Kommunikation Mittels Selbst Generierter Elektrischer Signale Innerhalb Sozialer Gruppen Des Schwach Elektrischen Fisches Mormyrus Rume

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Kommunikation Mittels Selbst Generierter Elektrischer Signale Innerhalb Sozialer Gruppen Des Schwach Elektrischen Fisches Mormyrus Rume Kommunikation mittels selbst generierter elektrischer Signale innerhalb sozialer Gruppen des schwach elektrischen Fisches Mormyrus rume Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Kristina Gebhardt aus Siegen Bonn 2012 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerhard von der Emde 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Alt Tag der Promotion: 23. November 2012 Erscheinungsjahr: 2012 Erklärung: Hiermit erkläre ich die vorliegende Arbeit persönlich, selbstständig und nur mit Zuhilfenahme der angegebenen Mittel angefertigt zu haben. Inhaltliche und wörtliche Übernahmen anderer Werke wurden durch Zitate als solche gekennzeichnet. __________________ Bonn, den 28.08.2012 Teile dieser Arbeit sind veröffentlicht oder zur Veröffentlichung eingereicht: 1. Gebhardt, K., Böhme, M. & von der Emde, G. (2013): Electrocommunication behaviour during social interactions in two species of pulse-type weakly electric fish (Mormyridae); Journal of Fish Biology, accepted. 2. Gebhardt, K., Alt, W. & von der Emde, G. (2012): Electric discharge patterns in group-living weakly electric fish, Mormyrus rume (Mormyridae, Teleostei); Behaviour 149, pp.: 623- 644. 3. von der Emde, G., Gebhardt, K. & Behr, K. (2012): Non-visual orientation and communication by fishes using electrical fields: A model system for underwater robotics; ICRA 2012, pp.: 1143-1148. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Allgemeine Einleitung……………………………………………………………….... 01 1.1 Kommunikation............................................................................... 01 1.2 Kommunikation bei Fischen………………………………………...…………….. 02 1.3 Elektrokommunikation bei schwach elektrischen Fischen….….……. 07 1.4 Ziel dieser Arbeit……………………………………………………………..………….. 12 2. Identifizierung elektrischer Kommunikationsmuster bei Mormyrus rume ............................................................................... 13 2.1 Einleitung…………………........……………………………………………………...…. 13 2.2 Material und Methoden………………………………................................. 14 2.2.1 Versuchstiere und ihre Haltung………..……………………………………… 14 2.2.2 Bestimmung des elektrischen Kommunikationsradius................ 15 2.2.2.1 Versuchsaufbau……………………………………………………………………. 15 2.2.2.2 Versuchsdurchführung............................................................. 17 2.2.2.3 Versuchsauswertung................................................................ 18 2.2.3 Elektrische Entladungsmuster isolierter M. rume ………………...... 19 2.2.3.1 Versuchsaufbau…………….………................................................. 19 2.2.3.2 Versuchsdurchführung…………………………………………………………. 20 2.2.3.3 Versuchsauswertung……………………………………………..…............. 21 2.2.4 Elektrische Entladungsmuster einer 5er Gruppe M. rume …....… 21 2.2.4.1 Versuchsaufbau…………………………….…...................................... 21 2.2.4.2 Versuchsdurchführung……………………………….……..…….………….. 22 2.2.4.3 Versuchsauswertung……………………………………….…..….…........... 23 2.2.4.4 Kontrollen……………………………………………….…………..………………. 26 2.3 Ergebnisse....................................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Elektrischer Kommunikationsradius............................................ 27 2.3.2 Elektrische Entladungsmuster isolierter M. rume ....................... 31 2.3.3 Elektrische Entladungsmuster einer 5er Gruppe M. rume ………. 36 2.3.4 Kontrollen…………………………………………………………..……………..……. 54 2.4 Diskussion........................................................................................ 55 I 3. Elektrokommunikation mit Playbacksignalen bei Mormyrus rume……………………………………………………………………….. … 64 3.1 Einleitung......................................................................................... 64 3.2 Material und Methoden.................................................................. 65 3.2.1 Versuchstiere und ihre Haltung……………………………………………..… 65 3.2.2 Erstellung von Playbacksignalen.................................................. 66 3.2.2.1 Versuchsaufbau........................................................................ 66 3.2.2.2 Versuchsdurchführung............................................................. 67 3.2.2.3 Versuchsauswertung................................................................ 67 3.2.3 Elektrische Kommunikation über Playbacksignale...................... 68 3.2.3.1 Versuchsaufbau........................................................................ 68 3.2.3.2 Versuchsdurchführung............................................................. 69 3.2.3.3 Versuchsauswertung................................................................ 71 3.3 Ergebnisse....................................................................................... 75 3.3.1 Playbacksignale............................................................................ 75 3.3.2 Elektrische Kommunikation über Playbacksignale………………..…. 76 3.4 Diskussion........................................................................................ 91 4. Kommunikationsstrategien schwach elektrischer Fische………..….. 99 4.1 Vergleich: Mormyrus rume vs. Marcusenius altisambesi ................ 99 4.1.1 Vergleich elektrischer Kommunikationsradien............................ 100 4.1.2 Vergleich elektrischer Entladungsmuster isolierter Fische….…... 101 4.1.3 Vergleich elektrischer Entladungsmuster von Gruppenfischen... 107 4.1.4 Vergleich mit weiteren Mormyriden........................................... 117 4.2 Elektrische Entladungsmuster der Gymnotiformes………..…………… 119 4.2.1 Südamerikanische Pulsfische…………………………………………………… 119 4.2.2 Südamerikanische Wellenfische………………………………………………. 121 5. Zusammenfassung........................................................................... 123 6. Literatur........................................................................................... 125 7. Anhang............................................................................................ 140 8. Danksagung..................................................................................... 152 II Allgemeine Einleitung 1. Allgemeine Einleitung 1.1 Kommunikation Paul Watzlawick behauptete bereits 1969 „Man kann nicht nicht kommunizieren“ und schien damit Recht zu behalten, betrachtet man die diversen, manchmal jedoch nur bestimmten Lebewesen zugänglichen Kommunikationswege. Dabei ist die akustische, wie auch die visuelle Kommunikation für uns Menschen sicherlich am offensichtlichsten, stellt aber neben der chemischen und elektrischen Kommunikation nur einen möglichen Weg dar, Informationen zu vermitteln. Das Prinzip bleibt immer dasselbe: Der Sender übermittelt dem Empfänger codierte Informationen in Form von Signalen, die dieser entschlüsselt, interpretiert und je nach Botschaft mit unterschiedlichen Verhaltensweisen beantwortet. Bradbury & Vehrencamp (2011) definierten dabei sieben Schritte, welche den Signalprozess genau beschreiben (Figur 1). Im ersten Schritt wird ein Signal vom Sender erzeugt, dessen Codierung im zweiten Schritt erfolgt. Im dritten Schritt wird das codierte Signal an das übertragende Medium gekoppelt, über das es im vierten Schritt verbreitet wird. Der fünfte Schritt beschreibt die Kopplung des Signals an die Sensoren des Empfängers, worauf im sechsten Schritt die Encodierung des Signals erfolgt. Im siebten und letzten Schritt wird das empfangene Signal klassifiziert und eine Verhaltensentscheidung auf Seiten des Empfängers getroffen. Figur 1: Sieben Schritte der Signalübertragung (nach Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 2011). 1 Allgemeine Einleitung Die Beschaffenheit der Signale kann sehr variabel sein, abhängig vom übertragenden Medium, dem Lebensraum und der Artzugehörigkeit, wobei auch die zu übermittelnde Botschaft eine Rolle spielt. Werden mehrere Botschaften, zum Beispiel Spezies, Geschlecht und Größe, über ein einziges Signal übertragen, spricht man von multimodalen Signalen (Breed & Moore, 2012). Dabei beinhaltet ihr Effekt Vorteile für den Sender, ohne den die Kosten für Kommunikation untragbar wären (Falls, 1992). Bei „ehrlichen“ Signalen wie beispielsweise der Körpergröße (Zahavi, 1987), zieht auch der Empfänger Vorteile aus der übermittelten Information, was bei „falschen“ Signalen nicht der Fall ist. Dies tritt insbesonders bei der Partnerwahl und Brutpflege auf, wo die Interessen des Senders nicht automatisch denen des Empfängers entsprechen (Breed & Moore, 2012). Dennoch haben sich durch Koevolution zwischen Sender und Empfänger in allen Ebenen der belebten Natur Kommunikationssignale evolviert, ohne die das Sozialverhalten vieler Organismen unvorstellbar wäre. 1.2 Kommunikation bei Fischen Aristoteles (384 - 322 v. Chr.) beschrieb bereits in seiner Historia animalium die Fähigkeit von Fischen Lautäußerungen von sich zu geben (Gohlke, 1957), doch erst über 2000 Jahre später wurde ein systematischer Überblick über lauterzeugende Fische veröffentlicht (Müller, 1857). Heute sind mehr als 50 solcher Familien bekannt (Hawkins, 1993), das Hörvermögen dieser Tiere wurde allerdings erst Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts durch Karl von Frisch nachgewiesen (Ladich et al., 2006). Er war es auch, der sowohl die akustische Kommunikation in Ein Zwergwels, der kommt, wenn man ihm pfeift (1923) als auch die chemische Kommunikation bei Fischen beschrieb (von Frisch, 1941). Da diese Tiergruppe aber durchaus noch andere Wege zur Signalübertragung nutzt, soll im Folgenden ein Überblick über die Kommunikation
Recommended publications
  • Eastern Nile Technical Regional
    TRANSBOUNDARY ANALYSIS COUNTRY REPORT EGYPT September 2006 WATERSHED MANAGMENT CRA CONTENTS ACCRONYMS....................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................... vii 1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Primary Objectives of the Watershed Management CRA ....................... 2 1.3 The Scope and Elements of Sustainable Watershed Management ........ 3 1.3.1 Watersheds and River Basins 3 1.3.2 Concepts and Approaches to "Watershed Management" 4 1.3.3 Approach Adopted to the Eastern Nile Watershed Management CRA 6 1.4 Scope and Purpose of the Transboundary Analysis Country Report ...... 7 1.5 Overview of Situation and Issues ........................................................... 8 2. NATIONAL SETTING – EGYPT ..................................................................... 10 2.1. Role of the agriculture sector: ................................................................... 10 2.2. Agricultural Economic Resources: ............................................................ 10 2.2.1. Water Resources: 11 2.2.2 Potentials of Developing Egypt’s Water Resources: 13 2.2.3 Land Resources: 14 2.2.4 Forest Resources 15 2.3 Human Resources: .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • České Názvy Živočichů V
    ČESKÉ NÁZVY ŽIVOČICHŮ V. RYBY A RYBOVITÍ OBRATLOVCI (PISCES) 2. NOZDRATÍ (SARCOPTERYGII) PAPRSKOPLOUTVÍ (ACTINOPTERYGII) CHRUPAVČITÍ (CHONDROSTEI) KOSTNATÍ (NEOPTERYGII) KOSTLÍNI (SEMIONOTIFORMES) – BEZOSTNÍ (CLUPEIFORMES) LUBOMÍR HANEL, JINDŘICH NOVÁK Národní muzeum Praha 2001 Hanel L., Novák J., 2001: České názvy živočichů V. Ryby a rybovití obratlovci (Pisces) 2., nozdratí (Sarcopterygii), paprskoploutví (Actinopterygii) [chrupavčití (Chondrostei), kostnatí (Neopterygii): kostlíni (Semionotiformes) – bezostní (Clupeiformes)]. – Národní muzeum (zoologické oddělení), Praha. Lektor: Ing. Petr Ráb, DrSc. Editor řady: Miloš Anděra Počítačová úprava textu: Lubomír Hanel (TK net) a DTP KORŠACH Tisk: PBtisk Příbram Náklad: 800 výtisků © 2001 Národní muzeum, Praha ISBN 80-7036-130-1 Kresba na obálce: Lubomír Hanel OBSAH ÚVOD . .5 TAXONOMICKÉ POZNÁMKY . 6 ERRATA K 1. DÍLU . 7 ADDENDA K 1. DÍLU . 8 STRUNATCI (CHORDATA) . 9 OBRATLOVCI (VERTEBRATA) . 9 ČELISTNATCI (GNATHOSTOMATA) . 9 NOZDRATÍ (SARCOPTERYGII) . 9 LALOKOPLOUTVÍ (COELACANTHIMORPHA) . 9 LATIMÉRIE (COELACANTHIFORMES) . 9 DVOJDYŠNÍ (DIPNOI) . 9 JEDNOPLICNÍ (CERATODIFORMES) . 9 DVOUPLICNÍ (LEPIDOSIRENIFORMES) . 9 PAPRSKOPLOUTVÍ (ACTINOPTERYGII) . 10 CHRUPAVČITÍ (CHONDROSTEI) . 10 MNOHOPLOUTVÍ (POLYPTERIFORMES) . 10 JESETEŘI (ACIPENSERIFORMES) . 10 KOSTNATÍ (NEOPTERYGII) . 11 KOSTLÍNI (SEMIONOTIFORMES) . 11 KAPROUNI (AMIIFORMES) . 11 OSTNOJAZYČNÍ (OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES) . 12 3 TARPONI (ELOPIFORMES) . 16 ALBULOTVAŘÍ (ALBULIFORMES) . 16 HOLOBŘIŠÍ (ANGUILLIFORMES) . 17 VELKOTLAMKY (SACCOPHARYNGIFORMES)
    [Show full text]
  • Trophic Niche Segregation in the Nilotic Ichthyofauna of Lake Albert (Uganda, Africa)
    Environmental Biology of Fishes (2005) 74:247–260 Ó Springer 2005 DOI 10.1007/s10641-005-3190-8 Trophic niche segregation in the Nilotic ichthyofauna of Lake Albert (Uganda, Africa) Linda M. Campbella,d, Sylvester B. Wanderab, Robert J. Thackerc,e, D. George Dixona & Robert E. Heckya aDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 bFisheries Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 343, Jinja, Uganda cDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada dCurrent address: School of Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6 (e-mail: [email protected]) eCurrent address: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6 Received 29 April 2004 Accepted 13 February 2005 Key words: d13C, d15N, food webs, Nile perch, stable isotopes Synopsis Nile perch, Lates niloticus, and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were originally transplanted from Lake Albert in western Uganda to the African Great Lakes, Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga, where they are partially implicated in reduction of the fish species diversity. Lake Albert is facing multiple environmental changes, including declining fish species diversity, hyper-eutrophication, hypoxia, and reduced fish catches. To examine the role of Nile perch and Nile tilapia in the food web in their native Lake Albert, we estimated their diets using stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes. In Lake Albert, the tilapiine congeners (closely related species), Tilapia zillii, Oreochromis leucostictus, and Sarethorodon galilaeus, and the centropomid Nile perch congener, Lates macrophthalmus, have narrower diet breath in the presence of the native O.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Diversity, Community Structure, Feeding Ecology, and Fisheries of Lower Omo River and the Ethiopian Part of Lake Turkana, East Africa
    Fish Diversity, Community Structure, Feeding Ecology, and Fisheries of Lower Omo River and the Ethiopian Part of Lake Turkana, East Africa Mulugeta Wakjira Addis Ababa University June 2016 Cover photos: Lower Omo River at Omorate town about 50 km upstream of the delta (upper photo); Lake Turkana from Ethiopian side (lower photo). © Mulugeta Wakjira and Abebe Getahun Fish diversity, Community structure, Feeding ecology, and Fisheries of lower Omo River and the Ethiopian part of Lake Turkana, East Africa Mulugeta Wakjira A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences) June 2016 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE PROGRAM This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Mulugeta Wakjira entitled, "Fish Diversity, Community Structure, Feeding Ecology, and Fisheries of lower Omo River and the Ethiopian part of Lake Turkana, East Africa", and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Fisheries and Aquatic Science) complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee Examiner (external): Dr. Leo Nagelkerke Signature ____________ Date_________ Examiner (internal): Dr. Elias Dadebo Signature ____________ Date_________ Advisor: Dr. Abebe Getahun Signature ____________ Date__________ ____________________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator Abstract Ethiopia has a freshwater system in nine major drainage basins which fall into four ichthyofaunal provinces and one subprovince. Omo-Turkana Basin, spanning considerable geographic area in southwestern Ethiopia and northern Kenya, essentially consists of Omo River (also known as Omo-Gibe) and Lake Turkana.
    [Show full text]
  • Moritz 2015 Notes on the Electric Organ Discharges Eods of Four
    Notes on the electric organ discharges (EODs) of four Mormyrus-species (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Nilo-Sahelo-Sudan ichthyofaunal province of Africa by Timo MORITZ (1, 2) Abstract. – Field studies on the electric organ discharges (EODs) of Mormyrus species are rare, likely due to their biology hindering live capture in large numbers. Here the EODs of four Nilo-Sahelo-Sudanic species, Mormyrus caschive Linnaeus, 1758, M. kannume Forsskål, 1775, M. hasselquistii Valenciennes, 1847 and M. rume Valen- ciennes, 1847, are compared and discussed. Their discharges are largely equal to each other, mainly showing dif- ferences in length and peak of Fourier transformation with less pronounced differences in the relative amplitude of phases within an EOD. The discharge properties allow species discrimination, at least within eco-regions, and thus likely play a role in species recognition. Résumé. – Notes sur les décharges de l’organe électrique (DOEs) de quatre espèces de Mormyrus (Osteoglosso- © SFI morpha: Mormyridae) de la région nilo-soudanienne de l’Afrique. Received: 10 Jun. 2014 Accepted: 2 Oct. 2014 Il y a peu d’enregistrements de décharges de l’organe électrique (DOEs) des mormyres en milieu naturel, Editor: K. Rousseau probablement en raison de leur biologie les rendant difficiles à capturer en grand nombre. Ici, les DOEs de quatre espèces nilo-soudaniennes, Mormyrus caschive Linnaeus, 1758, M. kannume Forsskål, 1775, M. hasselquistii Valenciennes, 1847 et M. rume Valenciennes, 1847, sont comparées et discutées. Les décharges sont très similai- res les unes aux autres, et ne diffèrent entres elles que dans la longueur et les pics de la Transformée de Fourier Key words et, dans une moindre mesure, dans l’amplitude relative de chacune de leurs phases.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish 10000 Genomes Project
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/787028; this version posted September 30, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Initial data release and announcement of the Fish10K: Fish 10,000 Genomes Project Guanngyi Fan1,5,*, Yue Song1,*, Xiaoyun Huang1,*, Liandong Yang2,*, Suyu Zhang1, Mengqi Zhang1, Xianwei Yang1, Yue Chang1, He Zhang1,5, Yongxin Li3, Shanshan Liu1, Lili Yu1, Inge Seim8,9, Chenguang Feng3, Wen Wang3, Kun Wang3, Jing Wang4,6,7, Xun Xu5, Huanming Yang1,5, Nansheng Chen4,6,7,†, Xin Liu1,5,† & Shunping He2,†. 1BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China 2Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China 3Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China. 4CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China 5BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China 6Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China 7Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266400, PR China 8Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; 9Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4102, Queensland, 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/787028; this version posted September 30, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • The Occurrence of Contracaecum Sp. Larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) In
    Younis et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2017) 78:9 The Journal of Basic DOI 10.1186/s41936-017-0012-4 and Applied Zoology RESEARCH Open Access The occurrence of Contracaecum sp. larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in four teleostean species from Lake Nasser, Egypt: morphological and molecular studies Abuelhassan Elshazly Younis1*, Atef Ibrahim Saad1* and Jihan Moharam Rabei2 Abstract Background: Nematodes of the family Anisakidae are parasites of many fishes and aquatic invertebrates which act as intermediate or paratenic hosts, while mammals and fish-eating birds are definitive hosts. Infective L3 larvae may be incidentally taken by human through eating raw or undercooked fish meat, causing anisakidosis. The main purpose of this study is to provide a basis for the future investigations to discover the genetic diversity of this widely distributed parasite nematodes of fishes and fish eating animals and their effect on fisheries and public health in Egypt and worldwide. Results: One thousand, one hundred and fifteen specimens belong to nine fish species were collected from Lake Nasser, Egypt, and examined for infection with Anisakid larvae. Four fish species (Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia galilaea, Lates niloticus, and Hydrocynus forskahlii) were found infected with third stage larvae of Contracaecum spp. No other Anisakid nematodes were detected. Larvae were found in the body cavity adhering to mesenteries by a thin membrane, except in Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia galilaea were found free in branchial chambers. The highest prevalence was recorded in L. niloticus (100%) and H. forskahlii (82%). The mean intensity of infections were 0.17–4.12 and 5.1–10.3 in L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Central Relations of the Cranial Nerves in Silurus Glanis and Mormyrus Caschive
    THE CENTRAL RELATIONS OF THE CRANIAL NERVES IN SILURUS GLANIS AND MORMYRUS CASCHIVE H. BERKELBACH VAN DER SPRENKEL Assistant in the Anatomical Institute at Utrecht TWENTY-ONE FIGURES The following researches were started with the idea of study- ing the topography of the motor nuclei in the brain of Silurus glanis, since a description of these nuclei in the central nervous system of siluroid fishes has not yet been given and we may expect interesting' relations in this connection on account of the enormous development of special sensory systems and their secondwy connections.1 It is known that the siluroids2-including also the European representative of that order, Silurus glanis3-are distinguished by an extraordinary development of the sense of taste, the re- ceptive organs of which are distributed over the head and the body and are innervated by the ramus recurrens facialis, which is very large in these animals. This has been demonstrated, among others, by Herrick for Ameiurus melas, and our photo- graph (fig. lA), taken from an anatomical preparation made by Mr. Schepman, shows the same for Silurus glanis. It was to be expected that the preeminence of one set of sen- sory impressions should have a pronounced influence on the structure of the central nervous system, which would also appear 1 The olfactory and optic nerves are not discussed here because it was chiefly the medulla oblongata and basis mesencephali which interested me. 2 C. J. Herrick, The central gustat,orypaths in the brains of bony fishes. Jour. Comp. Neur., vol. 15, 1905, p. 375. The organ and sense of taste in fishes.
    [Show full text]
  • 2003. Fish Biodiversity: Local Studies As Basis for Global Inferences
    Fish Biodiversity: Local Studies as Basis for Global Inferences. M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily and D. Pauly (Eds.) ACP – EU Fisheries Research Report NO. 14 ACP-EU Fisheries Research Initiative Fish Biodiversity: Local Studies as Basis for Global Inferences Edited by Maria Lourdes D. Palomares Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Birane Samb Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye, Sénégal Taïb Diouf Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye, Sénégal Jan Michael Vakily Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy and Daniel Pauly Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Brussels December 2003 ACP-EU Fisheries Research Report (14) – Page 2 Fish Biodiversity: Local Studies as Basis for Global Inferences. M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily and D. Pauly (eds.) The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Commission concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. Copyright belongs to the European Commission. Nevertheless, permission is hereby granted for reproduction in whole or part for educational, scientific or development related purposes, except those involving commercial sale on any medium whatsoever, provided that (1) full citation of the source is given and (2) notification is given in writing to the European Commission, Directorate General for Research, INCO-Programme, 8 Square de Meeûs, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium. Copies are available free of charge upon request from the Information Desks of the Directorate General for Development, 200 rue de la Loi, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium, and of the INCO-Programme of the Directorate General for Research, 8 Square de Meeûs, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium, E-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Carp (No Common Name) (Labeo Horie)
    Labeo horie (a carp, no common name) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, April 2012 Revised, April 2018 Web Version, 5/29/2018 Image: G. A. Boulenger. Licensed under CC BY 2.0. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_fishes_of_the_Nile_(Pl._XXVIII)_(6815494626). jpg. (April 2018). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2018): “Africa: within the drainage basin of the Nile River (Blue, White, Murchison; Lakes Albert, Kyoga and Rudolf) [Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda]. Not known from East Coast rivers, from the Congo basin or (reliably) from West Africa.” Boulenger (1909) reports collection of several L. horie specimens in Egypt. 1 Status in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. There is no indication that this species is in trade in the United States. Means of Introductions in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the U.S. 2 Biology and Ecology Taxonomic Hierarchy and Taxonomic Standing From ITIS (2018): “Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Actinopterygii Class Teleostei Superorder Ostariophysi Order Cypriniformes Superfamily Cyprinoidea Family Cyprinidae Genus Labeo Cuvier, 1816 Species Labeo horie Heckel, 1847” From Eschmeyer et al. (2018): “Current status: Valid as Labeo horie Heckel 1847. Cyprinidae: Labeoninae.” Size, Weight, and Age Range From Froese and Pauly (2018): “Max length : 57.0 cm TL male/unsexed; [Lévêque and Daget 1984]” From Dadebo et al. (2003): “The size at maturity (Lm50) of males was 52 cm while the Lm50 of females was 62 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Mormyridae Bonaparte, 1831 - Freshwater Elephantfishes [=Mormirimi, Mormyrini, Petrocephalinae, Mormyrodini] Notes: Mormirimi Rafinesque, 1810B:41 [Ref
    FAMILY Mormyridae Bonaparte, 1831 - freshwater elephantfishes [=Mormirimi, Mormyrini, Petrocephalinae, Mormyrodini] Notes: Mormirimi Rafinesque, 1810b:41 [ref. 3595] (ordine) ? Mormyrus [published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Mormyrini Bonaparte, 1831:160, 180 [ref. 4978] (subfamily) Mormyrus Petrocephalinae Gill, 1862h:139 [ref. 1661] (subfamily) Petrocephalus Mormyrodini Bleeker, 1874c:367 [ref. 435] (phalanx = tribe) Mormyrodes [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1] GENUS Boulengeromyrus Taverne & Géry, 1968 - elephantfishes [=Boulengeromyrus Taverne [L.] & Géry [J.], 1968:100] Notes: [ref. 4360]. Masc. Boulengeromyrus knoepffleri Taverne & Géry, 1968. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Boulengeromyrus Taverne & Géry, 1968 -- (Taverne 1972:171 [ref. 6367], Gosse 1984:63 [ref. 6169], Poll & Gosse 1995:135 [ref. 24781], Hopkins et al. 2007:315 [ref. 30019]). Current status: Valid as Boulengeromyrus Taverne & Géry, 1968. Mormyridae. Species Boulengeromyrus knoepffleri Taverne & Géry, 1968 - Knoepffler's elephantfish (author) [=Boulengeromyrus knoepffleri Taverne [L.] & Géry [J.], 1968:100, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines v. 78 (pts 1-2); ref. 4360] Loa-Loa rapids, Ivindo River, 0°27'N, 12°48'E, downstream from Makokou, Gabon. Current status: Valid as Boulengeromyrus knoepffleri Taverne & Géry, 1968. Mormyridae. Distribution: West-central Africa: Gabon and Cameroon. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Brevimyrus Taverne, 1971 - elephantfishes [=Brevimyrus (subgenus of Brienomyrus) Taverne [L.], 1971:106, 109] Notes: [ref. 4349]. Masc. Mormyrus niger Günther, 1866. Type by monotypy in subgenus. •Valid as Brevimyrus Taverne, 1971 -- (Gosse 1984:63 [ref. 6169], Hopkins et al. 2007:309 [ref. 30019]). Current status: Valid as Brevimyrus Taverne, 1971. Mormyridae. Species Brevimyrus niger (Gunther, 1866) - Gambian elephantfish (author) [=Mormyrus niger Günther [A.], 1866:219, Gnathonemus baudoni Pellegrin [J.], 1919:207, Mormyrus lhuysi Steindachner [F.], 1870:553 [21], Pl.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office Draft Ssea Stage 1
    EASTERN NILE TECHNICAL REGIONAL OFFICE DRAFT SSEA STAGE 1 VOLUME II - BASELINE CONSULTING SERVICES FOR STUDIES ON IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECTS CONSTITUTING THE FIRST JOINT MULTIPURPOSE PROGRAM (JMP 1) ON ABBAY/BLUE - MAIN NILE OUR REFERENCE: 606529 April 2011 in association with national sub-consultants: EcoConServ – Environmental Tropics Consulting Engineers Comatex Nilotica Ltd. Solutions Ethiopia Egypt Sudan EASTERN NILE TECHNICAL REGIONAL OFFICE (ENTRO) DRAFT SSEA STAGE 1 JMP 1 IDENTIFICATION STUDIES TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................... VI 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1‐1 1.1 Content of Volume II ...................................................................................................... 1‐1 1.2 Determination of Spatial and Temporal Boundaries ..................................................... 1‐1 2. BIO‐PHYSICAL BASELINE IN THE STUDY AREA ..................................................................... 2‐1 2.1 Physical Environment ..................................................................................................... 2‐1 2.1.1 Regional Setting ................................................................................................ 2‐1 2.1.2 Climate .............................................................................................................. 2‐1 2.1.3 Hydrology ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]