima građanskim pravima koji se nisu po- nove istraživačke putove. Tako su kao plod projekta u bivšoj Jugoslaviji, za kraći boravak ili odmor. Kad bi jednom bili klapali s nacionalnim granicama.9 Prostori koji osim tekstova, nastala dva albuma Treće je protjerani iz Njemačke, morali su se osloniti na se preklapaju počeli su od Europe stvarati nove temeljena na etnografiji zvuka pod svoje rodbinske ili prijateljske veze. Da bi finan- krajobraze s granicama koje se ni danas ne po- naslovom Blok 70. Ti su albumi po- moguće — cijski osigurali preživljavanje, neki su radili kao klapaju sa šengenskim granicama ni s vanjskim tom prošireni albumom Blok 70: nadničari na gradskim tržnicama ili u kojem od granicama Europske unije. Zapravo se posvuda Translations, za koji su svoje priloge prisjećanje i u obliku remiksiranih verzija, http:// trgovačkih centara u Novom Beogradu. nalazimo na granici koja se sve više proteže i po www.ultrared.org/pso7d.html, dali usmena predaja Cijeli niz naših sugovornika u intervjuima unutrašnjosti, ali i kapilarnim putovima vodi pre- glazbeni i sound-umjetnici i umjet- samo bi odmahnuo glavom kad bismo ih pitali ma van. Granice dobivaju funkciju regulatora koji nice s područja bivše Jugoslavije. kao osobna nešto o (tranzitnoj) migraciji u Srbiji. Uljepšane sada ne služi suzbijanju migracije, nego u prvome 3 Usp. Frankfurter allgemeine Zei- brojke službene statistike navode da nezaposle- redu ograničava broj migranata, a pritom ih vodi tung od 9. travnja 2006. poputnina u 4 Etienne Balibar, Sind wir Bürger nost iznosi više od trideset posto. Upravo među u trajno siromaštvo i silazak na socijalnoj ljestvici. Europas? Politische Integration, procesima mladima, koji najčešće zbog financijskih razloga U tim je okolnostima i pojam migranta po- soziale Ausgrenzung und die Zukunft ostaju živjeti kod roditelja, gotovo nitko nije imao stao samo privremen. Počeli smo se pitati jesu li des Nationalen (Hamburg: Hamburg- kulturnog stalno radno mjesto. Ugovori o radu su prava ri- građanska prava uopće korisna kategorija kad er Edition, 2003.), 24. jetkost, većina ih je radila sad ovdje, sad ondje govorimo o migracijama jer migracije su pitanje 5 Usp. Thomas Atzert, „Der Krieg ist eine biopolitische Maschine. izmještanja po nekoliko mjeseci, a između toga nisu imali granice koncepta građanskih prava nužno dove- Ein Gespräch mit Toni Negri“, nikakva primanja.8 Tranzitna migracija nije bila le u pitanje. Prisjetimo se pitanja koje je postavi- Subtropen, br. 2 (ožujak 2003.) nikakva tema. Za vrijeme našega zadnjeg istraži- la Hannah Arendt: Kako osobama bez prava dati 6 Etienne Balibar, Op. cit. vačkog boravka u ljeto 2004. čak je četrnaest prava? U kakvom je stanju građanstvo u Europi i 7 Usp. Vesna Nikolić-Ristanović i tvornica istodobno bilo u štrajku. Postojeći režim na njezinim granicama? dr., Trafficking in People in Serbia (Beograd:VDS und OSCE, 2004.), 40. osiromašivanja, spojen sa silaskom na socijalnoj Trajno podrivanje državne suverenosti go- 8 Usp. Boris Kanzleiter, „Etwas ljestvici i rizikom, doveli su nesamostalni rad i vernance-politikama Europske unije jasno je poka- Besseres ist nicht in Sicht. Wo Preka- poduzetništvo, radno i slobodno vrijeme u novu zalo granice koncepta europskoga građanstva i risierung Normalität ist – Linke in svezu. Velik dio radnih mjesta, to se tada moglo te politike do danas nužno utječu na oblike u ko- Belgrad“, Fantômas, br. 2, (2004.) vidjeti, nije se vratio u stare oblike relativno si- jima se razvijaju konflikti koji potresaju građanstvo. 9 Usp. Enrica Rigo, „Citizenship at Europe’s Borders: Some Reflections gurnog zaposlenja, kako je to bilo u doba indu- Upravo u uvjetima nemogućnosti europ- on the Post-colonial Condition of strijalizacije Jugoslavije s njezinim pripadajućim skoga građanstva možda se upravo danas stva- Europe in the Context of EU Enlarge- Temeljni metodološki supstrat umjetničkog na- političkim oblicima organizacije, tj. više nije doš- raju pretpostavke za to da se potkopa institucija ment“, Citizenship Studies, sv. 9, stojanja Neli Ružić jest rekreacija sjećanja. Blizak lo do formalizacije radnih odnosa. Osim toga, građanskih prava, i to autonomnim praksama br. 1, (veljača 2005.), 3–22. je modelu kulturnog pamćenja gdje se čuvanje, neformalni oblici rada i zaposlenja više se nisu građanstva, onako kako se to od 2015. odvija u pohrana i simbolizacija nameću kao uporišta BIBLIOGRAFIJA: nalazili u jednome određenom omeđenom sek- smislu demokratizacije društava u ovoj regiji kada — Atzert, Thomas. 2003. „Der identiteta. U većini slučajeva pozivajući na poli- toru, nego se velik dio radnih odnosa odvija pre- je riječ o podršci migrantima. Tko će na kraju po- Krieg ist eine biopolitische Maschine. tička pitanja, teme individualne i kolektivne me- ma ovome obrascu. U takvoj su situaciji društve- bijediti, tko će uspjeti upravljati konfliktom i od- Ein Gespräch mit Toni Negri“, morije sagledava u terminima brisanja, ponavljanja, ne mreže i kooperacije postajale sve značajnije lučiti u svoju korist, to još nipošto nije izvjesno. Subtropen br. 2, (ožujak, 2003) prisjećanja. Te su teme utemeljene ponajprije u za strategije preživljavanja i svakodnevnu ekono- — Balibar, Etienne. 2003. “Sind wir vlastitom iskustvu lomova i kulturnog izmještanja Burger Europas?” Politische Integra- miju. Stoga je i emigraciju, čak i kada je ostala tion, soziale Ausgrenzung und die koje se dogodilo triput: društvenim preokretom samo san o egzodusu, trebalo ubrajati u te strate- 1 Ovaj je članak objavljen 2007. u Zukunft des Nationalen. Hamburg: u domicilnoj Hrvatskoj (Jugoslaviji) početkom gije preživljavanja i samo njima inherentnu pre- knjizi Turbulente Ränder. Neue Pers- Hamburger Edition devedesetih, odlaskom iz nje krajem devedesetih dodžbu o boljem životu. pektive auf Migration an den Grenzen — Research group TRANSIT MIGRA- te iznuđenim povratkom nakon trinaest godina. Europas (Turbulentni rubovi. Novi TION. 2006. Turbulente Ränder: Povratak iz Meksika dogodio se pod pritiskom pogledi na migracije na granicama Neue Perspektiven auf Migration an DEREGULACIJA RADA, Europe) u kojoj je prikazano is- den Grenzen Europas. Bielefeld: nasilja i kriminala koji su eskalirali tijekom dvije- DEREGULACIJA GRAĐANSTVA traživanje skupine za istraživanje Transcript tisućitih zbog trgovine drogom. Nova kontrola, regulacija i ograničenje mo- tranzitnih migracija na Goetheovu — Kanzleiter, Boris. 2004. „Etwas Odmičući se od uvriježenih istina, umjet- bilnosti proizišli su iz tadašnjih programa kao što sveučilištu u Frankfurtu, a koje smo Besseres ist nicht in Sicht. Wo nica se poziva se na neposredni horizont biograf- su MARRI ili CARDS, koji su dodatno pojačali osi- proveli ne samo u zemljama bivše Prekarisierung Normalität ist – skog prisjećanja i usmenog predanja. Vezuje se Jugoslavije nego i u još dvije skupine Linke in Belgrad“, Fantômas, br. 2 romašivanje i silazak na socijalnoj ljestvici. Isto- u Turskoj i Grčkoj. Usp. istraživačka — Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna et al. na razlučivanje sjećanja (memorije) od povijesti dobno su ti programi bili zamišljeni da ubrzaju skupina TRANSIT MIGRATION, Turbu- 2004. Trafficking in People in Serbia. kako tumači Pierre Nora, favorizirajući sjećanje stabilizaciju demokratskih institucija i potiču slo- lente Ränder: Neue Perspektiven auf Belgrad: VDS and OSCE kao svakodnevnu i živu aktivnost, koja je iz suvre- bodu kretanja u regiji. I doista su politike izdava- Migration an den Grenzen Euoropas. — Rigo, Enrica. 2005. „Citizenship at menog razvijenog svijeta, u korist povijesti, sa- (Bielefeld: Transcript, 2006.), http:// Europe’s Borders: Some Reflections 1 nja viza, politike na granicama i migracijske politike www.transitmigration.org/. on the Post-colonial Condition of svim isčezla. Zamjerka povijesti koja „uvijek pred- Europske unije rezultirale značajnim hijerarhizira- 2 Zahvaljujući novčanoj potpori Europe in the Context of EU Enlarge- stavlja problematičnu reprezentaciju prošlosti“, njem kad se radilo, a i kad se danas radi, o pristu- Zaklade za kulturu SR Njemačke ment“, Citizenship Studies, Vol. 9, odnosi se na načelo racionalizacije (filtriranje i pu građanskim pravima. Proces proširenja doveo uspjeli smo postići suradnju između br. 1, (veljača, 2005), str. 3-22. razvrstavanje) kojim se rukovodi prilikom legiti-

III RISKIRAJ 320 321 PROMJENU miranja prošlosti. Suprotno tome, sjećanje kao ploču na kojoj je bilo ispisano ime očevog brata kreveta, u tradiciju zapisanog kao metafore za- Osim što su proporcionalni količini proi- živu aktivnost podložnu promjenama (zaboravu Miljenka Ružića koji je nestao na planini Mosor, čeća, braka i obitelji. Bivajući u isto vrijeme suvi- zvodnje života, arhivi su regresivni. Zamislimo, i ponovnom buđenju) smatra iskonskim i spon- tema očeve ispovijesti. (Ploča je u nepoznatim še osobna i svakidašnja priča, no danas posve kad bi postojalo automatsko arhiviranje, sve što tanim činom, neotpornim na cenzuru i manipu- okolnostima maknuta 1992. godine.) „Veliko bri- sigurno izuzeta iz biografskog i kulturnog sjeća- bi napravili korakom naprijed, bilo bi zabilježeno laciju, dakle, posve ljudskim procesiranjem go- sanje” koje koincidira s nastupom traume, po- nja (kreveti su se nekad nasljeđivali što danas nije i zamrznuto korakom unazad. Arhiv se ponaša milanja života. Takvim sjećanjem zaokupljen je sljedično i revizijom povijesti, prvi put se pojav- praksa), Neli se njome obraća obitelji, a pritom, entropijski: što vrijeme brže odmiče, memorija rad Neli Ružić, gdje suspregnuta mjesta i neizre- ljuje u radu „Četka” (1994.), najavljujući temu u ne izričući to eksplicitno, ulazi u sferu dekon- nam je potrebnija, a proporcionalno tome i arhiv čene misli, postaju poticajan materijal za nado- raznim inačicama, od „Kemijske čistionice Galeb” strukcije ženskog identiteta, što zaključujem po- je veći. Za Neli Ružić, arhiviranje je mimetički punu praznina koje povijest nije registrirala, ili je s kraja devedesetih, do „Strategija zaborava” sredno, uviđajući stalni interes za matrilinearnu princip koji služi ponovnom sagledavanju i vred- namjerno preskočila. Drugim riječima, bez obzi- (2005./2006.) koje se brisanjem bave na osob- povijest. Na to upućuju radovi „Reproduktivni novanju, pokušaj uspostave alternativnog susta- ra što koristi sve postupke označavanja kulturne nom planu, u vrijeme izbivanja u Meksiku. Brisa- sustav” (2001./2006.), ciklus „Strategije zaborava reda. U očekivanju da je ‚treći put‘ moguć, mnemotehnike – prianja uz pejzaž, pjesme, ruč- nja i zaborav odrađivala je kroz performativno va” (2005./2006.), gdje se pojavljuju konac i ši- kao ispisivanje nedogođenog, na primjer. ni rad (vez), pažnju ne usmjerava na poznate i čišćenje, zauzimajući mjesto prvog lica, za razli- vanje kao tradicionalno ženska pisma. U videu Da li kao neočekivano opterećenje ili nepo- provjerene „fiksne točke u prošlosti”.2 Umjesto ku od video i filmskih radova gdje se pojavljuje „Lengua materna/Materinji jezik” (2007.) uspo- bjediva strast ljudi, arhiv, kao bilježenje već dogo- toga, slaže vlastite, kombinirajući imaginarne i kao promatrač i svjedok. Mnogi su radovi iz ove stavlja trijadnu i transgeneracijsku poveznicu đenog, postao je nužnost. Kako ljudi ne bi ostali povijesne prostore. skupine; objekti „Kutija za plener”, „Oblaci i mu- baka-majka-kćer. U radu „Grandparents’ Bed”, u lišeni povijesti, memorije i zaleđa. Vječno mladi. šice”, „Arhipelag”, objekti „Plima”, „Snijeg”, „Vje- rekonstrukciju znanja o obiteljskoj povijesti, upu- KULTURNI KRAJOLIK: MJESTO tar (Aleksandrija)”. U sadržaj se umjetnica unosi šta se ulaskom u sobu (označeno, sveto mjesto) POTISNUTOG SJEĆANJA neposredno, što je vidljivo po načinu tretmana posvajajući krevet s udaljene točke, preko foto- 1 Nora Pierre, ur., The Realms of Primjer krajolika kao čestog medija kultur- pejzaža u spomenutom radu „Ploča (dvije plani- grafije, ali nalazeći način da se s njom zbliži. Li- Memory: Les lieux de mémoires nog pamćenja, Neli koristi višestruko, a način trene)”, gdje pažnju ne drži samo teksturom video- zanjem fotografije, utjelovljuje iskustvo posvaja- (Paris: La republique, 1984.) 2 Jan Assmann, Kulturno pamćenje tmana u videu i fotografiji identičan je: preklapa- slike, nego posve intimnim zbližavanjem s krajo- nja, dokidanja uspostavljene distance, vremenske (Zenica-Tuzla: Biblioteka tekst, 2008.) njem priče nasljeđene u obitelji (priča ispričana likom na način da se uloga mnemotopa – Kozare i fizičke. Jača subverzivnu vrijednost paradoksal- 3 Jedna od osnovnih postavki od oca) s elementima biografskog sjećanja (ka- kao semiotiziranog mjesta i uporišta sjećanja, ne distance. Akt lizanja može se sagledati i kao Mauricea Halbwachsa glasi da se drovi pejzaža planine Kozare referiraju se na prvi rasplinjuje u elegičnoj i taktilnoj dimenziji krajo- čin inicijacije i kritiku logocentrične zapadne selektivnost memorije ostvaruje ratni film kojeg je kao dijete vidjela) multiplicira lika. Kodiran ostaje i pejzaž u „Jami” i „Pjesmama kulture, kako je primjerice tretira feministička pregovaranjem između individualnog i kolektivnog; u On Collective Memo- fiktivnu dimenziju narativa koju gradi na suge- za budućnost” gdje posebnu ulogu nosi (auto) teorija gdje se jezik pokazuje ideološkim alatom ry, University Press of Chicago, 1992. stivnosti mogućih izmaštanih ishoda događaja cenzura, kao rezultat selektivnosti memorije, ali patrijarhalnog sustava reprezentacije. Ova se Termin potisnutog sjećanja (sup- kojem nitko od upletenih (pripovjedač, autorica) i potisnutog sjećanja.3 Stoga je u oba rada aktivan tema može provući i na druge radove, poput pressed memory) uvodi Michael nije nazočio. Takav narativ tipičan je za oralnu proces utišavanja i ušutkavanja – u posljednjem „Pjesme za budućnost”. Umjetnička praksa Neli Pollak u tekstu “Memory, Oblivion, povijest, prepun osobnog uloga, sumnji i puko- posebno naglašen u izostanku verbalizacije u Ružić potvrđuje dva mjesta kojima se stalno vra- Silence” originalno objavljenom u: Revista Estudos Historicos, Rio de tina; Otac prepričava priču opterećen emocio- pjesmama jasnih simboličkih pozadina. U „Pje- ća – planine i materinji jezik – dva suprotna izbo- Janeiro, 1989.. nalnim ulogom, prije svega osjećajem krivnje i smama za budućnost” svaki od tri lika, prijatelji- ra, između eskapizma i ‚fundirajućeg’ sjećanja na 4 Autorica je dahove snimala s žaljenja. Premda nekonzistentna, priče na taj ca Tanja Kolar, autoričin otac i sin Luka, izvodi vlastitost. bljeskalicom na način da osoba način ima snagu fakticiteta. Poput filma kojeg se svoju verziju pjesme, redom: „Internacionalu”, puhne na staklo, u mraku kako bi prisjeća, „Bitke na Kozari” (1962.) redatelja Veljka pjesmu obespravljenih, „Marijane, Marijane” upi- OSOBNE FIGURE SJEĆANJA VS. izbjegla refleksije. O „hipertrofiji memorije“ kao življene aktivnosti Bulajića. Na sličan način fotografija „Dvije plani- sanu u lokalni folklor s referencama na nacionalni INSTITUCIONALIZACIJA MEMORIJE raspravlja Pierre Nora u citiranom ne” uzmiče pred dokumentarnošću i kapitalizira identitet, i „Konjuh planinom”, partizansku pjesmu Vratimo se „Dahovima” kojima denuncira tekstu, smatrajući da je razlog taj što vizualnu podudarnost sadržaja i forme (fotogra- iz drugog svjetskog rata posvećenu poginulom službenu povijest, snagu velikih narativa, pruža- je memorija prepuštena arhivima i fije i razbijenog stakla okvira), uspostavljenoj na rudaru u okolici Tuzle, po čemu je 1966. snimljen jući ruku anonimnosti dahova pedesetero bliskih institucijama memorije. 5 Nora, op. cit., str. 7-8; Nora tvrdi prisili ponavljanja motiva planine kao mjestu ne- istoimeni ratni film redatelja Fadila Hadžića. ljudi (iz Hrvatske i Meksika) koje snima tijekom kako je sjećanje u modernom i suvre- stanka, smrti. Sparena s prethodno spomenutim 2007. godine. Računajući na njihovu efemernost menom dobu utemeljeno na arhivi- videom „Ploča (dvije planine)”, tvori cjelinu koja MATERINJI JEZIK I DEKONSTRUKCIJA i nemogućnost identifikacije, a istodobno bilježe- ranju materijalnih ostataka. Što se otkriva kao neka vrsta autoričinog statementa; ŽENSKOG IDENTITETA ći godine rođenja kraj svakog pojedinog daha, manje dolazi iznutra, to je više usm- otkriva optiku kojom neutralizira ideološke polo- Nepovjerenje spram izricanja povijesti i do- Neli izvrće službeno shvaćanje arhiva, kao mjesta jerena na vanjske rekvizite. ve, raščešljava kategoričke sudove, traži ‚treći put’. minantnih narativa izražen u „Dahovima”, otvara univerzalnog i transvremenskog značaja, ujedno Na taj način preklapanje dvaju toponima značaj- temu prenosivosti i premošćivanja, kako terito- i jednog od simptoma hipertrofije memorije kojoj nih u ratnom razdoblju, od kojih jedan pripada rijalne tako i mentalne i emocionalne, koja se u svjedočimo danas.4 Držeći ga načinom evidenti- individualnom sjećanju (Mosor), a drugi pred- Nelinom radu na razne načine ponavlja. Jedan od ranja života, Nelin rad u cjelini možemo razmatra- stavlja kolektivni mnemotop (Kozara), postaje radova koji nosi ideju premošćivanja jest objekt ti kao arhiviranje nesavladive količina podataka. mjesto ispreplitanja univerzalnog i općeg s osob- „Prenosive granice” (2003.) koji se sastoji od če- Načinom na koji se autorica obraća prošlom i nim. U naslovu rada skriveni su i elementi priče tiri kamena i konca i odražava umjetničinu nostal- sadašnjem. Čini se kako je pozadina rada „Obitelj- kojom dotiče temu brisanja, jednu od stalnih giju za domom ranih dvijetisućitih. „Grandparents’ ski arhiv” takva – nehotice potkopati ideju velikog autoričinih tema još od početka devedesetih. Bed” („Cama de los abuelos”) pokazuje interes za i bučnog.5 Kuglice vune kao posve njene ‚figure Dekonstruirajući naslov „Ploča (dvije planine)” transgeneracijsko nasljedstvo, gdje povezivanje sjećanja’, nastale kao ispljuvak stroja za pranje lako je shvatiti da se ploča referira na memorijalnu s precima ostvaruje pomoću simboličke figure rublja, okreću hijerarhijsku ljestvicu naglavce.

III RISKIRAJ 322 323 PROMJENU SAMOSTALNE IZLOŽBE

Neli Ružić Sjene budućnosti IV MMSU, 13. 12. 2016. – 13. 1. 2017. Tomo Savić Gecan Bez naziva 2017. Mali salon, 15. 12. 2017. – 13. 1. 2018.

SKUPNE IZLOŽBE

Između tamo i tamo: anatomija privremenih migracija MMSU, 27. 1. 2017. – 18. 3. 2017.

Crne krabulje MMSU, 14. 12. 2017. – 22. 2. 2018.

Bijeg DOSJE MMSU, 16. 11. 2018. – 1. 2. 2019. Mi nismo kao oni PROJEKTA MMSU, 4. 10. 2019. – 10. 11. 2019. UMJETNIČKE REZIDENCIJE

Neli Ružić 2016./2017. Igor Bošnjak, 2016. – 2019. Tomo Savić Gecan, 2017./2018. Mate Ugrin, 2017. Pavlica Bajsić Brazzoduro i Dino Brazzoduro, 2018. Manon Avram, Fanny Avram, Melanie Venino, 2019. Alicja Rogalska, 2019. Simon Farid 2019. Krzysztof Gutfranski, 2020. Fotini Gouseti, 2020. Lauren Moffatt, 2020. RISKIRAJ Vangjush Vellahu, 2020. PROMJENU

IV RISKIRAJ 324 325 PROMJENU Između tamo i tamo: Crne krabulje Bijeg Mi nismo kao oni anatomija privremenih migracija

UMJETNICI UMJETNICI UMJETNICI UMJETNICI — Tomislav Brajnović, Danica Dakić & Sandra — Carlos Aires, Cristiano Berti & Can Sungu, — Manon Avram & Pierre Audouard, Pavlica — Brook Andrew, Nika Autor, Gildo Bavčević, Sterle, Larisa David, h.arta group, Silvia Hell, Marianna Christofides, Aleksandar Garbin, Bajsić Brazzoduro & Dino Brazzoduro, Nisrine Avgust Černigoj, Lana Čmajčanin, Nina Nicole Hewitt, Ana Hušman, Božena Končić Roos van Haaften, Laurent Van Lancker, Boukhari, Lana Čmajčanin, Tomislav Čeranić, Delanović & Mirna Gurdon (studio mikser), Badurina, Andreja Kulunčić, Veda Popovici Miroslav Mikuljan, Rafael Puetter (Rafucko), Aleksandar Garbin, Ibro Hasanović, Siniša Olga Dimitrijević, Simon Farid, Fotini Gouseti, Davor Sanvincenti, Ana Sladetić, Elejan van Labrović, Lukas Marxt & Jakub Vrba, Nika Oblak Driton Hajredini; Janez Janša, Janez Janša, KUSTOSICE der Velde & Primož Novak, Alicja Rogalska, Sara Salamon Janez Janša; Ivana Keser, Mirna Kutleša, Chris — Irena Bekić, Duga Mavrinac & Hrvoje Spudić, Tao G. Vrhovec Sambolec, Marker, Chris Marker & Alain Resnais, Danilo KUSTOSICE MMSU zbirke: Milenko D. Gjurić, Branko Kovačević, Milovanović, Driton Selmani, Vangjush Vellahu, LIKOVNI POSTAV — Ksenija Orelj, Sabina Salamon, Nataša Andrija Maurović, kulturno-povijesni dokumenti Zvukospjevi (Nicole Hewitt, Vida Guzmić, Ivan — Škart Šuković, Marina Tkalčić posuđeni su od Muzeja grada Rijeke i Pomorskog Slipčević) i povijesnog muzeja Hrvatskog primorja Rijeka PRODUKCIJA ŽIRI KUSTOSICE — IPAK – istraživački projekti i autorske — Ksenija Orelj, Sabina Salamon, Renato KUSTOSICE — Ksenija Orelj, Marina Tkalčić koncepcije i MMSU Rijeka Stanković (Odsjek za kulturalne studije, — Ksenija Orelj, Sabina Salamon — U ponešto izmijenjenoj formi, s fokusom FF Rijeka), Nataša Šuković, Marina Tkalčić ŽIRI na konfiguracije pripadanja privremenih ŽIRI — Vana Gović (Pomorski i povijesni muzej migranata i u suradnji s kustosicom Dušicom POPRATNI PROGRAM — Kora Girin, Ksenija Orelj, Sabina Salamon, Hrvatskog primorja Rijeka), Katerina Jovanović, Dražić, održana je izložba „Između tamo i — 20. 2. 2018., 17 simpozij „Životi u pokretu – Marina Tkalčić, Sabrina Žigo (Muzej Grada Rijeke) Ksenija Orelj, Sabina Salamon, Marina Tkalčić tamo: treće mjesto pripadanja“ u Galeriji Out uvjeti u promijenjenom stanju granica“, of Sight u Antwerpenu, 16. 5. – 30. 6. 2019. / sudionici: Jelena Prtorić (slobodna novinarka), POPRATNI PROGRAM POPRATNI PROGRAM Umjetnici: Tomislav Brajnović, Nicole Hewitt, Marijana Hameršak i Iva Pleše (Institut za — 16. 11., glazbeni performans „Bijeg“ s — 19. 10., „Antigraničar“, radionica kreiranja Ana Hušman, Božena Končić Badurina, Tonka etnologiju i folkloristiku, ZG), Marko Luka glazbom skladanom za izložbu, Cyborgix 4E75 imaginarnih karti za djecu, voditeljice: Tanja Maleković likovni postav: Out of Sight – Dušica Zubčić (doktorand “Filozofije i suvremenosti” — 21. 11., radionica za studente „Zašto (ne) Blašković i Ivana Lučić Dražić, produkcija: IPAK – istraživački projekt i na Sveučilištu u Rijeci), Renato Stanković bježimo?“, voditeljica: Daria Morosin — 21. 10., 22. 10., radionice za generaciju 54+ autorske koncepcije i Out of Sight (Odsjek za kulturalne studije, Filozofski — 24. 11., radionica za djecu “Savršeni grad”, i za studente, izrada fanzina „Beni – JUXTAzin“, fakultet pri Sveučilištu u Rijeci), Valentina voditeljica: Tanja Blašković voditeljice: Tanja Blašković i Ivana Lučić POPRATNI PROGRAM Radoš (Muzej likovnih umjetnosti, Osijek), — 29. 11., Art-kino Croatia, filmski program — 7. 11., simpozij „Balkan je drugdje“, — 14. 3., alter vodstvo studentica Odsjeka za moderatorica: Marina Tkalčić „Bjegovi” u selekciji Diane Nenadić, filmovi: predavači: Tea Perinčić, kustosica PPMHP-a, kulturalne studije Filozofskog fakulteta u Rijeci — 20. 2., plesna koreografija „Migracije“ u „Soske”, Rada Šešić, 2001., „Arme Leute”, Ana Inić & Sandra Jukić, doktorandice na — 16. 3., vodstvo kroz izložbu s kustosicama i izvedbi Plesnog ansambla Osnovne škole za Vlado Kristl, 1963., „Bježi”, Mladen Stilinović, studiju Glotodidaktike, FF Zagreb, Eric Ušić, umjetnicima klasični balet i suvremeni ples pri OŠ Vežica, 1973., „Terra roza”, Aldo Tardozzi, 1999., „In kulturolog, Željko Senković, Odsjek za filozofiju, — 17. 3., Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci, Odsjek za koreografkinja: Kate Foley, plesačice: Jana Whitest Solitude”, Rada Šešić, 2003., u suradnji FF Osijek, moderatorice: Ksenija Orelj, Sabina kulturalne studije, Radionica Centra za Mirovne Budiša, Katja Butković, Lara Drljača i Jana Jakšić s FACTUM-om, Goethe-Institutom, Hrvatskim Salamon, Marina Tkalčić studije – „Migrantski rad – aktivistički — 13. 2., Art-kino Croatia, filmski program filmskim savezom doprinosi“, voditelji: Iva Zenzerović (CMS), „Gastarbajteri u Art-kinu“ u selekciji Diane — 5. 12., simpozij „Kontrasti bijega“, predavači: Julija Kranjec (CMS), Iva Ivšić (Mreža Nenadić, HFS, filmovi: „Jesenice-Stuttgart“, Ana Dana Beroš, arhitektica, istraživačica i Matija antifašistkinja/Brid), Branimir Šloser (Brid) i Miroslav Mikuljan, 1970., „Put, Imotski“, Kralj, umjetnik; Gordan Bosanac, aktivist za ljud- Duga Mavrinac (IPAK). Tomislav Radić, 1970., „Dernek“, Zoran Tadić, ska prava; Sanja Janović, psihijatrica, grupna — 18. 3., okrugli stol, „Privremene migracije – 1974., „Charter let…“, Krsto Papić, 1975., „Hrpa analitičarka; Dragan Markovina, povjesničar i pi- liminalnost, ranjivost i rad“, sudionici: Centar ZgRiZg“, Đorđe Jandrić, 2014., u suradnji s sac, moderatorice: Ksenija Orelj, Sabina Salamon za mirovne studije, Grupa 484, Brid, Hrvatskim filmskim savezom, Hrvatskom radio — 14., 15. i 16. 12., koreografska radionica predstavnici sindikata i radnika, kulturna televizijom i Zagreb filmom „Transmutacije“, voditeljice: Selma Banich i antropologinja Duga Mavrinac i moderatorica Nina Gojić, u suradnji s Prostorom plus Irena Bekić — Međunarodni dan migranata, 18. 12., OKC — 18. 3. 2017., performans, Nicole Hewitt, Palach, prezentacija „Kraj o liku/idemo doma“, „Ova žena se zove Jasna 08“ Platforma za eksperiment (Lara Badurina, Liberta Mišan, Sara Salamon), predavanje o istraživanju migracija u Rijeci, predavači: Barbara Matejčić i Drago Župarić Iljić — 26. 4. 2019., Manon & Fanny Avram, Melanie Venino, performans „Par minuta u cipelama migranata“

IV RISKIRAJ 326 327 PROMJENU

AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHIES MANUELA BOJADŽIJEV freelance journalist and author 2014), ”Between There and There: ways the new diversity in Croatia is Society. He publishes scientific is Professor for Globalized Cultures focused on social affairs and human Anatomy of Temporary Migrations“ constructed and negotiated through articles, essays and literary criticism. at the Leuphana University of rights. She writes for print and (Rijeka, 2017). She is a member of daily practices and interactions He also published three books: Lüneburg and Commissioner for internet media in Croatia and the international doctoral among former migrants, refugees, “Tertium datur. Prilozi uz pitanja o International Cooperations at the abroad, collaborates with programme Transformations in asylum seekers, local residents, and religiji i čovjeku,” FFOS, Osijek, 2014; Berlin Institute for Integration and international research, media and European Societies network, a activists in the interplay with the “Aristotelova etika,” FFOS, Osijek, Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt human rights organizations and is coordination of eight European changes in border regimes, 2011; “Aristotelova kritika University of Berlin. Previously, she involved in media education. She universities. She is a member of the migratory routes and legislation. demokracije,” FFOS, Osijek, 2007. He was a lecturer at the Freie Universität received an award “Marija Jurić editorial board of the international is working as an associate in the Berlin; City University and Zagorka” for best print journalism in scientific journal ”Visual IVA PLEŠE international scientific project: Goldsmiths, University of London; Croatia, is the winner of the Ethnography“, she published several holds a Bachelor’s degree in “Spuren deutscher Sprache, Literatur and Goethe-Universität Frankfurt. In “Krunoslav Sukić” award for the professional papers and is a member comparative literature and ethnology und Kultur in Kroatien – von den addition to her dissertation, ”Die promotion of peacebuilding, non- of professional associations and the from the Faculty of Humanities and Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart.” windige Internationale. Rassismus violence and human rights, and was association IPAK – Istraživački Social Sciences in Zagreb, where she There is increasingly more literature und Kämpfe der Migration“ (”The recognized for best coverage of projekti i autorske koncepcije, that also earned a Master’s and Doctoral and non-academic writing in his life. windy internationale: Racism and LGBT issues in Croatia. She was also uses an interdisciplinary conjunction degree, at the Department of struggles of migration“, 2008), she selected for several European of art and science as a resource for Ethnology and Cultural CJ STEPHENS has published numerous articles on fellowships in journalism. She investigating social processes. Anthropology. She has been working is an artist-philosopher working racism and migration research, the published the narrative-journalism at the Institute for Ethnology and toward a Ph.D. in Visual Art focused history of European migration, and collection “How Are You?”. KSENIJA ORELJ Folklore Research (IEF) in Zagreb on a hermeneutics of the sacred in postcolonial studies. studied art history and German since 2001. She participated in words and images. Her interest in art DRAGAN MARKOVINA language and literature at the several scientific projects, and is is related to an interest in storytelling IRENA BEKIĆ was born in Mostar in 1981. He is the Faculty of Humanities and Social currently collaborating on IEF’s as Cj’s personal ecology includes the holds a Bachelor’s degree in art president of the New Left Party. He Sciences in Zagreb. Orelj took a internal project “Ethnography of lost culture of an Abenaki tribe. history and comparative literature holds a PhD in history, is an essayist master’s degree in curatorial cultures Refugeeism in the Croatian context”. Rather than invoke ghosts of a past from the Faculty of Humanities and and columnist. For ten years he at the Leipzig Academy of Visual She published the book “Pismo, she can never know or idealize a past Social Sciences in Zagreb. She works worked in the History Department of Arts. In 2011 she took part at the poruka, mejl: etnografija she will never fully understand, Cj’s as a librarian in the Zagreb City the Faculty of Humanities and Social Intensive Curatorial Course, ICI, NY korespondencije”, and co-edited the goal is to create and celebrate a Libraries and is the head and curator Sciences in Split and wrote for many and in 2018 she was curatorin collection of papers “Etnografije multiplicity for where we may go: to of the Prozori Gallery. Her field of regional magazines and media. He is residency at the Museumsquartier in interneta i Proizvodnja baštine: embrace a non-hierarchical thinking interest is the contemporary new a regular columnist of telegram.hr Vienna, Q21. As curator at the kritičke studije o nematerijalnoj and being so that a new philosophy media art and its research and portal and ”Oslobođenje“ from Museum of Modern and kulturi”. She was an editorial board and a new art will emerge from the socially transformative potentials Sarajevo. He published the following Contemporary Art in Rijeka, she member of the Etnološka tribina words, images, and stories that one that can become tools for activating books, “Između crvenog i crnog: often works on group exhibitions, journal, Nova etnografija library, and nomadically builds into a sacred the community in certain social Split i Mostar u kulturi sjećanja”, interested in questions around was a co-founder and editor of Zarez becoming. Though her experience situations, as well as the “Tišina poraženog grada”, “Povijest labour, hyper-production and – a biweekly journal of cultural and exists predominantly in the field of interdisciplinary collaboration poraženih”, “Jugoslavenstvo poslije scarcity of leisure time. Among such social events. education, currently, Cj lives in between art and other fields. She svega”, “Doba kontrarevolucije”, projects are ”The Munchhausen Marfa, Texas where she is a Teaching writes art criticism, texts about Usamljena djeca juga” i “Jugoslavija u effect: On time in times of having no SABINA SALAMON Assistant and a site steward for the artists, exhibition forewords, and has Hrvatskoj 1918.-2018.: od euforije do time“, 5020 Gallery, Salzburg, 2017 is a curator at the Museum of Institute for Doctoral Studies in published the following books, tabua”. (with Anamarija Batista); „Please Modern and Contemporary Art in Visual Art. “Andreja Kulunčić: umjetnost za empty your wallets“, MMSU Rijeka Rijeka. She develops interdisciplinary društvene promjene,” 2013, 2018 and DUGA MAVRINAC and Emil Filla Gallery, Usti nad approach resulting in some major DRAGO ŽUPARIĆ ILJIĆ “Sandro Đukić: The Outworn is a doctoral student of cultural Labem, 2016, ”From within the projects dealing with art in public is a sociologist and an assistant Structure,” 2019. She is the author or anthropology and ethnology at the giant’s belly“, MMSU Rijeka, 2015. space (project „Copula“, 2012-15), professor in the Department of co-author of art, art-research and Faculty of Social Sciences and interpretation of the smuggling Sociology at the Faculty of educational projects: “ARTeceda” Humanities, University of Zagreb, IGOR PETRIČEVIĆ phenomena („Smuggling Humanities and Social Sciences, (with Petra Dolanjski, in 2016), and a research assistant at the is a PhD student at the Department Anthologies“, 2012-15) and migration University of Zagreb, where he “Between There and There: Anatomy Institute for Anthropological of Social Anthropology since related project (Risk Change, 2016- earned his postgraduate doctoral of Temporary Migrations “ (with Research. Her research interests are September 2016. After finishing his 2020). degree in sociology in 2015. His Duga Mavrinac, from 2015 to 2019); focused on studying contemporary BA in Sociology and Anthropology research and teaching interests “Rječnik svakodnevnih interkacija” cultural and social phenomena with (2009-2012) at the University of ŽELJKO SENKOVIĆ include Sociology of migrations, (Novi list, 2011), “Majke i kćeri” (with a particular emphasis on female Zagreb, Croatia, he received his MSc holds a Bachelor›s degree in Sociology of ethnic relations and Marijana Stanić, Gallery 90-60-90, labour migration, informal economy, in Social and Cultural Anthropology philosophy and Greek language and Socio-demography, in particular the Zagreb, 2010, MKC-Multimedia commodification of care and paid (2013-2015) at the University of literature from the Faculty of scientific fields of Studies of forced Cultural Center Split, 2011). She is a domestic work, and the Leuven in Belgium with the thesis: Humanities and Social Sciences in migration and Refugee studies, and member of the Croatian Association anthropology of aging and home. “Navigating the Crisis and Zagreb. His Master and Doctoral the topics of migration, asylum, of Artists of Applied Arts (ULUPUH) She applied the potential of Negotiating Mobility: Trajectories of thesis dealt with Aristotle’s integration and national policies. He and a founding member of the interdisciplinary collaboration and Highly Educated Southern European philosophy. He is currently working published, independently or as a association IPAK – istraživački applicability of knowledge and terms Youth in Uncertainty”. He also holds as an associate professor in the co-author, approximately thirty projekti i autorske koncepcije. of cultural anthropology in numerous an MA in European Studies: Department of Philosophy at the scientific and professional papers, projects such as, ”New, new Transnational and Global Faculty of Humanities and Social and participated in many local and BARBARA MATEJČIĆ Babylon“ (Rijeka, 2008), ”Stand up Perspectives (2015-2016) from the Sciences in Osijek. His fields of international scientific and holds a degree in Croatian language artistic action“ (Rijeka, 2009), University of Leuven. Based on research are: practical philosophy, professional conferences. He is a and literature from the Faculty of ”Ne(istra)žena“ (Pula, 2012), ”The ethnographic fieldwork in Zagreb Greek philosophy, Kant, philosophy member of the Croatian Sociological Humanities and Social Sciences, Silent Art of Beekeeping“ between 2017 and 2018, his current of education. Senković is a member Association. University of Zagreb. She is a (Ethnographic Museum of Istria, doctoral research focuses on the of the Croatian Philosophical

RISK 330 331 CHANGE BIOGRAFIJE AUTORA TEKSTOVA IRENA BEKIĆ BARBARA MATEJČIĆ programa „Transformations in svakodnevne postupke i interakcije Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart”. U završila je povijest umjetnosti i diplomirala je Hrvatski jezik i European Societies network” u između bivših migranata, izbjeglica, njegovom životu sve je više komparativnu književnost na književnost na Filozofskom fakultetu koordinaciji osam evropskih tražitelja azila, lokalnih stanovnika i književnosti i ne-akademskog pisma. Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. u Zagrebu. Slobodna je novinarka i sveučilišta. Članica je uredništva aktivista pod utjecajem promjena Zaposlena je u Knjižnicama grada spisateljica fokusirana na društvene međunarodnog znanstvenog graničnih režima, migracijskih ruta i CJ STEPHENS Zagreba kao knjižničarka, voditeljica i teme i ljudska prava. Piše za tiskane i časopisa „Visual Ethnography”, zakonodavstva. je umjetnica i filozofkinja, trenutno kustosica Galerije Prozori. Predmet internetske medije u Hrvatskoj i autorica je više stručnih radova i na doktorskom studiju iz likovnih njezina interesa je suvremena inozemstvu, surađuje s članica strukovnih udruženja kao i IVA PLEŠE umjetnosti, fokusirana na novomedijska umjetnost te njezini međunarodnim istraživačkim, udruge IPAK – Istraživački projekti i diplomirala je komparativnu hermeneutiku svetog u riječima i istraživački i društveno medijskim i ljudsko-pravaškim autorske koncepcije, koja koristi književnost i etnologiju na slikama. Njezin interes za umjetnost transformacijski potencijali koji mogu organizacijama te je angažirana u interdisciplinarnu spregu umjetnosti Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu te povezan je s interesom za biti alati za aktiviranje zajednice untar medijskim edukacijama. Nagrađena i znanosti kao resurs u istraživanju magistrirala i doktorirala na istom pripovijedanje jer CJina osobna određenih društvenih situacija, kao i je za najbolje pisano novinarstvo u društvenih procesa. fakultetu, na Odsjeku za etnologiju i ekologija uključuje izgubljenu kulturu interdisciplinarne suradnje umjetnosti Hrvatskoj nagradom „Marija Jurić kulturnu antropologiju. Na Institutu Abenaki plemena. Umjesto prizivanja i drugih područja. Objavljuje likovnu Zagorka“, dobitnica je Nagrade za KSENIJA ORELJ za etnologiju i folkloristiku iz Zagreba duhova prošlosti koje nikada neće kritiku te predgovore za izložbe i promicanje mirotvorstva, nenasilja i diplomirala je povijest umjetnosti i zaposlena je od 2001. godine. upoznati ili idealiziranja prošlosti koju tekstove o umjetnicima, među kojima ljudskih prava “Krunoslav Sukić” te njemački jezik i književnost na Sudjelovala je u nekoliko znanstvenih nikada neće u potpunosti razumjeti, su i knjige „Andreja Kulunčić: priznanja za najbolje praćenje LGBT Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. projekata, a trenutno je suradnica na CJin cilj je stvoriti i veličati umjetnost za društvene promjene”, tematike u Hrvatskoj. Dobitnica je Orelj je magistrirala na Akademiji internom projektu IEF-a „Etnografija višestrukost puta pred nama: usvojiti 2013., 2018. i “Sandro Đukić: The nekoliko europskih stipendija za likovnih umjetnosti u Leipzigu, na izbjeglištva: hrvatski kontekst”. anti-hijerarhijsko razmišljanje i Outworn Structure”, 2019. Autorica je novinarski rad. Autorica je narativno- smjeru kustoske kulture, 2013. Autorica je knjige „Pismo, poruka, bivanje kako bi iz riječi, slika i priča ili suautorica umjetničkih, umjetničko novinarske knjige „Kako ste?“. Sudjelovala je na Intenzivnom mejl: etnografija korespondencije” te koje nomadski ugrađujemo u sveto istraživačkih i edukativnih projekta kustoskom tečaju, Independent suurednica zbornika „Etnografije postajanje proizišla nova filozofija i “ARTeceda” (s Petrom Dolanjski, od DRAGAN MARKOVINA Curators International, New York interneta” i „Proizvodnja baštine: nova umjetnost. Iako je njeno 2016.), “Između tamo i tamo: rođen je u Mostaru 1981. godine. 2011., a 2018. godine bila je kritičke studije o nematerijalnoj iskustvo većinom na obrazovnom anatomija privremenih migracija” (s Predsjednik je Nove ljevice. Doktor je rezidencijalna kustosica u Muzejskoj kulturi”. Bila je članica uredništva polju, CJ trenutno živi u Marfi, država Dugom Mavrinac, od 2015. do 2019.); povijesnih znanosti, esejist i četvrti (Museumsquartier) u Beču, časopisa „Etnološka tribina”, Teksas, gdje radi kao asistentica u „Rječnik svakodnevnih interkacija” kolumnist. Deset godina radio je na Q21. Kao kustosica u Muzeju uredništva „Biblioteke Nova nastavi i pročelnica Instituta za (Novi list, 2011.), „Majke i kćeri” (s Odsjeku za povijest Filozofskog moderne i suvremene umjetnosti u etnografija”, te suosnivačica i doktorski studij likovnih umjetnosti. Marijanom Stanić, Galerija 90-60-90, fakulteta u Splitu i pisao za brojne Rijeci, često surađuje na grupnim urednica u novinama za kulturna i Zagreb, 2010., MKC Split, 2011.). regionalne časopise i medije. izložbama, s interesima usmjerenim društvena pitanja „Zarez”. DRAGO ŽUPARIĆ ILJIĆ Članica je ULUPUH-a te osnivačica i Redovni je kolumnist portala na pitanja rada, hiper-produkcije i je sociolog i predavač-docent na članica Udruge IPAK – istraživački telegram.hr i sarajevskog nedostatka slobodnog vremena. SABINA SALAMON Odsjeku za sociologiju Filozofskog projekti i autorske koncepcije. „Oslobođenja”. Autor je knjiga Među takvim projektima su, „The je kustosica u Muzeju moderne i fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, gdje „Između crvenog i crnog: Split i Munchhausen effect: On time in suvremene umjetnosti u Rijeci. je 2015. završio poslijediplomski MARIJANA HAMERŠAK Mostar u kulturi sjećanja”, „Tišina times of having no time“, 5020 Razvija interdisciplinarne pristupe doktorski studij sociologije. Područje diplomirala je 2000. komparativnu poraženog grada”, „Povijest galerija, Salzburg, 2017. (s projektima, poput serije intervencija njegovog istraživačkog i nastavnog književnost i opću lingvistiku na poraženih”, „Jugoslavenstvo poslije Anamarijom Batista); „Izvolite u javnom prostoru („Spajalica“, 2012. interesa su Sociologija migracija, Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu, a svega”, „Doba kontrarevolucije” i ispraznite svoje džepove“, MMSU – 2015.), izložbi o fenomenu Sociologija etničkih odnosa i doktorirala 2008. na istome fakultetu. „Usamljena djeca juga”. Rijeka i Emil Filla Gallery, Usti nad krijumčarenja („Antologije Sociodemografija, a posebno Na Institutu za etnologiju i folkloristiku Labem, 2016, „Iz trbuha diva“, MMSU krijumčarenja“, 2012. – 2015.) i znanstvena polja Studije prisilnih zaposlena je od 2001. godine. DUGA MAVRINAC Rijeka, 2015. projekta vezanog uz migracije migracija i Izbjegličke studije, te Trenutno je suradnica na internom je doktorandica kulturne (RISKIRAJ PROMJENU, 2016. – 2020.). tematika migracijskih, azilnih, projektu IEF-a „Etnografija antropologije i etnologije pri IGOR PETRIČEVIĆ integracijskih i državljanskih politika. izbjeglištva: hrvatski kontekst“ te na Filozofskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u je doktorand na Odsjeku za socijalnu ŽELJKO SENKOVIĆ Samostalno ili u suautorstvu, objavio projektu Hrvatske zaklade za znanost Zagrebu te znanstvena novakinja na antropologiju od 2016. godine. diplomirao je na filozofiju i grčki jezik je tridesetak znanstvenih i stručnih „Ekonomski temelji hrvatske Institutu za antropologiju. Njezini Nakon što je diplomirao sociologiju i i književnost na Filozofskom fakultetu radova, te je sudjelovao na brojnim književnosti“ (voditeljica dr. sc. istraživački interesi usmjereni su na antropologiju (2009.- 2012.) na u Zagrebu. Na magisteriju i doktoratu domaćim i međunarodnim Maša Kolanović). Redovito objavljuje proučavanje suvremenih kulturnih i Sveučilištu u Zagrebu, Hrvatska, bavio se Aristotelovom filozofijom. znanstvenim i stručnim skupovima. radove u hrvatskim i inozemnim društvenih fenomena s posebnim magistrirao je na Odsjeku za Zaposlen je na Odsjeku za filozofiju Član je Hrvatskog sociološkog znanstvenim i stručnim časopisima te naglaskom na žensku radnu socijalnu i kulturnu antropologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Osijeku, sada društva. surađuje s medijima, obrazovnim, migraciju, neformalne ekonomiju, (2013.- 2015.) Sveučilišta Leuven u u zvanju redovitog profesora. kulturnim i znanstvenim komodifikaciju njege i plaćenog rada Belgiji sa tezom: „Navigating the Područja istraživanja: praktička organizacijama i inicijativama. u kućanstvu te antropologiju starenja Crisis and Negotiating Mobility: filozofija, grčka filozofija, Kant, Autorica je knjige „Pričalice: o i doma. Potencijale interdisciplinarne Trajectories of Highly Educated filozofija odgoja. Član je Hrvatskog povijesti djetinjstva i bajke“ (2011.) te suradnje i aplikabilnost znanja i Southern European Youth in filozofskog društva. Objavljuje suautorica knjige „Uvod u dječju pojmova kulturne antropologije Uncertainty“. Također je magistrirao znanstvene članke, esejistiku i književnost“ (s Dubravkom Zima, primjenjivala je u mnogobrojnim na programu Europski studiji: književnu kritiku. Pored toga, objavio 2015.). Sa Suzanom Marjanić uredila projektima poput „New, new transnacionalne i globalne je tri knjige: „Tertium datur. Prilozi uz je zbornik „Folkloristička čitanka“ Babylon” (Rijeka, 2008.), „Stand up” perspektive (2015.-2016.) Sveučilišta pitanja o religiji i čovjeku“, FFOS, (2010.), s Ivom Pleše i Ana-Marijom umjetnička akcija (Rijeka, 2009.), Leuven. Na temelju etnografskog Osijek, 2014; „Aristotelova etika“, Vukušić zbornik „Proizvodnja baštine“ „Ne(istra)žena” (Pula, 2012.), terenskog rada provedenog u FFOS, Osijek, 2011; „Aristotelova (2013.), a s Eminom Bužinkić zbornik „Pčelarstvo tihi zanat” (Etnografski Zagrebu između 2017. i 2018. godine, kritika demokracije“, FFOS, Osijek, „Kamp, koridor, granica: studije muzej Istre 2014.), „Između tamo i njegovo doktorsko istraživanje 2007. Suradnik je na međunarodnom izbjeglištva u suvremenom hrvatskom tamo: anatomija privremenih fokusirano je na načine stvaranja znanstvenom projektu: “Spuren kontekstu“ (2017., prijevod na engleski migracija” (Rijeka, 2017.). Članica nove raznolikosti u Hrvatskoj i deutscher Sprache, Literatur und jezik 2018.). međunarodnog doktorskog prilagođavanja na iste kroz Kultur in Kroatien – von den

RISKIRAJ 332 333 PROMJENU Publisher / Izdavač Project manager / Voditeljica projekta Muzej moderne i suvremene — Marina Tkalčić umjetnosti, Rijeka Museum of Modern and Set up / Tehnički postav / Contemporary Art, Rijeka — Vanja Pužar, Anton Samaržija; Krešimirova 26c, mmsu.hr Miroslav Šarić, Gregor Bogdanović

For the publisher / Za izdavača Public relations / Odnosi s javnošću — Slaven Tolj — Jelena Androić, Ivo Matulić

Editorial board / Urednički tim Photo documentation / — Ksenija Orelj, Sabina Salamon, Fotodokumentacija Marina Tkalčić — Neli Ružić („Sjene budućnosti“), Boris Tenšek („Između tamo i tamo: Associates / Suradnice anatomija privremenih migracija“), — Kora Girin, Katerina Jovanović Damir Žižić

Texts / Tekstovi Video documentation / — Irena Bekić & Duga Mavrinac, Videodokumentacija Manuela Bojadžijev, Marijana — Igor Crnković Hameršak & Iva Pleše, Dragan Markovina, Barbara Matejčić & Drago Museum education / Edukacija Župarić-Iljić, Ksenija Orelj & Sabina — Milica Đilas, Ivana Lučić, Salamon, Igor Petričević, Željko Marina Tkalčić Senković, C. J. Stephens Documentation / Dokumentacija Translation / Prijevod — Diana Zrilić — Lidija Toman, Andy Jelčić, Robertina Tomić In collaboration with / U suradnji s — Art-kino Croatia, Centar za mirovne Copy editing / Lektura studije, Hrvatski filmski savez, Muzej — Kate Foley, Gordana Ožbolt, grada Rijeke, Odsjek za kulturalne Lidija Toman studije, FF Rijeka, Pomorski i povijesni muzej Hrvatskog primorja Rijeka Graphic design / Grafičko oblikovanje The project is a part of the Kitchen — Marino Krstačić-Furić & Ana Tomić flagship, within the Rijeka 2020 – European Capital of Culture. / Print / Tisak Izložba je dio programske linije — Kerschoffset, Zagreb Kuhinja unutar programa Rijeka 2020 – Europska prijestolnica kulture. Print run / Naklada — 500

Publication no. / Broj publikacije — 394

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