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Ancient History and Culture Booster 2018 Ancient History and Culture Booster 2018 Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Sites and Specialties Harappa Indus Valley Civilization was the first major civilization in south Asia, which spread across a Seals out of stones vast area of land in present day India and Pakistan Citadel outside on banks of river Ravi (around 12 lakh sq.km). The time period of mature Mohenjodaro Indus Valley Civilization is estimated between BC. 2700- BC.1900 i.e. for 800 years. But early Indus Great Bath, Great Granary, Dancing Girl, Man Valley Civilization had existed even before with Beard, Cotton, Assembly hall BC.2700. Term means ” Mount of the dead” On the bank of river Indus Believed to have been destructed by flood or Features of Indus Valley Civilization invasion (Destruction was not gradual). Chanhudaro BC. 2700- BC.1900 i.e. for 800 years. On the valleys of river Indus. Bank of Indus River. – discovered by Gopal Also known as Harappan Civilization. Majumdar and Mackey (1931) Beginning of city life. Pre-harappan culture – Jhangar Culture and Harappan Sites discovered by – Dayaram Jhukar Culture Sahni (1921) – Montgomori district, Punjab, Only cite without citadel. Pakistan. Kalibangan Mohenjo-Daro discovered by – R. D. Banerji – Larkana district, Sind, Pakistan. At Rajastan on the banks of river Ghaggar, City was divided into Citadel (west) and Lower discovered by A.Ghosh (1953) Town(east). Fire Altars Bones of camel Red pottery painted with designs in black. Evidence of furrows Stone weights, seals, special beads, copper Horse remains ( even though Indus valley tools, long stone blades etc. people didn’t use horses). Copper, bronze, silver, gold present. Known as third capital of Indus Empire. Artificially produced – Faience. Lothal Specialists for handicrafts. At Gujarat near Bhogava river, discovered by Import of raw materials. S.R. Rao (1957) Plough was used. Fire Altars Bodies were buried in wooden coffins, but Beside the tributary of Sabarmati during the later stages ‘H symmetry culture’ Store house evolved where bodies were buried in painted Dockyard and earliest port burial urns. double burial Sugar cane not cultivated, horse, iron not Rice husk used. House had front entrance (exception). Ropar Punjab, on the banks of river Sutlej. Discovered by Y.D Sharma (1955) Pscnotes.com Page 1 Ancient History and Culture Booster 2018 Dog buried with humans. Economic Inequality, not an egalitarian society Textiles – Spinning and weaving Banawali 3 types – burial, cremation and post Haryana cremation were there, though burial was On banks of lost river Saraswathi common. Barley Cultivation. Majority of people Proto-australoids and Mediterraneans (Dravidians), though Mongoloids, Nordics etc were present in the Dholavira city culture. Biggest site in India, until the discovery of Rakhigarhi. Artifacts for Posterity Located in Khadir Beyt, Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. Discovered by J.P Joshi/Rabindra The most numerous of the surviving artifacts are a Singh (1990) series of steatite (soapstone) seals, of which the 3 parts + large open area for ceremonies best known are those of the Humped Brahmani Large letters of the Harappan script (sign Bull and Pashupati. Apart from this, there are boards). some carved figurines - the bronze Dancing Girl and the statues of a priest and a male torso, again in steatite. Religion of Indus Valley People Reasons for Decline of Indus Valley Civilization Pashupathi Mahadev (Proto Siva) Mother goddess Though there are various theories, the exact Nature/ Animal worship reason is still unknown. As per a recent study by IIT Kharagpur and Archaeological Survey of India, a Unicorn, Dove, Peepal Tree, Fire weaker monsoon might have been the cause of Amulets decline of Indus Valley Civilization. Environmental Idol worship was practiced ( not a feature of changes, coupled with loss of power of rulers Aryans) (central administration) of Indus valley to sustain Did not construct temples. the city life might be the cause (Fariservis Theory). Similarity to Hindu religious practices. There might be resource shortage to sustain the (Hinduism in its present form originated later) population, and then people moved towards south India. Another theory by Dr Gwen Robbins No Caste system. Schug states that inter-personal violence, infectious diseases and climate change had played Indus Valley Society and Culture a major role in the demise of the Indus Valley Civilization. Systematic method of weights and measures ( 16 and its multiples). Pictographic Script, Boustrophedon script – Deciphering efforts by I. Mahadevan Equal status to men and women Pscnotes.com Page 2 Ancient History and Culture Booster 2018 The Aryans came to India in several waves. The The Aryans were the first people in India to earliest wave is represented by the Rig Vedic know the use of iron and brought horses people who appeared in the subcontinent in about along with them. 1500 BC. They came into conflict with the indigenous inhabitants called the Dravidians mentioned as Dasa or Dasyus in Rig Veda. The Rig Veda mentions the defeat of Sambara by Although the Rig Veda deals with devotional work Divodasa, who belonged to the Bharata clan. of religious nature, yet it gives a vivid picture of Possibly the Dasyus in the Rig Veda represent the the early Vedic civilization. The Vedic Civilization is original inhabitants of the country, and an Aryan best understood from the social life, political chief who overpowered them was called organisation, economic life and religious beliefs. Trasadvasyu. The Aryan chief was soft towards the The Kula or family was the basic unit of Rig-Vedic Dasas, but strongly hostile to the Dasyus. The term society. The Kula was headed by a Kulapa, who Dasyuhatya, slaughter of the Dasyus, is repeatedly was usually the eldest member. Society was mentioned in the Rig Veda. essentially patriarchal and birth of son was desired repeatedly. Status of women was equal to men in Some of the chief tribes of the period were Yadu, the early Rig-Vedic society. Both polygamy and Turvasu, Druhyu, Anu Puru, Kuru, Panchala, polyandry were in vogue. Bharata and Tritsu. Among the inter-tribal The Evolution of Varna System conflicts the most important was the 'Battle of the Ten Kings.' Social strata used to exist in the Harappan civilization also. Similarly, there was a threefold division of society {priests, rulers and producers} in the Iranian society also. However, what Important points to remember: happened in Indian sub-continent was unique and extraordinary. In the evolution of Kingship in the The group of Indo-Europeans who moved later Vedic era, the priests (Brahmans) and rulers to Persia and India are known to Aryans (Khsatriyas) consolidated their respective position The Aryans are the original inhabitants of in the society. The producers split into two groups. Central Asia. The free peasants and traders formed the group They arrived in India around 1500 BC, Vaishya while the slaves, laborers, artisans though there is an ongoing debate. degraded to fourth group Shudra. This was based The region where the Aryans settled in on occupation initially but later got rigid on the India was called Sapta Sindhu (also basis of birth. Despite of a small population, the referred to as the Brahmavarta) people got compartmentalized into these four The Aryans established themselves in India groups as per Varnashrama Dharma. by defeating the natives whom they called Dasas or Dasyus Marriage and women The period when the Aryans first settled in India, is known as Early Vedic Period (1500 Despite of the patriarchal character of the family, BC to 1000 BC) the position of women was much better in the Rig The Aryans spread to Indo-Gangetic plains Vedic period than in later times. They could attend in the later Vedic Period and this region assemblies and offer sacrifices along with their came to be known as Aryavarta (1000 BC husbands. Five women have been mentioned as to 600 BC) composers of hymns out of which Ghosha, Lopamudra and Apala are famous. Girls were normally married off after puberty (between the Pscnotes.com Page 3 Ancient History and Culture Booster 2018 age of 16 and 17). Unmarried girls grew up in the sport and source of entertainment. Chariot race home of their parents. Some unmarried woman was a symbolic source of political authority of the like Visvavara and Apala offered sacrifices on their king. The fascination of gambling and the ruin own. There are also evidences of widow caused by its addiction find mention in the Rig- remarriage in the Rig-Veda. Veda. Education House holding In the early Rig-Vedic era, entire instruction was The Griha sutra prescribes a code of conduct, given orally. Art of writing does not seem to have which gives a fairly good idea of the manners and developed yet. In the well-known Gayatri mantra etiquette of the later-Vedic age. A guest (atithi) there is a prayer to Savitri for the stimulation of was welcomed at all times and special guests, like the intellect. There were women teachers. Many the guru, the king, and the father-in-law, etc. were of them possessed the highest spiritual given special treatment. Respect for the elders knowledge. Maitreyi and Gargi were gifted self-restraint, moral purity, abstinence of all kinds scholars. Rishis who composed hymns founded and faithfulness were some of the virtues. their own schools separately to teach their pupils Cleanliness was a passion. Daily bath, washing of and every person among the vis was entitled to the feet and hands every now and then, and learn Vedic mantras. In the later-Vedic phase, with purifying the atmosphere with Vedic mantras the development of Varnashrama, education were a part of ritual when ritualism acquired began with an investiture ceremony (upanayan). special significance in the later-Vedic age. It Since Upanayan was confined to three upper became one of the many sources of the Varnas, the sudras were not entitled to education.
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