Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Süleyman Demirel University Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 1, 80-90, 2016 Volume 20, Issue 1, 80-90, 2016

Cilt 20, Sayı DOI: 10.19113/sdufbed.71792

Investigation of The Traditional Seljuks and Principalities Period Baths Within The Conservation and Restoration: The Example of Baths

Ayşe Betül GÖKARSLAN*, Meryem Elif ÇELEBİ Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, . D., 32200, Isparta

Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, Restorasyon A 17.08.2015, Kabul / Accepted: 29.01

(Alınış / Received: .2016, Online Yayınlanma / Published Online: 15.04.2016)

Keywords Abstract:

The city Isparta is located around the Lakes Region in the Mediterranean ConservationTraditional Baths Region of . Date of settlement in Isparta goes back to the upper Paleolithics, Historical Isparta Baths era. Isparta went under theOttoman administration of Luvi and Arzava Phrygians, Lydia, aPersia, small Anatolian Kingdom cit of Pergamon, Roman Empire, , Seljuk Restoration Hamitoğulları Principality, Empire and Republic of Turkey. Isparta is still y along with its 12 district. Isparta represents the classical Turkish city concept with its mosques, covered bazaar, baths and churches. One of the most important historical structures of Isparta is bath. Baths came to be used less frequently with the construction of bathrooms in every apartment. The elderly people generally use the baths in Isparta. Due to a major decrease in their number, baths are not sufficiently functional and face with important protection issues. Traditional Isparta baths have been reviewed in detail in terms of their architecture and preservation withinand the literaturescope of this review study. aveParticularly been performed; the baths belonging to the era of Seljuk and Hamitoğulları Principality have major and urgent protection issues. Archive h architectural features of the structures have been examined; damages have been evaluated and reasons for deterioration have been analyzed. In the conclusion part, recommendations for protection and new functions have been stated so that these structures will be transferred to next generations by preserving their structural characteristics and individualities. Geleneksel Selçuklu ve Beylikler Dönemi Hamamlarının Koruma ve Restrasyon Kapsamında İncelenmesi: Isparta Hamamları Örneği

Anahtar Kelimeler Özet:

Isparta Kenti, Türkiye'nin Akdeniz Bölgesi'nin Göller yöresi merkezinde KorumaGeleneksel Hamamlar konumlanmaktadır.lar Yerleşme tarihi, üst paleolitik dönemle başlayan Isparta, Tarihi Isparta Hamamları sırasıyla Luvi ve Arzava Frig, Lidya, Pers, Bergama Krallığı, Roma, Bizans, Selçuklu , Hamitoğulları Beyliği, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Restorasyon Devleti yönetimine girmiştir. Isparta, halen 12 ilçesi ile birlikte küçük bir Anadolu kenti olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir. Isparta camileri, bedesteni, hamamları ve kiliseleri ile geleneksel Türk kentini yansıtır. Isparta’nın tarihi kent dokusunun önemli yapılarından birisi de hamamlardır. Hamamlar, günümüzde her evde nüfusununbanyoların d yapılması nedeniyle daha az kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Isparta’da hamamların kullanıcıları genelde halkın yaşlı kesimidir. Bu kullanıcı kitlesinin a giderek azalması nedeniyle hamamlar, işlevini kaybetmekte ve önemli koruma sorunlarıyla karşı karşıya gelmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Isparta’daki geleneksel hamam yapıları mimari ve koruma açısından detaylı incelenmiştir. Özellikle Selçuklu ve Hamitoğulları Beyliği'ne ait hamamların koruma sorunlarının büyüklüğü ve aciliyeti dikkati çekmiştir. Çalışmada arşiv ve literatür taramaları yapılmış, yapıların mimari özellikleri incelenmiş, bozulma durumları tespit edilmiş ve bozulma nedenleri analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde tarihsel ve yapısal özelliklerini kaybetmeden, özgünlüklerini koruyarak gelecek kuşaklara aktarılmaları için koruma ve yeni işlev önerileri getirilmiştir. * İlgili yazar: [email protected] 80

A.B. G elebi

ökarslan, M. E. Ç 1. Introduction

ture and conservation situations of There is not an academic study discussed in detail culturalBaths built center up since the ancient period function as a about architec to recreation and sports arena just like a social and traditional Isparta baths. In recent years, there is not along with being a health, cleaning enough work growing bath restoration in Isparta. To and bathing space. The bath architecture observed in and the surrounding. This problem has led to the Greeks during[1, 2] . 300 BC constitutes a basis for shortage of documentation and restoration Roman Baths due to its spatial and functional determine the status of the extant baths originality, characteristics sports 2.typological Material comparison is required. According to various ar Public baths functioning as recreation and resources is located in and area in Romans were used for a different purpose chives and literature criticalsince bodily concern hygiene and gainedenclosed importance spaces began in line to with be the number of baths formedthe Muslim and belief. cells Incalled Muslim halvet baths, privacy became a around Isparta changes. It is stated in Yearbook of 1877[6] that there were 5 baths in were used to bath. Isparta [7] Center while there were 6 baths[8] according indicated to Open and close areas in Turkish baths are smaller the Yearbook of 1892 . Karçınzade [7, 8]. According Süleyman to than the Roman baths. As a difference from Ottoman Şükrü noted 7 baths while Böcüzade basementbaths, since some Roman Baths are bigger, that there were 6 baths in 1908 supplementary ignition ovens were put in the Konya Province Yearbook of 1892, there were 11 [3, 4]. Another important difference is itsbaths villages in total; [9, 310] in Eğirdir, 3 in Yalvaç and its villages, while there are pools keeping dull water in Roman 3 in Karaağaç and its villagess in and and 2 inaround Isparta, and baths; Ottoman baths have spaces where circulating . From the archives, it is noted that water runs through. Still water is kept only in healing there were numerous bath waters such as thermals.fter Watercleaning movement yourself [2, was 5]. but a few of them have survived until today. ensured through the bubbles in these healing pools period in and around where you may go into a Currently there are 14 baths and 1 thermal belonging Furthermore, facades of Ottoman baths known. for to Seljuk and -Principalities 9 o their introvert structures are quite simple against the Isparta. It is contemplated that(1301 3 - of them belong to3 embellished façades of the Roman baths [3, 4] Seljuks (1060 1308) while f them belong to Hamitoğulları Principalities 1423). Although There are many traditional baths built beginning baths are known to belong to Seljuk and Principalities from the Early Roman period until the Republican Period, the and exact period could not be determined. period in and around Isparta, bath culture and These baths are Municipality Bath, Aliköy andtradition destroyed. of which Significant goes back preservation to early dates problems (Figure are 1). TableVillage Bath1. Yalvaç Old andBath (Table 1). However, the majorityin of use. them have been deserted Seljuk Principalities Period observed in those still IspartaNo Name Baths Of Survived UntilPeriod Today (Gökarslan,Date 2014)1 1179 2 1220- Uluborlu Baltabey Bath Anatolia Seljuk 1237 3 Gönen Bath Anatolia Seljuk - 1278 Uluborlu Karabey Bath Anatolia Seljuk -1240

Figure 1. 54 Yalvaç Old Bath Anatolia Seljuk / - Hamitoğulları P. 6 Aliköy Village Bath Anatolia Seljuk / - Location of Isparta in Turkey and Hamitoğulları P. Location of City Center in Isparta 7 Atabey Municipality Bath Anatolia Seljuk / 1307- Hamitoğulları P. 1308 8 Eğirdir Esma Sultan Bath Hamitoğulları In this work, all bath structures in Isparta have been (Dündar Bey Bath) Principality examined in detail in terms of their architecture and 9 Büyükgökçeli Bath (Büyük Hamitoğulları 13331314 preservation without regarding the construction Findos Bath) Principality or and 10 Eğirdir Yeşil Ada Bath Hamitoğulları 1333 date. Particularly the baths belonging to the era of Principality Seljukreview and Hamitoğulları Principality have maj 11 Eğirdir Burcu Bey Bath Hamitoğulları c. (Yazla Bath) Principality urgent protection issues. Archive and literature 12 Gökçe (Beydere)- Village Hamitoğulları P. 14. have been performed; architectural features Bath century of the structures have been examined; damages have 13 Eğirdir - Barla Göçeri Hamitoğulları 14. part, İbrahim Paşa Bath Principality century recommendbeen evaluatedations and for reasons protection for and deterioration new functions have Eğirdir Barla Çaşnıgir Hamitoğulları 14.- 15. been analyzed. In the conclusion Paşa Bath Principality century 1514 Avşar (Afşar) Hamitoğulları 14.-15. Village Bath Principality century have been stated so that these structures will be Şarkikaraağaç Hamitoğulları 14. transferred to next generations by preserving their Aslandoğmuş Village Principality 81 Thermal structural characteristics and individualities. Investigation of The Traditional Seljuks and Principalities Period Baths Within The Conservation and Restoration: The Example of Isparta Baths

[11] ies There are also baths which belonged to Seljuk andies itsDoğan material andclaims plan typology that the[11]. bath belongs to Principalit Period, but could not survive today in Principalities Period and even 14th century in light of and around Isparta. 4 Seljuk and 2 Principalit period baths have been determined to have not er resource, settlement survived until today according to the literature and Location of the baths was determined according to archive sources. Sülübey, Uluborlu- Emrem, Uluborlu their distance to the wat Saraçbaşı and Uluborlu Çelebiler Baths are the baths center; their relation with nearby mosques, belonging to Seljuk period (1060y 1308)(1256 and- could not madrasahs and public houses as well as in line with survive until today. Şarkikarağaç Old- Bath belonged the topography. Finding the water to be the resource to Karamanoğulları Principality 1483) while for baths was considered a business harder than Isparta Keçeci (Hızırbey) Bath (1327 1328) belonged building the bath. Therefore, those who intended[12] to to Hamitoğulları Principalit and they could not be have baths built were not allowed to construct the Tablepreserved 2. until today (Tableand 2). bath before finding necessary water source . The of Not Survived Until Today [13] districtbaths in were Isparta provided city center water were from provided Cirimbolu water Stream from Anatolia Seljuk Principalities Period Andık and Beldibi Stream while the baths in Uluborlu IspartaNo Bath’s Baths Name Period Date 1 1135 flowing from Kapı Dağı. 2 - 3 Isparta Sülübey Bath Anatolia Seljuk - Uluborlu Emrem Bath Anatolia Seljuk - Public baths were perceived as significant structures- 5 Uluborlu Saraçbaşı Bath Anatolia Seljuk 1281 earning income for foundations such as mosques, 64 Uluborlu Çelebiler Bath Anatolia Seljuk comadrassas, public houses and fountains. Such profit Şarkikarağaç Eski Bath Karamanoğulları P. making baths became a part of social complexes or a Isparta Keçeci Bath Hamitoğulları P. 1284 nstruction element of other foundation structures. 2.1. Locations of the Traditional Seljuk and Baths of Uluborlu Baltabey, Uluborlu Karabey, Yalvaç Principalities Period Isparta Baths Eski, Barla Çaşnıgir Paşa, Eğirdir Esma Sultan, Gelendost Avşar Village, Büyükgökçeli Village and Atabey Municipality were established close to the mosques or madrassas in the city center and earned KeçiborluThere are d traditional baths in Eğirdir, Yalvaç, profits for the foundation structures. Isparta Keçeci Uluborlu, Gelendost, Gönen, Atabey, and Bath which did not survive was built close to Hızırbey istricts of Isparta along with the city Mosque and its madrassa (Figure 2). center. Although there is no certain evidence that there are traditional baths in Aksu, Sütçüler and noYenişarbademli written data districts, could beoral collected archives notesubstantiating that there were baths in Aksu and Sütçüler districts. However,

Ittheir was presence. d district (1060etermined- that the baths belonging to Seljuk Period were generally located in and around Uluborlu 1308). There is a bath belonging to this period in Gönen district. Furthermore, it is known that there was a Seljuk bath in Isparta city center which could not be preserved. - Capital city of Hamitoğulları Principality which ruled the area during the period of 1301 1423 was firstly Uluborlu, and then Eğirdir district. Therefore, baths belonging to this period were mostly located in Figure 2. Eğirdir district and spread around the area of the [13] principalities’ hegemony. There are baths belonging Isparta Baths Location in Seljuk and to this period in Büyükgökçeli in Isparta Town city and center Gelendost and Principalities Period Avşar Town. Furthermore, a bath belonging to generally situated close to public spaces and Hamitoğulları (1256 Principality- Market place baths constructed on their own were another bath belong ing to Karamanoğulları Principality 1483) in Şarkikaraağaç district structures in the city center. rict For people. example, CurrentlyAliköy has been determined. 3 nonVillage- Bath is nested with the tomb belonging to an important person for the dist It is considered that other baths, the periods of existent Isparta Sülübey Bath is close to the open datewhich could not be determined, were built up around space of the neighborhood. In the settlement areas 13th and 14th centuries. Although the construction 82 with a certain management center, the number of of Yalvaç Old Bath is unknown, Nermin Şaman A.B. G elebi

ökarslan, M. E. Ç Table 3. r and Uluborlu and [13] baths increased as an indicator of power. For Analyze For Architectural Of Isparta Baths example, in places such as Eğirdi Belonging Name To SeljukArchitectural Principalities Plan Type UsagePeriod Structure and Plan Type Material districts, the number of baths increased more as Uluborlu Type 1-b Single cut stone, 2.2.compared Architectural to other settlement Features centers. of Traditional Rubble stone, Isparta Baths during Seljuk and Principalities Baltabey Bath Type 6 Single cutbrick stone ,

Period Gönen Bath Rubble, stone, wood Uluborlu Type 5 Single Brick SELJUK PERIOD SELJUK cut stone, Rubble stone, Anatolia is planned by arranging cold section YalvaçKarabey Old Bath Type 5 Single regularbrick cut (Generalsoğukluk architectural structureılıklık of the baths in stone,Rubble stone, (sıcaklık Bath , ), warm section ( ), hot section Type 6 Single Brick, ), water tank and furnace places in order adobe brick taşlık (entrance, air Aliköy Village Rubble stone along with a single axis. Except for these parts, some Bath spoile aralık Atabey Type 1-b Single Materials used baths have sections such as Municipality construction r) and [14, 15]. For reasons such as cannotin the be UNKNOWN CERTAINLY topography and parcel sizes, dressing section or Bath determined. warm section has been separated from this axis in Type 1-b Single (Stone) section,some baths. furnace However, although dressing section or Eğirdir Esma Type 5 Single Rubbleubble stonestone. Sultan Bath brick warm section was planned outside the axis, hot Cut stone FindosBüyükgökçeli R place and water tank was always Bath (Büyük Type 5 situated on the same axis due to warming technique. Ada Bath) regular cut Eğirdir Yeşil stone,Rubble stone,

There [16, are 17] rooms. for cleaning such as shaving and Bath Type 5 Single

toilet in the dressing rooms or warm section in some RIOD CBrick,ut stone baths period Gökçe Rubble stone (Beydere)- Barla Type 5 Single Village Bath andBrick, cut stone Isparta baths during Seljuk and Principalities Eğirdir Rubble stone Göçeri been used. cubicle.are consisted Dressing of mainroom spaces is almost such lost as in dressing certain publicroom, İbrahim- PaşaBarla Type 6 Single and brick has Bath Cut stone warm and hot section as well as bathing private Eğirdir Rubble stone,

PRINCIPALITIES PE Çaşnıgir Paşa GelendostBath Type 5 Single brick baths such as Baltabey and Karabey in Uluborlu, Wood Rubble stone Eğirdir Barla Göçeri İbrahim Paşa and Gökçe Avşar (Afşar) - SingleBath brick Village Bath (Beydere) baths. There are small spaces for shaving, cut stone VillageŞarkikaraağaç Rubble stone toilet etc. in baths such as Uluborlu Baltabey, Eğirdir Aslandoğmuş Bath Barla Çaşnıgir, Eğirdir Esma Sultan, Atabey Thermal YalvMunicipality. These small spaces were subsequently built in concrete in Gelendost Avşar, Gönen and aç baths (Table 3). of Isparta traditional belongs to Semavi Eyice. The most comprehensive study on typology and around all -the baths from the Seljuk and baths In this Principalities- have "single bath" plan type. Three-5 plan. of context, in the works by Semavi Eyice, bath these baths have type 1 plan, three of these baths architecture is divided into 6 depending on the classification is as follows: have type 6 plan and 7 baths have type temperature and status of the bath type. The Şarkikaraağaç Aslandoğmuş Thermal Bath does not cubicles (Type - enter the class of any plan type. • With four iwan in cruciform and e square- 1) Uluborlu Baltabey, Atabey Municipality and Eğirdir • With hot section in stellate form (Typ 2)- Esma Sultan baths have two cornered cubicles with • PrivateMulti- cell type arranged around a square three iwans hot rooms. It was understood that such source of heat- (secluded from three angles) (Type 3) bath types existed both at the time of Seljuks and (Type• - domed hot room type (heat separated Principalities. Uluborlu Karabey, Yalvaç, Eğirdir Barla into equally domed spaces, supported with columns) Göçeri İbrahim Paşa, Gökçe (Beydere) Village, Eğirdir dome 4) - Yeşil Ada, Büyükgökçeli Village and Gelendost Avşar • Dual secluded type which have a central Village baths are central domed, with heat in width and heated in width (Type 5) - [18]. and double cubicle plan. It was understood that such • Separated into equal rooms with warm and bath types existed both at the time of Seljuks and hot rooms (heat from equal spaces) (Type 6) Principalities. Aliköy bath was constructed to provide equal heat in equal warm and hot rooms. Gönen and Eğirdir Barla Çaşnıgiris Paşa baths are also included in this plan despite complying with the rules partially. 83 In these baths, there pass through a square heat in

Investigation of The Traditional Seljuks and Principalities Period Baths Within The Conservation and Restoration: The Example of Isparta Baths

To tabulations, a of traditional c are the middle of the oblong warm section to two rchitectural features , are ubicles on the right and left which are in equal size. Ispartadiscussed bathsin two differentexamined ways as, survived these and baths’ not The plan type peculiar to these baths are observed current preservation circumstances analyzed only in Seljuk period (Table 3). be also typologies are classified according to Semavi Eyice Introvert façade character of the traditional bath survived today. Extant baths (survived) plan architecture which is closedy periods to outsidein and around determination. Conservation situations are observed observed in the public baths belonging to Seljuk and andstudy. corruptions These reasons typologies are identified. are compared period Hamitoğulları Principalit Isparta. Lightening is provided via a coverage system In accordance of a , solution generallymostly; no small, façade n openness is encountered except several windows in the dressing section. Doors are ll these methods Isparta arrow and low in order to keep the recommendationss. Finally reuse are recommendations brought for conservation are made. and heat inside. There are rubble walls ordered regularly transfer to next generations of traditional and irregularly on the façades in the baths with 4bath. Problem andgenuine windows architecture. Straight cut stones are also used at the end of the corners of the structure. Doors are covered with bricks or stone (Table 3). It21, has but beenonly 15 determined that the number of Isparta baths pertaining to Seljuk and Principalities Period is Warm and hot sections as well as cubicles are of them survived until today. 3 public generally square shaped and covered with a dome. In baths pertaining to Seljuk Periodwere destroyed are not in for use various and is centralsome baths dome such as Uluborlu Baltabey Bath, there are in ruins. 5 baths and 1 thermal pertaining to two vaults aside the dome in heat sections with Hamitoğulları Principality structures. In such types of baths, warm reasons such as wrong attachment and restoration sections are rectangular and covered with pointedVault, works. Among the baths of this period, only Eğirdir vaults. Dressing sections are built with timber, in Esma Sultan and Büyükgökçeli Baths still carry out elemerectangular form and covered with ballast roof. their functions. Büyükgökçeli Bath is used only in pendant and Turkish triangle was used as transition winter. Yalvaç and Gökçe Village Baths, among the nts to the dome. There are embroideries on the inbaths a couplewhose periodyears agois u nknown,and closed are byin ruins.municipality Atabey transition stone parts, such as quillwork (Table 3). decisionsMunicipality Bath was destroyed for several reasons

Rubble cut stone, brick and mixed materials despite being still in use. Aliköy Village wallwere used in the baths in and around Isparta. Rubble Bath, on the other hand, was not used for years due to stone was used regularly and irregularly to build the the tomb nearby and was not taken care. This bath s. Cut stone was used in the corners of the became a place visited for its fountain to have the façades generally, in furnace arches, door and bride, bridegroom or circumcised boys drink water window lintels at times. Brick was used mostly in the before the celebrations. establishmentand of the coverage system such as arches, wo domes and vaults of the public baths pertaining to The factors leading to destruction in the historical Seljuk Principalities period. The use of mixed structures have been classified under the t materials also attracts attention in the baths in and headings being internal and external by Zeynep around Isparta. Mostly decorative mixed materials Ahunbay. External factors are the location of the were used. Mixed materials can be seen in the façade, structure (located in a sink, uphill waterfront etc.), warm section, dressing section and pool sprinklers. prolonged natural factors (wind, frost etc.), natural The basins in the cubicle of Barla Çaşnıgir Bath were disasters (flood, typhoon, landslide, earthquake etc.), formed by carving the internal parts of the column human factor (abandonment, misuse, wrongful heads (Table 3). - repairs, fires, wars, vandalism, public works, tourism, materialair pollution, use, poor traffic). labor Internal and use factors of detail are as structural well as While there are many examples of basins and waterd, errors (nature of the construction technique), wrong tanks with fountain preserved until today in Isparta used [20]. baths belonging to Seljuk and Principalities Perio the nature of the material and construction technique originals of the decorative elements such as heated It has been determined that the baths marble3. Method platformss and vapor yashmaks (Table 3). analyzed under the scope of the worknment, were destroyed abuse, by external factors emerging from human activities. Particularly, negligence, abando secondly on-site due diligence, , wrongful repairs, vandalism, public works were tabulationsIn this study, for firstly better archive understanding and literature of obtained scanning, data, reasons for the destruction. photography One of the reasons for destruction in baths is natural methods are used climate conditions lasting long. The plaster made up 84 of natural stone or brick eroding in time due to

A.B. G elebi constant ökarslan, M. E. Ç [19]. Tütekliks may be damaged rain, snow and wind lead to the collapse of central heating is used instead of this traditional the material after being disintegrated. Moisture from heating system the basement and rain from the roof causes during the repairs in some baths. This creates a great ofdampness some ba and mosses on the walls, roofs and fringes. risk of pressure, which may cause explosions. While Additionally, blossoming was observed on the walls in traditional baths clean water runs through the taps Doors and windowsths. Nearly made all of of natural the dressing wood decayed sections over the clean water basins, dirty water flows with a structured in timber were demolished or destroyed. light slope where the platform intersects with the upholster to hot section, cubicles, warm section and todue negligence. to long lasting unfavorable weather conditions. then to the toilets via conduits. Since these conduits Water pipes in metal and copper boilers rusted due were covered or left with dirt in them, the pipeline long- Od stone in the burner channels which leads to breakdowns in Isparta baths. The basin and are specially designed in public baths decayed due to comtap which are other structural elements of the public term heat. It was observed that there were no baths are replaced with new ones which do not destructions depending on the internal factors of the ply with the relevant period. structures (Table 4). are partially funded by various corporations and Although restoration works for these historical places Unconsciousness of the public is one of the most important factors triggering destructions in the constructinstitutions,ion thesesite and funds application are not enough.cannot beRestoration provided historical buildings. This is one of the major problems works cost a lot to afford. For this reason, an efficient of Isparta baths which are located in the countryoilet and are not in use. These baths are used for wrong without the support of periods the local in Isparta and general need purposes such as warehouse, store, t management. It is obvious that the baths belonging to garbage rooms. For example, residents around Gönen Seljukdue to eco andnomic Principalities barriers Bath use the place as straw warehouse and toilet restoration. On the other hand, these baths are idle whereas Eğirdir Yeşil Ada Bath which is considered 5. Conclusion to belong to 19th century is used as garbage store by the nearby hotels and restaurants.

The baths still functioning are observed to have been According to the in site determinations and analysis subjected to wrong and additional repairs. Eğirdir of destructions, traditional Isparta baths must be Esma Sultan and Büyükgökçeli Baths are illustrative immediately put under protection. For this reason, removedexamples d of this issue. It has been noted that the legal statutes of these structures have been reviewed. adjunctions of Esma Sultan Bath which were 5, 10 of uring the restoration of the bath were According to this research, although the number of concrete, were not consistent with the natural stone Seljuk and Principalities period baths is 1 material of the structure and led to heavy weight and them have been registered. Among these registered therefore caused fractures. The bath adjunction andbaths, the building surveys of only Eğirdir Esma constructed over the original part of Büyükgökçeli Sultan bath and Yalvaç bath were prepared in 2010 Port weighted heavy and is a burden on the carrier 2008 respectively; then restoration projects system of the bath. Concrete separator elements were drawn. Only Eğirdir Esma Sultan Bath is under added to Yalvaç, Gelendost Avşar, Gönen and Atabey restoration.Unregistered 5 The figure of 2/15 indicates the Baths caused the destruction of the unique plan protection problem of Isparta baths (Table 5). schemeusing concrete of the based bath. materials Since the is repair more withfavorable original for baths must be immediately period registered. in and materials and techniques is difficult and expensive, around Isparta belong to foundations, municipalities Baths of Seljuk and Principalities the property owners. and the treasury. There are not privately held baths. Another destruction factor for baths is the change of adminiTherefore local and general administrations take care heat and water facilities peculiar to the public baths. of the protection of these baths. Local Heating system in traditional baths starts with firing strations must be supported by the the furnace with wood. After the furnacecehennemlik is lit, the. government. Restoration works should be initiated heat is dispersed to all other spacescehennemlik except dressing with the support of various corporations and section through the channels called called tüteklik recommendationsinstitutions subsequent and f indto the re- usesearch solutions of funds. must Then, be After the sections are heated via , the the works to document in detail develop protection heat emerges out of the pipes , thus extracting pressure. Furthermore when the furnace conducted under the scope of the protection of these place is lit, the copper[17] boiler is also heated in the baths. water tank and the cultbasins and are trees sent must clean, be warm cut down,water through the pipeline . Since the principle of firing Documentation is the first and most important step to the furnace is diffi protect the bath architecture along with its unique the use of this method is gradually becoming less and 85 characteristics. There are inventory slips prepared

Investigation of The Traditional Seljuks and Principalities Period Baths Within The Conservation and Restoration: The Example of Isparta Baths

water for this purposes by the Boards of Protection of concrete division elements in Gönen and Yalvaç baths Cultural Properties. However current inventory slips must be removed. Structures such as basin, fall short to collect the data for the protection of thee tank with fountain, pool and terrace constructed with baths. Information such as heat, water and lightening mixed materials must also be conserved (Table 5). systems pertaining to the baths must be added to th If the baths are protected along with the mosques, slips. Moreover, a database must be formed for the foumadrasahs, public houses, schools which were description of these baths. Thus both protections will important for the period they were built up as Conservationbe provided and Recommendations their introduction will be achieved. ndation, they will be the areas which have more cultural and touristic value in the entire city. To be the basis for cultural and touristic visits to these structures are divided into five: reinforcement, Administratiareas, the operators of the baths and the local reintegration,Fundamental reconstruction, approaches in cleaning protecting and historical moving government institutions such as Culture on must issue brochures and catalogues Reuseand advertise Recommendations these places. basement.activities. Various Reinforcement special iscompounds divided are into used three: to reinforcement of the s. material, Intersection supporting enlargement system and or reinforcecircumscribing the material and connection bars- Continuity of the original function of the bath sheathing, supporting and underpinning, Almostarchitecture all for reuse or assigning new functions to strainer works them depends on the needs in the relevant region. are performed. The basement of the structurection is baths in Isparta are located close to the elementsenforced partially with injection or entirely in damaged order to are support completed the center of the settlement. Therefore it is advisable to basement. The construction and constru use them for their original purposes. structuralthrough original data materialsand documents and structure is system called to In the baths for which new functions are considered form unity in the first design. This work based on reale to be applied should be restored in a way not to damage their original function. Moreover these replenishment. Rebuilding the structures which hav should be opened for use for activities such as demolished, been destroyed or are in ruin based on culture, art and education instead of heavy functions. the current documents and data is called Contemporary attachments must be realized without reconstruction. It is preferred in the most special damaging original function, material and form of the “Moving”cases. Cleaning is divided into three: cleaning from baths. the accessories, adornment and façade cleaning. is preferred when the structure cannot be In this study, we think that all baths in Isparta except protected in[20] the .region where any historical structure Baltabey and Karabey in Uluborlu should continue to is located and therefore it is considered that it will be carry out their original functions. Baltabey and demolished Karabey Baths are located in the area called Old comfort issues of today as per some Village of Uluborlu district and they are far away We encounter with problems emerging from the from the settlement center. As the fountains and [21]. On conditionhistorical antique city along with Baltabey Bath may form a structures. Facility change or addition to the touristic and cultural area, it is considered that the structure damages the structure Villagebath may be assigned new functions covering cultural that the heat and water facilities of the baths provide activities. Due to the special condition of the Aliköy necessary comfort, the baths must be preserved in Bath in line with the traditions of the local their original form. tatus and deterioration varieties people, the bath should be preserved along with the tomb21 (Table 5). Given the current s period; 15 structure,of Isparta plan baths and today, façade. it is noted that the baths are baths were constructed in Ispartanly and 10 itsout districts of 15 subject to various damages in terms of their during Seljuk and Principalities of these protection,baths survived 6 until today and o in ruins, baths were registered. As per their status of integrationSince the majority and reinforcement of the baths in Ispartaapplications pertaining are of them is in good condition, but was to Seljuk and Principalities Period is changed a lot. The remaining baths are in ruins. Strength of these structures is at risk. Given the needed in these structures. Façade cleaning must be deterioration condition of the baths, it has been performed in the baths not used for a long time or the determined that they were damaged due to external baths, the walls of which are covered with plaster. reasons. Human intervention is the most striking Since wrong attachments to the structures such as factor among these reasons. Esma Sultan, Büyükgökçeli and Gelendost Avşar Village baths will damage the structure, baths should These baths, which are very old as per the periods be cleaned of these attachments. Furthermore, the 86 they were constructed, must be registered, put under

A.B. G elebi protection and [6] ökarslan, M. E. Ç Cilt:19, s.199 restored. Heat, water and lightening İslam Ansiklopedisi. 1999. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, systems peculiar to these structures must also be [7] -ül Kübra - taken into consideration in the preparation of the mustinventory be sliparr necessary for registration. For this Karçınzade,Belediyesi, S.s.85. Ş. 1907. "Seyahat Büyük reason, inventory slips which are special to the baths Seyahat",çev: Salih Şapçı, 2005, Eğirdir anged. Furthermore, seminars and [8] conferences must be organized to inform the local people about the bath culture and tradition. These Böcüzade, S. S. 1932. "Kuruluşundan Bugüne activities willf interest help the for people domestic to protect and foreign the baths tourists and Kadar Isparta Tarihi", çeviren: Suat Seren obtain public support. The bath architecture which is [9] (1983) Serenler Yayınevi, , s.73. the focus o is among the most important structures to contribute Yurt Ansiklopedisi Türkiye İl İl: Dünü, Bugünü to the city both in terms of culture and touristic value.e, [10] Yarını, Isparta (5), 1981, s.3525. Within this framework, in addition to the restoration toworks, inform publications local people and explaining foreigners the architectur [11] Isparta İl Yıllığı, 2003. s.472 tradition and culture of Isparta baths must be issued Doğan, N. Ş. 2008. Isparta’da Selçuklu ve Acknowledgments Beylikler Dönemi Mimarisi, T.C. Isparta Valiliği İl

[12] Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü yayını, Isparta

Kuruçay, A. 2010. "İstanbul'un 100 Hamamı", This article has been prepared based on the master’s of license thesis of the first writer titled “The [13] İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Traditional Isparta Baths and Investigation Gökarslan, A. B. 2014. “Geleneksel Isparta Historical Eğirdir Yeşil Ada Bath within the Scope of Hamamları ve Tarihi Eğirdir Yeşil Ada NaturalPreservation Sciences and Institute Restoration” which is being Hamamı’nın Koruma ve Restorasyon preparedDepartment. at the Süleyman Demirel University, AnabiliKapsamında İncelenmesi”, Süleyman Demirel , Architectural Studies Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mimarlık University m Dalı, Isparta We would like to thank Süleyman Demirel [14] Önge, Y. 1988. “Anadolu Türk Hamamları Scientific Research Projects Administration Unit for -12 Hakkında Genel Bilgiler ve Mimar Koca Sinan’ın their financial support to this work with the Project İnşa Ettiği Hamamlar”, Mimarbaşı Koca Sinan No.3215 YL [15] Yaşadığı Çağ ve Eserleri, C.1, İstanbul, s. 409 References Kurgusu - Yaman. T. C. 2010. "Türk Hamamınınesi Fen MekansalBilimleri İstanbul Hamamları", Mimar Sinan [1] Güzel Sanatlar Üniversit

Aru, K. A. 1949. "Türk Hamamları Etüdü", İTÜ Enstitüsü, İç Mimarlık Anabilim dalı, İç Mimarlık Lisansüstü Programı, İstanbul. [2] Yayınları, İstanbul. [16]

Yegül, E. 2008. "Üsküdar Hamamları ve İcadiye KorumDağtekin, E. 2007. "Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi Dağ Hamamı: Çevresel, Yapısal, İşlevsel Geleneksel Hamam Tipolojisi Ve Buna Bağlı Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri", Mimar Sinan a Ölçütlerinin Oluşturulması", Gazi Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mimarlık [17] Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara. Enstitüsü, Mimarlık Fakültesi, Restorasyon Anabilim Dalı, Yenileme ve Koruma Yüksek Şehitoğlu, E. 2008. "Bursa Hamamları" Tarih [3] Lisans Tezi, İstanbul. s.8. Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, Osmanlı Araştırmaları [18] Eyice,Dizisi, S.İstanbul, 1960. s.146 Yılmazkaya, O. 2002. "Aydınlık Kubbenin Altındaki Sıcaklık Türk Hamamı İstanbul İznik’te Büyük Hamam ve Osmanlı Hamamları Rehberi, s. 39. - Devri Hamamları Hakkında Bir Deneme, Tarih [4] Savaş, S. 2007. "İstanbul, Kumkapı Nişanca [19] Dergisi, sayı 15, İstanbul. Köşklü Hamamı Araştırması ve Restorasyon - Gültekin, E, 2008. “Türk Hamam Mimarisi ve Projesi" Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mimarlık - MimarlarRestorasyonda O Karşılaşılan Sorunlar”, Geçmişten Anabilim Dalı, Rölöve Restorasyon Programı Geleceğe Su Yapılarında Taş, sayfa: 125 134, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Antalya. dası Antalya Şubesi Yayınları, [5] İstanbul, s.17

Taşçıoğlu, T. 1998. "Türk Hamamı", İstanbul s.34. 87

Investigation of The Traditional Seljuks and Principalities Period Baths Within The Conservation and Restoration: The Example of Isparta Baths

[20]

Ahunbay, Z. 1999. "Tarihi Çevre Koruma ve [21] Restorasyon", YEM Yayınları, İstanbul

Madran, E., Özgönül, N. 2005. “Kültürel ve Doğal Değerlerin Korunması”, Ankara Mimarlar Odası

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A.B. G elebi

ökarslan, M. E. Ç

Table 4. No Bath Name External Reasons Internal Reasons

Deteriorations Reasons of Isparta Baths Belonging To Seljuk and Principalities Period (Gökarslan, 2014)

Effects Wrong Wrong Details Ground Ground Climatic Climatic Squalidly Structural Vandalism Conditions Conditions Intentional Destruction Public Work (Bayındırlık) Workship and and Workship Abandonment Improper Uses Material Usage Material Wrong RepairsWrong Design Failures Failures Design

1 Uluborlu Baltabey B. X X X X X X 2 X X X X X X X 3 Uluborlu Karabey B. X X X X X X YalvaçGönen B.Old B. X X X X X X 5 X X X X X 64 Atabey Belediye B. X X X X X X X 7 Aliköy Village B.Bey B. X X X X X 8 X X X X X X X 9 Eğirdir Dündar X X X X X X X X 10 Büyükgökçeli B. X X X X X 11 Eğirdir Village Yeşil Ada B. B. X X X X X X X 12 Eğirdir Burcu Bey B. X X X X X X X X 13 Gökçe X X X X X X X X Barla Göçeri İ. P. Bath Xx X X X X X X 15 Barla Çaşnıgir P. Bath X X X X X X X 14 Gelendost Avşar Bath Ş. Aslandoğmuş Bath

Table 5. ion of i and iod No Name Possessi Registration Physical Damage Condition Protection Region Needs Recommendations for Use on Status Condition Plan Faca Str Recommendat Analyze For Protect Isparta Bathsde Belonguct ngion To Seljuk Principalities Per (Gökarslan, 2014) ure 1 Uluborlu Treasury In ruins X X X It may be used as a culture center Baltabey reintegration, or Uluborlu Museum. Registered façadeReinforcement, settlementIt was in the center. Old Village A touristic and cleaning. is far away from the current Bath culture sphere can be formed with nearby madrasah, mosques, Karabey Bath, 2 X X X historical fountains and It is Municip reintegration, antique city. Gönen alityGönen Registered Part of façadeReinforcement, The local people needs bath. recommended that the bath Bath d.bath were cleaning, is restored and used as bath due demolishe decoration to the needs of the public and its cleaning closeness to the mosque. 3 Uluborlu Treasury In ruins X X X It was in It may be used as a culture center Karabey reintegration, or Uluborlu Museum. Registered façadeReinforcement, settlementthe center. Old Village A touristic and cleaning, is far away from the current Bath decoration cleaning culture sphere can be formed with nearby madrassah, mosques, Baltabey Bath, Yalvaç Yalvaç In ruins X X X historical fountains and It is recommended to be used as Old Municip reintegration, antique city. t 4 ality Registered stage of façadeReinforcement, The local people needs bath. Bath (at the cleaning, bath. A restoration projec decoration has already been prepared. Restoratio cleaning 5 Unregistered Strongn) X X X It is a significant structure Village lives in Cleaning from Aliköy People to adds,Reinforcement, façade It is recommended that the bath Village alterations(subjected cleaning, due to the believes of the should be restored together with Bath Aliköy decoration local people. Both the tomb uthesed tomb as a inreligious accordance place. with the cleaning and the bath must be believes of the local people and ) people.restored in line with the 6 Atabey Atabey Unregistered Strong X X X requests and needs of the Belediye Municip Cleaning from ality adds,Reinforcement, façade The other two baths were It is recommended that the bath cleaning demolished. It has beenopen is used as bath due to the needs Bath toobserved public use.that it is the single of the public. 7 Strong (at X X X bath in the region and Esma Municip façade SultanEğirdir alityEğirdir Registered of cleaning,Reinforcement, regionRestoration continues. of the bath It will be used as bath. the stage cleaning from which is located in a touristic adds, Bath Restoratio decoration n) cleaning 8 Unregistered Strong X X X reintegration, Büyükgök MunicipBüyükgö to many façadeReinforcement, localIt is observed people. that the bath is toIt is recommended that the bath çeli Bath alitykçeli alterations(subjected cleaning, mostly used in winter by the is restored and used as bath due cleaning from the needs of the public. adds, ) decoration cleaning

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Investigation of The Traditional Seljuks and Principalities Period Baths Within The Conservation and Restoration: The Example of Isparta Baths

9 In ruins X X X It is recommended to use as a Ada reintegration, Eğirdir SocietyYeşil Registered façadeReinforcement, Yeşil Ada’s elderly many public and tourism. Yeşil Ada cleaning, domesticpopulation and they foreign want touriststo use bath because of the needs of the Bath cleaning from the bath. In addition, adds, decoration coming to the island attracts cleaning the attention. 10 Culture In ruins X X X Burcu Ministry Conservation, Eğirdir Registered ModernExcavation, Eğirdir is a tourist district. It is ensured the conservation Addition canThis create bath ruin a culture is spinning, route. touristicwith a contemporary culture area. upper 11 Bey Bath Unregistered In ruins X X with other sightseeing spots cover. This area is identified as a Village Village reintegration, Gökçe Gökçe façadeReinforcement, The local people needs bath. It is recommended that the bath cleaning, is restored and used as bath due Bath decoration 70to the meters. needs of the public and its cleaning and closeness to the mosque which is moving. 12 - Barla Unregistered In ruins X X Barla Municip reintegration, lives from religious tourism, it is Eğirdir ality façadeReinforcement, cleaning centerIt is located of Barla in a Village, place which but Since the local people earn their was close to the settlement Göçeri recommended that this bath İbrahim not it is distant from the structuresshould be used nearby. as bath and Paşa Bath Duecenter to whichreligious is not significance much restored together with other preferred by the local people. also needed 13 - Barla In ruins X X of the place, another bath is Barla Municip reintegration, Eğirdir ality Registered façadeReinforcement, The local people needs bath. The structure is a part of the cleaning, traditional street along with the Çaşnıgir decoration mosquebe and restored touristic and houses. used as It is Paşa Bath cleaning recommended that the bath should bath due to the local people’s needs and its closeness to the tourists.mosque. Its use as a bath will Gelendost General In ruins X X X attract the attention of local Director cleaning from 14 Village ate For Registered adds,Reinforcement, façade The local people needs bath. Due to the requirements of the Avşar Foundati cleaning, local people, its façade to the ons decoration open area and closeness to thend Bath cleaning mosque, it is recommended that the bath should be restored a continue to be used as bath. Furthermore, the structure adjacent to the bath should also 15 Aslando Strong X X X Itbe is restored recommended so that toboth be ofused them as façade immediately restored since it will have been preserved. Ş. Village Registered to many cleaning,Reinforcement, This thermal must be VillageAslandoğ ğmuş alterations(subjected decoration thermal. muş cleaning is considered that it will Mukhtar people.provide both cure and Thermal ) economic income with the

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