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Federal Register/Vol. 71, No. 89/Tuesday, May 9, 2006/Rules Federal Register / Vol. 71, No. 89 / Tuesday, May 9, 2006 / Rules and Regulations 26835 I 2. Revise paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) § 1200.7 What are NARA logos and how (1) The Federal Records Center of § 1200.7 to read as follows: are they used? Program; (a) * * * (2) The National Historical Publications and Records Commission; * * * * * This final rule implements the Federal in) of rain per year, while some leeward Dated: May 3, 2006. protections provided by the Act for coasts that lie in the rain shadow of the Allen Weinstein, these 12 species of Hawaiian picture- high volcanoes are classified as deserts, wing flies. receiving as little as 25 cm (10 in) of Archivist of the United States. DATES: This final rule is effective June rain annually. This topographic and [FR Doc. 06–4302 Filed 5–8–06; 8:45 am] 8, 2006. climatic regime has given rise to a rich BILLING CODE 7515–01–P ADDRESSES: Comments and materials diversity of plant communities, received, as well as supporting including coastal, lowland, montane, documentation used in the preparation subalpine, and alpine; dry, mesic, and DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR of this final rule, will be available for wet; and herblands, grasslands, shrublands, forests, and mixed Fish and Wildlife Service public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the communities (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990). These habitats and plant 50 CFR Part 17 Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Ala communities in turn support one of the RIN 1018 AG23 Moana Boulevard, Room 3–122, Box most unique arthropod faunas in the 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850. world, with an estimated 10,000 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: endemic species (Howarth 1990). and Plants; Determination of Status for Patrick Leonard, Field Supervisor, Unusual characteristics of Hawaii’s 12 Species of Picture-Wing Flies From Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office native arthropod fauna include the the Hawaiian Islands (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone 808/ presence of relict species; the absence of AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, 792–9400; facsimile 808/792–9581). social insects, such as ants and termites; Interior. Persons who use a telecommunications endemic genera; extremely small geographic ranges; adaptation of species ACTION: Final rule. device for the deaf (TDD) may call the Federal Information Relay Service to very specific conditions or SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and (FIRS) at 800/877–8339, 24 hours a day, environments; novel ecological shifts; Wildlife Service (Service), determine 7 days a week. flightlessness; and loss of certain endangered status pursuant to the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: antipredator behaviors (Zimmerman Endangered Species Act of 1973, as 1948, 1970; Simon et al. 1984; Howarth amended (Act), for 11 species of Background 1990). Native vegetation on all the main Hawaiian picture-wing flies— Many of the major ecological zones of Hawaiian Islands has undergone Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. the earth are represented in Hawaii, extreme alteration because of past and hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. from coral reef systems through rain present land management practices, montgomeryi, D. musaphilia, D. forests to high alpine deserts, in less including ranching, introduction of neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, than 10,800 square kilometers (6,500 nonnative plants and animals, and D. substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia. square miles) of land. The range of agricultural development (Cuddihy and We determine threatened status topographies creates a great diversity of Stone 1990). pursuant to the Act for one species of climates. Windward (northeastern) Each species of Hawaiian picture- Hawaiian picture-wing fly—D. mulli. slopes can receive up to 1,000 cm (400 wing fly described in this document is VerDate Aug<31>2005 15:32 May 08, 2006 Jkt 208001 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\09MYR1.SGM 09MYR1 mstockstill on PROD1PC68 with RULES ER09MY06.000</GPH> ER09MY06.001</GPH> 26836 Federal Register / Vol. 71, No. 89 / Tuesday, May 9, 2006 / Rules and Regulations found only on a single island, and the Kaneshiro 1995). While the larval stages 1971, routine sampling in the Tantalus larvae of each are dependant upon only of most species are saprophytic (feeding area has documented dramatic declines a single or a few related species of on decaying vegetation, such as rotting in the abundance of some Drosophila plants (see Table 1). These host plant leaves, bark, flowers, and fruits), some species and in other cases local species are threatened by a variety of have become highly specialized, being extirpations (Foote and Carson 1995). factors, including their direct carnivorous on egg masses of spiders, or All 12 species described below belong destruction by pigs, goats, cattle, rats, feeding on green algae growing to the species group commonly known and competition with nonnative plants, underwater on boulders in streams as the picture-wing Drosophila. This and the indirect effects of soil (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995). group consists of 106 known species, disturbance which further promotes the Hawaiian Drosophila, and in most of which are relatively large with spread of nonnative species (see Factors particular picture-wing Drosophila, are elaborate markings on the otherwise A and C below). In addition to the unique among living organisms because clear wings of both sexes, the pattern of habitat alteration, the picture-wing flies adaptive radiation (the evolution of an included in this rule are threatened by ancestral species, which was adapted to which varies among species (Hardy and a variety of introduced predatory a particular way of life, into many Kaneshiro 1981; Carson 1992). The species including yellow jackets and diverse species, each adapted to a picture-wing Drosophila have been several ant species. This suite of threats different habitat) has resulted in referred to as the ‘‘birds of paradise’’ of to the picture-wing flies and its habitat unparalleled biological diversity within the insect world because of their are discussed in more detail in the a single large, closely related group of relatively large size, colorful wing Summary of Factors Affecting the species (Foote and Carson 1995). The patterns, and the males’ elaborate Species section. banding patterns of all five major courtship displays and territorial Flies in the Drosophilidae family in chromosome arms among 106 species of defense behaviors. Hawaii represent one of the most Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila Males occupy territories that serve as remarkable cases of specific adaptation revealed a 5 million-year-old mating arenas, or leks, to which to local conditions that has been found evolutionary history rooted to species receptive females are attracted. The in any group of animals (Hardy and on the island of Kauai (Carson 1992). male Drosophila use different Kaneshiro 1981). These insects are This work on the evolutionary history of techniques to ward off competing distributed throughout the eight main Hawaiian Drosophila augments an suitors. One species, Drosophila Hawaiian Islands (i.e., Hawaii, Maui, extensive systematic treatment of the heteroneura, butts heads like bighorn Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Niihau, genus (Hardy 1965; Kaneshiro 1976). sheep. Others grasp one another with and Kahoolawe), and each species is Unlike numerous Hawaiian insects legs and wings in a wrestling match. Yet typically found on a single island known only from their original another tries to intimidate with noise, (Carson and Yoon 1982). taxonomic descriptions, many aspects of creating a buzzing roar with muscles The general life cycle of Hawaiian Hawaiian Drosophilidae biology have from its abdomen. When the male has Drosophilidae is typical of that of most been researched, including their secured his position in the lek, he flies: After mating, females lay eggs from internal and external morphology, performs a detailed choreography of which larvae (immature stage) hatch; as behavior, ecology, physiology, behaviors for the females visiting that larvae grow they molt (shed their skin) biochemistry, the banding sequence of site. If he does not convey the right through three successive stages (instars); giant chromosomes, and the structure of moves and messages, she leaves without when fully grown, the larvae change their DNA (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro mating. Each species has its own ritual; into pupae (a transitional form) in 1995). More than 80 research scientists some include dancing around the which they metamorphose and emerge and over 350 undergraduates, graduate female, buzzing of wings at a specific as adults. students, and postdoctoral fellows have Breeding generally occurs year-round, participated in research on many pitch, placing the male’s head under the but egg laying and larval development species of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae, female’s wing, tongue-tasting, or increase following the rainy season as resulting in over 600 scientific dousing the female with pheromone. the availability of decaying matter, publications. The primary dataset we used to which the flies feed on, increases in Because a large number of sites across document observations of these picture- response to the heavy rains (K. the Hawaiian Islands have been wing flies spans the years 1965 to 1999 Kaneshiro, in litt., 2005b). In general, surveyed since the 1960s using bait (K. Kaneshiro, in litt., 2005a). Drosophila lay between 50 and 200 eggs stations that are not species-specific, Additional data were obtained from in a single clutch. Eggs develop into researchers have a relatively good individuals familiar with particular adults in about a month, and adults understanding of the distribution of species and locations. Many sites were generally become sexually mature one Drosophila species and how that surveyed infrequently or have not been month later. Adults generally live for distribution has changed over time. surveyed in a long time while others one to two months. Biologists have observed a general have relatively complete records from As a group, Hawaiian Drosophilidae decline of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae 1966 to 1999.
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