Initial Environmental Examination
Pipalbhanjyang – Hayutar - Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project
November 2017
NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
Prepared by Office of District Level Project Implementation Unit (Sindhuli)- Central Level Project Implementation Unit – Ministry of Federals Affairs and Local Development for the Asian Development Bank.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Environmental Assessment Document
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
Pipalbhanjyang – Hayutar - Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project
November 2017
NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Loan: 3260 Project Number: 49215-001
Prepared by the Government of Nepal for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
This Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli
Submitted to
Government of Nepal National Reconstruction Authority Singhadurbar, Kathmandu
Submitted through
Government of Nepal Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur
Submitted by
District Level Project Implementation Unit, Sindhuli
November, 2017 g]kfnL sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z1 (Executive Summary in Nepali) k[i7e"ld @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( ut] uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t :yfgLo ;+/rgfx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k'gp{Tyfg ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf tyf :jL; ljsf; lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf k|efljt !@ lhNnfdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] dfWodåf/f Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] dxTjk"0f{ ;8s ;+hfnsf] k'glg{df{0f ug{, xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ k'gM ljBfno k'¥ofpg, k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ cTofjZos ;sf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfn] e"sDk tyf klx/f]åf/f Ifltu|:t sl/a !#% ls=ld= /0fg}lts ;8s tyf $%) ls=ld= u|fld0f ;8ssf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{sf/L lgsfo /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f /x]sf] 5 / u|fld0f ;8ssf] xsdf o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{Gjog lgsfosf] ?kdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf–lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ /x]sf] 5 . lkkneGHofË—xfo"6f/—g]qsfnL u|fld0f ;8s -#&=@) ls=dL=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf klg e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{ts} Pp6f pk–cfof]hgf xf] . pkcfof]hgf k'g{pTyfgsf qmddf kg{;Sg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo Pj+ ;fdflhs k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO l;Gw'nLn] of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] xf] . k|:tfljt lkkneGHofË—xfo"6f/—g]qsfnL ;8s k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf sfof{Gjogn] @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t o; ;8snfO{ k'gM ;+rfngdf NofO{ of] ;8s /x]sf] l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsf j8f gF @ / Wofªn]v ufpFkflnsf j8f gF !, @, # / $ sf] lkkn eGHofË, ef]6]:jf/f, v§f/, lga'jf6f/, /fhfafF;, xfo'6f/, rGbgk'/, ;f]nfeGHofË, g]qsfnL, cfFk6f/ h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf klZrd tkm{sf cGo jl:tx?nfO{ ;d]t lhNnf ;b/d'sfd l;Gw'nL tyf b]zsf cGo If]q;Fu ;8s ;+hfn dfkm{t hf]8\g]5 . k|:tfjs e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t u|fld0f ;8s lkkneGHofË—xfo"6f/—g]qsfnL ;8s -#&=@) ls=dL=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgfsf] lhNnf :t/Lo sfo{sf/L lgsfo Pj+ k|f/lDes jftfj/0f kl/If0fsf] nflu k|:tfjssf] ?kdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, l;Gw'nL /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfjssf] k'/f 7]ufgf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf—lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, l;Gw'nL l;Gw'nL dfl8, l;Gw'nL ;Dks{ kmf]g M )$&—%@)!)( O{d]n M [email protected]
1 This is Executive Summary of the IEE report in Nepali language and an English version is given in page vi.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli i k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] cf}lrTo tyf p2]Zo e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f{ ;DaGwL] P]g, @)&@, e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&@ tyf e"sDk k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nof+sg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&@ -cg';'rL !_ Pj+ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;'/If0f gLlt syg -;]kmuf8{ kf]nL;L :6]6d]G6_ @))( cg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] Jojxf/Ls tyf 7fFp laif]z Go"lgs/0f tyf nfe a[[¢Lsf pkfox? ;'emfj ug{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog sfo{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx? kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? / ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? af/] ;'emfj lbg' / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfjsf] ljj/0f tyf cWoog ljlw k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgf l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsf j8f gF @ sf] lkkn eGHofË -tTsflng eb«sfnL uf=lj=; #_ af6 k|j]z ub{5 / Wofªn]v ufpFkflnsf j8f gF $ -tTsflng g]qsfnL uf=lj=; %_ sf] dflem6f/ eGg] 7fpFdf cGTo x'g]5 . of] v08nfO{ e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf–lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfOn] k'glgld{0fsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o; ;8snfO{ k|yd :t/sf] lhNnf ;8ssf] dfkb08df u|fe]n ul/g] 5 . #&=@) ls=ld nDafO{ gfnL / ;f]Nh/ ;lxt o;sf] s'n rf}8fO{ ^=@% ld= x'g]5 . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut g]=?= *)&,%%@,@**=$^ / OlGhlgol/ª nfut g]=?=&&&,!!*,^$^=)^ /x]sf] 5 . of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL cfj:ostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k"j{ cWoog / k'glg{df0f k|lws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L clws[tåf/f @)&$.)#.@% ut] :jLs[t sfo{;'rLsf] clwgdf /lx tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . @)&$ ;fn >fj0f @& b]vL efb| @ ut] ;Dd ul/Psf] :ynut e|d0f tyf ;j]{If0fjf6 lnOPsf tYofÍ tyf cGo pknAw tYofÍx?sf] s]nfP/ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx? lbOPsf 5g\ . pkcfof]hgfsf] ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo cj:yf ef}ule{s b[li6sf]0fn] of] If]qdf d'Vo ?kdf kfO{g] r§fgx?df lg;, l;:6, :of08 :6f]g / sªnf]ld/]6 5g eg] sn'leon, Pn'leon / /];'l8on ;f]on kfO{G5 . lr;fkfgL vf]nf, wgdfg vf]nf, tf? vf]nf, nflGb vf]nf, l;Dn] vf]nf, a;]/L vf]nf, lnlk vf]nf, l/g vf]nf, dl/g vf]nf, tfdfhf]/ vf]nf o; k|eflat If]qsf] d'Vo vf]nfx? x'g. o; pkcfof]hgf If]q ;d'lGb| ;txaf6 %@& ld= b]lv !,!%$ ld6/sf] prfO{df kb{5 . pkcfof]hgf pi0f / pkf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 -8f]a|]d]h !(&^_ . lhNnf kfZj{ lrqdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ o; If]qsf] tfkqmd udL{df #@=#% l8=;]=;Dd k'Ug] / lxpFbdf &=*) l8=;]= ;Dd emg]{ u/]sf] 5 / oxfF jflif{s ;/b/ @,!!$ ld=ld= jiff{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . of] pkcfof]hgf v]taf/L, cfjf; If]q, jg If]qaf6 k|j]z ub{5 h;dWo] r]= )±)() b]lv r]= )±!() / r]= !±$)) b]lv r]= !±*)) ;Dd sflnsf ;fd'bflos ag, r]= !)±@)) b]lv r]= !!±!^) ;Dd emNsg] ;fd'bflos ag, r]= !*±^!) b]lv r]= !(±)$) ;Dd /fgLaf; ;fd'bflos jg, r]= !(±)$) b]lv r]= !(±$^) ;Dd $ j6f sa'lnolt ag -xl/ofnL, k|ultl;n, nfn'kft], / nflnu'F/f;_, r]= @!±%() b]lv r]=
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli ii @@±)@) dfg]eGHofË sa'lnolt ag / r]= @&±!^) b]lv r]= @(±))) / r]= @(±#)) b]lv r]= #)±^)) ;Dd ;/sf/L ag /x]sf] 5 . o; ;8sdf ldl>t rf]}8fkft] jg g} al9 dfqfdf kfO{Psf] 5 h;df ;fn tyf lrnfpg] k|hftLsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . oxfF ;fn, vf]6] ;Nnf, s6';, lrnfpg], plQ;, s'6ld/f], 6'gL cflb h:tf ?vx? kfOG5g\ eg] r'qf], ;t'jf, dlh7f] h:tf u}x| sfi7 ag k}bfjf/x? kfOG5. To;}u/L h+unL hgfj/x?df lrt'jf, :ofn, b'D;L, efn', dn;fk|f] cflb /x]sf 5g\ eg] k+IfLdf sflnh, uf}ynL, n'Or], 9's'/, sf]O{nL / ;/L;[k k|hfltdf l;l/; ;k{, wfdg, kfgL ;k{ cflb kfO{G5 . o; ;8s cGtu{t lkkn eGHofË, ef]6]:jf/f, v§f/, lga'jf6f/, /haf;, xfo'6f/, rGbgk'/, ;f]nfeGHofË, g]qsfnL, cfFk6f/ h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? kb{5g\ . k|efljt If]qdf @,*%( 3/w'/L /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf tfdfË hftLsf dflg;sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|d'v hfltdf du/, If]qL, afx'g cflb /x]sf 5g\ . cfof]hgf If]qsf] ;fIf/tf b/ %(=^)Ü -;fdfGo ;fIf/ ;d]t_ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf w]/}h;f] AolQmx? v]lt nufot s[lif / kz'kfng k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ eg] cGo d'Vo k]zfdf ;fgf Aofkf/, Hofnf dhb'/L / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . k|eflat If]qdf k|fo h;f] :jf:Yo rf}sLklg /x]sf] kfO{of] . vfg]kfgLsf] nflu *!=&% k|ltzt 3/w'/Ln] kfOkåf/f ljtl/t kfgLsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . k|efljt If]qsf ^&=*^Ü 3/w'/Ldf ljB't ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 eg] afls #@=!$Ü n] ;f]nf/ aQLsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{of] . jftfj/0fLo k|efjx? ;sf/fTds k|efjx? pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf tTsfn b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df o;n] !#$,*&& JoQmLlbg a/fj/sf] c:yfoL /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ 5 . o;}u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng kl5 x'g] ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df o; lhNnfsf] sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsf j8f gF @ / Wofªn]v ufpFkflnsf j8f gF !, @, # / $ sf] lkkn eGHofË, ef]6]:jf/f, v§f/, lga'jf6f/, /haf;, xfo'6f/, rGbgk'/, ;f]nfeGHofË, g]qsfnL, cfFk6f/ h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf cf;kf;sf hgtfnfO{ aif}e/L oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf tyf kx'Fr, :yfgLo s[lif pkhdf cfwfl/t s[lif pBf]usf] k|j4{g tyf cfly{s ljsf; /x]sf 5g\ . ;+rfngdf cfPkl5 o; pkcfof]hgfn] k|efljt If]qsf hgtfx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;]jf h:t}M :jf:Yo, lzIff, ahf/ tyf cGo ;'lawfdf ;xh / b|"t kxF'r k|bfg ug{]5 . o;sf ;fy} o; If]qdf b}lgs pkEff]Uo a:t'x?, vfB tyf cGo a:t'x?sf] cfk'lt{ ;xh x'g]5 eg] o; If]qsf] s[lif pkh cflbn] klg ;xh ahf/ k|fKt ug]{5 h;n] ubf{ hLjg:t/ a[l4 x'g]5 / e"sDk k|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'g:yf{kgfdf d2t k'Ug]5 . gsf/fTds k|efjx? pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf jftfj/0fsf] ;fdflhs cjojdf b]lvg;Sg] k|d'v gsf/fTds k|efjx?df pknAw ;]jf ;'ljwfdf bjfj, :yfgLo / cfuGt's sfdbf/x? lar åGb l;h{gf, k]zfut :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf k|efj, cflb d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf /x]sf 5g . ;8s lj:tf/ ubf{ !=^^% x]= v]lt ug]+ hUuf, !=!@) x]= a:tL If]q, )=&%$ x]= ;/sf/L tyf lghL ag If]q, )=!#! x]= afFemf] hUuf, / )=)%) x]= vf]nf / vf]N;L ;8sdf kl/at{g x'g] ePsf]n] e'kl/jt{gdf c;/ kfg]{ b]lvG5 . of] ;+u} af6f] la:tf/df df * j6f lghL ;+/rgf / ;fd'bflos wf/fdf ;d]t k|ToIf Iflt k'Ug] b]lvG5 . cGo c;/x?df sfo{ / Hofnf ljt/0fdf n}+lus lje]b, hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{df gfjfnsfx?sf] k|of]u, c:j:y cfjf;sf sf/0f km}lng] /f]u, zf/Ll/s ;Dks{sf sf/0f ;g]{ of}g /f]u tyf cGo ;?jf /f]ux? x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5g\ . ;fy} cfof]hgf ;+rfng kZrft pknAw ;'ljwfsf sf/0f ;8s lsgf/df cJojl:yt j;f]jf; a9\g uO{ ;8s If]q cltqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .;8s lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0f, ;jf/L;fwg Pj+ /;folgs tTjx?sf] sf/0f Wjlg,
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli iii xfjf / kfgL k|b'lift x'g ;S5 . kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gePdf hn tyf hldgsf] k|b'if0fn] cGo gsf/fTds k|efj lgDTofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ;d'lrt e08f/0f tyf ;+rfng gubf{ r'xfj6sf sf/0f ;txL tyf e'ldut hn k|b'lift x'g;Sb5 . h}ljs jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ;Gbe{df rf]/Llzsf/Lsf sf/0f jGohGt'df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . lgdf{0fsf nflu ;8ssf] b'j} tkm{ s6fg ubf{ $& j6f ;f=jaf6, & j6f sa'lnolt jgaf6, *#@ j6f /fli6\|o ag / #&# j6f gLlh agaf6 ?vx? x6fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfo 7]s]bf/ / sfdbf/sf nflu ljleGg jftfj/0fLo tyf hgr]tgf d"ns tflndx? -cfocfh{g, OlGhlgol/u+ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf h}ljs k|ljlwsf sfd ;DaGwL_ lbO{g] 5g\ . ;8s lgdf{0fsf s|ddf sDtLdf @) % dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 . Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? cfof]hgfsf] gsf/fTds c;/x? Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg Jojxfl/s tyf ldtJooL pkfox? ;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf k|:tfjsn] cfof]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngsf] cjlwdf o:tf pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ 5g\ . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f cjlwsf] qmddf k|:tfjsn] lgdf{0f Joj;foL dfkm{t Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox? nfu" ug]{]5 . cjnDag ul/g] s]xL k|d'v pkfox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
lghL ;+/rgf nufotsf lghL ;DklQsf] clwu|x0f ubf{ Ifltk'lt{ lbOg]5 . k]zfut :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] ;/f]sf/sf nflu cfjZos tof/L ul/g] 5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ x]Nd]6, kGhf, a'6, ;'/IffTds k]6L, r:df, df:s cflb k|bfg ul/g] 5 . lgdf{0f / e08f/0f:yndf cgflws[t k|j]z / ultljlw /f]Sg vt/fsf ;+s]tx?, 5]saf/ Pj+ kfn]sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . SofDk tyf lgdf{0f If]qdf c:yfO{ rkL{sf] Joj:yf kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] Aoa:yf ul/g] 5 . pTvgg\af6 lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ lgwf{l/t :yfgdf 6f] jfn, l/6]lgË jfn, j[Iff/f]k0f / cfjZostf cg';f/ gfnLx? lgdf{0f u/L ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . ljBdfg / ;Defljt klx/f]nfO{ pko'Qm h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd ul/g]5 . cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] qmddf lg:sg] 3/]n' tyf lgdf{0fhGo kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ gbLIf]q af6 k/ pko'Qm :yfgdf / efF8f]df ;+sng ul/g] 5 / ltgsf] k|sf/ cg'?k Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . lgdf{0f ultljlwdf k|of]u x'g] t]n tyf cGo /;folgs kbfy{x?nfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf Wofgk'j{s e08f/0f tyf pkof]u ul/g] 5 . jGohGt'sf] rf]/Ll;sf/L lgoGq0f tyf ltgsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg] ;Gb]z af]s]sf] xf]l8{Ë af]8{x? /flvg]5 . ?vx?sf] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0fsf] nflu ?= #,#&),&**=#% 5'6\ofO{Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf k|:tfljt ;8s glhssf j:tLx?df ufpmF:t/Lo k|ltlgwL tyf cGo :yfgLo AolStx?;Fu k|:tfjLt pkcfof]hgfaf6 kg{ hfg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/ jf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn u/LPsf] lyof] . To;}ul/ d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/L u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] /fo ;'´fa ;+sngsf] nfuL & lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf @)&$÷)%÷@$ ut]sf] /fhwfgL, g]kfnL /fli6«o b}lgsdf k|sflzt ul/of] .
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IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli v Executive Summary
Background In order to accelerate economic and social recovery of the communities through rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015, Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) has been implemented under loan assistance of Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical support of Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) in 12 affected district. Through this project, the ADB will support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and income for families by repairing critical road networks. The project will also repair and improve about 135 km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and landslides. The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the executing government agency. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)-District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU) is the implementing agency.
Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali (37.20 Km) Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub- project is one of the projects under EEAP. This IEE report has been prepared by DLPIU, Sindhuli under EEAP to address the likely environmental and social impact, both beneficial and adverse, due to the proposed upgrading of the road.
The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Section will render the existing infrastructure devastated by devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015 fully operative and reinstate the road access to Kamalamai Municipality ward 2 and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality ward 1,2,3 and 4 of Sindhuli district with major settlements along the road alignment such as Pipal Bhanjyang, Bhoteswara, Khatter, Nibuwatar, Buktikhatar, Rajabas, Haitar, Chandanpur, Solabhanjyang, Chhaukitar, Aaptar etc. as well as the other rural part of Sindhuli district to the district headquarter and other parts of the country.
The Proponent The District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU), Sindhuli is the implementing agency at the district level under Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) project and the proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Section (37.20 km) of Sindhuli district.
Address of the Proponent District Level Project Implementation Unit-Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Sindhulimadi, Sindhuli District Telephone No.: 047-520109 Email: [email protected]
Rationale and Objectives of the IEE study Preparation of IEE for district road is mandatory according to Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2015, rule relating to reconstruction of the earthquake
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli vi affected structures 2016, Working Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016 (schedule 1) and second amendment (2017) and ADB safeguard policy statement, 2009 to suggest the appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the environmental impact of the proposal.
The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio- economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement environmental management plan for the sub-project.
Project Description and Study Methodology The proposed sub-project starts from Pipalbhanjyang of Kamalamai Municipality ward no. 2 (then Bhadrakali VDC-3) and ends at Majhitar of Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-4 (then Netrakali VDC-5) of Sindhuli district. DLPIU- Sindhuli has proposed to reconstruct the 37.20 km section of the road under EEAP. It will be rehabilitated and reconstructed into a District Road Core Network (DRCN) standard road with gravel pavement. The road length is 37.20 km with 6.25 meter formation width including shoulder and drainage. The estimated total project cost is NRs. 807,552,288.46 and the engineering cost is NRs. 777,118,646.06.
This IEE report has been prepared following necessary desk and field study and defined procedure and also on the basis of the ToR approved on 2017/07/09 A.D by the National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) to fulfill the statutory requirement of GoN. The findings and conclusions of the initial environmental examination report are based on the analysis of the information collected from the field from 2017/08/11 A.D to 2017/08/18 A.D and secondary information supplemented by the social and technical teams working on the resettlement survey and detail survey.
Existing Environmental Condition The dominant rock types present in the sub-project area include gneiss, schist, sandstone and conglomerate and the common soil types include colluvial, alluvial and residual soils. Chisapani Khola, Dhanman Khola, Taru Khola, Landi Khola, Simle Khola, Baseri Khola, Lipi Khola, Rin Khola, Marin Khola, Tamajor Khola are the major stream of the project area.
The elevation of proposed road varies from 527 m to 1154 m from mean sea level. So, it lies in upper tropical and sub-tropical climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976) and the temperature is 32.35° C during summer and 7.80° C during winter. The average annual rainfall in the district is 2114 mm.
The sub-project segment lies among cultivation area, settlement, and forest patches. There is Kalika Community Forest (CF) in between Ch 0+090 to Ch 0+190 & Ch 1+400 to Ch 1+800, Jhalkane CF at Ch 10+200 to Ch 11+160, Ranibas CF at Ch 18+610 to Ch 19+040, four Leasehold Forest (Hariyali, Pragatisil, Lalupate & Laliguras) in between the Ch 19+040 to Ch 19+460 and Manebhanjyang Leasehold Forest, between Ch 21+590 to Ch 22+020 and Government Managed Forest between the Ch 27+160 to Ch 29+000 & Ch 29+300 to Ch 30+600.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli vii Major forest types found in the project area is dominated by tropical mixed broad-leaf forest dominated by Shorea and Schima species. Major trees include Shorea robusta (Sal), Pinus roxburghii (Khote Salla), Katus (Castanopsis indica), Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Alnus nepalensis (Utis), Litsea polyantha (Kutmiro), Toona ciliata (Tuni) etc. Similarly, Berberis aristata (Chutro), Paris polyphylla (Satuwa), Rubia majith (Majitho) etc. are NTFP reported in the forests along road alignment. Major wildlife includes Panthera pardus (Chituwa), Canis aureus (Syal), Hystrix indica (Dumsi), Ursus sp. (Bhalu), Martes flavigula (Malsalpro). Avian species include Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij), Gallus gallus (Luiche), Streptopelia sp. (Dhukur), Psittacula sp. (Suga) etc. The extant reptilian species in this forest include Lycodon aulicus (Siris Sarpa), Ptyas mucosa (Dhaman), Nerodia sipedon (Pani Sarpa) etc.
The major settlements along the alignment include Pipalbhanjyang, Bhoteswara, Khattar, Nibuwatar, Rajbas, Hayutar, Chandanpur, Solabhanjyang, Netrakali, and Aaptar. 1,365 persons live in 2,859 households in the Directly Impact Area of the sub-project. The population of the project area is dominated by Tamang. Other main castes include Magar, Chhetri, Brahmin etc. Total literacy of the project area is 59.60% (including just literate also). People of the project area are involved in agriculture as their main occupation. Among the other main occupations, wage labour, foreign employment, and service are important. Health care service is being delivered by Health Posts and Medicals. Almost 81.75% of the households use piped water for drinking. 67.86% of the households in the project area have been supplied with electricity and 32.14% uses solar for the lighting purpose.
Environmental Impacts Beneficial Impacts The immediate beneficial impact from the project during construction phase is generation of temporary employment opportunity of 134,877 person days. The major beneficial impacts after operation of project includes year round transportation facility and accessibility to the Kamalamai Municipality-2 and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-1, 2, 3 and 4, Pipalbhanjyang, Bhoteswara, Khattar, Nibuwatar, Rajbas, Hayutar, Chandanpur, Solabhanjyang, Netrakali, Aaptar and its surrounding settlements of Sindhuli district and promotes the Market Development, Increase in land Value, Industrial Development, generating employment, Increase in crop productivity and Increase in sale of local products. Once in operation the road will offer easy, comfortable and quick access to people of the area to social service facilities like health, education, market and other facilities. After rehabilitation and reconstruction of the road, the supply of daily consumables, food and others will be easy and provide market to local agricultural products which will improve the living standard of and help the earthquake affected people in social and economic recovery.
Adverse Impacts Among the adverse impact on the social domain of the environment, pressure on existing service facilities, possible conflict and clash between local and outside workers, occupational health and safety are of chief concern. The land acquired for the implementation of the project can undergo a long-term permanent change in the land use.Changes of land use due to the construction of road are mainly conversion of 1.665 ha of cultivated land, 1.120 ha built-up area, 0.754 ha forest and 0.131 ha of barren land, and 0.050 ha of river/ stream area. Similarly, there will be some change in land use due to expansion of roadside settlements. Due to the expansion of the road 8 private structure and one community tap will
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli viii be directly impact. Other impacts are gender discrimination in task and diseases due to unhygienic living condition, communicable diseases etc. During operation phase, ribbon settlement along the project alignment could develop haphazardly and encroachment might occur along road alignment.
Operation of construction equipment and vehicles and use of chemical substances during construction activates may produce noise, water and air pollution. Improper management of waste may cause water and soil pollution leading to other deleterious consequences. Improper storage and handling of construction materials and equipment’s may cause water and soil pollution through leakage and seepage. Regarding the impact on biological environment, impact of hunting and poaching on wild animal is considered important. In total, 47 trees from the community forest, 7 trees from the leasehold forest, 832 trees from the government managedl forest and 373 trees from the private forest and private land need to be cut down.
Benefit Augmentation Measures Life skill training such as income generation activities for affected households, construction of soft engineering structures and bioengineering works for workers will be conducted. Awareness rising and environmental awareness trainings will be provided. More emphasis will be given to women workers as at least 20% workers should be women.
Mitigation Measures A number of practical and cost effective mitigation measures have been suggested to prevent, correct and compensate the adverse effects of the project implementation. The project proponent is bound to implement these measures during the construction and operation of the project. For construction phase, the proponent will implement the mitigation measures through contractor. Some of the major measures to be adopted are as follows:
Private properties including private structures and private property will be acquired after compensation. To address the issue of occupational health and safety, proper safety arrangements will be made. Safety equipment such as helmets, boots, gloves, safety belts, safety glasses and masks will be provided to the workers working in the construction sites. Warning signs, posts, barriers and guards will be installed to restrict access of unauthorized persons to storage areas. Arrangements of temporary latrines will be made for workers in proper site. Spoil generated from earthwork will be disposed in designated location and managed properly with toe wall and retaining wall, vegetation cover and necessary drainage structures. Existing and possible landslides will be controlled or prevented by appropriate bio- engineering technique. All the camp wastes and construction wastes will be placed in the designated waste collection pits away from the water path. Oils and other chemicals used in construction activities will be handled carefully and stored in fallow land away from the river beds by using impervious layers. Hoarding boards carrying messages to aware people on control of hunting and poaching of wildlife and their conservation will be placed.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli ix NRS. 3,370,788.35 have been allocated for compensatory plantation.
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure Public consultation was done with the local people living near the proposed road, members of local organizations and local leaders during the preparation of draft IEE report in order to aware them of incoming road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project and to identify the possible beneficial and adverse impacts due to this sub-project. After preparation of the draft IEE report, 7 days public notice was published in 2073/05/24 B.S (2017/09/09 A.D) on Rajdhani, a national Nepali daily newspaper seeking written opinions from concerned stakeholders.
Draft IEE report along with executive summary, identified impacts, recommended benefit augmentation and mitigation measures and EMP was prepared in for public disclosure for comments and suggestion on the Date 2017/09/14. Likewise, after the incorporation of comments from NRA, IEE report has been sent for approval.
Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) The IEE report has suggested four (4) levels of GRMs to receive and facilitate resolution of affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding project’s environmental and social performances and impacts in a timely and satisfactory manner.
Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been proposed with present report including issues identified, possible effects and impacts, measures for their mitigation, monitoring methods and schedule in Chapter 9. In addition, agencies responsible for executing environmental mitigation measures and monitoring have been identified in the EMP. Different monitoring indicators on the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment have also been identified. The NRA with district bodies will monitor during reconstruction and operation phase. For the environmental monitoring, NR 325,000 has been allocated. The total cost allocated for environment management of the sub-project is NRs. 12,081,211.68 of which NRs. 7,485,423.33 is already included in civil work cost.
Conclusion and Recommendation Most of the identified and perceived impacts of the project are of low significance compared to the project of this scale. With the set of mitigation measures, most of the adverse impacts can be minimised and/or compensated and limited to locality and construction period. Hence, it is suitable to implement the project addressing the impacts through the mitigation and enhancement measures suggested by this IEE, considering the nature of the project, its location, and people’s positive perceptions and identified environmental impacts.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli x Table of Contents
1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1. Background ...... 1 1.2. Proponent ...... 2 1.3. Consultant ...... 2 1.4. Objectives of ToR ...... 2 1.5. Objectives of IEE Study ...... 3 1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE ...... 3 2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work ...... 4 2.1. Location and Access ...... 4 2.2. Salient Feature ...... 7 2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-project ...... 8 2.3.1 Construction Approach ...... 8 2.3.2 Construction Materials Required ...... 9 2.4. Human Resource ...... 10 2.5. Land Requirement ...... 10 2.6. Cost ...... 11 2.7. Implementation Schedule ...... 11 3. Methodology ...... 12 3.1. Literature Review ...... 12 3.2. Impact Area Delineation ...... 13 3.3. Field Investigation ...... 13 3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation ...... 15 3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of Impact ...... 16 3.6. Study Team ...... 17 3.7. Information Disclosure ...... 17 4. Description of the Existing Environment ...... 18 4.1. Physical Environment ...... 18 4.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology...... 18 4.1.2 Land Use Pattern ...... 21 4.1.3 Climate and Hydrology ...... 22 4.1.4 Landslide and Erosion Prone Area ...... 22 4.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality ...... 23 4.2. Biological Environment ...... 23 4.2.1 Vegetation Type ...... 23 4.2.2 Wildlife ...... 26 4.2.3 Fish ...... 27 4.2.4 Protected Flora and Fauna in Sub-project area ...... 27 4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ...... 28 4.3.1 District Context ...... 28 4.3.2 Indirect Impact Area ...... 36 4.3.3 Direct Impact Area ...... 39 4.3.4 Project Affected Families ...... 61 5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on Environment ...... 63 5.1. Beneficial Impacts ...... 63
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xi 5.1.1 Construction Phase...... 63 5.1.2 Operation Phase ...... 64 5.2. Adverse Impacts ...... 65 5.2.1 Construction Phase...... 65 5.2.2 Operation Phase ...... 70 5.3. Climate Change Impacts ...... 72 6. Analysis of Alternatives ...... 73 6.1. No Action Alternative ...... 73 6.2. Project Alternatives ...... 73 6.3. Alternative Alignment ...... 73 6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach ...... 73 6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process ...... 74 6.6. Alternative Resources ...... 74 6.7. No Forest Alternative ...... 74 7. Environmental Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and Minimization Measures ...... 75 7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase ...... 75 7.1.1 Detailed Survey and Design ...... 75 7.2. Beneficial Impacts Augmentation Measures ...... 75 7.2.1 Construction Phase...... 75 7.2.2 Operation Phase ...... 76 7.3. Adverse Impacts Mitigation Measures ...... 76 7.3.1 Construction Phase...... 76 7.3.2 Operation Phase ...... 82 7.4. Climate Change Impacts ...... 83 8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project ...... 85 9. Environmental Management Plan ...... 91 9.1. Institutions and Their Roles ...... 91 9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation Measures ...... 93 9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan ...... 105 9.3.1 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities ...... 105 9.3.2 Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures ...... 106 9.4. Matters to be monitored while implementing the Proposal ...... 107 9.4.1 Baseline Monitoring ...... 107 9.4.2 Compliance Monitoring ...... 107 9.4.3 Impact Monitoring ...... 107 9.5. Monitoring Parameters ...... 108 9.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase ...... 108 9.5.2 Construction Phase...... 108 9.5.3 Operation Phase ...... 109 9.6. Monitoring Indicators ...... 109 9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 116 10. Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 119 References ...... 120
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xii List of Tables
Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road...... 7 Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites ...... 9 Table 3: Sources of Construction Materials ...... 10 Table 4: Land Required Area for Upgrading Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road ...... 11 Table 5: Sub-project Implementation Schedule ...... 11 Table 6: Impact Area Delination of Sub-project ...... 13 Table 7: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya Rock Exposed along the Road ...... 18 Table 8: Geology and Types of Soil along the Road Alignment ...... 20 Table 9: Land Use along the Road Alignment ...... 21 Table 10: Location of Landslides and Bio-Engineering Works ...... 22 Table 11: Plant species falling under Right-of-Way and Formation-of-Width of Road ...... 23 Table 12: Forests along Road ...... 25 Table 13: Protected Flora and Fauna Recorded in Project Area ...... 27 Table 14: Demographic Characteristic of Sindhuli District ...... 28 Table 15: Absentee populatio ...... 28 Table 16: Religion Followed by People of Sindhuli District ...... 29 Table 17: Caste and Ethnicity in the Sindhuli District ...... 29 Table 18: Languages Spoken in Sindhuli District ...... 30 Table 19: Educational Status in Sindhuli District ...... 31 Table 20: Status of Drinking Water in Sindhuli District...... 32 Table 21: Status of Toilet Facilities in Sindhuli District ...... 32 Table 22: Types of Toilets in Sindhuli District ...... 32 Table 23: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in Sindhuli District ...... 33 Table 24: Ownership of House in Sindhuli District ...... 34 Table 25: Type of Foundation of House in Sindhuli District ...... 34 Table 26: Type of Outer Wall of House in Sindhuli District ...... 34 Table 27: Type of Roof of House in Sindhuli District ...... 35 Table 28: Status of Households regarding Facilities to Accessories in Sindhuli District ...... 35 Table 29: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in Sindhuli District ...... 35 Table 30: General Population Scenario of the Indirectly Affected Areas ...... 37 Table 31: Ethnic Composition of the Indirectly Impact Areas ...... 38 Table 32: Literacy Status of the Indirectly Affected Areas ...... 39 Table 33: General Population Scenario of the Project Affected Area ...... 40 Table 34: General Population Scenario of the Project Affected Areas (Age Group) ...... 40 Table 35: Major Languages Spoken in the Project Affected Areas ...... 41 Table 36: Drinking Water Sources in Project Affected Areas ...... 42 Table 37: Fuel Source for Cooking in Project Affected Areas ...... 42 Table 38: Energy Source for Lighting in Project Affected Areas ...... 43 Table 39: Sanitation Status in Project Affected Areas ...... 43 Table 40: Literacy Status in the Indirectly Affected Areas ...... 43 Table 41: Major Settlement Located in the Proposed road alignment ...... 45 Table 42: Household and Population of PAS(s) ...... 45 Table 43: Caste and Ethnicity in PAS(s)...... 46 Table 44: Religion Followed in PAS(s) ...... 47 Table 45: Migration Trend in PAS ...... 47
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xiii Table 46: Occupation in Project Affected Settlement...... 48 Table 47: Livelihood Status in PAS ...... 49 Table 48: Housing Structure Type in PAS ...... 49 Table 49: Available Health Service in PAS ...... 50 Table 50: Major Disease found in PAS ...... 51 Table 51: Solid Waste Management Techniques ...... 51 Table 52: Educational Status in PAS ...... 52 Table 53: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s) ...... 53 Table 54: Status of Drinking Water in PAS ...... 53 Table 55: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS ...... 54 Table 56: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS ...... 54 Table 57: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS ...... 55 Table 58: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS ...... 55 Table 59: Major Market in PAS ...... 56 Table 60: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS ...... 57 Table 61: Status of Financial Institutions in PAS ...... 58 Table 62: Land Ownership in PAS ...... 58 Table 63: Irrigation Status in PAS ...... 59 Table 64: Major Crops in PAS ...... 59 Table 65: Major Livestock in PAS ...... 59 Table 66: Potential Economic activities by Road Upgrading in local level...... 60 Table 67: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites ...... 60 Table 68: Social Centres ...... 61 Table 69: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-project ...... 61 Table 70: Average Income of APs ...... 62 Table 71: Food Sufficiency of AP ...... 62 Table 72: Possible Spoil Disposal site ...... 65 Table 73: Proposed Camp site along the road ...... 67 Table 74: Trees to be Cut in Formation Width ...... 67 Table 75: Summary of Affected Private Structure in the Formation Width ...... 69 Table 76: Summary of Affected Community structure in the formation width ...... 69 Table 77: Compensatory Plantation against Tree Loss ...... 79 Table 78: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines ...... 85 Table 79: Institutions and Their Roles ...... 91 Table 80: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures ...... 94 Table 81 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures ...... 96 Table 82: Environmental Monitoring Cost ...... 106 Table 83: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures ...... 106 Table 84: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE ...... 109 Table 85: Compliance Monitoring for Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Sub-project ...... 111 Table 86: Impact/Effect Monitoring of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Sub-project ...... 114
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xiv List of Figures
Figure 1: Overall Location in GIS Map ...... 5 Figure 2: Alignment Map of Sub-project ...... 6 Figure 3: Population of Sindhuli District by Different Age Group ...... 29 Figure 4: Literacy Status of Sindhuli District ...... 31 Figure 5: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in Sindhuli District ...... 33 Figure 6: Ethnic Composition of the Indirectly Affected Areas ...... 41 Figure 7: Educational Attainment of People in Project Affected Areas ...... 44 Figure 8: Environmental Management Organisation Structure ...... 93 Figure 9: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 117
Appendixes
Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study ...... 122 Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist ...... 137 Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...... 139 Appendix IV: Environmental Checklist ...... 142 Appendix V: Public Notice ...... 147 Appendix VI: Project Cost ...... 149 Appendix VII: Meeting Minutes and Public Disclosure ...... 151 Appendix VIII: Deed of Inquiry(Muchulka) ...... 158 Appendix IX: Recommendation ...... 172 Appendix X: Consulted Person ...... 177 Appendix XI: Trees to be Cut Down ...... 178 Appendix XII: Affected Structures...... 199 Appendix XIII: Photographs...... 204
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xv ABBREVIATIONS
ADB: Asian Development Bank AP: Affected Person CBO: Community Based Organization CDC: Compensation Determination Committee CF: Community Forest CFUG: Community Forest Users Group Ch: Chainage CISC: Central Implementation Support Consultants CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CLPIU Central Level Project Implementation Unit DFO: District Forest Office/Officer DIA Direct Impact Area DISC: District Implementation Support Consultants DLPIU: District Level Project Implementation Unit DTMP: District Transport Master Plan DoLIDAR: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads DRCN: District Road Core Network DRILP-AF Decentralize Rural Infrastructue Livlihood Project-Additional Financing EA Executing Agency EARF Environmental Assessment Review Framework EEAP Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment EMP: Environmental Management Plan EMS: Environmental Management Section FGD: Focus Group Discussion GESI: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion GoN: Government of Nepal GRC Grievance Redress Committee Ha: Hectare Hh: Household IIA Indirect Impact Area IEE: Initial Environmental Examination IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature Km: Kilometer LAC Local Area Committee LC Least Concern LEP: Labour based, environment friendly and participatory LR/NT Lower Risk/Near Threatened MoFALD: Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development NCB National Competitive Bidding NF: National Forest NRA National Reconstruction Authority NGO: Non-Governmental Organization NRs: Nepali Rupees
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xvi NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products PAS(s): Project Affected Settlements PF: Private Forest RM Rural Municipality RoW Right of Way SDC: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SSO: Social Safeguard Officer ToR: Terms of Reference VDC: Village Development Committee ZoI: Zone of Influence
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xvii 1. Introduction 1.1. Background 1. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented with the loan financing of ADB, technical assistance from Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and counterpart funding from the Government of Nepal (GoN). It aimed at accelerating economic and social recovery of the communities through rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. The project will support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and income for families by repairing critical road networks. The Project covers 12 affected districts in eastern, middle and western development region of Nepal namely: Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap, Okhaldhunga, Sindhuli, Solukhumbu, Ramechhap, Gorkha, Lamjung and Chitwan. The project will repair, retrofit or rebuild at least 700 schools and 300 district-level government buildings damaged by the earthquake to disaster-resilient standards. The project will also repair and improve about 135 km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and landslides. The road will be rebuilt with improved road safety features and will be designed to withstand future disasters and the impact of climate change.
2. Total 37.20 km long Pipalbhnajyang-Hayutar-Netrakali road starts at Pipalbhanjyang of Kamalamai Municipality-2 (then Bhadrakali VDC-3) and ends at Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-4 (then Netrakali VDC-5, Majhitar).Then Disitrict Development Committee (DDC) had opened the track of initial 14 Km road section, from Pipalbhanjyang to Simle khattar duting 2060 B.S to 2062 B.S and remaining section was constructed during 2066 B.S – 2067 B.S. This road was reconstructed later by Rural Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Secto Development Project (RRRSDP) with an average of around 5m.
3. This road was affected by the mega earthquake 2015 in several places. After completion of this sub-project, the road will connect settlement like Pipalbhanjyang, Bhoteswara, Khatter, Nibuwatar, Buktikhatar, Rajabas, Hayutar, Chandanpur, Solabhanjyang, Chhaukitar, Aaptar of KamalamaiMunicipality and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality to the BP Highway and to District headquarter Sindhulimadi. Local people will directly benefit due to transportation facilities, and their economic income will be increase due to access of local product in the market. In future, the road from Pipalbhanjyang to Netrakali will meet nearby Nepalthok in BP highway and could be an alternative route for Kathmandu to Sindhuli. Also, the proposed rehabilitation and upgrading will facilitate the easy access to the rural people of south-west part of Sindhuli District. Further, the enhanced road network will provide access to the rural people of these areas to the basic service facilities like health, education and daily economic activities hence improving their living standard. Therefore, it has been proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction and the road has attracted DTMP priority No-20DR005.
4. The sub-project affected then Bhadrakali VDC is now restructured as ward no. 2 of Kamalamai Municipality and sub-project affected then VDCs i.e. Amale, Bastipur, Netrakali and Tamajor is now restructured as ward no. 1, 2, 3 & 4 of Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality respectively.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 1 1.2. Proponent 5. The proposed sub-project is for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the Pipal bhnajyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road in Sindhuli district. The District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU) Sindhuli district, being responsible for the district roads is the proponent for conducting Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for proposed road under ADB/SDC and GON funded Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP). The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the concerned authority for the approval of the IEE study report.
6. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) under the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) is the implementing agency for the district road sub-component. EEAP has established Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CLPIU), headed by Project director in center and District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU) headed by project manager at district level. DLPIU is supported by District Implementation Support Consultant (DISC) at district level, Central Implementation Support Consultant (CISC) and CLPIU at central level.
Address of the Proponent Earthquake Emergency Assistant Project, District Level Project Implementation Unit, Sindhuli District Sindhulimadi Telephone No.: 047-520149 Fax No.: 047-520544 Email: [email protected]
1.3. Consultant 7. Af-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland acting as Central Implementation Support Consultant of EEAP has awarded consultancy services to the Joint Venture of Silt Consultant/TSE/ECN/EC in association with GeoCom International for the consulting service to prepare Detailed Project Report (DPR) including Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report of the above mentioned road project on behalf of the proponent adhering with all the prevalent policies, acts, rules and guidelines.
Address of the Consultant Central Implementation Support Consultant (CISC) Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) Ekantakuna, Lalitpur P.O. Box 113, Kathmandu Telephone No: 977-1-5543142/43 Fax No: 977-1-5543144 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.drilpnepal.org
1.4. Objectives of ToR 8. The main objective of the TOR was to guide the preparation of the comprehensive and coherent Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study report as per clause 2 of
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 2 schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of Working Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, (second amendment, 2017). The specific objectives of the study were as listed below.
Identify the data requirement of IEE study and general methods for acquisition of such information Identify major impacts that may arise as a result of proposed works on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area Identify relevant legal documents that need to be reviewed during the IEE study Provide an outline on structure of IEE study report.
1.5. Objectives of IEE Study 9. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the environmental impact due to implementation of the sub-project in the area and to suggest a sustainable way out, help decision makers to balance development and protection of human wellbeing and the environment. The specific objectives of the study are to:
Provide information on the general environmental setting of the project area as baseline data Identify, predict and evaluate the major impacts that may arise as a result of proposed works on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area Recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures Prepare and recommend environmental management and monitoring plan for the project
1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE 10. An IEE of the upgrading road is necessary in order to assess the environmental consequences of the road reconstruction and rehabilitation activities and suggest appropriate, practical and site specific mitigation and enhancement measures. This is District Road Core Network (DRCN)2 according to Nepal Rural Road Standard (2055) 1st Revision, September 2012 of the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads. Preparation of IEE report for district road is mandatory according to act relating to reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure 2015, rule relating to reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure 2016, working procedure related with Environmental Impact Assessment for rehabilitation of earthquake affected structures, second Amendment 2017 (Schedule 1) and safeguard policy statement,2009 of ADB suggest the appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the environmental impact of the proposal.
2 A Road within the district joining a VDC headquarter (HQ or a growth centre to the district HQ directly or via other VDC(s), a neighboring district HQ or the strategic road network is called “district road core network”. Other roads which are not included in this network are village road.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 3 2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work 2.1. Location and Access 11. The sub-project is located in Kamalamai Municipality ward no. 2 (then Bhadrakali VDC-3) and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality 1, 2, 3 & 4 (then Amale VDC, Bastipur VDC, Netrakali VDC and Tamajor VDC) of Sindhuli district. The proposed road alignment starts at Pipalbhanjyang of Kamalamai Municipality-2 (then Bhadrakali VDC-3) and ends at Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-4 (then Netrakali VDC-5, Majhitar). The major settlements along the road alignment are Pipalbhanjyang, Bhoteswara, Khatter, Nibuwatar, Buktikhatar, Rajabas, Hayutar, Chandanpur, Solabhanjyang, Chhaukitar, Aaptar, etc. The main caste/ethnic groups settled in the project area are Brahmin, Chhetri, Tamang, Magar, Newar, Sunwar etc.
12. The land use of the sub-project area is mainly covered by cultivated land, forest, Bagar and built-up area. The elevation of proposed road varies from 527 m to 1154 m from mean sea level. The project area is located in upper tropical and sub-tropical climatic zone. The road does not pass through any protected areas, historically and archaeologically sensitive areas. This road has been proposed for upgrading as gravel and cobble. The road passes through forests, cultivated land, barren land and settlement area crossing streams (Kholo/kholsi) such as: Chisapanu Khola, Dhanman Khola, Taru Khola, Landi Khola, Simle Khola, Baseri Khola, Lipe Khola, Rin Khola, Marin Khola, Tamajor Khola are the major streams of the project area.
13. Length of this road is 37.20 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost is NRs. 807,552,288.46 and civil work cost is NRs. 777,118,646.06 as shown in Appendix VI. The location of road is given in Figure 1 and 2.
14. In the initial phase, the first 14 Km road section, from Pipalbhanjyang to Simle khattar was constructed in 2060 to 2062 and remaining section was constructed in 2066 - 2067. Initially the road was constructed through financial support from DDC and later by RRRSDP. The average width of the road was around 5m. Road was affected by the mega earthquake 2015 in several places. After completion of this sub-project the road connects several settlements of KamalamaiMunicipality and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality to the BP Highway and to district headquarter Sindhulimadi. Local people will directly benefit due to transportation facilities, and their economic income will be increase due to access of local product in the market. In future, the road from Pipalbhanjyang to Netrakali meets nearby Nepalthok in BP highway and could be an alternative route for Kathmandu to Sindhuli.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 4
Figure 1: Overall Location in GIS Map
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 5
Figure 2: Alignment Map of Sub-project
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 6 2.2. Salient Feature 15. The salient features of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road, including the features described in the preceding sections, are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road S.N Particular Description 1 Name of the Sub-project Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project 2 Geographical Location Sindhuli District 3 Starting Point Pipalbhanjyang of Kamalamai Municipality-2 (then Bhadrakali VDC-3), Sindhuli District 4 End Point Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-4 (then Netrakali VDC-5, Majhitar), Sindhuli District 5 Terrain Siwalik and Hilly 6 Municipality/Rural Kamalamai Municipality (then Bhadrakali VDC) and Municipality along road Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality (then Amale VDC, Bastipur corridor VDC, Tamajor VDC and Netrakali VDC) of Sindhuli district. 7 Household Number (DIA) 2,859 8 Major Settlements Pipalbhanjyang, Bhoteswara, Khattar, Nibuwatar, Rajbas, Hayutar, Chandanpur, Solabhanjyang, Netrakali, Aaptar 9 Geological Feature Basically characterized by gneiss, schist, sandstone and conglomerate and the common soil types include colluvial, alluvial and residual soils 10 Climate Upper tropical and Sub-tropical 11 Alignment Existing 12 Classification of Road District Road Core Network (DTMP code: 20DR005) 13 Road Status Earthen 14 Road Length 37.20 km 15 Road Standard NRRS 2055 (second rev 2071) 16 Proposed Pavement Gravel and cobble 17 Right of Way 10 m either side of center line 18 Roadway Width 6.25 with drain (Formation)(m) 19 Carriage Way Width (m) 3.75 20 Shoulder Width, either 0.75 side (m)
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 7 S.N Particular Description 21 Maximum Gradient (%) 12 22 Minimum Gradient (%) 0.5 23 Retaining structures 29,545.96 m3 24 Stone Masonry Wall 14,038.76 m3 25 Cutting 1,88,385.21 m3 26 Filling 40,820.17 m3 27 Total civil cost (NRs.) 777,118,646.06 28 Bioengineering Works 5,827,259.86 (NRs.) 29 Mitigation Cost (NRs.) 4,270,788.35 30 Monitoring Cost (NRs.) 325,000.00 31 Total EMP Cost (NRs.) 12,081,211.68 ( of which NRs. 7,485,423.33 is included in civil work cost) 32 Resettlement Cost (NRs.) 25,637,854.05 33 Gender Equality & Social 200,000.00 Inclusion Cost (NRs.) 34 Total Project Cost (NRs.) 807,552,288.46 Employment Generation (Total Person Days) 35 Skilled 31,134 36 Unskilled 103,743
2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-project 16. Total length of the road is 37.20 km with 6.25 m formation width. Project components are: construction of structures like toe wall, retaining wall, breast wall as well as earthwork like site clearance, gravel and cobble works etc. bioengineering, spoil disposal management, compensatory plantation are the activities during the construction of this road sub-project.
2.3.1 Construction Approach 17. Implementation of road sub-project works shall be carried out by the contractor, selected through NCB with following features:
Use of heavy machinery for construction. Balancing cut and fills and reuse of excavated materials as construction materials, and thus not generating excess spoils as far as possible. Use of bio-engineering techniques with integrated use of vegetation, simple civil engineering structures and proper water management systems for slope protection.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 8 2.3.2 Construction Materials Required 18. Construction material investigation was carried out around vicinity of the project sites along the road alignment. The investigation focused on locating prospective borrows areas of non-cohesive materials (colluvial and alluvial deposits). The prospective borrow sites were identified as sources of coarse aggregates.
19. The construction material survey was carried out for the following purposes:
Identification of location, estimation of quantity of sand, boulder, gravel and other possible construction material in and around the construction site. Site identification and determination of relevant materials available along river beds that can be used as concrete aggregates.
20. Based on the construction material survey, different quarry sites are observed along the road as well as at river bank, possible quarry sites are shown below in Table 2.
Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites Material Site Average Location (Municiplaity / Distance RM-Ward) Sand (i) Baseri khola, lipe khola, rin khola, 10 km Kamalamai Municipality-2 tamajor khola outside of road alignment and Ghuanglekh Rural (ii) Dhanman khola, tar khola, langdi Municipality-1 khola along the road alignment (iii) Alternative source (marin khola, kamala mai khola etc.) Stone (i) Baseri khola, lipe khola, rin khola, 10 km Kamalamai Municipality-2 tamajor khola outside of road alignment and Ghuanglekh Rural (ii)Dhanman khola, tar khola, langdi Municipality-1,2 khola, Ch. 20+410-20+620 and Ch. 20+800-21+160 along the road Gravel (i) Baseri khola, lipe khola, rin khola, 10 km Kamalamai Municipality-2 tamajor khola outside of road alignment and Ghuanglekh Rural (ii) Dhanman khola, tar khola, langdi Municipality-1 khola along the road alignment (iii) Alternative source (marin khola, kamala mai khola etc) Crushed (i) Kamalamai khola 10 km up to Kamalamai Municipality-2 Aggregate Ch 0+000 Source: Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (DPR 2017)
21. The main source of construction materials is the Dhanman Khola, Tar Khola, Landi Khola, Baseri Khola, Lipe Khola, Rin Khola, and Tamajor Khola. The materials from quarry side are also possible along the road but the quantities are less. The river bed materials from the Dhanman Khola, Tar Khola, Landi Khola, Baseri Khola, Lipe Khola, Rin Khola, and Tamajor Khola can be used. The volume of the construction materials is more than sufficient in quantity for the road construction. The possible areas are given below in Table 3.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 9 Table 3: Sources of Construction Materials
S.N Source Distance from Type of Extraction Current Borrow Geological Road Land Area Instability Composition Use Hydrology
1 Dhanman Riverbed B-25%; Gneiss-70%; Barren 200x3x2 Stable Khola, C+P 60%; S-15% Quartzite and schist- m3 30%
2 Tar Riverbed B-35%; Gneiss-80%; Barren 110x4x2 Stable Khola, C+P 50%; S-15% Quartzite and schist- m3 20%
3 Landi Riverbed B-45%; Gneiss-20%; Barren 200x2x2 Stable Khola, C+P 50%; S-5% Quartzite and schist- m3 70%
4 Baseri 10 km far from Gneiss-20%; Barren 200x2x2 Stable Khola, road alignment Quartzite and schist- m3 riverbed 70%
5 Lipe 10 km far from Gneiss- Barren 200x2x2 Stable Khola, road alignment 20%;Quartzite and m3 riverbed schist- 70%
6 Rin 10 km far from Gneiss-20%; Barren 200x2x2 Stable Khola, road alignment Quartzite and schist- m3 riverbed 70%
7 Tamajor 10 km far from Gneiss-20%; Barren 200x2x2 Stable Khola road alignment Quartzite and schist- m3 riverbed 70%
Source: Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (DPR 2017)
2.4. Human Resource 22. The project requires both skilled and unskilled human resource. Total 134,877 person days human resource (31,134 person days skill and 103,743 person days unskilled) will require carrying out civil work activities.
2.5. Land Requirement 23. The land acquired for the implementation of the project can undergo a long-term permanent change in the land use. The formation width of the road is 6.25 m, but the road width that has been cleared is, on an average, 5.25 m. An additional 1 m (in average) has to be cleared in order to achieve the desired width. Changes of land use due to the construction of road are mainly conversion of 1.665 ha of cultivated land, 1.120 ha built-up area, 0.754 ha forest and 0.131 ha of barren land, and 0.050 ha of river/ stream area. Detail is given in Table 4 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 10 Table 4: Land Required Area for Upgrading Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road S.N Land Use Area Ha % 1 Cultivated Land 1.665 44.40 Khet 0.915 Bari 0.750 2 Forest (Government) 0.314 8.37 3 Forest (Community) 0.189 5.04 4 Forest (Leasehold) 0.085 2.27 5 Forest (Private) 0.193 5.23 6 Built-up Area (settlement area) 1.120 29.87 7 Barren Land 0.131 3.49 8 River/Stream 0.050 1.33 Total 3.720 100.00 Source: GIS Map prepared for the road Alignment Field Survey; 2017
2.6. Cost 24. Length of this road is 37.20 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost of the road is estimated to be NRs 807,552,288.46 and the total civil work cost is NRs. 777,118,646.06 as shown in Appendix VI.
2.7. Implementation Schedule 25. Following Table 5 shows the proposed implementation schedule for the sub-project.
Table 5: Sub-project Implementation Schedule 2016 2017 2018 S.N Activities I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV 1 Detailed survey, design and estimate
2 Preparation of resettlement plan
2.1 Life skill and income generation training 3 Environmental assessment and implementation
3.1 ToR preparation and approval from NRA
3.2 Field study
3.3 Draft IEE preparation and notice publication
3.3 IEE report finalization and approval from NRA and ADB
3.4 Implementation of EMP
3.5 Environmental monitoring 4 Work implementation
4.1 Civil construction work by contractor Note: I - January, February, March II - April, May, June III - July, August, September IV- October, November, December
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 11 3. Methodology 26. ToR was approved on 2074/03/25 B.S (09/07/2017 A.D) by the CEO level decision of National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) which is given in Appendix I as per Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2015, Rules Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, Working Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, (second amendment, 2017).Total road length in ToR was 37.20 km and IEE report has been prepared accordingly. Climate change checklist as given in Appendix II and Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist as given in Appendix III and environmental checklist of affected settlement area (Appendix IV) were also considered during IEE report preparation. Necessary information was collected through literature review and field study to accommodate all issues as included in the approved ToR to analyze environmental impacts on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural issues.
27. The IEE approach, methodology and procedure were followed according to the provisions of the Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2015, Rules Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, Working Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, (second amendment, 2017). It followed methodology suggested in the approved ToR for IEE Study (review of literature, sample survey/inspections/observations making simple measurements, discussion with communities and other stakeholders, and IEE team judgment).
28. Based on the analysis of information the impacts have been identified, mitigation measures prepared and monitoring plan has been developed.
3.1. Literature Review 29. IEE study team collected and reviewed the available secondary sources related to physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environmental resources of the sub-project area. After the literature review, sub-project specific checklist was prepared. a. Physical Environment 30. From various available sources of secondary information (e.g. Topographical Map, Regional Geological Map, DHM, MoPE, and District Transport Management Plan (DTMP) of Sindhui and information on topography, geology and precipitations, temperatures were reviewed and collected. b. Biological Environment 31. The important secondary sources of information were reviewed from relevant literatures including other projects IEE/EIA reports, then VDC Profiles, and websites of MoPE, DoF, MoFSC, and DNPWC. c. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 32. During desk study necessary secondary data and information were gathered from related organizations/institutions, like cadastral survey maps, National Population and Housing Census, CBS 2011 A.D (including VDC/Municipality level).Similarly, resettlement
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 12 plan and GESI report for this road sub-project was also reviewed. These documents were reviewed and relevant information for the study was assembled.
3.2. Impact Area Delineation 33. The project will have direct impact on Kamalamai Municipality ward no 2 (then Bhadrakali VDC) and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality 1, 2, 3 & 4 (then Amale VDC, Bastipur VDC, Netrakali VDC and Tamajor VDC) of Sindhuli district. Detail on delineation of impact area is given in Table 6.
Table 6: Impact Area Delination of Sub-project Category Description Direct Impact Area (Ward Construction areas which include road alignment & right of level) way along with project facilities such as construction camp, quarry site, spoil disposal sites, material storage, etc. Considering administrative boundary: Kamalamai Municipality-2 (then Bhadrakali VDC) and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality 1, 2, 3 & 4 (then Amale VDC, Bastipur VDC, Netrakali VDC and Tamajor VDC ) of Sindhuli district Indirect Impact Area Immediate areas of construction with moderate and low (Municipality/Rural impacts. Such area covers area beyond the DIA and within Municipality level) 100 meters each side from the centerline of road including a buffer area of about 100 meters from the ancillary structure sites. (Considering administrative boundary: Kamalamai Municipality and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality of Sindhuli district)
3.3. Field Investigation 34. Afte the collection and review of literature, preparation of checklist, IEE study team was mobilized to field. Data collection was done from 11/08/2017 to 18/08/2017 A.D (2074/4/27 B.S to 2074/5/2 B.S) with the help of the staff of DISC (Sub-Engineer, Assistant Sub-Engineer) and DLPIU (Engineer). Field survey comprised of walk through survey, consultation with community, site inspection and observation. IEE study team also collected muchulka, recommendation letters after the publication of notice. The following tools were used for the collection of primary data.
Consultation meeting and focus group discussion (FGD) - To conduct consultation with the local communities at different settlements, 2 consultation meeting and one FGD was organized with Leasehold forest group to collect the opinion and suggestion and feed back towards project. Key informants survey: It was conducted with knowledgeable persons at different settlement. It was done to collect biological, socio-economic and cultural environment related information using a checklist Walk through survey: Total enumeration was done for the listing of agricultural land, forest land, affected trees, houses and other infrastructure affected properties within the formation width of the road alignment.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 13 Stripe map - It was used during walkthrough survey to document environmental features according to the chainage. Topographical map - It was used to show environmental features on the map during walkthrough survey. a. Physical Environment 35. Physical environment survey was carried out by delineating the impact area, which might be affected by the proposal activities during construction and operation of the road main components and support facilities. Field survey was carried out for the land use, topography, geomorphology, geology, soil, land stability, drainage characteristics, rainfall, meteorological conditions, noise level, water quality, air quality etc. Site specific information on the above sectors was collected by direct observations and consultations with the local communities for the identification of physically critical areas particularly flood prone areas/ landslide/erosion prone areas etc. b. Biological Environment 36. Total enumeration was done for tree loss assessment within the formation width and Right of way in the road alignment. The detail vegetation survey was carried out by walkthrough survey throughout the road alignment. Type of vegetation and forest type (NF, CF, LHF and PF), floristic composition (Direct Impact Area & Indirect Impact Area), Ethno- botany (NTFP/MAP) was identified based on the species composition.
37. The protected vegetation (rare, endangered, indigenous etc.) of the influence area as per IUCN Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GoN list species was enumerated based on consultation with the local people in the indirect impact areas of the project. The trees to be felled down from forest for the proposed road was recorded and documented.
38. Wildlife (mammals, birds, reptiles) bio-diversity in the indirect impact areas was studied through consultation with the local communities, FUGs in the field (Community and Leasehold Forest Groups). The indicator wildlife and threatened or endangered species (as per IUCN Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GoN list) in the area was identified through consultation with different secondary sources. c. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 39. Information on general socio-economic conditions of the people of the project affected wards of Municipality/ Rural Municipality was collected through Key Informant Interview (Appendix X) or Focused Group discussions, Appendix VII. The information was collected through pre-designed checklists, which include key socio-economic characteristics of the people of all class, caste and economic categories. The information include demographic features of the settlement, migration pattern, employment, landholding size, agricultural production, food sufficiency, other productive resources, livestock raising,access to different social infrastructures such as drinking water, education, health-posts, general health, hygiene and sanitation condition, etc.
40. Inventory of loss was done by keeping record of affected land, structure through direct observation within COI. A census of socio-economic and loss assessment survey of sub-project affected household was carried out to document complete socio-economic and
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 14 loss assessment. Socio-economic and loss assessment survey was carried for 133; out of 242 HHs (others were absentee households).
41. Information on social infrastructures such as schools, health posts, drinking water etc. was collected from the Ward offices of municipality, consultation with village elites and through focus group discussions at Ward levels to assess the current situation of these facilities and the general sanitation status of the project area community. Information was also collected on the conditions of these facilities, their adequacy and beneficiary population.
42. All sites of religious, cultural and historical importance on the direct project affected area was visited and observed in the area. The social, cultural and religious values and significance of these sites was noted through consultation with the communities. Possibilities of protecting, conserving or relocating such sites were also examined thoroughly in consultation with local people, priests and village elite.
43. The socio-economic, cultural and religious information was cross checked and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010.
3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation 44. During the IEE report preparation, district project team met, discussed and interacted with concerned staff of the Government of Nepal, municipality, RM in the district head quarter and teachers, community based organization member and knowledgeable key persons of surrounding areas within the direct impact area (please refer Appendix VII).In order to ensure public involvement, the following procedures were followed during IEE report preparation.
Publication of Notice and Draft IEE Disclosure 45. According to working procedure relating with environmental impact assessment for reconstruction of the earthquake affected structures 2016, 7 days public notice was published in 2074/05/24 B.S (09/09/2017 A.D), Rajdhani, a national level daily newspaper (Appendix\ V) seeking written opinion from concerned RM, DFO, municipality, schools, health posts and related local organizations; immediately after approval of ToR as per Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2015, Rules Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, Working Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, (second amendment, 2017).A copy of the public notice was also affixed in the above mentioned organizations and a deed of enquiry (muchulka) was collected (see Appendix VIII for deed of inquiry).
46. The IEE team carried out interactions with local communities and related stakeholders during the field survey to collect public concerns and suggestions. Moreover, focus group discussions were conducted to collect and solicit information regarding the biological, physical, socio-economic and cultural aspects of Pipalbhanjyang- Hayutar- Netrakali road sub-project. The meeting minutes with local are in Appendix VIIa. Also, draft IEE was disclosed to local people and concerned stakeholder on 2074/05/29 (2017/09/14) at Rajabas, Sindhuli. The issues, queries, concerns raised during the Public meeting are in Appendix VIIb. The findings of public consultation are summarized in Appendix VIIc.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 15 3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of Impact Data Analysis and Interpretation 47. The required data for the study was collected through primary and secondary source as mentioned above and database was prepared. The collected data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to establish existing baseline information on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment. Data and information from the questionnaires/checklists were entered on processing data entry layout. Data analysis and interpretation of physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environments were carried out by the respective domain specialists. Then interpretation was made based on the results obtained. In brief these are presented here under. a. Physical Environment 48. The collected existing baseline condition information and data on such as topography (i.e. elevation, aspect, and slope), geology and soil type were analyzed. Similarly, qualitative data on air, water and noise pollution status were analyzed. For instances, measure discontinuities data were used for slope stability assessment. Likewise, slope stability in rocks was analyzed with the help of dip version 5.1. The output of analyzed information and data were interpreted in logical, sequential and consistent order. b. Biological Environment 49. The biological environmental information (e.g. tree and wildlife species, and bird species) collected from primary and secondary sources were tabulated. The biological information were primarily collected with the use of specified checklist during the formal and informal meetings with the local people. In addition biological experts identified the different species of wildlife and plants with their expert judgement, identification keys and with the help of local people. The local name, photographs and information from the expert judgement thus collected were analysed during report preparation. Forest type with management ownership was mentioned. Then the recorded species were compared and verified to the list prepared by IUCN Red Data Book, CITES and List of Endangered, Rare and Threatened Plant and Wildlife Species published by GoN. c. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 50. The collected socio-economic data were entered in MS Excel 2010 and processed as required. Similarly, qualitative data related to socio-economic and cultural environment was analyzed to create the existing baseline. Suggestions made by the local people and stakeholders' during public consultation were also considered for benefit augmentation measures and mitigation measures for adverse impacts are proposed.
Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation Method a. Impact Identification 51. Based on field visit observation and consultation meeting with local, issues that may trigger due to project intervention were identified and prioritized. From the exercise both types of beneficial and adverse impacts were identified for IEE study. The impacts were
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 16 categorized as per environmental domain (i.e. physical, biological, and socio-economic and cultural environments). Likewise; an impact that may trigger under different phases of project implementation (i.e. construction and operation) was also taken into account for the assessment. b. Impact Prediction 52. Extrapolative (i.e. predictions on the basis of past and present data, and trend analysis), and experts` experience and judgment (applying past experience and knowledge of the experts) methods were applied for impact prediction on the basis of identified impacts. c. Impact Evaluation 53. The assessment of environmental impacts was derived exclusively from the baseline environmental conditions of the affected environment with the project activities in relation to spatial and temporal aspects in terms of magnitude, extent and duration of impacts. The impacts have been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and high), extent (site specific, local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term). Evaluation of the level of significance of impacts was made based on prevailing legislative setup, numerical values with scoring (National EIA Guideline, 1993), consultation with stakeholders, expert’s past experience and other criteria.
3.6. Study Team 54. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 11/08/2017 to 18/08/2017 A.D (2074/4/27 B.S to 2074/5/2 B.S). The study team members are listed below:
Team Member Mr. Abhishek B.C- Team Leader/Environment and Social Expert Mr. Jivan Koirala- Civil Engineer Mr. Kumar Prasad Aryal- Environmental Anthropologist /Forester Mr. Phurba Sherpa- Ecologist Mr. Shashwat Sharma- Environmental Engineer Mr. Subash Acharya- Geologist Mr. Dikra Prasad Bajagai-Environmentalist
3.7. Information Disclosure 55. A draft IEE report along with the executive summary, identified impacts, recommended mitigation measures and the EMP in Nepali language has been prepared and distributed to the stakeholders and the concerned RM/Municipality for public disclosure. The draft IEE report was also be kept in information centre of DLPIU, Sindhuli for public disclosure. Information was also disseminated through person to person contacts, interviews and group discussions. The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and the general public through the information centre of DLPIU, Sindhuli and websites of EEAP- CLPIU, NRA, CISC and ADB.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 17 4. Description of the Existing Environment 56. The baseline information on the existing physical, biological as well as socio- economic and cultural environment of the proposed sub-project are described as follows:
4.1. Physical Environment 57. The section describes the physical condition of the area that comes under the ZoI of the road section along its entire length and surrounding area.
4.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology Topography 58. Nepal Himalayas is located in the seismic risk zone hence it belongs to seismic active area and has experienced mega earthquakes that have resulted in major destruction, loss of life and property. Sindhuli is also one of the earthquake affected district in the 2015 earthquake of the Nepal.
59. The road alignment lies in the Himalaya range. The road alignment starts from Pipalbhanjyang (1154 m amsl) and ends at Simle khola of Netrakali (527 m amsl). The elevation of proposed road varies from 527 m to 1154 m from mean sea level. The project area is located in upper tropical and sub-tropical climatic zone. The proposed project site falls under sivalik and middle mountain physiographic region of Nepal (Topographic Survey Branch, Department of Survey, HMG, Nepal, 1983). The dominant rock types present in the sub-project area include of gneiss, schist, sandstone and conglomerate and the common soil types include colluvial, alluvial and residual soils.
Geomorphology, Geology and Soil Type 60. Initially, the road alignment follows the fragile geological area of the Siwalik range and also passes through the rocky terrain of the Lesser Himalaya as well as residual soil and colluvial deposits. The road alignment passes through wet and dry cultivated land, grassland, forest.
61. The road alignment follows on the rocks of the Middle and Upper Siwaliks of the Siwalik Group and Benighat Slate, Kalitar Formation, Chisapani Quartzite and Kulikhani Formation. This road alignment passes through the regional thrust like Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Mahabharat Thrust (MT). The MBT separates the rocks of the Siwalik Group in south and Lesser Himalayan rocks in north whereas the MT separates the rocks of the Nawakot Complex in south and Kathmandu Complex in north. Detail is given in Table 7 below.
Table 7: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya Rock Exposed along the Road Group Formation Lithology Thickness (m) Age Upper Conglomertae 1500‖ Siwalik Middle Sandstone>>mudstone 3000 Neogene Lower Siwalik Mudstone>>sandstone 2000+ Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Tistung Granite/ quarzite 1000
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 18 Group Formation Lithology Thickness (m) Age Kathmandu Markhu Marble/schist 500 Kulikhani Quartzite 2000 Chisapani Quartzite Quartzite 400 Pre- Kalitar Quartzite/schist 1000 Cambrian Bhaisedovan Marble 2000 Raduwa Schist 1000 MAHABHARAT THRUST(MT) Upper Robang Quartzite/schist 800 Nawakot Malekhu Limestone Quartzite, dolomite 1000 Pre- Benighat Slate Slate/limestone 3000 Cambrian
62. Engineering Geological study is done based on distribution of failures, soil and rock along the alignment. Information covers depth of soil, rock and soil type, geological structures, weathering grade. The road alignment passes through weathered rock and alluvial, colluvial, residual soil deposits. Thickness of alluvial, colluvial and residual soil deposits are excess of 5 m.
Pipalbhanjyang to Hayutar Sector 63. The road is about 22.20 km in length and passes gentle slope area along the river valley area. The road alignment runs on thick residual soil and alluvial deposits and very few locations covers the bedrock of conglomerate and sandstone of the Middle and Upper Siwaliks. Thicknesses of residual soil deposits and colluvial deposits as well as alluvial deposits are about 5 m. The hydrological condition of the road alignment is dry to wet. The land use pattern along the road alignment is cultivated land, forest and settlement but most of the alignment follows the cultivated land. The bedrocks of conglomerate and sandstone of the Middle and Upper Siwaliks are exposed along the road alignment but very few location bedrocks are exposed and covered by residual soil. The main cause of covering the residual soil deposits due to presence of the soft rocks in the valley side. The failures occurred along the road can be mitigated by, applying bioengineering as well as surface drainage, management and arrangement of the wall. The slope stability condition is more or less stable even the alignment runs on the residual soil deposits. Between the chainages road alignment has the low height cut slope on hill side so stability condition seems to be good but there is high possibility to occur the bank erosion due to bank undercutting along the river bank. High possibility to see the differential weathering pattern in the sandstone and mudstone of the Middle Siwalik as well as loose gravel bed and layers of sands and muds.
Hayutar to Majitar Sector: 64. This complete section of the road is about 15 km and is passing 80% on residual soil/colluvial deposits and 20% only in the rocks of the Lesser Himalaya (quartzite, gneiss, slate) of the Kalitar, Kulikhani Formation and loose gravel bed of the Upper Siwalik. The road crosses MBT several times. The road follows gently topography and climbs down to Majhitar. Some cut slope failures are found along road alignment in hill side. These failures are developed due to weathering of rocks as well as presence of loose material deposits, undercutting slope by road cutting. Thickness of the residual soil deposits along the road is more than 5 m at places. At some places of the road alignment slate, gneiss and quartzite are exposed. These rocks are slightly to highly weathered. Two to three sets of the joints are
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 19 well observed in rocks exposed along the road alignment. The stereographic projection of the discontinuities of the rock mass shows more or less stable condition. The persistency of the rocks mass is moderate to low. The hydrological condition is wet to dry. The land use pattern is dry cultivated land and forest and settlement. Detail is given in Table 8 below.
Table 8: Geology and Types of Soil along the Road Alignment Chainage Geology Types of Soil 0+000 - 0+400 Friable pebbly sandstone Friable pebbly sandstone and mudstone / and mudstone colluvial deposits 0+400 - 0+600 Friable pebbly sandstone Colluvial deposits / residual soil and mudstone 0+600 - 1+200 Friable pebbly sandstone Friable pebbly sandstone and mudstone / and mudstone colluvial deposits 1+200 - 1+400 Friable pebbly sandstone Residual soil and alluvial deposits and mudstone 1+400 - 3+000 Friable pebbly sandstone Residual soil and alluvial deposits and mudstone 3+000 - 3+600 Loose conglomerate Alluvial and residual soil deposits 3+600 - 4+000 Loose conglomerate Loose conglomerate and Residual soil 4+000 - 5+400 Loose conglomerate Alluvial and residual soil deposits 5+400 - 7+400 Loose conglomerate Loose conglomerate / alluvial and residual soil deposits 7+400 - 8+600 Loose conglomerate Alluvial and residual soil deposits 8+600 - 10+500 Loose conglomerate Loose conglomerate / alluvial and residual soil deposits 10+500 - 11+200 Loose conglomerate Alluvial and residual soil deposits 11+200 - 11+800 Loose conglomerate Loose conglomerate / alluvial and residual soil deposits 11+800 - 13+700 Loose sandstone and Alluvial and residual soil deposits mudstone 13+700 - 14+400 Loose sandstone and Loose sandstone and pebbly sandstone/ mudstone alluvial and residual soil deposits 14+400 - 17+400 Loose sandstone and Alluvial and residual soil deposits mudstone 17+400 - 18+400 Loose conglomerate Loose conglomerate / alluvial and residual soil deposits 18+400 - 19+200 Loose conglomerate Alluvial and residual soil deposits 19+200 - 19+800 Loose conglomerate Loose conglomerate / alluvial and residual soil deposits 19+800 - 20+600 Loose conglomerate Alluvial and residual soil deposits 20+600 - 20+900 Loose conglomerate Loose conglomerate / alluvial and residual soil deposits 20+900 - 25+800 Loose conglomerate Alluvial and residual soil deposits
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 20 Chainage Geology Types of Soil 25+800 - 29+200 Loose conglomerate/ Loose conglomerate / alluvial and residual slate/ quartzite soil deposits 29+200 - 32+200 Gneiss and schist Gneiss/schist 32+200 - 37+200 Loose conglomerate and Gneiss/schist quartzite and marble/ schist Source: Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road (DPR 2017)
4.1.2 Land Use Pattern 65. The project road traverses from Pipalbhanjyang to Netrakali through the settlement area, forest, barren land, cultivated land etc. Detail is given in the Table 9 below.
Table 9: Land Use along the Road Alignment Chainage Land Use Pattern
0+000-0+400 Forest / cultivated land
0+400-0+600 Cultivated land and settlements
0+600-1+200 Cultivated land
1+200-1+400 Cultivated land and settlements
1+400-3+000 Forest / cultivated land and settlements
3+000-3+600 Cultivated land and settlements
3+600-8+600 Cultivated land
8+600-11+200 Forest / cultivated land
11+200-11+800 Cultivated land
11+800-13+700 Cultivated land and settlement
13+700-14+400 Cultivated land
14+400-17+400 Cultivated land and settlement
17+400-18+400 Cultivated land
18+400-19+800 Forest / cultivated land
19+800-20+900 Cultivated land
20+900-29+000 Forest / cultivated land
29+000-29+300 Cultivated land
29+300-30+600 Forest
30+600-37+200 Cultivated land and settlement
Source: Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road (DPR 2017)
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 21 4.1.3 Climate and Hydrology 66. Climate is dominated by topographical variations. The sub-project has upper-tropical and sub-tropical climatic condition with average maximum temperature of 32.35°C and average minimum of 7.8°C. Average annual rainfall in the project area has been recorded to be approximately 2,114 mm in the year 2015 (District Climate and Energy Plan, 2017). This may not be truly representative of the project area because of the location and elevation difference.
67. The road alignment gently climbs down from Pipalbhanjyang and passes just below the ridge area and river valley. The road crosses Chhisapani Khola, Dhanman Khola, Taru Khola, Landi Khola, Simle Khola, Baseri Khola, Lipe Khola, Marin Khola, Rin Khola, Tamajor Khola etc. Culvert has been recommended in Simle Khola and Causeways have been recommended for other these major streams based on the condition of the khola. No wetlands are found within the vicinity of the road
4.1.4 Landslide and Erosion Prone Area 68. During field visit, few minor slides / erosions were observed. The location requires special consideration during construction period. Gabion walls and toe walls have been proposed in the design as noted essential during the site visit. Also, bioengineering works has been proposed in other locations where landslides have occurred though small in scale. In many locations, where erosion has been witnessed, gabion breast walls have been proposed. Detail is given in the Table 10 below.
Table 10: Location of Landslides and Bio-Engineering Works S. No Chainage Length (m) Slope Height (m) Quantity (m2) From To 1 3+990 4+300 310.00 15.00 4,650.00 2 6+630 6+790 160.00 12.00 1,920.00 3 6+870 6+900 30.00 10.00 300.00 4 7+040 7+115 75.00 10.00 750.00 5 9+980 10+025 45.00 15.00 675.00 6 10+310 10+320 10.00 15.00 150.00 7 11+940 11+980 40.00 10.00 400.00 8 12+000 12+080 80.00 15.00 1,200.00 9 12+285 12+520 235.00 15.00 3,525.00 10 12+565 12+580 15.00 10.00 150.00 11 19+870 19+890 20.00 10.00 200.00 12 30+750 30+780 30.00 10.00 300.00 13 30+970 31+000 30.00 11.00 330.00 Total 1080.00 158.00 14,550.00 Source: Field Survey, 2017
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 22 4.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality Ambient Air Quality 69. This road alignment passed through less traffic influence area; therefore air quality observed is normal.
Noise 70. The proposed area does not have any sources of noise nuisance.
Water Quality 71. There is no defecation problem observed near and around the drinking water sources. However, during the monsoon season the quality of water may be polluted due to the accumulation of silt.
4.2. Biological Environment 72. The project area does not include any sensitive sites such as national parks, buffer zones etc. Land use includes arable land, forests, and built-up area. The elevation of the proposed road ranges from 527 m to 1154 m, which falls under the upper tropical and sub- tropical climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976).
4.2.1 Vegetation Type 73. The major forest type found in the project area is tropical mixed broad-leaf forest dominated by Shorea and Schima species. Major trees include Shorea robusta (Sal), Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Pinus roxburghii (Khote Salla), Alnus nepalensis (Utis), Litsea polyantha (Kutmiro), Toona ciliata (Tuni) etc. Similarly Berberis aristata (Chutro), Paris polyphylla (Satuwa), Rubia majith (Majitho) etc. are NTFP reported in the forests along road alignment.
74. The plant species recorded along the road alignment are listed in Table 11 below.
Table 11: Plant species falling under Right-of-Way and Formation-of-Width of Road S.N. Local Name Scientific Name 1 Aanp Mangifera indica 2 Amala Emblica officinalis 4 Amba Psidium guava 5 Angeri Lyonia ovalifolia 6 Aru Prunus persica 8 Bakaino Melia azedarach 9 Banjh Quercus lanata 11 Barro Terminalia bellerica 13 Berulo Ficus clavata 14 Bhakkamilo Rhus javanica 15 Bhalayo Semecarpus anacardium 16 Chilaune Schima wallichii 19 Dabdabe Garuga pinnata
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 23 S.N. Local Name Scientific Name 20 Chutro Berberis aristata 21 Katus Castanopsis indica 22 Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis 24 Satuwa Paris polyphylla 27 Harro Terminalia chebula 29 Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia 30 Majhitho Rubia majith 31 Khanayo Ficus semicordata 32 Khasre Quercus semecarpifolia 34 Kimbu Morus alba 35 Koiralo Bauhinia variegate 37 Kutmiro Litsea polyantha 38 Malato Macaranga pustulata 40 Nimaro Ficus roxburghii 41 Okhar Juglans regia 42 Khote Salla Pinus roxburghii 43 Pipal Ficus religiosa 44 Saj Terminalia alata 45 Sal Shorea robusta 46 Sami Ficus benjamina 47 Setikath Myrsine capitellata 48 Sisau Dalbergia sisoo 50 Tuni Toona ciliate 51 Utis Alnus nepalensis Source: Field Survey; August, 2017
Forest Type 75. The road passes through private forest and national forest (leasehold forest, government managed forest, and community forest). There are six leasehold forests, three community forests, namely Kalika Community Forest, Jhalkane Community Forest, and Ranibas Community Forest and government managed forest. Detail is given in Table 12.
76. Kalika Community Forest: This community forest was handed over to the CFUG in 2047 B.S, and includes 192 households that avail resources from it. The forest user groups are from wards number 1, 4, 8, and of then Bhadrakali VDC. Among the households in the CFUG, 50% are Tamang, 25% are Newar, 15% belong to the Dalit community, and the remaining 10% incorporate Brahmin and Chhetri families. Major tree species include Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica), Toona ciliata (Tuni), Myrsine semiserrata (Kalikath), Eurya cerasifolia (Jhigane), Bombax ceiba (Simal) etc. Wildlife in the area incorporates Macaca mulatta (Rato Badar), Hystrix indica (Dumsi), Martes flavigula (Malsapro) etc. Major avian species include Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij), Streptopelia sp. (Dhukur) and Terpsiphone paradise (Lampuchhre). Reptilian species found in the area are species of snakes such as Trimeresurus septentrionalis (Hareu), Ptyas mucosa (Dhaman), Python molurus (Ajingar) etc.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 24 77. Jhalkane Community Forest: This forest was handed over to the CFUGs in 2053 B.S and it has an area of 425 ha. The CFUG comprise of 160-165 households, with majority of the ethnic composition being that of the Tamang population. Rest includes Brahmin, Chhetri, and Dalit families. The user groups are from then VDCs of Amale-2, 3, 4 and Bhadrakali-5. There are only a few user groups from then VDC of Amale-4. Major tree species include Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica), Toona ciliata (Tuni), Eurya cerasifolia (Jhigane), Bombax ceiba (Simal) etc. Wildlife in the area incorporates Macaca mulatta (Rato Badar), Hystrix indica (Dumsi), Martes flavigula (Malsapro) etc. Major avian species include Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij), Streptopelia sp. (Dhukur) and Terpsiphone paradise (Lampuchhre). Reptilian species found in the area are species of snakes, such as Trimeresurus septentrionalis (Hareu), Ptyas mucosa (Dhaman), Python molurus (Ajingar) etc.
78. Ranibas Community Forest: This community forest was handed over to the CFUG in 2059 B.S, with all households hailing from Ranibas, Ghyanglekh-2. Major tree species include Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Eurya cerasifolia (Jhigane) and Myrsine semiserrata (Kalikath) etc. Wildlife in the area incorporates (Rato Badar), Hystrix indica (Dumsi), Martes flavigula (Malsapro) etc. Major avian species include Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij) and Terpsiphone paradise (Lampuchhre). Reptilian species found in the area are species of snakes such as Trimeresurus septentrionalis (Hareu), Ptyas mucosa (Dhaman) etc.
79. Leasehold Forest: 6 Leasehold Forest have been found along the road alignment. Among them 4 leasehold forest (ie. Laliguras, Lalupate, Pragatisil, Hariyali) lies in Ghyanglekh-1(then Amale-6) and rest 2 [(Manebhanjyang (a) & Manebhanjyang (b)] lies Ghyanglekh-2 (then Bastipur-8 VDC).
Table 12: Forests along Road Name of Forest Chainage Length Total Area Main Species From To (m) (ha) Kalika CF 0+090 0+190 100 0.010 Schima wallichii (Chilaune), 1+400 1+800 400 0.040 Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica)
Jhalkane CF 10+200 11+160 960 0.096 Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica)
Ranibas CF 18+610 19+040 430 0.043 Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica)
Total(a) 1890 0.189 Hariyali LHF 19+040 19+270 230 0.023 Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica)
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 25 Name of Forest Chainage Length Total Area Main Species From To (m) (ha) Pragatisil LHF 19+270 19+340 70 0.070 Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica)
Lalupate LHF 19+340 19+400 60 0.060 Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica)
Laliguras LHF 19+400 19+460 60 0.060 Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica)
Mane 21+590 22+020 430 0.043 Schima wallichii (Chilaune), bhanjyang LHF Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica)
Total (b) 850 0.085 Government 27+160 29+000 1840 0.184 Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Managed Forest 29+300 30+600 1300 0.130 Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica)
Total (c ) 3140 0.314 Grand Total (a+b+c) 5880 0.588
Source: Field survey, 2017
4.2.2 Wildlife 80. The forests located along the road alignment are mostly CF, LHF and NF and area is a habitat for wildlife (mammals, birds and reptiles). Some wild animals are occasionally observed nearby the forests traversed by road alignment
Mammal 81. The main wildlife species reported in project area Panthera pardus (Chituwa), Canis aureus (Syal), Hystrix indica (Dumsi), Ursus sp. (Bhalu), Macaca mulatta (Rato Badar), Martes flavigula (Malsapro), Herpestes auropunctatus (Nyauri Musa), Ratufa bicolor (Lokharke), Vulpus Montana (Fyauro) etc.
Avifauna 82. The bird reported as well as recorded in the project area are Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij), Hirundo daurica (Gauthali), Gallus gallus (Luiche), Chalcophaps indica (Dhukur), Eudynamys scolopacea (Koili), Columba livia (Parewa) Psittacula sp. (Suga), Centropus sinensis (Kokale), Terpsiphone paradise (Lampuchhre), Corvus splendens (Kaag), Milvus migrans (Chil), Passer domesticus (Sparrow) etc.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 26 Reptile 83. The reptiles reported in the project area are Ophiophagus harna (Ghurbe Sarpa), Lycodon aulicus (Siris Sarpa), Ptyas mucosa (Dhaman), Nerodia sipedon (Pani Sarpa), Varanus bengalensis (Gohoro), Rana Tigerina (Bhyaggutto) etc.
4.2.3 Fish 84. The fish reported in the streams of the project area are Schizothorax richardsonii (Asala), Tortor hamilton (Katle), Garra annandalei (Buduna), Psilorhynchus pseudechenis (Tite) etc.
4.2.4 Protected Flora and Fauna in Sub-project area 85. The protected Flora along the road is Saal (Shorea robusta) and fauna found in the forest along road corridor area given in Table 13.
Table 13: Protected Flora and Fauna Recorded in Project Area SN Local Name Scientific Name Remarks IUCN 2008 CITES Code GoN 1 Monkey Macaca mulatta LC Appendix II3 2 Syal Canis aureus LC Appendix III4 3 Dumsi Hystrix indica LC 4 Kalij Lophura leucomelanos LC 5 Chitwa Panthera pardus NT Appendix I5 6 Bhalu Ursus sp. Appendix I 7 Malsapro Martes Flavigula LC 8 Dhukur Streptopelia sp. LC 10 Kalij Lophura leucomelanos LC 11 Lampuchhre Terpsiphone paradise LC 12 Luiche Gallus gallus LC 13 Parewa Columba livia LC 14 Suga Psittacula sp. LC 15 Chil Milvus migrans Appendix II 16 Sal Shorea robusta Banned for felling, transporatation and export for commercial purpose Note: NT= Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern Source: Field survey, 2017
3 Species not yet threatened, but which could become endangered if trade is not controlled
4 Species that are protected by individual countries within their borders, and for which co-operation of other convention signatories is sought.
5 Species threatened with extinction.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 27 4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 86. The socio-economic level of the proposed project is presented at district level, Municipality/Rural Municipality level and settlement level of the people living close to the project premises. The socio-economic information at the three levels is envisaged to give a fair knowledge of the directly impacted people in relation to the district, Municipality/Rural Municipality.
4.3.1 District Context 87. The project road is located in Sindhuli district so it is termed as Project Affected District. It is located in Province no. 3 of Nepal. The socio-economic information of this district is presented in the following sub-sections.
Household and Population 88. The total population of Sindhuli district is 296,192 with male population (47.98%) slightly lower than female population (52.02%) at the ratio of 1:1.24. The total household of the district is 57,544 with average household size 5.14. Detail is given in Table 14 below. Similarly, 12,355 households were absentee households with 91.60 % of male population absent amongst, please refer Table 15.
Table 14: Demographic Characteristic of Sindhuli District S.N Description No. % 1 Total Population 296,192 2 Total Male Population 142,123 47.98 3 Total Female Population 154,069 52.02 4 Male Female Ratio 1:1.24 5 Total Nos. of Household 57,544 6 Average Household Size 5.14 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Table 15: Absentee populatio S.N Households/population No. Percent 1 Absentee Households 12,355 2 Absentee Male Population 14,003 91.60 3 Absentee Female Population 1,284 8.40 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Population by Age Group 89. The age group range between 15-44 years is the dominating number (41.96%) among the age groups. Younger age group (0-14) year represents 39.18% of the total population, which shows the distinguished representation of younger age group, indicating the increasing trend of population. The economic active population i.e. age group (15 to 59) represents 52.86% of the total population. Detail is given in Figure 3 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 28 140000 120000 Male 100000 Female Total 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 60 years and Up to 4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years above Male 15803 42783 55638 16322 11577 Female 15124 42330 68630 15963 12022 Total 30,927 85,113 124,268 32,285 23,599
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS Figure 3: Population of Sindhuli District by Different Age Group
Religion 90. Hindu (64.47%), Buddhism (30.43%) and Prakriti (3.29%) are the major religion followed by the population of Sindhuli district. Detail is given in Table 16 below.
Table 16: Religion Followed by People of Sindhuli District S.N. Religion Male Female Total No. % No. % No. % 1 Hindu 91954 31.05 98,998 33.42 190,952 64.47 2 Buddhism 42893 14.48 47,243 15.95 90,136 30.43 3 Christianity 1358 0.46 1,539 0.52 2,897 0.98 4 Islam 113 0.04 66 0.02 179 0.06 5 Kirat 484 0.16 540 0.18 1,024 0.35 6 Prakriti 4584 1.55 5,152 1.74 9,736 3.29 7 Other 737 0.25 531 0.18 1,268 0.43 Total 142,123 47.98 154,069 52.02 296,192 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Caste/Ethnic Composition 91. In Sindhuli district, Tamang (26.87%) is the predominant caste among the population followed by Magar (14.90%), Chhetri (13.66%), Brahmin-Hill (7.79%), Newar (6.28%), Danuwar (5.82%), Kami (4.58%), Sarki (3.55%), Majhi (3.47%), Damai/Dholi (3.09%), and Others (9.99%). Detail is given in Table 17 below.
Table 17: Caste and Ethnicity in the Sindhuli District S.N. Caste/Ethnic Male Female Total Group No. % No. % No. % 1 Tamang 37936 12.81 41654 14.06 79590 26.87 2 Magar 21327 7.20 22819 7.70 44146 14.90
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 29 S.N. Caste/Ethnic Male Female Total Group No. % No. % No. % 3 Chhetree 19409 6.55 21050 7.11 40459 13.66 4 Brahmin-Hill 11035 3.73 12042 4.07 23077 7.79 5 Newar 8990 3.04 9612 3.25 18602 6.28 6 Danuwar 7951 2.68 9285 3.13 17236 5.82 7 Kami 6504 2.20 7047 2.38 13551 4.58 8 Sarki 5063 1.71 5456 1.84 10519 3.55 9 Majhi 4910 1.66 5369 1.81 10279 3.47 10 Damai/Dholi 4358 1.47 4797 1.62 9155 3.09 11 Other 14640 4.94 14938 5.04 29578 9.99 Total 142123 47.98 154069 52.02 296192 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Mother Tongue 92. Majority of the population (48.18%) of Sindhuli district speaks national language Nepali. Other languages of the district are Tamang (26.02%), Magar (10.84%), Danuwar (5.72%), Newari (2.35%), etc, refer Table 18.
Table 18: Languages Spoken in Sindhuli District S.N Mother Tongue Male Female Total . No. % No. % No. % 1 Nepali 68542 23.14 74170 25.04 142712 48.18 2 Tamang 36670 12.38 40393 13.64 77063 26.02 3 Magar 15398 5.20 16702 5.64 32100 10.84 4 Danuwar 7818 2.64 9123 3.08 16941 5.72 5 Newari 3418 1.15 3543 1.20 6961 2.35 6 Maithili 2647 0.89 2240 0.76 4887 1.65 7 Majhi 2351 0.79 2489 0.84 4840 1.63 8 Sunuwar 2248 0.76 2465 0.83 4713 1.59 9 Rai 808 0.27 796 0.27 1604 0.54 12 Other 2223 0.75 2148 0.73 4371 1.48 Total 142123 47.98 154069 52.02 296192 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Literacy 93. Majority of the population (60.53%) can read and write which indicate good literacy in this district. However, the illiterate population (that can’t read and write) is also notable (36.26%) with female number (23.47%) significantly higher than male number (12.79%). Detail is given in Figure 4 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 30 180,000 160,558 160,000
140,000
120,000 96,176 100,000 88,173 Male 72,385 Female 80,000 62,258 Total 60,000 33,918 40,000
20,000 4196 8344 4148 81 106 187 0 Can read and Can read only Can't read and Literacy not write write stated
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS Figure 4: Literacy Status of Sindhuli District Education Status 94. Among the population attending various level of education, majority (66.45%) have obtained only basic level of education. The population with secondary education level is remarkable low with 21.64%. Likewise, the lower number of population (1.47 %) has obtained education of graduate and post graduate levels. Detail is given in Table 19 below.
Table 19: Educational Status in Sindhuli District S.N Description Population that have completed the educational level of Male Female Total No % No % No % 1 Beginner 4315 2.61 3755 2.27 8,070 4.88 2 Basic level (Upto 8) 59,384 35.91 50,520 30.55 109,904 66.45 3 Secondary Level (Upto 12) 20,791 12.57 15,007 9.07 35,798 21.64 4 Graduate and above 1810 1.09 627 0.38 2,437 1.47 5 Others 4421 2.67 4,759 2.88 9,180 5.55 Total 90,721 54.85 74,668 45.15 16,5389 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Drinking Water 95. Majority of households (58.08%) depend on Tap/Piped water for drinking water supply, followed by uncovered Well/Kuwa (24.24%), Tubewell/Hand Pump (6.40%) etc. Detail is given in Table 20 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 31 Table 20: Status of Drinking Water in Sindhuli District S.N Description No. % 1 Tap/Piped 33,424 58.08 2 Spout water 2144 3.73 3 Uncovered well/Kuwa 13,946 24.24 4 Covered Well/Kuwa 1535 2.67 5 River/Stream 2,418 4.20 6 Tubewell/Hand pump 3,681 6.40 7 Other 396 0.69 Total 57,544 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Sanitation 96. A huge portion of Households (66.45%) in Sindhuli district do not have toilet and only 33.15% of the total households have toilet. This clearly shows that open defecation can be one of the major sanitation issues of the district. Detail is given in Table 21 below.
Table 21: Status of Toilet Facilities in Sindhuli District S.N Description No. % 1 With-toilet 19,075 33.15 2 Without toilet 38,237 66.45 3 Not stated 232 0.40 Total 57,544 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
97. Among the households having toilet facility, majority of households (67.21%) have flush toilet with septic tank and 32.79% of household have ordinary toilets. Detail is given in Table 22 below.
Table 22: Types of Toilets in Sindhuli District S.N Description No. % 1 Flush toilet (Septic Tank) 12,820 67.21 2 Ordinary 6,255 32.79 Total 19,075 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Energy Used for Lighting 98. Electricity is one of the major sources of energy (37.87%) for lighting purpose in Sindhuli district. While Solar (26.85%) and Kerosene (22.26%) are also some other major sources of lighting. Detail is given in Figure 5 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 32 92, 0.16% 7,402, 12.86%
21,791, 37.87% Electricity Kerosene
15,449, 26.85% Solar Bio-gas Other
12,810, 22.26%
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS Figure 5: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in Sindhuli District
Energy Used for Cooking 99. Majority of households (90.96%) use firewood for cooking by collecting them from community and other forest. 5.00% using LP gas and 2.76% households use bio-gas for cooking purpose. Detail is given in Table 23 below.
Table 23: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in Sindhuli District S.N Description No. % 1 Wood/firewood 52,342 90.96 2 LP Gas 2,877 5.00 3 Bio-gas 1,588 2.76 4 Kerosene 275 0.48 5 Electricity 12 0.02 6 Cow dung 156 0.27 7 Other 294 0.51 Total 57,544 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
House Ownership 100. Majority of households (94.31%) has their own house to live in. Moreover, some households (4.89%) live in rented house too. Detail is given in Table 24 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 33 Table 24: Ownership of House in Sindhuli District S.N Description No. % 1 Owned 54,269 94.31 2 Rented 2,815 4.89 3 Institutional 100 0.17 4 Others 360 0.63 Total 57,544 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
House Type a. House with Foundation Type 101. Most of the households comprise foundation of houses constructed with wooden Pillar (57.89%). While significant numbers of household are constructed with mud bonded bricks/stone (36.14%). Some households (2.12%) comprises of foundation of houses constructed using RCC with Pillar. There are 3.13% of households built with cement bonded bricks/stones. Detail is given in Table 25 below.
Table 25: Type of Foundation of House in Sindhuli District S.N Description No. % 1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 20,798 36.14 2 RCC with pillar 1,222 2.12 3 Cement bonded bricks/stone 1,804 3.13 4 Wooden pillar 33,310 57.89 5 others 67 0.12 6 Not stated 343 0.60 Total 57,544 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS b. House with Outer Wall Type 102. In Sindhuli district, significant households (51.21%) have constructed their outer wall of Mud bonded bricks/stone. Significant households (21.53%) are constructed with bamboo on their outer wall and 16.81% of the houses with the wood/planks as their outer wall. Houses built with cement bonded bricks/stone are also significant in number (8.84%). Detail is given in Table 26 below.
Table 26: Type of Outer Wall of House in Sindhuli District S.N Description No. % 1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 29,469 51.21 2 Cement bonded bricks/stone 5,087 8.84 3 Wood/Planks 9,671 16.81 4 Bamboo 12,389 21.53 5 Unbaked brick 55 0.10 6 Others 494 0.86 7 Not stated 379 0.66 Total 57,544 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 34 c. House with Roof Type 103. Majority of households (53.38%) has constructed their roof of house with Tile/slate followed by Thatch/straw (32.94%) and Galvanized iron (9.76%). Few households (2.53%) have RCC roof. Detail is given in Table 27 below.
Table 27: Type of Roof of House in Sindhuli District S.N Description No. % 1 Galvanized iron 5,614 9.76 2 Tile/slate 30,719 53.38 3 Thatch/Straw 18,955 32.94 4 RCC 1,455 2.53 5 Wood/Planks 197 0.34 6 Mud 16 0.03 7 Others 150 0.26 8 Not stated 438 0.76 Total 57,544 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
Facilities to Accessories 104. Majority of households in this district possess at least one facility (72.20%). However significant population (25.19%) possesses no facilities. Detail is given in Table 28 below.
Table 28: Status of Households regarding Facilities to Accessories in Sindhuli District S.N Description No. % 1 Without Facility 14,493 25.19 2 At least one facility 41,548 72.20 3 Not stated 1,503 2.61 Total 57,544 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
105. The common facilities possessed by the households consist of Radio (53.76%), Mobile phone (45.19%), and Television (18.20%). Detail is given in Table 29 below.
Table 29: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in Sindhuli District S.N Facilities Type No. of HH % of Total HH 1 Radio 30,933 53.76 2 Telivision 10,472 18.20 3 Cable Telivision 5,163 8.97 4 Computer 9,42 1.64 5 Internet 236 0.41 6 Telephone 2,921 5.08 7 Mobile Phone 26,007 45.19 8 Motor 166 0.29 9 Motorcycle 1,180 2.05 10 Cycle 2,143 3.72 11 Other Vehicle 96 0.17 12 Refrigerator 640 1.11 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 35 4.3.2 Indirect Impact Area General Information of the Indirectly Affected Areas 106. Kamalamai Municipality and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality fall under the project affected area, which includes not all, but some then VDCs within it that face direct impact due to project implementation. The demographic, ethnic, and educational parameters of the Municipality and RM are discussed below.
Population 107. The respective population of Kamalamai Municipality and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality is 64,386 and 13,761. The male to female population ratio in each area is 0.898:1 and 0.888:1 respectively. The average household size in Kamalamai Municipality is 4.50, while Ghyanglekh RM has an average household size of 5.60. Detail is given in Table 30 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 36 Table 30: General Population Scenario of the Indirectly Affected Areas S. Municipality/ Rural Then Municipality No. of Average Population N. Municipality / then VDCs Household Household Male Female Total Size No. % No. % No. % 1 Kamalamai Kamalamai 9304 4.24 18788 47.67 20625 52.33 39413 100.00 Municipality 2 Dadiguranse 973 4.94 2262 47.09 2542 52.91 4804 100.00 3 Bhadrakali 848 5.21 2074 46.98 2341 53.02 4415 100.00 4 Jalkanya 395 4.57 822 45.51 984 54.49 1806 100.00 5 Ranichuri 1685 5.27 4189 47.17 4692 52.83 8881 100.00 6 Ranibas 1110 4.56 2327 45.92 2740 54.08 5067 100.00 Sub Total (A) 14315 4.50 30462 47.31 33924 52.69 64386 100.00 1 Ghyanglekh Rural Amale 415 5.45 1047 2.66 1214 3.08 2261 5.74 Municipality 2 Bastipur 545 5.56 1366 45.10 1663 54.90 3029 100.00 3 Tamajor 445 5.27 1102 24.96 1244 28.18 2346 53.14 4 Netrakali 606 5.61 1612 47.41 1788 52.59 3400 100.00 5 Shanteshwori 446 6.11 1344 49.32 1381 50.68 2725 100.00 Sub Total (B) 2457 5.60 6471 47.02 7290 52.98 13761 100.00 Grand Total (A+B) 16772 4.66 36933 47.26 41214 52.74 78147 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 37 Caste/Ethnicity and Religion 108. In the two projects affected areas, Tamang (31.05%) was the dominant caste group, followed by Chhetree (16.89%), Magar (10.68%), and Newar (9.51%). Other minor castes made up 15.91% of the total population of these two areas. Detail is given in Table 31 below. Siilarly, the Hinduism and Budhism are major religion in IIA.
Table 31: Ethnic Composition of the Indirectly Impact Areas
Households Population with Caste/Ethnic Group / S.N. Municipality/ Rural Municipality Then VDCs Municipality Chhetree Brahmin Kami Magar Newar Sarki Tamang Other Total
1 Kamalamai Kamalamai 9,320 4,343 1,677 3,712 4,941 1,622 7,598 6,200 39,413 Municipality 2 Dadiguranse 422 526 343 411 110 120 1,503 1,369 4,804
3 Bhadrakali 371 231 212 843 516 59 1878 305 4,415
4 Jalkanya 303 649 72 70 152 112 0 448 1,806
5 Ranichuri 1,330 158 372 1,923 837 394 2,960 907 8,881
6 Ranibas 1,040 570 359 414 77 112 155 2,340 5,067
Sub Total (A) 12,786 6,477 3,035 7,373 6,633 2,419 14,094 11,569 64,386
% 19.86 10.06 4.71 11.45 10.30 3.76 21.89 17.97 100.00
1 Ghyanglekh Amale 82 39 122 0 0 0 1,921 97 2,261 Rural 2 Municipality Bastipur 286 0 77 343 0 0 1,726 597 3,029 3 Tamajor 30 0 114 33 177 0 1,937 55 2,346
4 Netrakali 17 31 0 0 336 20 2,931 65 3,400
5 Shanteshwori 0 0 141 595 280 0 1,659 50 2,725
Sub Total (B) 415 70 454 971 793 20 10,174 864 13,761
% 3.02 0.51 3.30 7.06 5.76 0.15 73.93 6.28 100.00
Grand Total (A+B) 13201 6,547 3,489 8,344 7,426 2,439 24,268 12,433 78,147
% 16.89 8.38 4.46 10.68 9.50 3.12 31.05 15.91 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
Literacy 109. Among the population of the two areas that is over the age of 5, 65.16% have the ability to read and write. 2.58% of the population can only read, whereas 32.23% are illiterate. A paltry 0.03% of the entire population did not state their literacy status. Detail is given in Table 32 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 38 Table 32: Literacy Status of the Indirectly Affected Areas S. Municipality Merging Population Above 5 years Total N / Rural VDCs Can Can Can't Literacy Municipality read read read and not and only write stated write 1 Kamalamai Kamalamai 26,679 672 8,740 7 36098 Municipality 2 Dadiguranse 2,642 139 1,572 0 4353
3 Bhadrakali 2,651 20 1,377 0 4048
4 Jalkanya 1,114 17 497 2 1630
5 Ranichuri 4,445 189 3,327 6 7967
6 Ranibas 2,642 123 1,797 1 4563
Sub Total (A) 40173 1,160 17,310 16 58659
% 68.49 1.98 29.51 0.03 100.00
1 Ghyanglekh Amale 1,219 159 626 0 2004 Rural 2 Bastipur 1,532 58 1,109 0 2699 Municipality 3 Tamajor 1,073 157 804 0 2034
4 Netrakali 1,174 148 1,653 1 2976
5 Shanteshwori 955 143 1,315 2 2415
Sub Total (B) 5,953 665 5,507 3 12128
% 49.08 5.48 45.41 0.02 100.00
Grand Total (A+B) 46,126 1,825 22,817 19 70787
% 65.16 2.58 32.23 0.03 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
4.3.3 Direct Impact Area 110. The project road is aligned along ward no. 2 of Kamalamai municipality (then Bhadrakali VDC) and ward no. 1, 2, 3 & 4 Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality (then Amale, Bastipur, Tamajor, Netrakali VDCs) which are fall under the direct impact area of the project. The demographic, ethnic, and educational parameters of these affected wards are discussed below.
Population 111. The total population of the affected areas is 15,451, with 2,859 households and an average household size of 5.40. The male to female population ratio is 0.873:1. Detail is given in Table 33 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 39 Table 33: General Population Scenario of the Project Affected Area S.N Municipality/ Former No. of Average Population RM VDC HH HH Size Male Female Total No. % No. % No. % 1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 848 5.21 2,074 46.98 2,341 53.02 4,415 100.00
2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 415 5.45 1,047 46.31 1,214 53.69 2,261 100.00 3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 545 5.56 1,366 45.10 1,663 54.90 3,029 100.00 4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 445 5.27 1,102 46.97 1,244 53.03 2,346 100.00 5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 606 5.61 1,612 47.41 1,788 52.59 3,400 100.00 Total 2,859 5.40 7,201 46.61 8,250 53.39 15,451 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
Population by Age Group 112. The active working group between 15 and 59 years of age make up 49.90%of the population in the affected wards. 10.94% and 8.34% of the population is up to 4 years old and above 60 years old respectively. People between the ages of 5 and 14, which mainly incorporates school going children, make up 30.83% of the affected population. Detail is given in Table 34 below.
Table 34: General Population Scenario of the Project Affected Areas (Age Group) S.N Municipality Former Age Group Total /RM VDC Up to 4 5-14 15-44 45-59 60 years years years years years and above 1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 367 1,301 1,789 530 428 4,415 2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 257 712 817 276 199 2,261 3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 330 938 1,160 372 229 3,029 4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 312 713 878 247 196 2,346 5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 424 1,099 1,290 350 237 3,400 Total 1,690 4,763 5,934 1,775 1,289 15,451 % 10.94 30.82 38.41 11.49 8.34 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
Caste/Ethnic Composition 113. In the project affected areas, Tamang (67.26%) was the dominant caste group, followed by Magar (7.89%), Newar (6.66%), and Chhetree (5.09%). Other minor castes made up 7.24% of the total population of the affected areas. Detail is given in Figure 6 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 40 100% 90% 80% Other 70% Tamang 60% Sarki 50% Newar 40% Magar 30% 20% Kami 10% Brahmin 0% Chhetree
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017 Figure 6: Ethnic Composition of the Indirectly Affected Areas
Mother Tongue 114. 66.96% of the total affected population has Tamang as their mother tongue, followed by Nepali (17.6%), and Magar (6.00%). 9.28% of people speak other minor languages. Detail is given in Table 35 below.
Table 35: Major Languages Spoken in the Project Affected Areas S.N Municipality Former Household with Mother Tongue Total /RM VDC Nepali Maithili Tamang Magar Other 1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 1,793 0 1,836 563 223 4,415 2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 270 0 1,918 0 73 2,261 3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 419 0 1,724 331 555 3,029 4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 161 0 1,937 33 215 2,346 5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 101 0 2,931 0 368 3,400 Total 2,744 0 10,346 927 1,434 15,451 % 17.76 0.00 66.96 6.00 9.28 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
Drinking Water 115. 85.59% of households rely on tap/pipe water. 12.35% of households avail water from uncovered wells. The remaining households use covered wells, spouts, rivers, tube-wells etc. Detail is given in Table 36 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 41 Table 36: Drinking Water Sources in Project Affected Areas
S.N Municipality/ Former Households Utilizing Drinking Water Sources Total RM VDC Tap/ Spout Uncovered Covered River/ Tube Other Piped Water well /Kuwa well Stream well /Kuwa
1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 733 0 100 1 12 2 0 848
2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 328 0 65 0 19 0 3 415
3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 379 0 149 0 13 0 4 545
4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 427 1 15 1 1 0 0 445
5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 580 0 24 0 0 0 2 606
Total 2,447 1 353 2 45 2 9 2,859
% 85.59 0.03 12.35 0.08 1.57 0.07 0.31 100
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
Fuel Source for Cooking 116. Firewood is the main fuel source (97.97%) for cooking, followed by bio-gas (0.92%), kerosene (0.45%), and LPG (0.28%). 0.38% of households use other sources for cooking food. Detail is given in Table 37 below.
Table 37: Fuel Source for Cooking in Project Affected Areas
S.N Municipality Former Households Utilizing Cooking Fuel Total /RM VDC Wood/ Bio LP Kerosene Electricity Other Firewood Gas Gas
1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 811 26 8 3 0 0 848
2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 411 0 0 0 0 4 415
3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 539 0 0 1 0 5 545
4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 444 0 0 1 0 0 445
5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 596 0 0 8 0 2 606
Total 2801 26 8 13 0 11 2859
% 97.97 0.92 0.28 0.45 0.00 0.38 100.00
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
Energy Source for Lighting 117. 35.29% of affected households rely on kerosene to fulfil their lighting needs. 28.40% of households have access to electricity while 23.22% rely on solar energy to light up their homes. Detail is given in Table 38 below.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 42 Table 38: Energy Source for Lighting in Project Affected Areas S.N. Municipality/RM Former VDC Electricity Kerosene Bio gas Solar Other Total 1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 594 183 3 53 15 848 2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 13 126 1 147 128 415 3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 8 170 1 155 211 545 4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 66 262 1 110 6 445 5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 131 268 0 199 8 606 Total 812 1009 6 664 368 2859 % 28.40 35.29 0.22 23.22 12.87 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
Sanitation 118. 86.99% of the affected households do not have access to toilets. Among the households that do possess latrines, 6.40% have flush toilets, while 6.32% have ordinary toilets. Detail is given in Table 39 below.
Table 39: Sanitation Status in Project Affected Areas S.N. Municipality / Former HHs without HHs with Toilet Total RM VDC Toilet Flush Ordinary Others Total 1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 599 123 126 0 249 848 2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 371 26 15 3 44 415 3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 511 12 19 3 34 545 4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 434 6 5 0 11 445 5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 572 16 16 2 34 606 Total 2,487 183 181 8 372 2,859 % 86.99 6.40 6.32 0.28 13.01 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
Literacy 119. Among the population of the project affected areas that is over the age of 5, 55.58% have the ability to read and write. 3.94% of the population can only read, whereas 40.47% are illiterate. A partly 0.01% of the entire population did not state their literacy status. Detail is given in Table 40 below.
Table 40: Literacy Status in the Indirectly Affected Areas S.N Municipality Former Can read Can read Can't read Literacy Total /RM VDC and write only and write not stated 1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 2651 20 1377 0 4048 2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 1219 159 626 0 2004 3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 1532 58 1109 0 2699 4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 1073 157 804 0 2034 5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 1174 148 1653 1 2976 Total 7649 542 5569 1 13761 % 55.57 3.94 40.47 0.01 100.00 Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 43 Educational Attainment 120. 48.77% of the affected populations have had primary level education, while 20.63% have attained lower secondary level education. 8.20% of populations have secondary level education, 6.32% are SLC graduates, and 2.53% have studied up to intermediate level. 7.26% of people have had some form of non-formal education. Detail is given in Figure 7 below.
4500 Beginner
4000 Primary
3500 Lower Secondary 3000 Secondary 2500
SLC & Equiv. 2000
Intermediat 1500 e & Equivalent
1000 Graduate
500 Post Graduate
0 Other
Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017 Figure 7: Educational Attainment of People in Project Affected Areas
4.3.3.1 Project Affected Settlements of DIA 121. The major settlements located along the road alignment i.e. project affected settlements (PAS) are mostly rural, non-uniform and dispersed. Most section of road completely lack settlements.
122. The major settlements located along the road alignment of PAS(s) in Sindhuli District are presented in the Table 41 below:
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 44 Table 41: Major Settlement Located in the Proposed road alignment S.N. Name of Settlement District Name of VDC/Municipality and Ward Number 1 Hayutar Sindhuli Ghyanglekh RM-2 2 Koltar Sindhuli Ghyanglekh RM-3 3 Apdanda Sindhuli Ghyanglekh RM-4 4 Bhotesanghara Sindhuli Kamalamai Municipality-2 5 Khattar Sindhuli Kamalamai Municipality-2 6 Chandanpur Sindhuli Ghyanglekh RM-2 Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Household and Population 123. The total households and population of PAS(s) of Sindhuli district is 252 and 1365 respectively. The representations of male and female population are 50.18% male and 49.82% female. The average household size of PAS(s) is 5.42.
Table 42: Household and Population of PAS(s) S.N Settlement No. of Population Average HH Name HHs Total Male Female Size No. % No. % 1 Hayutar 50 250 150 60.00 100 40.00 5.00 2 Koltar 20 150 70 46.67 80 53.33 7.50 3 Apdanda 12 75 40 53.33 35 46.67 6.25 4 Bhotesanghara 30 130 70 53.85 60 46.15 4.33 5 Khattar 80 400 180 45.00 220 55.00 5.00 6 Chandanpur 60 360 170 47.22 190 52.78 6.00 Total 252 1365 680 49.82 685 50.18 5.42 Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 45 Caste/Ethnicity 124. In PAS(s) of Sindhuli district, the major ethnic/caste groups are Tamang (75.40%), Newar (7.94%) and Brahmin (2.38%). Please refer Table 43 for detail.
Table 43: Caste and Ethnicity in PAS(s)
S.N Settlement Major Castes (Household) Total Name Magar Magar Brahmin Newar Tamang Chhetri Damai Kami Sunuwar Madhesi
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Hayutar 0 0.00 2 4.00 0 0.00 45 90.00 2 4.00 1 2.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 50 100.00
2 Koltar 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 20.00 13 65.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 15.00 0 0.00 20 100.00
3 Apdanda 0 0.00 1 8.33 11 91.67 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 12 100.00
4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 3 10.00 5 16.67 16 53.33 3 10.00 0 0.00 2 6.67 0 0.00 1 3.33 30 100.00
5 Khattar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 80 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 80 100.00
6 Chandanpur 9 15.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 36 60.00 12 20.00 1 1.67 2 3.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 60 100.00
Total 9 3.57 6 2.38 20 7.94 190 75.40 17 6.75 2 0.79 4 1.59 3 1.19 1 0.40 252 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 46 Religion 125. In Sindhuli district, majority of households of PAS(s) follow Buddhism (82.14%). Moreover, the households following Hinduism religion is also significant (14.29%). Few people (3.57%) follow Christian religion. Detail is given in Table 44 below.
Table 44: Religion Followed in PAS(s) S.N Settlement Religion Total Name Hindu Buddhist Christian HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % 1 Hayutar 5 10.00 45 90.00 0 0.00 50 100.00 2 Koltar 7 35.00 13 65.00 0 0.00 20 100.00 3 Apdanda 1 8.33 11 91.67 0 0.00 12 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 11 36.67 16 53.33 3 10.00 30 100.00 5 Khattar 0 0.00 77 96.25 3 3.75 80 100.00 6 Chandanpur 12 20.00 45 75.00 3 5.00 60 100.00 Total 36 14.29 207 82.14 9 3.57 252 100.00 Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Migration 126. In Sindhuli district, majority of households (75.79%) of PAS(s) are living since generation and remaining (16.27%) households are living from last 20-30 years, please refer Table 45.
Table 45: Migration Trend in PAS S.N Settlement Living Since Total Name Households -30 years ago ago -30 years A generation ago ago generation A 20 ago 1-20 years have who Families the in emigrated few years past HH % HH % HH % HH % HH % No. No. No. No. No. 1 Hayutar 50 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 50 100.00 2 Koltar 20 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 20 100.00 3 Apdanda 12 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 12 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 30 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 30 100.00 5 Khattar 69 86.25 6 7.50 4 5.00 1 1.25 80 100.00 6 Chandanpur 40 66.67 5 8.33 15 25.00 0 0.00 60 100.00 Total 191 75.79 41 16.27 19 7.54 1 0.40 252 100.00 Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 47 Occupation 127. The major occupation of PAS(s) in Sindhuli district is agriculture (38.90%). However, majority of (36.70%) of them are also student. The other occupations are wage labor (10.04%), foreign employment (7.33%), service (4.25%), and business (2.78%), please refer Table 46
Table 46: Occupation in Project Affected Settlement
S.N Settlement Occupation Total Name Population Agriculture Business Service Wage Labor Foreign Student Employment
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Hayutar 80 32.00 10 4.00 10 4.00 25 10.00 25 10.00 100 40.00 250 100.00
2 Koltar 75 50.00 4 2.67 3 2.00 10 6.67 8 5.33 50 33.33 150 100.00
3 Apdanda 53 70.67 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 2.67 20 26.67 75 100.00
4 Bhotesanghara 45 34.62 12 9.23 13 10.00 26 20.00 5 3.85 29 22.31 130 100.00
5 Khattar 140 35.00 5 1.25 15 3.75 40 10.00 50 12.50 150 37.50 400 100.00
6 Chandanpur 138 38.33 7 1.94 17 4.72 36 10.00 10 2.78 152 42.22 360 100.00
Total 531 38.90 38 2.78 58 4.25 137 10.04 100 7.33 501 36.70 1365 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017 Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for occupation
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 48 Livelihood 128. In Sindhuli district, majority of households (80.95%) in PAS(s) have sufficient earning without surplus to fulfill their livelihood. While, few households (11.90%) have sufficient earning with surplus. There are also few households (7.14%) which do not have sufficient earning to fulfill their livelihood, refer Table 47.
Table 47: Livelihood Status in PAS S.N. Settlement Name Earnings Total Households Sufficient Sufficient Inadequate with without to meet surplus surplus livelihood No. % No. % No. % No. % 1 Hayutar 4 8.00 36 72.00 10 20.00 50 100.00 2 Koltar 7 35.00 10 50.00 3 15.00 20 100.00 3 Apdanda 0 0.00 10 83.33 2 16.67 12 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 30 100.00 0 0.00 30 100.00 5 Khattar 12 15.00 68 85.00 0 0.00 80 100.00 6 Chandanpur 7 11.67 50 83.33 3 5.00 60 100.00 Total 30 11.90 204 80.95 18 7.14 252 100.00 Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Housing Structure Types 129. Majority of the affected households (98.02%) have temporary structures while 1.98% of households have permanent housing structures, refer Table 48.
Table 48: Housing Structure Type in PAS S.N. Settlement Name Structure Type Total Permanent Temporary HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % 1 Hayutar 4 8.00 46 92.00 50 100.00 2 Koltar 0 0.00 20 100.00 20 100.00 3 Apdanda 0 0.00 12 100.00 12 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 1 3.33 29 96.67 30 100.00 5 Khattar 0 0.00 80 100.00 80 100.00 6 Chandanpur 0 0.00 60 100.00 60 100.00 Total 5 1.98 247 98.02 252 100.00 Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 49 Health 130. In Sindhuli district, people of PAS(s) visit health post located in their then VDC for general health treatment. However, in major health treatment, they visit the district hospital as well as clinic of Sindhuli district. Majority of them walk for 50-1000 meters to reach the health institutions, please refer Table 49.
Table 49: Available Health Service in PAS
S.N. S.N. Settlement Name of Name Nearest Health Institution Location or Distance Duration Staff No. of Members Available Services Incoming per Patients day Major Diseases/ Illnesses 1 Hayutar Bastipur Ilaka Health Post Ghyanglekh-2 50 m 5 Primary Level 30 Cough, cold, dysentery Treatment 2 Koltar ------Fever, cough, cold, dysentery, pneumonia 3 Apdanda ------Fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia, cough, cold 4 Bhotesanghara Bhotesanghara Health Post Bhotesanghara 500 m 4 Primary Level Fever, diarrhoea, Treatment pneumonia, cough, cold Bhotesanghara Medical Bhotesanghara 1 km 2 Primary Level Fever, cough, cold, Treatment dysentery, pneumonia 5 Khattar ------Fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia, cough, cold 6 Chandanpur ------Fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia, cough, cold Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 50
131. In Sindhuli district, the major diseases reported are fever, common cold, dysentery, pneumonia, and cough, please refer Table 50.
Table 50: Major Disease found in PAS
S.N. Settlement Name Major Diseases/ Illnesses 1 Hayutar Cough, cold, dysentery 2 Koltar Fever, cough, cold, dysentery, pneumonia 3 Apdanda Fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia, cough, cold 4 Bhotesanghara Fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia, cough, cold 5 Khattar Fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia, cough, cold 6 Chandanpur Fever, cough, cold, dysentery, pneumonia Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Solid Waste Management Techniques 132. All the households in the PAS(s) practice composting to the organic waste generated from their day to day activities. All of the inorganic wastes are burned or done open dumping, refer Table 51.
Table 51: Solid Waste Management Techniques
Solid Waste Management Techniques
Organic Waste Inorganic Waste Composting Other Total Incineration Open Dumping Municipal Collection Total
HH % HH % HH % HH % HH % HH % HH %
S.N SettlementName No. No. No. No. No. No. No.
1 Hayutar 46 92.00 4 8.00 50 100 20 40.00 30 60.00 0 0.00 50 100.00
2 Koltar 18 90.00 2 10.00 20 100 19 95.00 1 5.00 0 0.00 20 100.00
3 Apdanda 11 91.67 1 8.33 12 100 11 91.67 1 8.33 0 0.00 12 100.00
4 Bhotesanghara 27 90.00 3 10.00 30 100 27 90.00 3 10.00 0 0.00 30 100.00
5 Khattar 64 80.00 16 20.00 80 100 20 25.00 60 75.00 0 0.00 80 100.00
6 Chandanpur 57 95.00 3 5.00 60 100 16 26.67 44 73.33 0 0.00 60 100.00
Total 223 88.49 29 11.51 252 100 113 44.84 139 55.16 0 0.00 252 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 51
Education 133. In Sindhuli district, the educational standing in PAS(s) comprises of illiterate (40.4%), primary (36.97%), Secondary (19.30%) and graduate and above (3.60%), refer Table 52.
Table 52: Educational Status in PAS
S.N Settlement No. of Education Level Total Name Illiterate Primary Level Seconda Levelry Graduate and higher
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % ale and Female
1 Hayutar Males 20 18.2 50 45.45 35 31.82 5 4.55 110 100 230
Females 20 16.7 60 50.00 40 33.33 0 0.00 120 100
2 Koltar Males 3 5.4 50 89.29 3 5.36 0 0.00 56 100 102
Females 4 8.7 40 86.96 2 4.35 0 0.00 46 100
3 Apdanda Males 4 12.5 18 56.25 10 31.25 0 0.00 32 100 70
Females 3 7.9 16 42.11 15 39.47 4 10.53 38 100
4 Bhotesanghara Males 20 33.3 20 33.33 20 33.33 0 0.00 60 100 122
Females 30 48.4 17 27.42 15 24.19 0 0.00 62 100
5 Khattar Males 100 54.1 50 27.03 20 10.81 15 8.11 185 100 359
Females 100 57.5 40 22.99 21 12.07 13 7.47 174 100
Males 99 55.3 48 26.82 27 15.08 5 2.79 179 100 310 6 Chandanpur Females 79 60.3 32 24.43 19 14.50 1 0.76 131 100
Total 482 40.4 441 36.97 227 19.03 43 3.60 1193 100 1193
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017 Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for educational status
134. In Sindhuli district, the available educational institutions of PAS(s) are from primary Level to higher secondary level. Students need to walk from 10 to 30 minutes to reach their school, please refer Table 53.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 52
Table 53: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s) S.N Settlement Name of School Level Type Student Distance or Address Name No. Duration to get to school 1 Hayutar Shree Secondary Seconda Governmental 580 10 minutes Ghyanglekh-2 School ry Shree Nawadip Primary Private 80 10 minutes Ghyanglekh-2 Academy 2 Koltar Koltar Primary Primary Governmental 125 20 minutes Koltar School 3 Apdanda ------4 Bhotesanghara Nibuatar Higher Seconda Governmental 300 15 minutes Nibuatar-9 Secondary ry School 5 Khattar Shree Primary Governmental 150 20 minutes Khattar Bambeshwari Lower Secondary School 6 Chandanpur ------
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Drinking Water 135. In PAS(s) of Sindhuli district, Pipe water supply (81.75%) is the main source of drinking water. However, majority of households (17.06%) also rely on river water for the purpose of drinking water, please refer Table 54.
Table 54: Status of Drinking Water in PAS S. Settlement HH Consumption of Water Done Through Total N Name Communal River Well/ Pipeline Tap Water Spring
HH % HH % HH % HH % HH % No. No. No. No. No. 1 Hayutar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 50 100.00 50 100.00 2 Koltar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 20 100.00 20 100.00 3 Apdanda 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 12 100.00 12 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 28 93.33 0 0.00 2 6.67 30 100.00 5 Khattar 0 0.00 7 8.75 1 1.25 72 90.00 80 100.00 6 Chandanpur 0 0.00 8 13.33 2 3.33 50 83.33 60 100.00
Total 0 0.00 43 17.06 3 1.19 206 81.75 252 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 53
Energy Used for Cooking 136. In Sindhuli district, majority of households of PAS(s) use firewood (76.59%) for cooking purpose. Households using LPG for cooking purpose is also significant (23.41%), refer Table 55.
Table 55: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS S.N. Settlement Fuel for cooking (HH Using) Total Name Wood LPG HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % 1 Hayutar 30 60.00 20 40.00 50 100.00 2 Koltar 18 90.00 2 10.00 20 100.00 3 Apdanda 9 75.00 3 25.00 12 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 1 3.33 29 96.67 30 100.00 5 Khattar 78 97.50 2 2.50 80 100.00 6 Chandanpur 57 95.00 3 5.00 60 100.00 Total 193 76.59 59 23.41 252 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Energy Used for Lighting 137. In Sindhuli district, most of the households (67.86%) of PAS(s) use Electricity for the lighting purpose while 32.14% use solar, refer Table 56.
Table 56: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS S.N Settlement Name HH Using Total Kerosene Electricity Solar HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % 1 Hayutar 0 0.00 50 100.00 0 0.00 50 100.00 2 Koltar 0 0.00 19 95.00 1 5.00 20 100.00 3 Apdanda 0 0.00 12 100.00 0 0.00 12 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 30 100.00 0 0.00 30 100.00 5 Khattar 0 0.00 0 0.00 80 100.00 80 100.00 6 Chandanpur 0 0.00 60 100.00 0 0.00 60 100.00 Total 0 0.00 171 67.86 81 32.14 252 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Toilets 138. In Sindhuli district, almost all households of PAS(s) possess toilet outside their houses (99.60%) except one in Bhotesanghar, refer Table 57.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 54
Table 57: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS S. Settlement Toilets Total N Name No No. of Houses with Toilet Toilet Inside the Outside the Pit Latrine house house HH % HH % HH % HH No. % No. No. No. 1 Hayutar 0 0 0.00 50 100.00 0 0.00 50 100.00 2 Koltar 0 0 0.00 20 100.00 0 0.00 20 100.00 3 Apdanda 0 0 0.00 12 100.00 0 0.00 12 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 0 1 3.33 29 96.67 0 0.00 30 100.00 5 Khattar 0 0 0.00 80 100.00 0 0.00 80 100.00 6 Chandanpur 0 0 0.00 60 100.00 0 0.00 60 100.00 Total 0 1 0.40 251 99.60 0 0.00 252 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Telecommunication 139. In PAS(s) NTC is the major telecom facility (44.44%) along with Ncell (43.25%), and smart cell (12.30%), please refer Table 58.
Table 58: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS S.N. Settlement Name Telecommunications NTC Ncell Smart Cell Total HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % 1 Hayutar 45 90.00 0 0.00 5 10.00 50 100.00 2 Koltar 10 50.00 0 0.00 10 50.00 20 100.00 3 Apdanda 1 8.33 0 0.00 11 91.67 12 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 29 96.67 1 3.33 30 100.00 5 Khattar 40 50.00 40 50.00 0 0.00 80 100.00 6 Chandanpur 16 26.67 40 66.67 4 6.67 60 100.00 Total 112 44.44 109 43.25 31 12.30 252 100.00 Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Economic Activities Market 140. There are various markets in PAS(s) of Sindhuli district. They are temporary and permanent in type. Most of the small markets are 5 to 30 kilometers from the settlement center, please refer Table 59.
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Table 59: Major Market in PAS S. Settlement Number of Name Type of Distance or Duration N Name Bazaars Bazaar from Settlement Centre . 1 Hayutar 1 Hayutar Permanent 2 Koltar 2 Madi Bazar Permanent 38 km Koldap Temporary 15 minutes 3 Apdanda 1 Simle Bazar Permanent 5 km 4 Bhotesanghara 2 Madi Bazar Temporary 15 km Bhotesanghara Temporary 15 minutes 5 Khattar 2 Khattar Temporary 5 minutes Madi Bazar Permanent 45 km 6 Chandanpur 1 Chandanpur Temporary 10 minutes Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Industry 141. In PAS(s) of Sindhuli district, there are no industries.
Refreshment and shops 142. There are 8 hotel and lodges, 18 teashops and 26 ration stores in PAS(s) of Sindhuli district. Other shops include 2 stationeries and 1 clothing store, please refer Table 60.
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Table 60: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS
S.N Settlement Name Amenities Hotels and Lodges Restaurants ShopsTea Ration Store Stationery Cosmetics Pharmacy Clothing Store Hardware Meat Shops Tailor Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1 Hayutar 1 7.69 0 0.00 4 30.77 7 53.85 1 7.69 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 13 100.00
2 Koltar 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 66.67 1 33.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 100.00
3 Apdanda 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 100.00
4 Bhotesanghara 2 11.76 0 0.00 3 17.65 10 58.82 1 5.88 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 5.88 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 17 100.00
5 Khattar 4 30.77 0 0.00 4 30.77 5 38.46 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 13 100.00
6 Chandanpur 1 16.67 0 0.00 2 33.33 3 50.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 100.00
Total 8 14.55 0 0.00 18 32.73 26 47.27 2 3.64 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 1.82 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 55 100.00
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
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Financial Institutions 143. There is 1 bank, 5 microfinances and 4 co-operatives in the PAS(s) of Sindhuli district, please refer Table 61.
Table 61: Status of Financial Institutions in PAS S.N. Settlement Name Financial Institutions Banks Micro-finance Co-operative Total No. % No. % No. % No. % 1 Hayutar 0 0.00 1 100.00 0 0.00 1 100.00 2 Koltar 0 0.00 1 100.00 0 0.00 1 100.00 3 Apdanda 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 100.00 1 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 1 25.00 1 25.00 2 50.00 4 100.00 5 Khattar 0 0.00 2 66.67 1 33.33 3 100.00 6 Chandanpur 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Total 1 10.00 5 50.00 4 40.00 10 100.00 Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Land Ownership 144. Majority of the households (88.89%) in PAS(s) owe less than 5 ropanis of land. 9.13% HH have 5-10 ropanis of land, while very few (1.98%) of them are landless, refer Table 62 for detail.
Table 62: Land Ownership in PAS S.N Settlement Land Ownership Total Name 5-10 Upto 5 No Land Ropanis Ropanis (Sukumbasi) HH % HH % HH % HH % No. No. No. No. 1 Hayutar 1 2.00 49 98.00 0 0.00 50 100.00 2 Koltar 4 20.00 16 80.00 0 0.00 20 100.00 3 Apdanda 5 41.67 7 58.33 0 0.00 12 100.00 4 Bhotesanghara 11 36.67 18 60.00 1 3.33 30 100.00 5 Khattar 0 0.00 77 96.25 3 3.75 80 100.00 6 Chandanpur 2 2.50 57 71.25 1 1.25 60 75.00 Total 23 9.13 224 88.89 5 1.98 252 100.00 Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Irrigation 145. Majority of the of the agriculture areas of PAS(s) has been linked to the irrigation systems. Whole of the irrigation land in Hayutar are linked with the irrigation system while Bhotesanghara have 95% of the linkage of irrigation system with the agricultural land.90 % of Chandanpur, 60% of Koltar, 25% of Apdanda, and 60% of Khattar are also linked with the irrigation system, refer Table 63 for detail.
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Table 63: Irrigation Status in PAS S. Settlement Irrigation Status N Name Land with Access to Land without Access to Irrigation Irrigation % % 1 Hayutar 100 0 2 Koltar 60 40 3 Apdanda 25 75 4 Bhotesanghara 95 5 5 Khattar 60 40 6 Chandanpur 90 10 Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Crops 146. Major Crop species in the PAS(s) are paddy, millet and maize. Wheat, Buckwheat and mustard are also cultivated in Bhotesanghara village, refer Table 64 for detail
Table 64: Major Crops in PAS S.N. Settlement Name Major Crops 1 Hayutar Paddy, Maize, Mustard, Millet 2 Koltar Paddy, Maize, Millet 3 Apdanda Paddy, Maize, Millet 4 Bhotesanghara Paddy, Maize, Wheat, Mustard, Buckwheat 5 Khattar Paddy, Maize, Millet, Wheat 6 Chandanpur Paddy, Maize, Millet Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Livestock 147. Major livestock in the PAS(s) are cow, goat and buffalo. Chicken and Ox are also some of the minor livestock of the PAS(s) refer Table 65 for detail
Table 65: Major Livestock in PAS S.N. Settlement Name Major Livestock 1 Hayutar Cow, Buffalo, Goat 2 Koltar Cow, Ox, Buffalo, Goat, Chicken 3 Apdanda Goat, Buffalo, Ox 4 Bhotesanghara Goat, Buffalo, Cow 5 Khattar Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Chicken 6 Chandanpur Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Chicken Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
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Economic Activities 148. Majority of people of PAS(s) of Sindhuli district believe that the proposed road project will enhance local business, commercial farming and livestock rearing in the district through the export of local agricultural production and increment of business activities, please refer Table 66 for detail.
Table 66: Potential Economic activities by Road Upgrading in local level S. Settlement Areas of Economic Prosperity N Name
1 Hayutar Industries and mills, businesses.
Large areas of cultivable land; prospect of commercial farming and livestock rearing.
2 Koltar Commercial farming and animal husbandry.
3 Apdanda Local businesses, livestock rearing.
4 Bhotesanghara Commercial farming, religious sites as potential tourist attractions.
5 Khattar Converting Gumbas into tourist attractions.
6 Chandanpur Local businesses, livestock rearing.
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Sites of Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Importance 149. The various sites of historical, cultural, archaeological, religious and tourism importance in PAS(s) of Sindhuli district is presented in Table 67.
Table 67: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites S.N. Settlement Name Temples and Religious Sites
1 Hayutar -
2 Koltar Gumba (Pema Sangling)
3 Apdanda Madisthan, Gupteshwari, Kaling
4 Bhotesanghara Ganeshthan
5 Khattar Riyopotala Gumba, Mane Mandir
6 Chandanpur -
Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
Social Centers 150. During the road rehabilitation except for the Local School in Sanitar none of the other social centers were recorded to be affected in the PAS(s), pleaserefer Table 68 for detail
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Table 68: Social Centres S. Settlement No. of Name of Social Physical Affected due to Road N. Name Social Centre Status Rehabilitation (Y/N) Centers 1 Hayutar 1 Hayutar Ilaka Good N Health Post 2 Koltar 0 - - - 3 Apdanda 0 - - - 4 Bhotesanghara 2 Sahakari Building Good N Vegetables and Good N Fruits Centre 5 Khattar 0 - - - 6 Chandanpur 0 - - - Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017
4.3.4 Project Affected Families 151. This section presents the socio-economic profile of the study area and project affected households due to the road upgrading works.
Demography 152. A detailed socio-economic survey was conducted to investigate affected households income, food sufficiency, livelihood options, loss of land, structures, trees and other assets. Of the total 242 affected households, socio-economic survey was carried for 133 households consisting of 868 populations. Total 106 Janajati households are affected by sub-project and, m=among them Tamang are of highest proportion (18.87%). The Table 69 provides summary of the affected households.
Table 69: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-project SN Variable Count 1 Total Affected HHs 242 2 Absentee HHs 109 3 Interviewed HHs 133 4 Interviewed Population 868 4.1 Male 450 4.2 Female 418 4.3 Average HHs Size 6.5 4.4 Dalit HHs 9 4.5 Janjati HHs 106 4.6 Brahmin/Chettri HHs 18 4.7 Women Headed HHs 11 Source: Household Survey, 2016
153. Agriculture is the main occupation of the population residing along the road alignment but it does not contribute much to their total income and food sufficiency. People in the area grow mostly paddy, potato, millet, barley, wheat and buckwheat.
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154. The average agricultural income of the affected households NRs. 48,433.11 in a year and that of non – agricultural income is NRs. 234,143.61. Please refer Table 70 for detail.
Table 70: Average Income of APs Annual HHs Average HHs Average HHs Average Income (No.) Annual (No.) Annual Non- (No.) Annual (NRs.) Agriculture agriculture Income Income (NRs.) Income (NRs.) (NRs.) <=12,000 12 48,433.11 11 234,143.61 1 245,410.56 12,000- 16 0 1 25,000 >25,000 85 123 131 Total 133 133 Source: Household survey, 2016
155. The average food sufficiency month of the APs is 10.18 months per year and the average land holding of affected households is 0.43 ha, please refer Table 71 for detail.
Table 71: Food Sufficiency of AP S.N Food Sufficiency Months HHs (No.) Remarks 1 < 3 months 1 2 3-6 months 9 3 6-9 months 21 4 9-12 months 102 5 >12 months 0 Average (months) 10.18 Source: Household survey, 2016
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5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on Environment 156. The identification and assessment of impacts has been carried out by considering the proposed proposal activities examined in terms of the construction and operation stage. Several such impacts have been identified based on site observation, field survey and information obtained from the stakeholders, with a few being identified on value judgment. The impact of the activities will be on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural resources within the ZoI. Impacts from the proposed road sub project can be both beneficial as well as adverse. Most of the identified impacts have been quantified as far as possible. The impacts have been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and high), extent (site specific, local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term) and appropriate benefit enhancement and mitigation measures are given in Chapter 7.
5.1. Beneficial Impacts 5.1.1 Construction Phase Employment Generation 157. One of the major direct beneficial impacts of the road during the construction stage is the creation of employment opportunities. The road construction will create of 103,743 unskilled and 31,134 skilled person day’s work. There will be positive impacts in other economic activities in a chained manner creating other income generating activities. The impact is direct, high, short-term and local in nature.
Economic Increment of Local People 158. The amount of money that is injected in the rural economy in the form of various commercial & economic activities will directly enhance the economic increment in the project area. The local people of the project area will have opportunity to sell their agro products (such as milk, eggs, meat, vegetables, fruits, etc) on better price to the contractors, construction workforce as well as the personnel of project office. Besides to meet the daily demands of the contractors and construction workforce, there are possibilities of opening of new tea stalls, restaurants, and consumer good shops. The local community can get maximum benefits of these new commercial and economic activities. This impact is direct, high, local and short-term in nature
Skill Enhancement 159. The construction of road is likely to enhance their skills in construction, and large number of people will get practical hands on training. Furthermore, the project will also organize training on road construction and maintenance that will enhance the technical skills of local people. The skill and knowledge acquired from the project during construction will enhance employment opportunities. Such trained manpower can earn livelihoods from similar project in future. This impact is indirect, low, local and long-term in nature.
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5.1.2 Operation Phase Improved access 160. The construction of Road will offer easy, comfortable and quick access to the people of the project areas to markets and social services. Travelling time will be reduced and the cost of transportation will be cheaper than present. This is the direct, high, regional impacts and will have long-term benefits.
Possible Market Development and Business Promotion 161. New market areas and settlements will develop resulting urbanization and industrialization of the project area, which will lead to the regional development of the area. There are increased economic opportunities and significant growth and extension of the minor local markets along the road. There will be many non-farm employment opportunities for the growing rural population especially for occupational caste groups due to extension of market centre and development of small towns. The project will have indirect, long term, local and high benefits.
Increase in Land Value 162. Upgrading of the road leads to appreciation of land values, particularly near the market and settlement areas. People from the different village will migrate near the road because of facilities and commercial purpose which increase the demand of plot land near the road alignment. Increase in the demand will increase the land value. The impact is indirect, high, local and long term in nature.
Development of Cottage Industries 163. Majority of the people depend upon agriculture and horticulture. During the time of the field visit it is observed that there is the practice of cultivating commercial farming like tomato & cabbage. But because of the lack of the market they have not got sufficient benefit from their product. After completion of upgrading, their economic standard will also grow due to increase in the commercial farming of these two products because of enhanced transportation and market facilities. Similarly, there are also chances to develop forest based industries such as saw mill industries with facilities of transportation. The project will have indirect, long term, local and high benefits.
Increase in Crop Productivity 164. Once the road is in operation, people should have cheaper and improved access to many inputs such as seeds, chemical fertilizer and technology, leading to increased agricultural production and diversification. The farmers will be more interested to increase agricultural production due to market accessibility. Similarly, there will be diversification in occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly dependent on subsistence farming. The transportation cost is expected to come down heavily for many of the inputs that are used by farmers in farm and other goods. This is the direct, moderate, regional and will have long term benefits.
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Increase in Sale of Local Products 165. The local product like vegetable, fruits, cash crops and livestock products will be increased in almost all the settlement along the road corridor. Due to market accessibility the local product also take place in local market in reasonable price which preserve time and money is the motivational factor to the local people. The increase in the product increases in the sale. This is the indirect, moderate, local and will have long term benefits.
5.2. Adverse Impacts 5.2.1 Construction Phase 5.2.1.1 Physical Aspects Change in Land Use 166. The land acquired for the implementation of the project can undergo a long-term permanent change in the land use. Changes of land use due to the construction of road are mainly conversion of 1.665 ha of cultivated land & 1.120 ha built-up land, 0.314 ha of Government Managed Forest area, 0.189 ha of CF, 0.166 ha of private forest area, 0.085 ha leasehold forest, 0.131 ha of barren land, and 0.050 ha of river/ stream area (Table 4). Similarly, there will be some change in land use due to expansion of roadside settlements. The impact from changes in land use will be high, direct, local and long term in nature.
Hazards due to Spoil Disposal 167. There is the possibility of landslides and erosion from cutting the road during the upgrading process, particularly during monsoon. The common likely problems from inappropriate disposal of spoils are: gullying and erosion of spoil tips especially when combined with unmanaged surface water runoff, damage to farm lands, and destruction of vegetation, crops and property at downhill. The possible spoil disposal sites have proposed below (Table 72). The impact from spoil disposal will be direct, moderate, site specific and long term in nature.
Table 72: Possible Spoil Disposal site S. No. Chainage Location 1 9+000 Bugdi , Khaltar,Kamalamai-2 2 18+900 Rajbas Hill Side, Ghyanglekh-1 3 29+000 Shola Bhanjyang,Ghyanglekh-3 4 33+400 Near Belbot,Ghyanglekh-4 5 35+950 Aapdanda, Ghyanglekh-4
Slope Instability 168. The construction of road on hill slope and terraces will open the new surface may create land instability and increase the soil erosion. Similarly, the road cut through the unstable area may lead to the landslide. The baseline study under this study has identified the problematic areas from the geological point (Refer Table 10). The stability of slopes along the road corridor depends upon slope angle, the material constituting the slope, rock
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discontinuities and hydrological conditions. The likely impact of slope instability and soil erosion is indirect, moderate, site specific and long term in nature.
Disruption of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Works 169. Roads usually generate large volumes of concentrated surface runoff. The concentrated water from the road outlet causes erosion and landslide eventually affecting the stability of the road. The impact will be indirect, moderate, site specific and medium term.
Air and Dust Pollution 170. Although the air quality of the project area is not measured, the air does not appear to be polluted. However, during construction of road, there is a strong possibility of dust pollution. The dust emission is likely to be intense along the construction site. This may affect the local people and workers, as well as agricultural crops. Dust may create nuisance to markets, schools and health posts. Impact on air quality will be direct, low, local and short term in nature.
Noise Pollution 171. The project area at present does not experience high level of noise. However, use of bull dozer, excavator and rollers may cause air dust and noise pollution to the workers and people living in nearby areas. The impact of noise will be direct, low, local and short term in nature.
Water Pollution 172. The water quality within the project area is not tested. Nevertheless, quality of water in the water bodies within the project area appears to be fairly good as they are widely used by households for drinking purpose. The haphazard disposal of various types of waste generated from construction activities might degrade the water sources. If the proper sanitary condition is not maintained in the labour camps and work camps, water may be contaminated resulting in the occurrence of water borne diseases may increase. The impact will be direct, low, local, short term in nature.
Impact due to Quarrying 173. Construction of the road requires boulders and other types of construction materials. Potential quarry sites have been identified (refer Table 2 &3). The extraction of materials from inappropriate places or in excessive amounts can damage the local environment. The potential adverse impacts of quarrying are accelerated erosion, landslides, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, water logging and water pollution. Quarry site are proposed at the chainage 20+410-20+620 and 20+800-21+160. The likely impact from the operation of quarry sites will be direct, low in magnitude, local nature and short term duration.
Impact due to Camp Sites 174. Domestic wastes (both solid and liquid) will be generated from the construction camps. The haphazard disposal of such domestic waste in the open land will contaminate the land, generate foul smell and reduce aesthetic attractiveness of the locality. Moreover, such haphazard disposal of waste can contaminate water sources. Siting of camp may cause encroachment of forest, agriculture land, and alteration of drainage and waste water
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problems. Appropriate camp sites have been identified and listed below in Table 73. Impact will be direct, moderate significance, site specific and for short-term.
Table 73: Proposed Camp site along the road S. No. Chainage Location
1 3+700 Bhoteswara, Kamalamai -2 2 8+900 Khaltar, Kamalamai -2 3 13+600 Simle Khaltar, Ghyanglekh-1 4 17+200 Rajbas, Ghyanglekh-1 5 22+500 Hayutar, Ghyanglekh-2 6 29+000 Shola Bhanjyang, Ghyanglekh-3 7 31+900 Chaukitar, Ghyanglekh-3 8 34+950 Belbot, Ghyanglekh-4
Source: Field survey, 2017
5.2.1.2 Biological Aspects Loss or Degradation of Forest and Vegetation 175. 0.314 ha of Government Managed Forest , 0.189 ha community forest, 0.166 ha of private forest area, 0.085 ha leasehold forest will be affected due to this sub-project. 1259 no. of trees from National forest (47 from community forest, 7 from Leasehold forest & 832 from National forest) and 373 no. of trees from private forest and private land will be necessary to be cut down to clear the formation of the road (Table 74 & Appendix XI) .The impact on vegetation/forest resources have been considered to be direct, High in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration.
Table 74: Trees to be Cut in Formation Width S.N. Chainage Type of Land No. of Trees Lost From To 1 0+090 0+190 Kalika Community Forest 3 1+400 1+800 2 10+200 11+160 Jhalkane Community Forest 41 3 18+610 19+040 Rajbas Community Forest 3 4 21+590 22+020 Manebhanjyang Leasehold Forest 7 5 27+160 29+000 Government Forest (Up to Sola 709 Bhanjyang) 29+000 30+600 Government Forest (After Sola 123 Bhanjyang) 6 0+190 37+200 Private Forest 107 7 5+060 35+950 Cultivated Land 266 Total 1259 Source: Field survey, 2017
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Pressure in Forest Product 176. Local people and labors might be involved in collecting, using and selling the forest products particularly the timber and firewood to meet the cooking demand of construction camp. As the economic activities increases, the number of tea stall, restaurants, and lodges will also increase to provide the services to the construction workers and project staffs. These may require additional quantity of fuel wood and timber. Moreover, large and small sized timber may be needed for establishment of temporary huts such that the construction workers might utilize the forest nearby the construction site (Kalika CF, Jhalkane CF, Ranibas CF, Hariyali LHF, Pragatisil LHF, Lalupate LHF, Laliguras LHF, Manebhanjyang LHF and Government Managed Forest) for such purpose resulting in the loss of natural forest and vegetation resources. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Habitat Fragmentation 177. The forest resources of project area have already been in a degraded state and disturbed condition due to track way opening, settlement development/expansion and human intervention. However, the construction of the road may disturb wildlife and bird species present along the road corridor. The movement of labor, use of construction equipment, and noise during construction may affect the home range of the fauna. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Impacts on Flora and Fauna (as listed in CITES and IUCN Red Data Book and Protected by GoN) 178. The construction of road may disturb wildlife and bird species present along the road corridor due to increased noise level. Some protected wild fauna (Table 14) of project are in IUCN list. Similarly, Sal (Shorea robusta), banned for felling, transportation and export for commercial purpose, is found in project area. The impact will be indirect, low, local and short term in nature.
5.2.1.3 Socio-economic Aspects Loss of Land and Productivity 179. In total 1.665 ha of cultivated land will be affected due to the sub-project. The average land holding of Aps will decrease from 0.43 ha to 0.41 ha. The food sufficiency of AP from their own land will decrease from an average 10.18 months to 8.76 months. Total 295 plots of lands will be affected during the road reconstruction and rehabilitation activities. Moreover, spoil on farm land will also affect the production of agricultural crops. It is clear that the loss of crops from the land acquired by the project will have adverse impact on the financial stability of the affected households who are dependent on the agricultural productivity of their land. The impact is expected to be direct, high in magnitude, local in extent and of long term in duration.
Impact on Private Properties 180. Eight private residences (4 houses and 4 Goth), belonging to eight households, along the road corridor will be affected as given in Appendix XII and Table 75 in detail. The
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impact is expected to be direct, high in magnitude, site specific in extent and of long term in duration.
Table 75: Summary of Affected Private Structure in the Formation Width
Chainage Chainage Structure Type of Name Owner Location Storey Remarks (Wall/Roo f) of Area Structure M) ( Sq 22+900 House Padam Bahadur Bloar Ghyanglekh -2 2 Mud 97.25 Stone/CGI 23+540 House Krishna Bahadur Ghyanglekh -2 2 Bamboo/Khar 23.24 Syangtan 24+070 Goth Ek Bahadur Khadka Ghyanglekh -2 1 bamboo/CGI 11 24+830 Goth Jas Karna Magar Ghyanglekh -2 2 bamboo/CGI 30.4 24+870 Goth Bir Bahadur Khadka Ghyanglekh -2 2 Mud 20.1 Stone/CGI 26+440 House Tulku Lama Ghyanglekh -2 2 Stone/Bamboo 36.49 /CGI 31+895 House Bishnu Syangten Ghyanglekh -3 1 Stone/CGI 50.4 31+900 Goth Bishnu Syangten Ghyanglekh -3 2 Bamboo/CGI 19.2 Source: Field survey, 2017
Impact on Community Infrastructure
181. There is only one community tap and around 25 m polythene pipe of water that will be affected due to this project along the road, refer Table 76. The impact is expected to be direct, high in magnitude, site specific in extent and of long term in duration.
Table 76: Summary of Affected Community structure in the formation width Chainage Structure Type Location Dimension
24+080 Tap Ghyanglekh -2 2.1 Sq m 19+200 Water pipe Ghyanglekh -1 25 m. Source: Field survey, 2017
Impacts on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites 182. There is no any Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites within the formation width.
Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety 183. During construction phase, the work personnel will be exposed to various health risks and hazards. The hazards will be notable due to injuries to workers while working in the Project without adequate safety measures and equipment. Typical health hazards can be encountered during rock cutting, slope cutting, equipment handling, side casting, slope
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stabilization etc. Other potential impacts to health are respiratory disease and eye disease due to exposure to dust.
184. Unsafe water sources and unhygienic conditions (lack of latrines and washing facilities) bear the risk of additional and often endemic diseases, such as dysentery, diarrhea and cholera. . The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.
Impact on Public Health and Safety 185. For the project construction works, people from various parts of the project affected municipalities/Rural Municipalities as well as country will temporarily migrate in the project area. Moreover, other people looking for business opportunity will also migrate in project area in various settlements of the road. Both work force and migrating people might be suffering from several communicable diseases such that their disease could be transmitted to local people arising threat to community health.
186. The sanitation condition of project area is good with entire households of project affected settlements possess toilets. However, the environmental degradation in and around the project site can occur due to poor sanitation practice of construction camp. The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.
5.2.2 Operation Phase 5.2.2.1 Physical Aspects Road Slope Stability and Management 187. The road follows hilly terrain such that the road construction is executed by making the cut slopes on hillside. The hill slope along the Road alignment and nearby areas may be destabilized due to inadequate road cutting, inadequate drainage works, and faulty construction, re-vegetation of the area and monsoon effect. The destabilization of slope may also be expedited due to human activities in the road neighborhood such as quarrying stones or soil and irrigated cultivation. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and long term in nature.
Impact due to Air, Noise and Water Pollution 188. During operation period, a number of vehicles will carry out along the road and will produce air pollutants. This will increase the pollution level of ambient air, increase in noise level due to vehicles and blowing of horns along the road corridor. Washing of vehicles in natural streams may cause contamination in drinking water sources. The vehicular movement is not expected to be very high; the overall impact will be direct, low, local and long term.
5.2.2.2 Biological Aspects Pressure in Forest Resource 189. Due to easy access, forest areas on the roadside may suffer from human interference such as trampling; grazing of domestic animals and collection of NTFPs may hinder natural regeneration and growth of plants. Moreover, there is a possibility of
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smuggling of forest products due to easy access and easy transportation facilities. The impact will be indirect, moderate, local and long term in nature.
Forest Fire 190. With increase human influence in forest area there is the chances of increase forest fire intentionally and unknowingly. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Disturbance to Wildlife 191. Although the wildlife population is reported low, they may be disturbed due to the frequent movement of the vehicles. Vehicular flow, horn blowing in the forest area will have impact on the wildlife and bird species. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Illegal Hunting 192. There may occur illegal hunting during operation period by the people from market areas due to easy accessibility. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
Impact on Protected Species 193. Some protected fauna and flora are reported (refer section Table 14) in project area. There will be possibilities of impact on these species due to increase in human influence. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.
5.2.2.3 Socio-economic Aspects Encroachment of Public Land and Ribbon Settlement Development 194. Ribbon like settlement growth is common along the highway in Nepal. The tendency of encroaching RoW (right of way) is a common scenario in other roads of Nepal. Such sorts of tendency cannot be neglected for this road as well. If so, this will not only limit the possibility for future expansion but also increase possibility encroachment of public land, forest area and also increase the chances of road accident. In addition, the settlement growth along the roadside is also likely to increase the volume of household wastes as well as wastes water on the road. The roadside surface water may turn into wastewater drain. This may block the drain, which may damage and/or degrade the road condition thereby demanding high cost for the maintenance and repair. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and medium term in nature.
Increased Traffic Congestion 195. After the upgrading of road to all weather gravel standard road, there will be increase in vehicular movements. The local community will lose their working concentration and can get disturbed by the high vehicular transportation and traffic jam. Moreover, the community will get disturbed by the air pollution through vehicular emission as well as by noise pollution due to vehicular movement and blowing of pressure horns. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and long term in nature.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 71
Road Safety 196. Inadequate provisions of road safety measures like road signals, lack of enforcement of traffic rules, houses built adjoining road within the RoW etc. may invite road accident, particularly involving children. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and long term in nature.
5.3. Climate Change Impacts 197. Climate change is an inevitable fact which needs to be considered for future planning, construction and maintenance of roads located in hilly and mountainous areas. The need to limit deterioration effects from adverse weather conditions (e.g. prolonged precipitation, heat stress, freeze-thaw cycle) and damages consequences in case of extreme events (e.g. embankment failure) is a key factor influencing construction designs Weather contribution to the ordinary wear & tear of infrastructure and weather disaster risks are indeed intrinsic parameters for transport system design. Transport conditions are also highly affected by extreme weather events such as winter storms, ice, and heavy rainfalls.
198. In general, transport can be vulnerable to many different types of weather conditions, of which, some of them could be exacerbated with climate change. Many of them relate to extreme weather conditions (e.g. storms, extreme precipitations, and extreme temperatures) which on their turn may result in severe consequences for the physical environment (e.g. Floods, landslides, soil erosion) and represent risks for transport infrastructures and operations.
199. Based on field survey, the study started with an exhaustive list of potential future impacts for transport (infrastructures/activities), linked to key weather stressors. All modes and components of the transport system (infrastructures, transport fleet, transportation operation and transport users) will, to a certain degree, be affected by extreme weather events. Some of such extreme weather conditions could be exacerbated under future climate change, thus increasing risks for transport and negatively affecting transport performance (safety, reliability, cost efficiency). Only few of the potential consequences could reveal positive (e.g. higher winter temperatures).Please refer Appendix II for detail.
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6. Analysis of Alternatives 200. Alternative analysis has been considered as an integral part of IEE study, which involves an examination of alternative ways of achieving objectives of the proposed sub- project. The aim of alternative analysis is to reach at a development option, which maximizes the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. The various alternatives to achieve the sub-project objectives with minimum environmental degradation are discussed in following sub-sections:
6.1. No Action Alternative 201. This alternative does not allow for the implementation of the proposal. This alternative has both beneficial and adverse impacts on the environment. If the proposal is not implemented, the transportation time and cost for the local people to the district headquarter and markets and vice versa will continue to remain at present rate and hardship of people will continue. The no action option will conserve some of the environmental adverse impacts at the cost of poverty and in accessibility of the people.
6.2. Project Alternatives 202. DLPIU has selected Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali road sub-project as it provides access to South-West part of district. It will be upgrade road constructed by EEAP and through this road it will connect south-west part of Sindhuli to district headquarter and BP Koirala national highway. Other means of transport like constructing a rope way is not feasible in the project area and there is no airport in this district.
6.3. Alternative Alignment 203. The existing road alignment was finalized and road was opened from a long time with vehicular operation. Various factors related to geology, hydrology, topography and other socioeconomic conditions were considered while selecting the existing route in the past. Thus, considering environmental impact, survey, design and construction cost, serviceability, etc, the analysis of alternative route only for upgrading purposes is not relevant at the current context.
6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach 204. There are two types of road design approach-conventional and green road approach. In conventional method, heavy machineries and equipment, explosives, heavy concrete structures with the application of bituminous surfacing, side drains, bridges and culverts etc. are extensively involved. On the other hand, labour based, environment friendly and participatory (LEP) approach or the green road approach focuses to conserve the delicate mountain ecology through the protection of vegetation cover as means of soil conservation.
205. The road sub-project is proposed for construction through NCB approach by using local labour as far as possible and spoil disposal is balanced with cutting and filling as far as possible. There will be minimum use of excavator, rock breaker, compacter, roller and truck for road construction. Simple dry stone walls, gabion walls and stone causeways are used to the maximum extent possible.
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6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process 206. The schedule for construction works will be arranged such that the rainy season as well as agricultural seasons will be avoided. Working during the agricultural off-season would be most appropriate, as the local people be involved as construction workers. The construction schedule could also be sensitive to the period of utilization of natural drainages and waterways during irrigation period.
6.6. Alternative Resources 207. The construction materials to be used for the project are boulder for gabion & dry walls, coarse aggregates of different sizes and fine aggregates for sub-base, base course and concreting. These materials will be sourced from nearby streams and local hill slopes. In addition, the reinforcement bars and cement will be used. There are no cost effective alternatives for the above materials in road construction work. The pavement construction is intended to be carried out by conventional method, whereas earthwork, construction of simple structure such as drains, gabion walls etc will be carried out manually. Alternatives of the selected material will not be carried out manually.
6.7. No Forest Alternative 208. This is an existing road and proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction passing through 3 Community Forest, five Leasehold forest and patches of National forest also. The 6.25 m Formation width of the road is needed, only some land is necessary for upgrading and vegetation to be clear. The additional forest area to be affected by project is only 0.754 ha. The alignment of road to avoid forest area is expected to affect larger parcel of private land that increase compensation and resettlement cost. Therefore, no forest alternative has been considered for this road sub-project and compensatory plantation will be done against tree loss.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 74
7. Environmental Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and Minimization Measures 209. Mitigation refers to the measures that are designed to cope with adverse consequences and to enhance the positive impacts on the environment as a result of the sub-project implementation. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures and adverse impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the sub-project and avoid/minimize the adverse impact. The impacts that have been identified, predicted and evaluated in Chapter 5 have following benefit enhancement and mitigation measures.
7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase 210. The mitigation measures adopted during design or pre-construction phases are preventive in nature and have two basic objectives. a. Avoiding costly mitigation measures, and b. Increasing awareness amongst the stakeholders for environmental management of road construction and operation. 7.1.1 Detailed Survey and Design 211. The road design has followed the rural road standards developed by DoLIDAR. The works will be executed through National Competitive Bidding (NCB) package by the contractors. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes, which is sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and manpower. To improve the transport services for the people living along the road and link local areas with the main market, acquisition of land would be required.
212. Relevant issues raised during public consultation have been addressed under respective mitigation measures. Therefore, no separate mitigation measures are warranted for the concerns raised by the local people.
7.2. Beneficial Impacts Augmentation Measures 7.2.1 Construction Phase Employment Generation 213. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.
Uplifting the socio-economic condition of the affected people through the life skill training
Economic Increment of local people 214. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.
Awareness raising**6 to local entrepreneurs for promoting linkage with cooperatives and other financial institutions.
Awareness raising** refers one or two awareness program with budget of 350,000.oo in total and will cover all the topic proposed of awareness as mentioned in mitigation or augmentation activities.
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Increase in market demand and opportunity.
Skill Enhancement 215. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented:
Providing skill training in construction techniques, small engineering structures (masonry wall construction, netting wires and construction of gabion wall, slope cutting etc.) and bio-engineering works.
7.2.2 Operation Phase Improve Access 216. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Possible Market Development and Business Promotion 217. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Increase in Land Value 218. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Development of Cottage Industries 219. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Increase in Crop Productivity 220. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
Increase in Sale of Local Products 221. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.
7.3. Adverse Impacts Mitigation Measures 7.3.1 Construction Phase 7.3.1.1 Physical Aspects Change in Land Use 222. There will be no mitigation measures for the permanent loss of agricultural, forest land. However, following mitigation measures will be adopted to compensate the loss of land into built up area.
Applying additional protective measures (like bio-engineering, toe-wall) that the remaining land will not be lost due to erosion. NRs. 450,000.00 has been allocated for roadside plantation along the COI and to reduce encroachment
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Hazards due to Spoil Disposal 223. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Adopting cut and fill balance. Wherever possible, surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and depressed areas etc. Top soil will be stored and utilized in farm land Remaining excess spoils will be disposed in specified tipping sites in a controlled manner and the tipping sites will be covered by vegetation through bio-engineering techniques after surplus material is tipped. Spoils will not be disposed on fragile slopes, farm land, marshy land, natural drainage path, canals and other infrastructures. After the disposal, the site will be provided with proper drainage, vegetation and adequate protection against erosion. Necessary toe walls and retaining walls will be provided to protect the disposal of soil. Preparation spoils disposal management plan and its implementation. Seeking written permission from concerned CFUG/LHFUG before spoil disposal at forest area
224. Retaining walls are designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. Adopted guidelines for retaining structures are as per DOR. In this project, the types of retaining structures are Gabion retaining wall, stone masonry retaining wall, Stone masonry Breast Wall and Stone Masonry Revetment Wall.
225. Spoil disposal at the chainage 9+000, 18+900, 21+400, 29+000, 33+400 and 35+950 are proposed for proper disposal of spoils. Suitable materials obtained from excavation will be used for embankment filling, and backfilling of structures. Despite this, the surplus excavated materials obtained will be disposed at construction site as required. Wherever possible, the surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and depressed areas.
Slope Instability 226. Retaining wall will be built to protect slopes from landslide and bioengineering will be adopted for stabilizing them. Following mitigation measures will be adopted during the construction of the proposed road and the cost has been included in the sub-project cost.
Ensuring minimum cut slope Selecting cut and fill slope at the correct angle, depending upon the soil type Re-vegetation of cut and fill slope or exposed areas as soon as possible, by using native plant species Adoption of bio-engineering techniques Ensuring minimum damage of vegetation during construction No construction work during rainy season Mass balancing in cut and fill volume Use of check dams and toe walls before disposing spoils on hill slopes
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Disruption of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Work 227. In order to address this, following mitigation measures will be under taken.
Provide adequate and appropriate numbers of drainage structures in order to have minimum interference with and impact on natural drainage pattern of the area, Avoid surface water discharge into farmland or risky locations, Avoid blockage or diversion of natural channels due to construction of road and disposal of spoils. Adopt outward road slope as per green road standard to minimize water accumulation.
Air and Dust Pollution 230. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Use of face masks by workers to minimize impact from dust generation, covering of dust source. Plantation of tree along the roadside to act as dust barrier
Noise Pollution 231. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Use of ear muffles to lessen noise pollution during rock breaking Restrict horn near school, hospital and settlement
Water Pollution 232. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near water bodies Construction of toilets in camp sites.
Impact due to Quarrying 233. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Quarry operation plan will be prepared. Quarry sites should be legally recognized by the government. After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local landscape, plantation will be done and drainage will be provided.
Impact due to Camp Sites 234. The mitigation measures will be use of local labors; rent local house instead of camp to keep labors; sitting camp away from productive lands and forest areas (Table 73); pay compensation for using private farm or lands for storage or camp. Toilet, water and other basic facilities will be provided to workers. Waste water and solid waste will be properly managed. Construction material will be properly stored.
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7.3.1.2 Biological Aspects Loss or Degradation of Forest and Vegetation 235. The following mitigation is proposed to cut the trees from the Kalika CF, Jhalkane CF, Ranibas CF, Hariyali LHF, Pragatisil LHF, Lalupate LHF, Laliguras LHF, Manebhanjyang LHF and Government Managed Forest area during the road construction.
Forest clearance approval will be obtained from the DFO and MoFSC. Government procedures such as counting the number of trees to be felled, marking and measuring wood quantity etc. will be followed. After approval of tree cutting plan, trees will be felled by LHFUG, CFUG or DFO (for NF) Forest site clearance for construction will be limited to minimum width of road.
236. According to the working procedure to use national forest area for national priority projects, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D), the sub-project has to carry out plantation (with protection for five years) or pay for the plantation and protection cost to the District Forest Office, refer Table 77 for detail. Total 47 trees need to be cut down from community forest. So, in total 1,175 seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation with estimated cost of NRs. 177,566.00 as given in Appendix XIa. Total 7 trees need to be cut down from Leasehold forest. So, in total 175 seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation with estimated cost of NRs. 26,446.00 as given in Appendix XIb. 832 trees need to be cut down from governemnt manage forest as given in Appendix XIc So, in total 20,800 seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation with estimated cost of NRs. 3,143,296.00 and 439 trees need to be cut down from the private forest and private land . So, plantation of 373 seedlings with compensation of NRs. 11,897.55 will be given. Detail is given in Appendix XId.
Table 77: Compensatory Plantation against Tree Loss Name of the Forest No. of Trees Compensatory Total Cost Plantation (1:25) (NRs) Kalika CF 3 75 11,334.00 Jhalkane CF 41 1,025 154,898.00 Ranibas CF 3 75 11,334.00 Mane Bhanjang LHF 7 175 26,446.00 Government Managed Forest 832 20,800 3,143,296.00 Sub-total (National Forest) 886 22,150 3,347,308.00 Private Forest 107 107 6,735.65 Private Land 266 266 5,161.90 Sub-total (Private), 373 373 11,897.55 Total 1,259 22,523 3,359,205.55
237. This cost will be provided to DFO. In case of CFUGs and Leasehold forest user groups cost will be provided through DFO. Location and type of species for the plantation will be selected by the UGs/DFO. However, emphasis will be given to local, multiple use, rare, endangered and protected species. The forests products from the forest will be used by UGs
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and in case of community forest and leasehold forest. Calculation of per plant plantation cost in community forest, leasehold forest and government managed forest is goven in Appendix XIe. For the compensatory plantation in forest, compensatory plantation cost, sample agreement between DFO/concerned UGs/DLPIU has been attached in Appendix XIf and plantation plan in Appendix XIg.
Pressure in Forest Product 238. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to reduce the pressure in Kalika CF, Jhalkane CF, Ranibas CF, Hariyali LHF, Pragatisil LHF, Lalupate LHF, Laliguras LHF, Manebhanjyang LHF and Government Managed Forest
Use of kerosene instead of firewood for cooking Restriction in collection of forest product. Awareness raising** programme (NRs. 350,000.00) for the construction workers before the implementation of sub-project.
Habitat Fragmentation 239. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Construction activities near the Kalika CF, Jhalkane CF, Ranibas CF, Hariyali LHF, Pragatisil LHF, Lalupate LHF, Laliguras LHF, Manebhanjyang LHF and Government Managed Forest areas will be done only in day time. Prohibit to wildlife harassment and poaching by the workers. Coordination with DFO to control activities like poaching of wild lives by enforcing acts and regulations strictly. Awareness raising** programme (NRS 350,000.00) for the construction workers before the implementation of sub-project.
Impacts on Flora and Fauna (as listed in CITES and IUCN Red Data Book and Protected by GoN) 240. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Workers will be actively prohibited from hunting of birds or animals. Coordination with DFO to control the activities like illegal hunting and poaching by enforcing acts and regulations strictly. Emphasis will be given to plant protected species during compensatory plantation.
7.3.1.3 Socio-economic Aspects Loss of Land and Productivity 241. Mitigation measures will be as follows.
Minimize productive land acquisition through selection, compensation to affected people as per the resettlement plan. Compensation for loss of land equivalent to NRs. 11,552,405.89 will be provided to AP.
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Impact on Private Properties 242. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Compensation will be provided as per the resettlement plan and IEE report to the affected person for the displacement of houses. Compensation equivalent to NRs. 6,061,520.24 will be provided to AP.
Impact on Community Infrastructure 243. Compensation will be provided as per the resettlement plan and IEE report to the affected community.
Compensation equivalent to NRs. 60,000.00 will be paid.
Impact on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites 244. There is no impact on cultural, religious and archeological sites and therefore no mitigation measures are required.
Occupational Health and Safety 245. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
The workers will be provided with helmets, masks, muffles and boots depending on the nature of the construction work. Drinking water facility and temporary pit latrine will be established to control open defecation and pollution of water bodies by the workers First aid box will be kept at work sites. Group accidental insurance will be done for the workers. First aid training will be provided to field staff. Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable water, mosquito net, sanitary facility, and solid waste management. Kerosene or gas stoves will be supplied to labor camps and use of firewood will be strictly prohibited.
Impact on Public Healthy safety 246. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
First aid facility will be provided. NRs. 350,000.00 is allocted for awareness raising** training on public health and safety. Provision of information of signboards, cautionary ribbons and barricades.
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7.3.2 Operation Phase 7.3.2.1 Physical Aspects Road Slope Stability and Management 247. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored and immediately fixed at critical areas. Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage works. Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with appropriate technology (bioengineering).
Impact due to Air, Noise and Water Pollution 248. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.
Community and road user awareness raising** programmes (NRS 350,000.00) will be organized Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected near health posts, schools and settlements. Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as dust and noise barrier. Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged.
7.3.2.2 Biological Aspects Pressure in Forest Resource 249. The mitigation measures recommended are awareness raising** programmes (NRS 350,000.00) to educate local people and providing support to locals for the conservation of forests.
Forest Fire NRs. 350,000.00 allocated for promotion of awareness raising** programmes.
Disturbance to Wildlife 250. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned impacts.
Appropriate sign boards will be erected informing drivers Prohibition of blowing horns in the dense forest areas Potential areas for wildlife crossing Maintenance workers will be briefed regularly about the importance of rules and regulation of DFO in order to make them comply with. Awareness raising** programmes (NRS 350,000.00) about importance of biodiversity to the local people, students, and vehicle operators will be conducted to limit the speed and horn.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 82
Illegal Hunting 251. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned impacts.
Strictly implemented rules and regulation to control Illegal Hunting. Awareness raising** programmes (NRS 350,000.00) about importance of biodiversity to the local people, student, and Forest user groups.
Impact on Protected Species 252. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned impacts.
Awareness raising** programmes (NRS 350,000.00) about importance of biodiversity and protected species to the local people, students and vehicle operators will be conducted.
7.3.2.3 Socio-economic Aspects Encroachment of Public Land and Ribbon Settlement Development 253. The mitigation measures to be adopted include.
Awareness raising** programs (NRS 350,000.00) to regulate settlements Signboards will be erected notifying about legal prosecution for encroachment within RoW. NRs. 450,000.00 is allocated for plantations of trees will be done in the RoW so that it is not encroached.
Increased Traffic Congestion 254. The mitigation measures adopted will be
Required traffic signs will be used along the road. Applying appropriate traffic rules.
Road Safety Measures 255. The mitigation measures adopted will be
Applying appropriate road safety measures with the help of 3-Es i.e. Engineering, Enforcement and Education. Required safety signs will be used along the road such as schools, wildlife crossing area. Awareness raising** on road safety will be organized for school student
7.4. Climate Change Impacts 256. Following climate change adaptation measures will be considered during the construction and operation of the road.
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Likely local effects of climate change will be assessed through observation and regular monitoring of drainage system, erosion etc. Adequate and timely maintenance and early warning system will be done. Awareness raising** activities will be conducted about climate change issues and adaptation and mitigation measures. Compensatory plantation will be done to reduce the loss of vegetation Necessary to reduce deforestation and compensatory plantation will be done to cut carbon per capita emissions
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 84
8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project 257. GoN has adopted various policies, acts, rules, regulations and guidelines to ensure the integration of the development and conservation of environment. The policies and legislative provisions of Nepal that have a direct relevance to proposed project are given in Table 78. These laws and policies provisions have been duly followed in the IEE process and proposed mitigation measures.
Table 78: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines
A Constitution
The Constitution of Nepal: It has guaranteed every person the right to live in a clean environment as a fundamental right. As per the constitution, it is also a matter of State policy to adopt appropriate measures to abolish or mitigate existing or possible adverse environmental impacts on the nature, environment or biological diversity.
B Plans and Policies
National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S (2016 A.D): It has identified restoration and improvement of access to service and improve environmental resilience as one of its strategic recovery objectives.
Forest Policy, 2071 B.S (2015 A.D): Plantation is mandatory for environmental friendly physical infrastructure development along settlement area, road and irrigation canal.
Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2071 B.S (2014 A.D): This policy has been formulated to strengthen socio-economic condition of project affected families with the provision of necessary land acquisition, justifiable compensation, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation for the public welfare and implementation of infrastructure development projects.
Fourteenth Plan, 2073/74-2075/76 B.S: Aimed for economic growth through infrastructure development, commercialization of agriculture and social development. Regarding the road transportation, it has aimed to rehabilitate and reconstruct the road damaged by earthquake. The concept of greenery on either side of road has been introduced and environmental consideration during construction and maintenance of road is pointed.
ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 A.D: ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and Involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation.
20 Year Road Plan, 2059 –2079 B.S (2002-2022 A.D): With main objectives of development of Strategic Road Networks (SRN), the implementation strategies include all weather road connection to the District Headquarters (DHQ) and provision
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of road linkages from the DHQ to the adjacent road network of the neighboring districts and countries
Policy Document, Environmental Assessment in the Road Sector of Nepal, 2056 B.S (2000 A.D): It proposes to adopt measures to improve the way of life of the affected people and safeguard natural surroundings. In case damage is inevitable environmental assessment should find ways of reducing or compensating for such damage. It suggested five types of environmental assessment activities like Screening, IEE, EIA and Monitoring.
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2014-2020 FY: It is prepared to provide guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It has focused on national needs of biodiversity management and conservation, fulfillment of the international obligations, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of benefits accrued from conservation and utilization of genetic resources. It has a long term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific short term (up to 2020) strategies and priorities for action.
C Acts
Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2015 A.D): This act provides for the creation of the NRA for a period of five years (which may be extended) and defines its functions, duties and powers. It has mandated NRA for leading and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction in Nepal. It has delegated the NRA the authority to frame rules (Section 30), may make and enforce necessary guidelines or procedures in order to conduct its business (Section 31).
Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 B.S (2011 A.D): It outlines the duties of local government to take action to control haphazard waste generation, disposal or collection and has provisions for various punitive measures against those engaged in activities detrimental to the intentions of the Act.
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Engaging children including those who has not attained the age of 14 in risky activities against his/her will by any means is prohibited. In case any enterprise has to engage a child in works, an approval has to be obtained from concerned body.
Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S (1999 A.D): Empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental conservation activities
Forest Act, 2049 B.S (1993 A.D): Requires decision makers to take account of all forest values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the production of timber and other commodities.
Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S (1992 A.D): It has legal arrangements for determining beneficial uses of water resources, preventing environment and other hazardous effects thereof and also keeping water resources free from pollution. It has clearly mentioned that no one shall pollute water resource by way of using or putting
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any litter, industrial wastes, poison, chemical or toxicant to the effect that the pollution tolerance limit of the water resource as prescribed.
The Labor Act, 2048 B.S (1992 A.D): Regulates the working environment, deals with occupational health and safety.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (SWCA), 2039 B.S (1982 A.D); It empowers GoN to declare any area of Nepal as a conserved watershed area, specifying the borders thereof. The Watershed Conservation Officer (WCO) has the authority to implement protective infrastructure, vegetation program and regulate agricultural practices pertinent to soil and watershed conservation. It empowers WCO to prohibit the commission of any acts that may cause soil-erosion or soil cutting in a land where any of the acts has been done
Public Roads Act, 2031 B.S (1974 A.D): Act mandates requirement of permission from the DoR to carry out activities within the limits of the road boundaries and also provision of notifying the DoR by local governmental offices prior to the start of activities in the limits of the public roads.
National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S (1972 A.D): This act provides protection to 27 species of mammals, 9 species of birds and three species of reptiles.
Road Board Act, 2058 B.S: It is expedient to make necessary provisions on having the roads repaired and maintained, making cost effective the expenditures to be incurred in repairing and maintaining the roads and making transparent and effective the repairing and maintenance works of the roads.
D Rules and Regulations
Rule Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2016 A.D): It provides the basis for prioritization of reconstruction. More importantly, it defines functions, duties and rights of the Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of NRA and District Coordination Committee.
Local Self Governance Rules 2056 B.S (2000 A.D): It provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the Local Self Governance Act.
Forest Rules, 2051 B.S (1995 A.D): It elaborates legal measures for the conservation of forests and wildlife and provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the Forest Act. It stipulates that in case the execution of any project having national priority in any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local individual or community, the proponent of the project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be paid.
Road Board Rule, 2060 B.S: Maintenance of road from routine to emergency, DCC is responsible for district road. DCC will prepare annual road maintenance plan and forward it to road board through DoLIDAR and board will prepare annual plan.
Solid Waste Management Act, 2070 B.S: It outlines that every waste generator shall segregate waste and store separately and hand over to Municipal workers or
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authorized waste pickers.
E Work Procedures, Guidelines, Standards and others
Local Body Restructuring Notice, MoFALD, GON, 2017 A.D: Declaration of the name, number, boundary, ward’s boundary of 744 Rural Municipality and Municipality with 481 rural municipalities, 246 municipalities, 13 sub-metropolitan cities, 4 metropolitan cities and dissolve of VDC/DDC.
Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2016 A.D) and Second Amendment, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D): These provide procedural guidelines for undertaking reconstruction and rehabilitation projects. These include a comprehensive suite of procedures for different activities like environmental impact assessment, land acquisition, and public procurement for reconstruction projects (2072 B.S) and grievance management (2073 B.S). It determines the format of IEE and EIA. The first amendment has revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It prescribes (under Clause 2 of Schedule 1) that upgrading, rehabilitation and reconstruction and new construction of district, urban and rural road should follow IEE study and approval. The second amendment has also revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It prescribes (under Clause 1 of Schedule 1) 7.5 ha as threshold for screening the project. Project requiring vegetation clearance for more than 7.5 ha will need to carry EIA and equal to or less than 7.5 ha need IEE study. Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National Priority Projects, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D): Following are the main features: • EMP/IEE/EIA study is mandatory for obtaining forestry clearance. • Alternative analysis has to be done during feasibility study for avoiding forest area or if not having minimal loss of vegetation. • Concerned Ministry has to obtain concurrence from Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation before approving IEE/EIA • Provision of compensatory plantation (with protection for five years) at the ratio of 1:25 plants by the project or provide plantation and protection cost to concerned DFO.
Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S): Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlife's and forest fire
ADB Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF), 2015 A.D for EEAP: It elaborates environmental legal requirements and procedures according to the Government of Nepal and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of ADB and guides the preparation of environmental assessments and environmental management plans.
ADB Resettlement Framework (RF), 2015 A.D for EEAP: It guides the preparation of resettlement plans by elaborating legal and procedural guidelines according to GoN and ADP SPS.
Batabaran Parichhyan - Resource Booklet - 2070 B.S (2013): It provides guidance
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for local body to prepare environmental assessment reports of different projects; construction materials extraction and local roads, on their own.
Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework (EFLG) 2070 B.S (2013 A.D): This framework is prepared to promote environmental conservation through local institutions to materialize environment friendly local development concept. There are different level of environment friendly indicators like basic, advanced and special indicators at household, tole/settlement, ward, VDC, Municipality and District level. Main objectives of this framework are as follows: Mainstreaming the environment, climate change, disaster management issues in local development planning process. Making environment friendly local governance mechanism. Strengthening basic level to make environment friendly sustainable development. Promoting coordination and cooperation within environment and development. Strengthening local organization to enhance local ownership for the sustainable development of environment.
Nepal Rural Road Standard, 2012 A.D: Sets the classification and geometric design standards for the Local Road Network to be followed by all those involved in the development of the network, including Users, User Committees, VDCs, DDCs, DTOs, DoLIDAR and its development partners.
National Adaptation Program of Action, 2068 B.S (2010 A.D): The NAPA has been instrumental in mainstreaming climate change in development planning. The NAPA has developed a framework for adaptation programme, and has identified key adaptation needs, existing adaptation practices and options for developed projects including infrastructure.
Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road Development, 2060 B.S (2003 A.D): Suggests stepwise process of addressing environmental and social issues alongside the technical, financial and other issues.
Batabaraniya Nirdesika (Nepali), 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Focuses in the practical implementation of small rural infrastructures through the minimization of environmental impacts and outlines simple methods of environmental management in the different phases of the project cycle. More emphasis is given to prevention rather than cure.
APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural Roads, 2055 B.S (1999 A.D): Emphasizes labor based technology and environmental friendly, local resource oriented construction methods to be incorporated actively in rural infrastructure process.
Green Roads in Nepal, Best Practices Report – An Innovative Approach for Rural Infrastructure Development in the Himalayas and Other Mountainous Regions. GIZ, 1999 A.D: It focuses on participatory, labor based and environment friendly technology with proper alignment selection, mass balancing, proper water management, bioengineering and phased construction.
Environmental Management Guidelines, Geo Environmental and Social Unit,
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DoR, 2054 B.S (1997 A.D): It consists of environmental mitigation measures to be incorporated into DoR projects, procedures for public participation, and socio- economic consideration. The Environmental Mitigation Measures are broken down into 12 categories or activities and a method for implementation is given for each mitigation measures including implementation strategies. These environmental mitigation measures should be used in conjunction with good engineering design, construction and operation practices. It also suggests considering the various socio- economic issues like land acquisition and compensation, economic impacts and cultural heritage.
Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S): Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlifes and forest fire
National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S (1993 A.D): Provides guidance to project proponent on integrating environmental mitigation measures, particularly on the management of quarries, borrow pits and stockpiling of materials, operation of the work camps, earthworks and slope stabilization, location of stone crushing plants etc.
F International Conventions
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 2053 B.S, amended, 2059 B.S (1973 A.D, amended 1979 A.D): It regulates international trade in endangered wild flora and fauna with the aim of reducing or eliminating trade in species whose numbers or conditions suggest that further removal from their natural habitat would lead to their extinction. It urges parties not to allow trade in specimen of species included in the CITES Appendices I, II and III with some exception. As the area holds some CITES listed species, this convention is attracted in case of their trade.
Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 B.S (1992): It focuses on the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits. It urges parties to introduce appropriate procedures requiring EIA of the proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological diversity.
Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent Countries, 2046 B.S (1989A.D): The convention provides right to the indigenous and tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. It mandates participation in formulations of the plan and programs, decision making regarding national development. It safeguards rights of the indigenous people in territories traditionally occupied by them.
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9. Environmental Management Plan 258. The environmental management plan (EMP) is prepared to guide the implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements. It includes institutions and their roles, environmental management activities, environmental management organizational structure and budget for mitigation measures.
9.1. Institutions and Their Roles 259. Different institutions involved in the IEEs and EMP implementation and roles of these institutions are given in Table 79. The environmental management organizational structure is given in Figure 8.
Table 79: Institutions and Their Roles
Institution Role Responsibility in the Project
National Executive agency and To review and approve IEE Report Reconstruction concerned IEE approval Conduct environmental monitoring Authority authority as per act relating to from central level. reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure 2015, rule relating to reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure 2016 and Working Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, second amendment 2017.
MoFALD Co-ordination of project Representation in IEE review team activities with EEAP constituted by NRA Conduct environmental monitoring from district level.
CLPIU - EEAP Co-ordinationof project activities Technical Unit to support and from center coordinate all activities for implementation of EEAP. Review, comment and forward ToR for IEE and IEE report to ADB for concurrence and to NRA for approval.
CISC Support consultant at Central Technical and management Level. support to CLPIU-EEAP Supervises and monitors project consultants and contractors.
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Institution Role Responsibility in the Project
Implements and monitor resettlement plans and IEEs for the relevant sub-project s and prepares consolidated reports on these. Ensures timely and effective implementation of the activities set out in the Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) Action Plan. Prepares progress reports, as outlined in PAM
DLPIU DLPIU is project implementing Prepare ToR for IEE and submit agency in district for approval to NRA through CLPIU Conduct IEE study, public consultation and prepare draft IEE and public disclosure and then submit for concurrence from ADB and approval from NRA through CLPIU Implement IEE and EMP of sub- projects and conduct environmental monitoring and reporting.
DISC Supporting consultants at Technical and management district level support to DLPIU for the implementation of project activities in the districts. Responsible for supervision and monitoring at field level.
Grievance Support in addressing Responsible for addressing Redress grievances caused due to road grievances due to road Committee construction related to construction which affects their environment. livelihood.
260. To support for smooth implementation of the project, there are various district level committees and groups including DLPIU, DISC to support the project.
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Government of Nepal ADB, SDC National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) + (GRM III level)
Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local/ PCC
CLPIU-EEAP CISC Environment safeguard focal Environment Safeguard Unit person+ (GRM II level)
DLPIU-EEAP
Environment safeguard focal DISC DFO, Forest person+ (GRM I level) Environment safeguard -UGs focal person
Contractor + (GRM I level)
Figure 8: Environmental Management Organisation Structure
9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation Measures 261. The DLPIU will be responsible for the implementation of benefit augmentation and mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 7. Various agencies including DISC, local bodies and concerned governmental line agencies will support DLPIU for the implementation of mitigation measures. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment beneficial impacts and reduce/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of the proposal, and the responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in environmental management plan is presented in Table 80 and 81.
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Table 80: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures Activity Effect Related Beneficial Type of Impact Sig Benefit Augmentation Measures Responsible Agencies Impacts Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency Construction Phase
Construction Employment Increase in income D H LC ST VS Life skill training for income DLPIU CLPIU/ of road Generation level (60) (20) (5) (85) generation activities to improve DISC/ CISC (Earth (31,134 skilled their livelihood of the affected excavation, and 103,743 peoples. spoil unskilled person disposal, site days) clearance) Construction Economic Increase in income D H LC ST VS Awareness raising** DLPIU CLPIU/ work Increment level (60) (20) (5) (85) programmes (NRS 350,000.00) to DISC/ CISC local entrepreneurs for promoting linkage with cooperatives and other financial institutions. Increase in market demand and opportunity. Construction Skill Increase in income IN L LC LT S Providing skill training in DLPIU DISC of road Enhancement generating (10) (20) (20) (50) construction techniques, small activities, engineering structures (masonry employment wall construction, netting wires opportunities and construction of gabion wall, slope cutting etc.) and bio- engineering works.
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Activity Effect Related Beneficial Type of Impact Sig Benefit Augmentation Measures Responsible Agencies Impacts Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency Operation Phase
Operation of Improve Access Saving in travel D H R LT VS No benefit augmentation Municipality/RM Municipality/ Road time and travel cost (60) (60) (20) (140) measures are planned RM Operation of Possible Market Extension of local IN H LC LT VS No benefit augmentation Municipality/RM Municipality/ Road Development market, non- (60) (20) (20) (100) measures are planned RM and Business agricultural Promotion employment opportunity. Operation of Increase in Land Improvement in IN H LC LT VS No benefit augmentation Municipality/RM Municipality/ Road Value local economic (60) (20) (20) (100) measures are planned RM condition Operation of Cottage Employment IN H LC LT VS No benefit augmentation Municipality/RM Municipality/ Road Industries opportunities and (60) (20) (20) (100) measures are planned RM Development self-employee
Operation of Increase in Crop Enhancement in D M LC LT S No benefit augmentation Municipality/RM DADO Road Productivity local economy (20) (20) (20) (60) measures are planned Operation of Increase in Sale Shifts towards IN M LC LT S No benefit augmentation Municipality/RM DADO Road of Local improved (20) (20) (20) (60) measures are planned Products agriculture farming and local goods production
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Table 81 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Effects Impacts Mitigation Measure Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency Construction Stage Physical Environment Earth Change in land use Loss of agricultural D H LC LT VS Applying additional Contractor/ DISC/CISC/ Excavation 1.665 ha cultivated land, production, loss (60) (20) (20) (100 protective measures (bio- DLPIU/ CLPIU land of property ) engineering and toe-wall) that the remaining land will not be lost due to erosion. Hazard due to Spoil disposal and Gully erosion, D M SS LT a) S Separation and Contractor/ DISC/CISC/ Spoil Disposal imposed weight of landslide, disruption (20) (10) (20) (50) utilization of top soil and DLPIU CLPIU spoil on fragile of road, damage to proper management of slopes farmland, water spoils and waste, provision pollution etc. of proper drainages, toe walls. The spoil will be disposed in proper location at the chainage 9+000, 18+900, 21+500, 29+000, 33+400 and 35+950. Site Slope Instability at Erosion, landslide, IN M SS LT b) S Bio-engineering Contractor/ DISC/CISC/ clearance, different chainages loss of property (20) (10) (20) (50) application will be used to DLPIU CLPIU earth (Ch 3+990-4+300, stabilize the slopes. excavation 6+630-6+790, Necessary slope
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Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Effects Impacts Mitigation Measure Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency 6+870-6+900, stabilization structures will 7+040-7+115, be constructed 9+980-10+025, NRs. 5,827,259.86 has 10+310-10+320, been allocated 11+940-11+980, 12+000-12+080, 12+285-12+520, 12+565-12+580, 19+870-19+890, 30+750-30+780 and 30+970-31+000) Construction Disruption of natural Erosion, landslide, IN M SS MT d) S Proper drainage Contractor/ DISC/CISC/ of Road water flow due to due to increase in (20) (10) (10) (50) structures (cause ways, DLPIU CLPIU drainage and cross surface runoff drain) will be constructed. drainage works No blockage or diversion of natural channels due to construction of road and spoil disposal. Construction Air pollution due to Effect on local people D L LC ST INS Use of face mask Contractor/ DISC/CISC/ works, spoil dust from exposed and workers health (10) (20) (5) (35) while working on dust DLPIU CLPIU and waste surface, from prone areas, covering of disposal construction dust sources. equipment Noise pollution Disturbance and D L LC ST INS Restrict horn near Contractor/ DISC/CISC/ annoyance around (10) (20) (5) (35) school, health posts and DLPIU CLPIU
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Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Effects Impacts Mitigation Measure Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency school, health posts settlement area etc. and people living in nearby areas. Water pollution due Risk of water borne D L LC ST INS Proper spoil Contractor/ DISC/CISC/ to sediment level diseases (10) (20) (5) (35) management and DLPIU CLPIU restriction in urination and defecation in open areas and water bodies. Quarrying Quarry operation Water pollution, D L LC ST INS Quarry operation Contractor/ DISC/CISC/ and its potential damage to farmland, (10) (20) (5) (35) plan will be prepared. DLPIU CLPIU effect on instability, disturbance in natural Rehabilitation of landslide, potential drainage quarry sites after quarry site are at Ch completion of work. 20+410-20+620, 20+800-21+160 Establish Pollution and impact Encroachment of D M SS ST INS Local houses will be DLPIU/ DISC/CLPI labor camp due to location of forest, agriculture (20) (10) (5) (35) used as labour camp rent Contractor U/CISC and storage camp sites land, solid waste, and Compensation will deposit (chainage 3+700, waste water may be paid to land owner of 8+900, 17+400, cause pollution camping area. 22+500, 29+000, 31+900 and 34+950.) Biological Environment Clearance of Impact on forest Loss of D H SS ST VS Use kerosene for Contractor/ DFO/CISC/
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Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Effects Impacts Mitigation Measure Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency vegetation land, 0.314 ha environmental (60) (10) (5) (75) heating fuel wood is DLPIU/DIS CFUG/ necessary for government benefits from prohibited. C LHFUG road formation managed forest, vegetation, NRs. 3,370,788.35 0.189 ha community disturbance in has been allocated for forest, 0.085 ha ecological function compensatory plantation. leasehold forest and 0.166 ha private forest, 886 tree loss from forest area and 373 from private forest and private land Construction Pressure in forest Use of firewood for IN L LC LT INS Use of kerosene in Contractor/ DFO/CISC/ product cooking (10) (20) (20) (50) cooking DLPIU/ CFUG Awareness raising** DISC /LHFUG training (NRS 350,000.000) has been planned Construction Habitat Disturbance to wildlife IN L LC LT INS Work only in day Contractor/ DFO/CISC/ activity Fragmentation including birds (10) (20) (20) (50) time DLPIU/ CFUG No disturbance to DISC /LHFUG wildlife NRs 350,000.00 for awareness raising** programmes to the workers.
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Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Effects Impacts Mitigation Measure Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency Construction Impact on Flora and Loss of biodiversity IN L LC ST INS Prohibiting workers Contractor/ DFO/CISC/ activity Fauna as listed in (10) (20) (5) (35) for hunting/harassing DLPIU/ CFUG CITES, IUCN and wildlife DISC /LHFUG GoN. Socioeconomic Environment Acquisition of Loss or Degradation Reduced production, D H LC LT VS compensation of DLPIU/ CISC / land for of 1.665 ha Farm loss of income (60) (20) (20) (100 NRs 11,552,405.89 will be DISC CLPIU/ maintaining Land and ) provided to affected people Municipality road width Productivity /RM Demolition of Eight Private Loss of services D H SS LT VS Compensation of DLPIU/ CISC / structures structures along the provided by these (60) (10) (20) (90) NRs. 6,061,520.24 will be DISC CLPIU/ along road road corridor will be structures allocated for affected Municipality affected. private structures / RM
Demolition of Impact on one Loss of Services D H SS LT VS Compensation of DLPIU/ CISC / structures community tap and (60) (10) (20) (90) NRs. 60,000.00 has been DISC CLPIU/ /RM along road water pipe allocated. Municipality Construction Impact on Injury, fatal accidents, D L LC ST INS First aid facility at DLPIU/Cont CISC/ activity occupational health outbreak of (10) (20) (5) (35) sites with health treatment ractor CLPIU and safety epidemics and arrangements diseases, decline in Proper drinking capacity to work water and toilet facility for construction workers Safety gears (helmet, face masks,
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Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Effects Impacts Mitigation Measure Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency goggles, gloves, boots) and accidental insurance of workers. Construction Impact on Public Work force and D L LC ST INS First aid facility at DLPIU/Cont CISC/CLPI activity health and safety migrating people (10) (20) (5) (35) sites with health treatment ractor /DISC U might be suffering arrangements from several NRs 350,000.00 is communicable allocated for awareness diseases such that raising** training on public their disease could be health and safety transmitted to local people arising threat to community health Operation Stage Physical Environment Operation of Road Slope Stability Slides and slope D M LC LT S Regular RM RM road and Management failure, Disturbance to (20) (20) (20) (60) maintenance of slope /Municipality /Municipalit traffic flow, pollution protection structures and y of water bodies, bioengineering techniques impacts on on slopes. agriculture land, loss of vegetation. Operation of Air, Noise and Water Disturbance to D L LC LT S Community RM/ RM/ vehicles Pollution students, patients, (10) (20) (20) (50) awareness raising** Municipality Municipality local people effect to programme (NRs.
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Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Effects Impacts Mitigation Measure Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency nearby agriculture 350,000.00) conduction land and crops No horn signs near schools, health posts. Restriction on washing of vehicles in local streams. Biological Environment Road Pressure in Forest Loss of timber, forest IN M LC LT S Awareness raising** RM/ DFO/ operation Resources resources and (20) (20) (20) (60) programmes (NRs. Municipality CFUGs/LH benefits 350,000.00) for FUG conservation of forest resources enforcement of law along with community participation Road Forest Fire Loss of forest IN L LC LT S NRs 350,000.00 is RM/ DFO/CFUG operation (10) (20) (20) (50) allocated for awareness Municipality/ /LHFUG raising** programmes. local people Road Disturbance to the Collision of wildlife IN L LC LT S Warning traffic signal RM/ DFO/ operation Wildlife with vehicles, (10) (20) (20) (50) Awareness raising** Municipality CFUGs/ disturbance in their training (NRs. 350,000.00) /local NGOs LHFUG normal activities to drivers to limit speed and horn use Road Illegal Hunting Depletion of faunal IN L LC LT S Strictly implemented RM/ DFO/ operation diversity (10) (20) (20) (50) rules and regulation to Municipality CFUGs/
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Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Effects Impacts Mitigation Measure Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency control Illegal Hunting /local NGOs LHFUG Awareness raising** programmes (NRS 350,000.00) about importance of biodiversity to the local people, student and forest user groups.
Road Impact on protected Possibilities to impact IN L LC LT S Conduct awareness RM/ DFO/CFUG operation species in protected fauna (10) (20) (20) (50) raising** programmes Municipality s/LHFUG due to increase in (NRs. 350,000.00) human influence Strictly prohibited to enter the forest area Enforcement of law Socioeconomic Environment Road Encroachment of Encroachment of D M LC MT S Awareness raising** RM/ RM/ operation Public Land and RoW, increased (20) (20) (10) (50) programmes (NRs. Municipality Municipality Ribbon Settlement accidents, depletion 350,000.00) conduction Development of local resources, and enforcement of law water pollution Roadside plantation of trees in COI (NRs. 450,000.00) Operation of Increase Traffic delay in traffic D M LC LT S Manage traffic RM/ RM/ Road Congestion movement, noise (20) (20) (20) (60) congestion by applying Municipality Municipality pollution appropriate traffic rule and
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Activity Potential Negative Related Adverse Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Effects Impacts Mitigation Measure Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing Supporting Agency Agency traffic signals Operation of Road Safety Increase in accidents D M LC LT S Appropriate road RM/ RM/ Road (20) (20) (20) (60) safety measures, safety Municipality Municipality sign boards along the road, NRs 350,000.00 is allocated for awareness raising** program. Note: Magnitude H= High M= Moderate L= Low (depending on the scale or severity of change.) Extent R= Regional LC= Local SS= Site specific Duration LT= Long term (more than 20 years) MT= Medium term (3-20 years) ST= Short term (less than 3 years) Nature D= Direct; IN= Indirect Impact upto 44; insignificance (INS) 45-74; significance(S) 75 or greater; very significance (VS)
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9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan 262. The estimated cost for beneficial augmentation measures like awareness raising program, skill training, promotion of small scale industries, and income generation activities will be covered by the improved community development and rural livelihood restoration component of the Project. The design and cost estimate for most of the suggested mitigation measures such as slope stabilization, spoil disposal, landslide construction will be incorporated in the design and cost estimates. However clear BoQ will be prepared for supply of face masks, helmets, muffles, accidental insurance, bioengineering measures, plantation and environmental protection awareness trainings. Therefore, most of the mitigation measures suggested would be a part of road design and construction without additional cost. All proposed mitigation measures will be integrated in the sub-project design so that these measures may automatically form part of the construction and operational phases of the Sub-project.
9.3.1 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities 263. The CLPIU, with the DLPIU will monitor and measure the progress of EMP implementation. The monitoring activities will be corresponding with the project’s risks and impacts and will be identified in the IEE. In addition to recording information of the work, deviation of work components from original scope, the CLPIU with the DLPIU will undertake site inspections and document review to verify compliance with the EMP and progress toward the final outcome.
264. DSC will submit monthly monitoring and implementation reports to the CLPIU, who will take follow-up actions, if necessary. CLPIU will submit the quarterly monitoring and semi- annual monitoring reports to ADB. Project budgets will reflect the costs of monitoring and reporting requirements. Monitoring reports will be posted in a location accessible to the public.
265. The CLPIU will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. Compliance with loan covenants will be screened by the executing agency.
266. ADB will review project performance against the executing agency’s commitments as agreed in the legal documents. The extent of ADB's monitoring and supervision activities will be commensurate with the Project’s risks and impacts. Monitoring and supervising of environmental safeguards will be integrated into the project performance management system. ADB will monitor projects on an ongoing basis until a project completion report is issued. ADB will carry out the following monitoring actions to supervise project implementation:
267. Conduct periodic site visits for projects with adverse environmental impacts; Review the periodic monitoring reports submitted by the executing agency to ensure that adverse impacts and risks are mitigated as planned and as agreed with ADB;
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268. Work with executing agency to rectify to the extent possible any failures to comply with their safeguard commitments, as covenanted in the legal agreements, and exercise remedies to re-establish compliance as appropriate; and
269. Prepare a project completion report that assesses whether the objective and desired outcomes of the safeguard plans have been achieved, taking into account the baseline conditions and the results of monitoring.
270. Total cost of environmental monitoring (field visits, observation, review of reports and report preparation) is estimated NRs. 325,000 as given in Table 82.
Table 82: Environmental Monitoring Cost Manpower requirement Duration Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs) (days) Team Leader/Environmental Specialist 8 7,000 56,000 Engineer 6 5,000 30,000 Forestry expert 6 5,000 30,000 Socio-economist 6 5,000 30,000 Support staff 6 1500 9,000 Transportation cost LS 40,000 Report preparation LS 30,000 Central level monitoring LS 100,000 Total 325,000
9.3.2 Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures 271. The environmental management cost of this project is NRs. 4,595,788.35 and is summarized in Table 83. In addition to this cost, different environmental mitigation and management activities like bio-engineering, insurance of workers etc. are covered by civil work cost.
Table 83: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures 1.1 Environmental Management Cost Cost (NRs.) 1.1.1 Environmental Awareness raising** training 350,000.00 1.1.2 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF 3,370,788.35 and private land 1.1.3 Road side plantation 450,000.00 1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00 1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 325,000.00 Sub-total (i) 4,595,788.35 1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also) 1.2.1 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 1,658,163.47 1.2.2 Bioengineering works 5,827,259.86 Sub-total (ii) 7,485,423.33 Total (i+ii) 12,081,211.68
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9.4. Matters to be monitored while Implementing the Proposal 272. Monitoring of the implementation of environmental protection measures provides a basis for logical comparison for the predicted and actual impacts of a proposal. Environmental monitoring will involve the systematic collection of data to determine the actual environmental impacts of the sub-project, compliance of the sub-project with regulatory standards, and the degree of implementation and effectiveness of the environmental protection. Monitoring will be an integral part of the implementation of the mitigation measures during project construction, and will generate important information. It will improve the quality of sub-project implementation.
273. The Working Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, second ammendment, 2074 B.S) requires a monitoring plan and indicators, schedules and responsibility to be identified in the IEE report. The National EIA Guidelines, 1993 has suggested three stages of the monitoring i.e. baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and impact monitoring.
9.4.1 Baseline Monitoring 274. Baseline monitoring helps to update the baseline information collected during IEE/EIA study when there is a significant time gap between IEE/EIA approval and proposal implementation. In general, it is carried out if there is a significant time lapse between the preparation of the IEE report and the construction stage or a change in environmental quality is noticeable. This sub-project will proceed for construction immediately after the approval of this IEE report and hence, baseline monitoring is not required for this sub-project.
9.4.2 Compliance Monitoring 275. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to ensure that environmental protection measures recommended by this study and other requirements set forth during the approval of the sub-project are complied with. This monitoring is not concerned with determining the actual effect of the sub-project activities on the environment.
276. The proponent will ensure compliance of activities such as; inclusion of mitigation measures in the design and tender documents, budget allocation for mitigation measures and monitoring, compensation arrangements and other compliances spoil disposal, storage sites, arrangement of construction activities etc.
9.4.3 Impact Monitoring 277. Impact monitoring is generally carried out to assess the effectiveness of the environmental mitigation measures and provides actual levels of impacts in the field. Hence an impact monitoring evaluation study is proposed by the end of the sub-project construction phase or within two years of sub-project implementation. Impact monitoring will focus on each predicted impact and effectiveness of environmental protection measures. This will also focus on the stability of slopes; spoil disposal sites, work camps and labour camps, wastes on the local environment. The utilization of cash compensation to the extent possible, condition of the forest in the vicinity of the sub-project area, water management, damage to human facilities, incremental change in production of high value commodities, increase in
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other sources of income, employment generation, road side plantation, social status, impediment to wildlife movement, etc.
9.5. Monitoring Parameters 278. These would be based on the level of site-specific information or existing data series and impacts prediction. Efforts will be made to make the indicators measurable and diagnostic with low natural variability and broad applicability. In this context, the following physical, biological and social indicators will be monitored during the construction and operational stages of the sub-project.
9.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase 279. During this phase the Consultant (DISC) bear the main responsibility in ensuring that the environmental and social safeguard considerations are adequately incorporated in the Project design and that the respective clauses to address the identified impacts are sufficiently included in the specifications and work contracts.
9.5.2 Construction Phase 280. In this phase the monitoring focuses on impacts on the environmental and social setting caused by the ongoing sub-project. This monitoring checks compliance with the practices, norms, standards and technical solutions prescribed in the design and in the EMP. The specific monitoring tasks will include
Verify and quantify the ongoing slope protection measures, and propose rectifying measures as needed; Verify and quantify the ongoing activities in propose rectifying measures as needed; Verify and quantify the ongoing/completed tree felling actions; Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of responsibilities and costs; Verify and quantify the effects of disposal of spoil and construction wastes and their consequences; Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and their consequences; Monitor by utilizing structured checklists and questionnaires, the contractor’s full compliance with the occupational health and safety regulations for the work staff; Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife; Identify and assess the environmental implications on the people’s status of knowledge and awareness in relation to ongoing education campaigns; Verify and quantify losses/damage to private property and community facilities; Verify and quantify losses/damage to cultural properties; Explore mechanisms to stipulate strict application of the EMP and identify consequences to be borne by the contractors/BGs in case of non-compliance.
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9.5.3 Operation Phase 281. The specific monitoring tasks in this phase will include:
Assess changes in land-use patterns, development of cottage industries, services and demographic composition that may be caused by the road development; Verify and quantify the occurrence of ribbon development, resulting in encroachment and hindrance of traffic on the road; Verify all activities for decommissioning work sites and construction to their former functional stage, as applicable. This refers also propose rectifying measures as needed. Verify and quantify the adequacy of the executed bio-engineering works for slope protection and erosion control; Verify and quantify the adequacy of the drainage structures, functionality of these structures, shortcomings in maintenance, and possible effects on private and communal lands, as well as on aquatic resources; Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by Project activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of responsibilities and costs; Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and their consequences; Verify the success/failure of skill development and job opportunities’ training carried out ; Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife.
9.6. Monitoring Indicators 282. The monitoring will include specific cause-effect analyses for the impacts observed. Following Table 84 specifies the set of verifiable indicators that will be used for monitoring.
Table 84: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring
Soils, Landslides, Erosion, Waste . Number, location and extent of slope failures management Sites . Cause analysis for slope failure natural/man-made . Area (ha.) of land, forest and properties affected . Number and extent of gully erosions and pavement failures . Suitability of corrective/bio-engineering measures . Sites and suitability for safe disposal of wastes and garbage Bio-engineering . Number and plant species selected for bio- engineering, disaggregated by protective function Water Pollution, Water . Blockage of waterways - extent and secondary Resources and their uses impacts . Water pollution incidents due to unsafe disposal of waste and spoil . Damage to farm lands Air and Noise Level in relation to . Assessment of noise level in site by direct
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Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring traffic volume observation and interview with stakeholders . Visual assessment of dust development at selected sites/sensitive spots and interview with local stakeholders . Traffic volume measurements Road Safety . Number and type of road accidents recorded in the Traffic Police and in local health service centers . Suitability of local road signs Wildlife/ Habitat Disturbance . Nos and extent of road accidents inflicting wildlife . DFO records of illegal timber extraction and wildlife Impacts on Forest Resources trade . Observations and handling of invasive species. Socio-economic Development . Number and extent of new settlements / types and near Road ethnic groups . Number and extent of new businesses . Number and extent of new services and utilities Resettled Households and . Number of HHs resettled livelihood restoration . Income situation and opportunities for the resettlers . Verification of compensation and assistance to resettlers Community awareness . Number /schedule of campaigns and number of programmes relating to beneficiaries environment protection and . Revision of training agenda & information material avoidance of social conflicts . Number of beneficiaries having received awareness training
283. The following Table 85 identifies the specific compliance monitoring activities. Phase-wise/chronological details are provided for the methods, schedules, responsible implementing agency and the responsible monitoring agency. The compliance monitoring refers primarily to the pre-construction and construction stage of the project. Table 86 details the impact and effect monitoring activities envisaged for this sub-project.
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Table 85: Compliance Monitoring for Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Sub-project Parameters/Indicato Responsible Verifiable Verification Schedule Responsible r Implementing Monitoring Agency Agency Indicators Methods
Final alignment DLPIU Incorporation of walkover Walkthrough along Initial stage of RM/Mnicipality selection recommendations into final road preconstruction alignment selection alignment, verifying phase process and design sensitive areas document
Land and property CDC with Cadastral records, land Public consultation, Initial stage pre- RM/Municipality acquisition and assistance of and properties photos; geo- construction phase compensation DLPIU acquisition procedures; referencing verification report
Site selection and DLPIU/Contractor Project’s arrangement for Site observation, Beginning of RM/Municiplaity preparation of materials storage, and geo-referencing construction period /DLPIU construction logistics construction activities and photographic documentation
Awareness and DISC Training programmes for Specifications; Beginning of RM/Municiplaity orientation training on skill development, training records, construction and /DLPIU road construction to occupational safety and check training during construction technicians, and environmental protection programme locally employed associated with road reports, assess laborers construction works feedback from participants
Compliance to DISC/Contractor/ Health and safety Spot checks at Throughout RM/Municiplaity/
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Parameters/Indicato Responsible Verifiable Verification Schedule Responsible r Implementing Monitoring Agency Agency Indicators Methods occupational health DLPIU regulations, first aid and work sites, photos, construction DLPIU and safety matters medical arrangements, accident records, activities number and type of interviews safety equipments such as mask, helmet, glove, safety belt, accidental insurance
Grievance Redress Contractor/DISC/D Project arrangements for No of complaints During construction RM/Municiplaity/ Mechanism LPIU/CLPIU/CISC the affected people's and grievances DLPIU concerns and grievances record about the project's environmental and social performance
Measures to avoid DLPIU/DISC Use of firewood or fossil Inspection, Once a month DFO/CFUGs/LHFUG pressure on forest fuel by construction interview with local during construction and wildlife crew, events of hunting people and poaching of wildlife
Measures to protect Contractor/ DLPIU Dust level and noise Visual observation Once in a month RM/Municiplaity/ environment from air level at work sites, major and discussion with during construction DLPIU & noise pollution settlements and residents and sensitive spots like workers health centers and schools
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Parameters/Indicato Responsible Verifiable Verification Schedule Responsible r Implementing Monitoring Agency Agency Indicators Methods
Measures to protect Contractor/DLPIU/ Visual observation, Site inspection, Once in a month RM/Municiplaity water bodies from DISC observation of open interview with local during construction; pollution defecation and waste people upon demand for disposal around water testing with field kit sources near construction sites
Adequate technical CISC/DISC/DLPIU Adequate number of Check number and Twice a month CLPIU/CISC and environmental technicians regularly at type of technicians during construction supervision site with ability to available at site, implement labour based skill of work carried road construction out, discussion concept
Clean up and Contractor/DISC/ Decommissioned sites Site observation; At the end of RM/Municiplaity reinstatement of the DLPIU indicate no comparing photos; construction period construction sites adverse/residual consultation with (camps, quarries) environmental impacts, land owners and and are rehabilitated to community based the satisfaction of the organizations supervisor and land owners
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Table 86: Impact/Effect Monitoring of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Sub-project Parameters Verifiable Indicators Verification Location Schedule Responsible /Indicator Methods Implementation and Monitoring Agency Slope stability Inclination, slope failures, causes; Site observation, photos Near steep slopes and Continuously DLPIU during and drainage facilities such as catch discussion with people at landslide areas and during construction; District erosion drain, side drains and functionality and technicians sites construction and Soil Conservation of cross drainage structures; fresh operation Office during operation gullies and erosion; success/failure of bio-engineering solutions Bio-engineering Re-vegetation through bio- Site observation; Cut slope area, where During and at the DLPIU of disturbed engineering application on disturbed inspection of nursery vegetation is cleared; end of Sub- slopes slope; establishment of nursery and its production rate, nursery sites project photos, measurements construction Disposal of spoils Affected aesthetic value, affected Site observation and At specific locations During DLPIU and construction forest and agriculture land, initiated interviews, photos, geo- where such sites construction wastes land erosion by local blocked referencing sites occur drainage, hazard to downhill slope residents and agricultural lands Loss or Status of road side land; Observation, data Road side land and During DLPIU degradation of production/yield; collection and analysis houses construction farmland, houses status of road side houses; status of and interview with and properties standing crop along alignment stakeholders Water quality Observation of open defecation and Visual observation Local streams During DLPIU waste disposal around water construction; sources near construction sites upon demand for testing with field kit Air quality Dust level in ambient air Visual inspection At construction sites During DLPIU and at sensitive spots construction
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Parameters Verifiable Indicators Verification Location Schedule Responsible /Indicator Methods Implementation and Monitoring Agency Forest and Numbers of trees, presence of Observations, DFO In and around the During DLPIU/DFO during vegetation ground vegetation, signs of illicit /CFUGs/LHFUG construction sites, construction and construction; logging and extraction of NTFPs records, photos markets Operation DFO during operation Wildlife Wildlife hunting and poaching by Interview with local Forest areas at Twice a year DLPIU/DFO/CFUGs work force, trade of wildlife, road people/CFUGs/LHFUG roadside during during construction; accidents inflicting wildlife DFO and observations construction and DFO/CFUGs/LHFUG routine during during operation operation Change in Numbers of people employed by the Records kept by the Sub-project area Trimester during DLPIU economy project during construction, project management, construction numbers of women in work forces discussion with phase stakeholders Trade and Numbers of shops increased or Records, interviews, Throughout sub- Once in a year DLPIU/Municipality/RM commerce decreased, rental of houses and observations, photos project area land spaces Occupational Type and number of accident Observations, photos, Throughout sub- During DLPIU safety and hazard occurred during construction; spot checks, project area construction adequacy of occupational safety contractors and health measured provided; compensation centre records interview provided in case of fatal accidents with workers Change in socio- Number and extent of new Observations, interview Throughout sub During operation DLPIU/Municipality/RM economic settlements/types and ethnic with local people, then project area structure groups; nos. and extent of new local bodies record businesses; nos and extent of new services and utilities, social conflicts Ribbon Congestions to road users and nos. Records, observations Throughout sub During operation DLPIU/Municipality/RM settlement of accidents, RoW encroachment project area
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9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism 284. The objective the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is to resolve complaints as quickly as possible and at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. A well-defined grievance redress and resolution mechanism will be established to resolve grievances and complaints in a timely and satisfactory manner. All affected persons will be made fully aware of their rights, and the detailed grievance redress procedures will be publicized through an effective public information campaign. The grievance redress process includes four levels:
285. First level of GRM: The first level and most accessible and immediate contact for the fastest resolve of grievances are the contractors, and design and supervision consultants on site. Prior to construction of any works, the CLPIU and DLPIU will ensure local community meetings are held to notify local residents and businesses of any temporary disturbances, and to inform them of the Project. If a local area committee (LAC) exists in the area, they should also be informed. If any complaints arise, the contractors, consultants, and DLPIU can immediately resolve the complaint on site. The CLPIU can also be involved in grievance redress at this stage. The CLPIU and DLPIU office phone number will be posted in public areas within the sub-project areas and construction sites. Any person with a grievance related to the project works can contact the project to file a complaint. The DLPIU offices will have a safeguards focal person to field and resolve complaints. The safeguards (environment and resettlement) focal person will document the complaint, and immediately address and resolve the issue with the contractor within 1-2 days, if the complaint remains unresolved at the field level. The DLPIU may seek the assistance of the consultant safeguards specialists (the environmental specialist or social safeguards specialist) to resolve the issue. The DLPIU safeguards focal person will notify the CLPIU safeguards focal person that a complaint was received, and whether it was resolved. The DLPIU safeguards focal person will fully document the following information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location, and (v) how the complaint was resolved.
286. Second level of GRM: if the grievances remain unresolved; the DLPIU will forward the complaint to the CLPIU safeguards focal person. The person filing the grievance will be notified by DLPIU safeguards focal person that the grievance was forwarded to the CLPIU safeguards focal person. The CLPIU will address the grievance. Grievances will be resolved through continuous interactions with affected persons, and the CLPIU will answer queries and resolve grievances regarding various issues including environmental or social impacts. Corrective measures will be under taken at the field level by the CLPIU safeguards focal person within 7 days. He/she will fully document the following information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location and (v) how the complaint was resolved.
287. Third level of GRM: if the grievance remain unresolved, the PIU’s project director will activate the third level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) constituted by the EA, which will, based on review of the grievances, address them in consultation with CLPIU, DLPIU, and affected persons. The GRC will consist of EA leadership, affected persons, and local area committee, among others—determined to provide impartial, balanced views on any issues. The GRC should
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consist of at least five persons. A hearing will be called with the GRC, if necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concern and issues. The process will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The GRC will meet as necessary when there are grievances to be addressed. The GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and assign clear responsibilities for implementing its decision within 15 days. The functions of the GRC are as follows: (i) to provide support to affected persons on problems arising from environmental or social disruption, asset acquisition (where required), and eligibility for entitlements compensation, and assistance; (ii) to record grievances of affected persons, categorize and prioritize them, and provide solutions within 15 days; and (iii) to report to the aggrieved parties developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the GRC.
288. Fourth level of GRM: In the event that a grievance is not addressed by the contractor, DISC, CLPIU, DLPIU or GRC, the affected person can seek legal redress of the grievance in the appropriate courts, the fourth level of the GRM, which is the formal legal court system. The GRM however does not prevent affected persons from seeking legal redress at any time. The grievance redress mechanism and procedure is depicted in Figure 9 below.
Grievance
1-2 days First Level: Grievance Redressed 1st Level Grievance Contractor, DISC, DLPIU
Not redressed 7 days 2nd Level Grievance CLPIU, CISC Grievance Redressed
Not redressed Grievance 15 days rd 3 Level Grievance Redressed Grievance Redressed Committee
Not redressed Higher th 4 Level Grievance Authority/Court of Law
Note: CLPIU- Central Level Project Implementation unit, DLPIU- District Level Implementation Unit, DSC- Design and Supervision Consultant, CISC- Central Implementation Support Consultant, DISC- District Implementation Support Consultant
Figure 9: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism 289. Safeguard monitoring reports will include the following aspects pertaining to progress on grievances: (i) number of cases registered with the GRC, level of jurisdiction (first, second, and third levels), number of hearings held, decisions made, and the status of
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pending cases; and (ii) lists of cases in process and already decided upon may be prepared with details such as affected person, date of notice, date of application, date of hearing, decisions, remarks, actions taken to resolve issues, and status of grievance (i.e. open, closed, pending).
290. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication and reporting / information dissemination) will be borne by the project
291. ADB’s accountability mechanism will also be explained to affected households.
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10. Conclusion and Recommendation 292. The IEE study of the proposed Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Natrakali road sub-project does not pass through any environmentally sensitive areas and has minimal adverse impacts. Most of the adverse impacts predicted are of low significance and short term, as well as of reversible nature. The beneficial impacts that come with the facility of access to market centers and the location of social services will enhance the productivity of the area and improve the quality of life of the people. In addition, local people will get direct employment as workers, which will contribute significantly to improving their livelihood. These benefits from the implementation of the proposed road sub-project are more significant and long term in nature compared to the adverse impacts, most of which can be mitigated or avoided. Relevant issues raised during public consultation have also been addressed in the mitigation measures.
293. The project attracts clause 1 and 2 of schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of working procedure relating environmental impact assessment for reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure, 2016. And the IEE has shown that none of the anticipated environmental impacts of rehabilitating the road are significant enough to need a detailed follow-up EIA
294. The proposed road sub-project is recommended for implementation with incorporation of mitigation measures and the environmental management plan.
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References Asian Development Bank. (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila: ADB. Department of Road. (2007). Environmental and Social Management Framework, a guideline to the environmental and social issues associated with new road construction and upgrading. Kathmandu: Ministry of the Physical Planning and Works. Asian Development Bank. (2015). Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project: Resettlement Framework:. Manila: ADB. Asian Development Bank. (2015). Environmental Assessment and Review Framework: Earthquake Emergency Assistant Project. Manila: ADB. Central Bureau of Statistics. (2011). National Population and housing census. Kathmandu: CBS. Department of Road. (2003). Reference manual for the Environmental and Social aspects of the Integrated Road Development. Kathmandu: Ministry of Physical Planning and Works. Dhital, MR. (2015). Geology of Nepal Himalaya, Regional Geology Reviews. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Dobremez, J. (1976). Nepal Ecologie et Biogeography. Paris, France: Editions du Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1992). Water Resources Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1993). Water Resources Regulation. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1999). Local Self Governance Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2000). Local Self-Governance Regulations. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2011). Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2012). Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Regulation. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2015). Constitution of Nepal 2072. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board. NRA. (2016). Grievance Management Procedure for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures. Kathmandu: National Reconstruction Authority. Upreti, B. K. (2003). Safeguarding the resources Environmental Impact Assessment process and Practice. Kathmandu.
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APPENDICES
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Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study
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Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist
Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening
Project Title: Earthquake Emergency Response Program (EEAP) Sub-Project Sector: Sub-Sector: Division/Department:
Screening Questions Score Remarks Location Is siting and/or routing of the There are landslide-prone and Design project (or its components) likely areas at very specific places of Project to be affected by climate along the entire length of the conditions including extreme 1 road. These slopes may be weather-related events such as risky during months of floods, droughts, storms, incessant rainfall. landslides? Would the project design (e.g. During months of heavy the clearance for bridges) need downpour, the rivers along to consider any hydro- the road section have a high meteorological parameters (e.g. 1 probability of being sea-level, peak river flow, inundated, which might pose reliable water level, peak wind serious problems. speed etc.)? Materials Would weather, current and Steel and RCC structures and likely future climate conditions will seldom be used during Maintenance (e.g. prevailing humidity level, construction. Therefore, the temperature contrast between contraction and expansion hot summer days and cold of such materials can be winter days, exposure to wind discounted. Even during 0 and humidity, hydro- extreme conditions such as meteorological parameters) heavy rainfall, construction likely affect the selection of materials are not under any project inputs over the life of major threat of project outputs (e.g. disintegration. construction materials)? Would weather, current and Maintenance, being a likely future climate conditions manual job, will be difficult and related extreme events during weather extremes likely affect the maintenance 0 such as soaring mid- (scheduling and cost) of project summer temperatures and output(s)? sub-zero winter temperatures. Performance Would weather/climate Even if high quality control is 1 of Project conditions and related extreme achieved, the performance
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Output(s) weather events likely affect the of the road will likely be performance (e.g. annual power affected due to fluctuating production) of project output(s) weather phenomena. (e.g. hydropower generation facilities) throughout their design lifetime?
Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below: Response Score Likely Not 0 Likely 1 Very Likely 2
Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response will be categorized as high risk project.
Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): Medium
Other comments:
Prepared by: ______
1 If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how climate parameters are considered indesign standards for infrastructure components, how changes in key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of project outputs.
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Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist
Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist: (Transport Infrastructure)
Instructions: (i) The IA completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to ADB. (ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.
(iii) Answer the questions assuming the ―without mitigation‖ case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the ―remarks‖ section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.
Project Title: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)
Sub-project: Pipal Bhanjyang-Haitar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
IA:
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A. Project sitting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage sites. Protected area No protected areas. Wetland No wetlands. Mangrove No mangroves. Estuarine No estuaries. Buffer zone of protected area Project site does not fall in any buffer zone. Special area for protecting biodiversity No special area for biodiversity protection. B. Potential environmental impacts Will the project cause… Encroachment on historical/cultural No historical/cultural area areas; disfiguration of landscape by road embankments, cuts, fills, and quarries?
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SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS Encroachmenton precious ecology (e.g. No encroachment. sensitive or protected areas)? Alteration of surface water hydrology of The existing road is muddy waterways crossed by roads, resulting in throughout, which poses increased sediment in streams affected problems as heavy rain by increased soil erosion at construction causes erosion along the hill site? slopes, which consequently increases sediment deposit in the existing water sources. Deterioration of surface water quality due No haphazard waste dumping to silt runoff and sanitary wastes from from camping sites. worker-based camps and chemicals used in construction? Increased local air pollution due to rock Very insignificant level of air crushing, cutting and filling works, and pollution. chemicals from asphalt processing? Risks and vulnerabilities related to No such hazards are present. occupational health and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards during project construction and operation during project construction and operation? Noise and vibration due to blasting and Minor vibrations only on the other civil works? road during excavator usage; insignificant effect on surrounding households. Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of No involuntary resettlement of people? people Dislocation and compulsory resettlement 7 structuresin total that are of people living in right-of-way? affected directly. Disproportionate impacts on the poor, No such discrimination. women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? Other social concerns relating to Absence of such conditions. inconveniences in living conditions in the project areas that may trigger cases of upper respiratory problems and stress? Hazardous driving conditions where Road clearing has created a construction interferes with pre-existing very muddy landscape along roads? certain sections of the road, especially during monsoon. Also, there are landslide prone areas in certain parts long the road that might prove hazardous for commuters.
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SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS Poorsanitation and solid waste disposal No such conditions are in construction camps and work sites, present. and possible transmission of communicable diseases (such as STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to local populations? Creationof temporary breeding habitats No immediate problems but if for diseases such as those transmitted by population influx increases mosquitoes and rodents? alongside the rehabilitation, then the resulting density and pollution might entail breeding sites for mosquitoes and rodents. Accident risks associated with increased No vehicle numbers and there vehicular traffic, leading to accidental is no such problem. spills of toxic materials? Increased noise and air pollution resulting No such conditions. from traffic volume? Increased risk of water pollution from oil, No such problems. grease and fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the road? Social conflicts if workers from other Unlikely, as all workers are regions or countries are hired? hired locally. Large population influx during project Very unlikely for the creation construction and operation that causes of such circumstances. increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? Risks to community health and safety due No risks to community health to the transport, storage, and use and/or as no harmful and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, hazardous chemicals will be fuel and other chemicals during used. construction and operation? Community safety risks due to both No such safety risks as all accidental and natural causes, especially existing structures are well where the structural elements or designed and there are components of the project are accessible engineering measures in to members of the affected community or place (gabion wall, breast where their failure could result in injury to wall) in case of natural the community throughout project calamities such as construction, operation and landslides. decommissioning.
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Appendix IV: Environmental Checklist a:tL :tl/o ;'rgf ;+sng
;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ufdf{—g]n]—af]un ;8ssf]]] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f != a:tLsf] hfgsf/L s= a:tLsf] gfdM v= xfnsf] uf=kf=÷g=kf M u= xfnsf] jf8{ g+= M 3= ;flas ufla;÷ g=kf, jf8{ g+= ª = 3/w'/L ;+VofM r = hDdf hg;+Vof 5= dlxnf ÷k'?if hg;+VofM @= ;fdflhs tYofÍ s|=; laa/0f 3/w'/L ;+Vof wd{ s= d'Vo hfthftL !=! !=@ !=# !=$ !=% !=^ !=& !=* v= a;fO;/fO{ 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot @=! Ps k':tf cuf8L b]lv @=@ @) – #) jif{ cufl8 b]lv @=# xfn} - ! b]lv @) jif{ cufl8 _ @=$ s]lx aif{ clu o; 7fFp 5f]8]sf kl/jf/ u= k]zf 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot #=! s[lif #=@ Aofkf/ #=# gf]s/L #=$ Hofnf dhb'/L #=% a}b]lzs /f]huf/ #=^ laBfyL{ #=& cGo 3 lhlasf]kfh{g 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot $=! cfDbfgLn] vfg k'uL art ;d]t x'g] $@ h;f]t;f] vfg k'Ug] $=# Vffg gk'Ug] ª 3/sf] ;+/rgf 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot %=! kSsL %@ sRrL
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#= :jf:Yo ;]jf s|=; :jf:Yo :yfg b'/L sd{rf/L pknAw cfuGt's la/fdL b]lvg] d''Vo /f]ux? ;:yfsf] gfd ;+Vof ;]jfx? ;+Vof != @= #= $=
$ lzIff ;]jf $=! z}lIfs ca:yf hg;+Vof -g+= jf Ü_ lg/If/ k|fyflds tx dfWoflds tx :gfts jf ToFxf eGbf dfly k'?if dlxnf
$=@ z}lIfs ;+:yfx?
k|sf/ - laBfyL{ b'/L jf k'Ug s|= ;= :s'nsf] gfd tx 7]ufgf ;/sf/L÷gLlh_ ;+Vof nfUg] ;do != @= #=
%= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ s= Vffg]kfgLsf] cfk'lt{ nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ ;fd'bflos wf/f Vff]nfsf] kfgL d'n÷Ogf/÷s'jf kfO{k cGo v= rkL{ nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ rkL{ gx'g] rkL{ x'g] :yfO{ c:yfO{ 3/ leq 3/ aflx/ vfN8] rkL{ cGo u= kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] Aoa:yfkg nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ uNg] kmf]xf]/ guNg] kmf]xf]/ sDkf]l:6Ë cGo hnfpg] ;fa{hlgs gu/kflnsfnfO{ cGo :yfgdf km\ofSg] k7fpg]
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^= cGo ;]jfx? ;]jfx? s=vfgf ksfpg] OGwg nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ bfp/f u'O7f Affof] Uof; Pn=lk=lh cGo v= phf{÷ aQL nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ dl§t]n lah'nL aQL ;f]nf/ cGo cGo
u= ;+rf/ ;]jf n]g nfOg g]kfn 6]lnsd Pg ;]n x'nfs ;]jf cGo
3= ahf/ != :yfO{ ahf/ If]q ;+Vof gfd k|sf/ b'/L
@= c:yfO{ ahf/ If]q ;+Vof gfd k|sf/ b'/L
ª= sn sf/vfgf 7'nf] dWood ;fgf] cGo cGo r= xf]6n, nh÷k;n÷cGo -;+Vofdf_ xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6 lrof k;n ls/fgf k;n cGo -:6];g/L, s:d]l6s, nh cf}iflw, km]G;L, xf8{jo/, :kf]6{ df;' k;n, cflb_
5=lalQo ;+:yfx? -;+Vof_ a}s nB'laQ ;xsf/L cGo
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&= hUuf hdLgsf] ca:yf hUuf @) /f]kgL !) b]lv @) % b]lv !) % /f]kgL ;Dd hUuf hdLg gePsf] hdLg eGbf dfly /f]kgL ;Dd /f]kgL ;Dd -;'s'Daf;L_
3/w'/L ;+Vof l;+rfO{sf] ca:yf l;+rfO{sf] ;'lawf ePsf] hdLg -Ü_ l;+rfO{sf] ;'lawf gePsf] hdLg -Ü_
*= ;fd'bflos k|of]hgsf eagx?÷:yfgx? ;fd'bflos eag÷:yfgx?sf] ca:yf Aff6f] la:tf/n] c;/ kfg]{÷gkfg]{ gfd
(= o; If]qdf nufOg]] k|d'v afnLx?
!)= o; If]qdf u/Lg] k|d'v kz'kfngx?
!!= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v af]6 la?jfx?
!@= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v h+unL hgfj/x?
!#= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v r/fr'?ËLx?
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!$= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v df5fsf k|hfltx?
!%=o; If]qdf kfOg] ;/L;[a k|hfltx?
!^= k|d'v d7dlGb/ tyf ;f:s[lts w/f]x/x? / To;sf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj
!&= o; If]qdf /x]sf] jf ;DefAo cfly{s pGgtLsf If]qx?
!*= cfof]hgfn] kfg]{ ;sf/fTds k|efj jf kmfObfx?
!(= cfof]hgfn] kfg]{ gsf/fTds k|efj jf c;/x?
@)= cfof]hgf k|lt hg;d'bfosf] wf/0ff
@!= cfof]hgf k|lt tkfO{sf] ;Nnfxf ;'emax?
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Appendix V: Public Notice
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English Translation Of Public Notice
Government of Nepal Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) District Level Project Implementation Unit Sindhuli
Public Notice for Comments and Suggestion on the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
(Date of First Publication: 2017/09/09)
The Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented by loan assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical assistance from Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), counterpart funding from Government of Nepal (GoN) for reconstruction and rehabilitation of local roads. District Level Project Implementation Unit, Sindhuli, being the proponent of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road, has prepared Draft Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report and this notice has been published for the implementation of report as per the provision of the Section 12 (2) of the Working Procedure relating to Earthquake Affected Structure 2016 (Second Amendment 2017).
Proponent: District Level Project Implementation Unit, Sindhuli. Affected Rural Municipality and Municipality: Kamalamai Municipality and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality Proposal Description: The proposed road sub-project starts from Pipalbhanjyang of Kamalamai Municipality-2 (then Bhadrakali VDC-3) and ends at Majhitar of Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-3 (then Netrakali VDC-3). The total length of road is 37.20 km and width is 6.25 m with drainage. Venue for Meeting: Ghyanglekh Rural Municipalaity-1, Rajbas. Date: 14 September, 2017
As per Section 12 (3) of the working procedure, concerned rural municipality, municipality, school, health post, forest user group, concerned stakeholders, organization and local people are requested to present at Ghyanglekh Rural Municipalaity-1, Rajbas on 14 September, 2017 for discussion environment impacts, information on reconstruction, resettlement and relocation through the implementation of sub-project. The concerned people or organization can obtain the draft IEE report from District Coordination Committee, Sindhuli; District technical Office, Sindhuli; District Level Project Implementation Unit, Sindhuli and Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)- Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur as per section 12 (5) of the working procedure
It is requested to send the comments and suggestions within 7 days of notice publication at national daily newspaper. Accordingly, the comments and suggestions can also be sent to National Reconstruction Authority, Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu
Address to send comments and suggestions:
Central project Implementation Unit, Earthquake District Level project Implementation Unit Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP), Lalitpur Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Telephone no: 01-5260565 , Sindhuli Email: [email protected] Telephone no: 047-520109 Email:[email protected]
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Appendix VI: Project Cost a. Total Civil Cost
Cost Estimate of Contract Package 01 NRS Base Cost 193,924,050.58 VAT (13%) 25,210,126.58 Total Cost including Base Cost and VAT 219,134,177.16 Cost per KM as per Base Cost and VAT 15,217,651.19 Work Charge Staff and Small Miscellaneous Expenses (3%) 5,817,721.52 Provision of Physical Contingency (10%) 19,392,405.06 Total Cost including Base Cost, VAT, Work Charge Staff and 244,344,303.73 Physical Contingency Cost Estimate of Contract Package 02 Base Cost 219,583,979.43 VAT (13%) 28,545,917.33 Total Cost including Base Cost and VAT 248,129,896.76 Cost per KM as per Base Cost and VAT 16,664,197.23 Work Charge Staff and Small Miscellaneous Expenses (3%) 6,587,519.38 Provision of Physical Contingency (10%) 21,958,397.94 Total Cost including Base Cost, VAT, Work Charge Staff and 276,675,814.08 Physical Contingency Cost Estimate of Contract Package 03 Base Cost 203,252,800.20 VAT (13%) 26,422,864.03 Total Cost including Base Cost and VAT 229,675,664.23 Cost per KM as per Base Cost and VAT 28,713,047.16 Work Charge Staff and Small Miscellaneous Expenses (3%) 6,097,584.01 Provision of Physical Contingency (10%) 20,325,280.02 Total Cost including Base Cost, VAT, Work Charge Staff and 256,098,528.25 Physical Contingency Grand Total 777,118,646.06
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b. Total Sub-project oCst
SN Particulars Amount (NRs.) 1.1 Environmental Management Cost 1.1.1 Environmental Awareness raising** training 350,000.00 1.1.2 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF and private land 3,370,788.35 1.1.3 Road side plantation 450,000.00 1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00 1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 325,000.00 Sub-total (i) 4,595,788.35 1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also) 1.2.1 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 1,658,163.47 1.2.2 Bioengineering works 5,827,259.86 Sub-total (ii) 7,485,423.33 Total (i+ii) 12,081,211.68 2 Civil Work Cost 2.1 Total civil work cost 777,118,646.06 2.2 Other environmental cost included in civil work cost (as given in item 1.2 7,485,423.33 above) for occupational health & safety, bioengineering works, toe wall for spoil management 2.3 Civil work cost excluding occupational health & safety and bioengineering for 769,633,222.74 management (B) 3 Resettlement Cost 3.1 DIRECT COST 3.1.1 Compensation for Private Land 11,552,405.89 3.1.2 Total structures 61,21,520.24 3.1. 3 Allowances 150,000 3.1.4 Compensation for private Trees 43,726.41 3.1.5 Private Fruits 405,500.00 3.1.6 Broom Grass 2,000.00 3.1.7 Bamboo 124,575.00 3.1.8 Compensation for Agriculture Crops 300,817.50 Sub Total (A) 18700545.04 3.2 INDIRECT COST 3.2.1 Deed Transfer Fees 155,200.00 3.2.2 Deed Transfer Assistance 242,000.00 3.2.3 Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement Program 2,800,000.00 Sub Total (B) 3,197,200.00 3.3 Contingency (20%) for indirect costs only (C) 3,740,109.01 GRAND TOTAL (A+B+C) 25,637,854.05 Sub-total (C) 25,637,854.05 4 Gender Equality & Social Inclusion Cost 4.1 Disaster preparedness works session visual/ documentary show on D & RM 100,000.00 4.2 Campaign program (Awareness program on CLS IT) 100,000.00 Sub-total (D) 200,000.00 Grand Total Sunb-project Cost (A+B+C+D) 807,552,288.46
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Appendix VII: Meeting Minutes and Public Disclosure a. Public consultation
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b. IEE Disclosure
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c. Findings of Public Consultation and IEE Disclosure Summaries of Public Consultation
Date Place for Participants Issues/ Queries/ Concerns/ Demands Public Meeting 2074/04/28 Bhoteswahara, 13 There are many rivers around the B.S Kamalamai settlement such as Chisapani Khola, (12/08/2017 Municipality-2 Dhanamana Khola, Taru Khola, Langdi Khola, A.D) (Former: and Simle Khola. These rivers become Bhadrakali swollen during periods of heavy downpour. VDC-9) Therefore, construction of an RCC bridge is essential. The private lands that fall within the formation width must be compensated for fairly. Irrigation canals will also likely be damaged during road reconstruction phase. Therefore, the construction of those canals is of high priority. The Dhanamana Khola borders the south bank of this settlement. During heavy rainfall, the river swells up and causes significant damage to the road as well as the settlement. Therefore, construction of a dam at this location is necessary. 2074/04/30 Chandanpur/B 7 Talks of road rehabilitation and B.S astipur, reconstruction have been going on for a while (14/08/2017 Ghyanglekh now, but there has not been any progress A.D) Rural towards achieving this goal. So, the project Municipality-2 should go forward without further delay. (Former: Locals involved in commercial farming Bastipur-6) have been dejected at the delay in reconstruction. The farmers would be elated if the project picked up pace as soon as possible. During the course of reconstruction, technical examinations must be done at major rivers such as Thade Khola, Marin Khola etc. as a bridge is absolutely essential over these rivers. The budget allocated for the project, along with all relevant expenses, must be public record. Compensation for all affected land holders and home owners must be
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Date Place for Participants Issues/ Queries/ Concerns/ Demands Public Meeting guaranteed. 2074/04/30 Ghyanglekh 10 (Mane The trees that are cleared during road B.S Rural Bhanjyang reconstruction must be accounted for and (14/08/2017 Municipality-2 Leasehold afforestation must be done accordingly. A.D) (Former: Forest (A, B) The land that is cleared from either Bastipur-8,9) Group) side of the road can pose a serious landslide threat. Therefore, proper engineering measures must be adopted in order to avoid any possible calamities. The funeral site for all the residents in this settlement lies within the leasehold forest. Therefore, the locals have requested the help of concerned authorities in building a Gumba so that the funeral processions are not hindered. Source: Field survey, 2017
Summaries of Issues Raised during IEE Disclosure
Blacktop is better than gravel for upgrading of road. Due to construction of road the water pipe at Ch. 19+200 was affected so, proper management should be done. Compensation should be provided for the trees to be cut down. Possibility of affecting Tunibhanjyang school Ghyanglekh - 1 and alternative Rajbas school. So, protective measures should be used during construction. Preservation of Sahid smriti park Compensation for physical infrastructures should be given. Proper management of irrigation.
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Appendix VIII: Deed of Inquiry(Muchulka)
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Appendix IX: Recommendation
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Appendix X: Consulted Person
SN Name Designation Address 1. Shyam sundar Mishra Acting Project Manager DTO, Sindhuli 2. Man bahadur Magar District Team Leader DISC 3. Dilli Sher Rai Sub-Engineer DISC 4. Rajan Adhikari Social Safeguard Officer DISC 5. Durga devi Sunuwar Vice – president Ghyanglekh RM 6. Sambhu bahadur yonjan Ghyanglekh RM Ward no 2 7. Ratna Bahadur Vice – Secretait Jhalkane CFUG 8. Gada bahadhur khetang Principal Shree Netrakali School 9. Bigyannath Sharma Principal Ma. Bhi. Pipalbhanjyang 10. Nar bahadur Bal Office helper Ghyanglekh RM ward no. 4 11. Dhan bahadur Bal Sub – Engineer Ghyanglekh RM ward no. 3 12 Surya ram Moktan Ranibas CFUG 13. Sanak bahadur waiba President Manebhanjyang Leasehold Forest 14 Sunita Kumari Singha ANM Netrakali Health post 15 Sumsher bahadur Principal Shree Netrakali S.S, Sunuwar Aapdanda 16 Sanjeev kumar Mukhiya HA Tamajor health post 17 Sunita Shrestha ANM Shree Bastipur Health post
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Appendix XI: Trees to be Cut Down a. Trees from Community Forest
Name of the Forest Chainage Species Scientific Name No. of Compensatory Rate/plant Total Cost Trees Plantation (1:25) (NRs) (NRs) From To Kalika Community 0+090 0+190 Chilaune Schima wallichii 1 25 151.12 3,778.00 Forest, Kamalamai Katus Castanopsis indica 2 50 7,556.00 Municipality 1+400 1+800
Sub – Total 3 75 11,334.00 Jhalkane Community 10+200 11+160 Sal shorea robusta 29 725 109,562.00 Forest, Amale Other 1 25 3,778.00
Chilaune Schima wallichii 2 50 7,556.00 Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia 4 100 15,112.00 Sajh Terminalia alata 3 75 11,334.00 Bhalayo Semecarpus 1 25 3,778.00 anacardium Katus Castanopsis indica 1 25 3,778.00
Sub – Total 41 1025 154,898.00 Ranibas Community 18+610 19+040 Chilaune Schima wallichii 3 75 11,334.00 Forest, Amale
Sub – Total 3 75 11,334.00 Total 47 1175 177,566.00
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b. Trees from Leasehold Forest
Name of the Chainage Species Scientific Name No. of Compensatory Rate/plant Total Forest Trees Plantation (1:25) (NRs) Cost From To (NRs) Mane 21+590 22+020 Sal shorea robusta 6 150 151.12 22668 Bhanjang LF, Chilaune Schima wallichii 1 25 3778 Bastipur Total 7 175 26446
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c. Trees from Government Managed Forest
Name of the Chainage Species Scientific Name No. of Compensatory Rate/plant Total Cost Forest From To Trees Plantation (NRs) (NRs) (1:25) Government 27+160 29+000 Banjh Quercus lanata 12 300 151.12 45,336 Forest, Bot dhayaro Lagerstroemia parviflora 1 25 3,778 Tamajor Chilaune Schima wallichii 136 3,400 513,808 Other 2 50 7,556 Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia 6 150 22,668 Katus Castanopsis indica 40 1,000 151,120 Mauwa Madhuca longifolia 1 25 3,778 Sal Shorea robusta 511 12,775 1,930,558 Sub – Total 709 17,725 2,678,602 Government 29+300 30+600 Sal Shorea robusta 5 125 18,890 Forest, Katus Castanopsis indica 15 375 56,670 Tamajor Chilaune Schima wallichii 75 1,875 283,350 Kalikath Myrsine semiserrata 1 25 3,778 Other 1 25 3,778 Bajh Quercus lanata 16 400 60,448 Amala Emblica officinalis 2 50 7,556 Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia 5 125 18,890 Mauwa Madhuca longifolia 3 75 11,334 Sub – Total 123 3075 464,694 Total 832 20,800 3,143,296
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d. Trees from Private Land
Land Chainage Species Scientific Name No. of Compensatory Rate/plant Total Cost Type From To Trees Plantation (1:1) (NRs) (NRs) Private 0+000 29+200 Aanp Magnifera indica 3 3 62.95 188.85 Forest Baans Bambusoideae 6 6 377.7 Chilaune Schima Wallichii 23 23 1447.85 Kalikath Myrsine semiserrata 3 3 188.85 Katus Castanopsis indica 3 3 188.85 Sal Shorea robusta 21 21 1321.95 Sisau Dalbergia sisoo 2 2 125.9 Berulo Ficus clavata 4 4 251.8 Ginari Pieris formosa 7 7 440.65 Khanayo Ficus semicordata 6 6 377.7 Koiralo Bauhinia variegata 8 8 503.6 Kutmiro Litsea polyantha 8 8 503.6 Pipal Ficus religiosa 1 1 62.95 Others 7 7 440.65 Utis Alnus nepalensis 5 5 314.75 Sub-Total 107 107 6735.65 Cultivated 0+000 29+200 Aanp Magnifera indica 4 4 251.8 Land Amaro Spondias pinnata 2 2 125.9 Amba Psidium guava 1 1 62.95 Baans Bambusoideae 13 13 440.65 Bakaino Melia azedarach 8 8 377.7 Chilaune Schima Wallichii 91 91 503.6
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 181
Land Chainage Species Scientific Name No. of Compensatory Rate/plant Total Cost Type From To Trees Plantation (1:1) (NRs) (NRs) Dabdabe Garuga pinnata 3 3 62.95 Ginari Pieris formosa 2 2 62.95 Katahar Artocarpus integra 1 1 62.95 Katus Castanopsis indica 30 30 188.85 Khanayo Ficus semicordata 6 6 125.9 Khirro Sapium insigne 6 6 125.9 Kutmiro Litsea polyantha 6 6 188.85 Others 2 2 125.9 Sal Shorea robusta 58 58 188.85 Simal Bombax ceiba 3 3 62.95 Sisau Dalbergia sisoo 5 5 314.75 Angeri Lyonia ovalifolia 5 5 314.75 Utis Alnus nepalensis 4 4 314.75 Kutmiro Litsea polyantha 3 3 314.75 Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda 1 1 314.75 Mauwa Madhuca longifolia 8 8 314.75 Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia 4 4 314.75 Sub-Total 266 266 5161.9 Total 373 373 11897.55
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 182
e. Calculation of Plantation Cost in NF/CF/LF
Item No. Description Unit Total Rate Amount Remarks quantity (NRs.) (NRs.) Seedling cost No 1760 20 35,200.00 20 Plantation per ha 20(1) Site selection and survey Persondays 3 500 1,500.00 20.2(b) Site clearance Persondays 10 500 5,000.00 25% shrubs and grasses 20.3 Fixing of pit distance (1600 pits) Persondays 3 500 1,500.00 20.5(a)i Pitting of 45X30X30 cm pit Persondays 32 500 16,000.00 50% slope 20.6(a)iii Seedling transportation Persondays 6 500 3,000.00 1 km distance 20.6(b)iii Seedling transportation (within) Persondays 3 500 1,500.00 20.7(a) Plantation Persondays 20 500 10,000.00 Up to 50% slope 32.1(b) Weeding Persondays 18 500 9,000.00 32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Persondays 9 500 4,500.00 33.1(b) Prunning Persondays 25 500 12,500.00 Up to 50% slope Sub-total 99,700.00 35 Fencing per 200 running meter 35.2(a)ii Preparation of 100 poles of 30-40cm girth and 1.8m height Persondays 8 500 4,000.00 35.4 Five line barbed wire fencing (100 running meter) 35.4(a) Barbed wire (14 gauge) Kg 143 125 71,500.00 Wooden pole (10cmx10cmx1.8m) No 88 No cost Unail Kg 4.2 125 2,100.00 35.3(b) Pitting for poles Persondays 14 500 28,000.00 35.4(c) Stretching and tightening of barbed wire Persondays 24 500 48,000.00 Sub-total 153,600.00 Total 253,300.00 Contingency (5%) 12,665.00 Grand Total 265,965.00 Per plant cost 151.12 1600+10% plants with 2.5m x 2.5m spacing
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 183
f. Compensatory Plantation Agreement
Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f (Compensatory Plantation) k[i7e"dL e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ C0f ;xof]u, :jL; ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]tsf] nufgLdf z'? ePsf] xf] o; cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo @)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDk kl5 e"sDk If]qdf k"g;+/rgf / k"glg{df0f sfo{df ;xof]u ug{' xf] . o; cfof]hgfn] ljBfno, ;8s, ;/sf/L ejg k"glg{df0f ul/ ;Defljt k|sf]kaf6 ;dfg's"ng ug{' /x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{s|d k"g;+/rgf / k"glg{df{0f sfo{k2tLdf cfwfl/t /xg] 5 . o;n] ;8s If]qsf e"sDk k|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{5 . l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf cjl:yt k|:tfljt ;8s pk–cfof]hgf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t ;+rfng ug{ nfuLPsf] Ps pkcfof]hgf xf] . lkkne~Hofª – xfo'6f/ – g]qsfnL ;8s pk–cfof]hgf l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsfsf] lkkne~Hofªaf6 z'? eO{ Wofªn]v ufFpkflnsfsf] dfemL6f/df df 6+'luG5 . of] ;8ssf] rf}8fO{ ^=@% dL= / hDdf nDafO{ #&=@) ls=dL= kb{5 . ;fGb{lestf /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt of]hgfsf] nflu /fli6«o jg If]q k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&$ cg';f/ lkkne~Hofª – xfo'6f/ – g]qsfnL ;8s pk–cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf hlt ?v sfl6G5g To;sf] !M@% cg'kftdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f / % aif{ ;Dd ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof / Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut pk/f]Qm cg';f/ lkkne~Hofª – xfo'6f/ – g]qsfnL ;8s pk–cfof]hgf ;fd'bflos, sa'lnolt tyf /fli6«o jg eP/ hfg] / sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut ;d]t 6]a'n ! df lbO{Psf] 5 .
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 184
6]a'n ! /fli6«o, sa'lnolt tyf ;fd'bflos jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut l;g+ jgsf] gfd sfl6g] Ifltk"lt{ la?jf, a[Iff/f]k0f uf]8d]n, k'g/f]k0f hDdf nfut ?v a[Iff/f]k0f / 3]/jf/ nfut nfut -g]=?=_ ;+Vof ?v ;+Vof klxnf] ls:tf bf]>f] ls:tf -!M@%_ -g]=?=_ -g]=?=_ ! sflnsf ;f= j= # &% !),!&)=&% !,!^#=@% !!,##$=)) @ emNsfg] ;f= j= $! !)@% !#(,)))=@% !%,*(&=&% !%$,*(*=)) # /gLaf; ;f= j= # &% !),!&)=&% !,!^#=@% !!,##$=)) $ dfg] e~Hofª & !&% @#,&#!=&% @,&!$=@% @^,$$^=*) sa'lnolt jg % /fli6«o jg &)( !&,&@% @,$)#,^*&=@% @&$,(!$=&% @,^&*,^)@=)) !@# #,)&% $!&,)))=&% $&,^(#=@% $^$,^($=)) hDdf **^ @@,!%) #,))#,&^!=%) #$#,%$^=%) #,#$&,#)*=))
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 185
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ , lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{ , l;Gw'nL
!= Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, l;Gw'nL != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . @= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOdf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ . #= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] . sflnsf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] .
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 186
$= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ . %= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO ÷ lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf, l;Gw'nL != a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{, lhNnf jg sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ . @= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . $= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfo tyf /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0faf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] # ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -&% lj?jfx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !!,##$=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . !—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !),!&)=&% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !,!^#=@% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] tkm{ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] OsfO sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 187
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ , lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{ , l;Gw'nL
!= Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, l;Gw'nL != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . @= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOdf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ . #= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{GjognfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] . emNsfg] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] .
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 188
$= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ . %= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO ÷ lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf , l;Gw'nL
!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no÷ lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{;+u ;dGjo ug]{ . @= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . $= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfo tyf /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0faf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] $! ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - !,)@% lj?jfx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !%$,*(*=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . !—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !#(,)))=@% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !%,*(&=&% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 ;d"xsf] tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 189
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ , lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{ , l;Gw'nL
!= Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, l;Gw'nL != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . @= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOdf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ . #= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] . /gLaf; ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 190
%= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO ÷ lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf, l;Gw'nL
!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no÷ lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{;+u ;dGjo ug]{ . @= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . $= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfo tyf /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0faf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] # ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -&% lj?jfx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !!,##$=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . !—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !),!&)=&% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !,!^#=@% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] OsfO sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 191
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ , lhNnf jg sfof{no / dfg] e~Hofª sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{ , l;Gw'nL
!= Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -s=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] . @= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, l;Gw'nL != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . @= s=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOdf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ . #= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] . dfg] e~Hofª sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 192
%= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO ÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf, l;Gw'nL
!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no÷ lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{;++u ;dGjo ug]{ . @= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfo tyf /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0faf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] & ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -!&% lj?jf_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= @^,$$^=*) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . !—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? @#,&#!=&% lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg] . @—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= @,&!$=@% lhNnf jg sfof{no nfO{ pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] OsfO sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 193
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO / lhNnf jg sfof{noxsf] aLrdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_ sfof{Gjog ug { ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_ kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO , l;Gw'nL != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0fsfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg] . @= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ug]{ . #= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, l;Gw'nL != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug{{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{ Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ . %= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO ÷ jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno÷;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf, l;Gw'nL != a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO;+u ;dGjo ug]{ . @= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 194
$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfo tyf /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0faf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] *#@ ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - @),*)) lj?jf_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= #,!$#,@(^=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . !—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? @,*@),^**=)) lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg] . @—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= #@@,^)*=)) lhNnf jg sfof{no nfO{ pknAw u/fpg]] .
lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 195
g. Plantation Plan in District Compensatory plantation: CF/NF/LHF
Requirements for plantation activities 1) Coordination with DFO - Meeting will be held with DFO and CFUG/LHFUGss to discuss about the plantation management 2) Agreement with DFO/LHFUG/CFUGs/DLPIU - Agreement will be done with DFO and DLPIU for the compensatory plantation 3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation . From DFO/CFUG nursery . From private nursery owner from districts . Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts. 4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by DFO and survey will be done. 5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned DFO/CFUG/LHFUG. 6) Pitting - Pits of 45cmx30cm x 30cm size will be dug. 7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites 8) Planting - It will be done by the DFO/CFUGs/LHFUG in the starting of monsoon 9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by weeds. 10) Survival count - Before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty replacement before next monsoon.
Plan of Action for Plantation in CF/NF/LHF
Activities May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
Agreement with DFO/CFUG/LHF UG/DLPIU
Managing planting stock
Survey of plantation area
Fencing
Pitting
Transportation of seedlings
Planting
Weeding
Survival count
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 196
Plantation in Private Land
Coordination with affected landowner - Meeting will be held with concerned affected landowner to discuss about the plantation trees in their land.
1) Managing planting stock . From DFO/CFUG nursery . From private nursery owner from districts . Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts. 2) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified in coordination with affected landowner. 3) Protection- Protection of planted trees will be done by the landowner. 4) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on the species. 5) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites 6) Planting - It will be done by the affected landowner and cost will be provided in the starting of monsoon 7) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce weed competition.
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 197
Roadside plantation
1) Coordination with local communities, Municipality, RM and DFO - Meeting will be held with concerned local communities, Municipality, RM and DFO to discuss about the plantation management 2) Agreement with concerned stakeholders - Agreement will be done with concerned local communities, Municipality, RM and DFO for the road side plantation 3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation . From DFO nursery . From private nursery owner from districts . Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts. 4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by concerned local communities, Municipality, RM, and DFO and survey will be done. 5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned local communities, Municipality, RM and DFO. 6) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on species 7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites 8) Planting - It will be done in the starting of monsoon 9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by weeds. 10) Survival count - before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty replacement before next monsoon.
Plan of Action for Roadside Plantation
Activities May 18 June 18 July 18 Aug 18 Sep 18
Agreement with local communities, Municipality, RM and DFO
Managing planting stock
Survey of plantation area
Fencing
Pitting
Transportation of seedlings Planting
Weeding
Survival count
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 198
Appendix XII: Affected Structures a. Private Structure
Details of Structures Total Area Affected storey Rate /Sqm Estimated Total ( Sqm) Area Cost Amount (Sqm) House 97.25 2 8304 1615128 1630128.00 Other Str. Total 1615128.00 Allowance 15000
Other Informations Structure Roof Wall Type Current Use Affected Earthquake Year of Type Type Affected Constructio n Load C.G.I stone/Wood Good Yes No 2048 Bearing
Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage/S.N. Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlemen ts 1 Padam Bahadur Bloar 22+900 Ghyanglek-2 (Haytar)
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 199
Details of Structures Total Area Affected Area storey Rate /Sqm Estimated Total ( Sqm) (Sqm) Cost Amount House 23.24 2 6200 288176 303176.00 Other Str. Allowance 15000 Other Informations Structure Roof Type Wall Type Current Use Affected Earthquake Year of Type Affected Construction Load Khar Bamboo Normal Yes No 2066 Bearing Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage/S.N. Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlements 2 Krishna Bahadur Syangten 23+540 Ghyanglek-2 Chalise Bagar
Details of Structures Total Area ( Affected Area storey Rate /Sqm Estimated Total Sqm) (Sqm) Cost Amount Goth 11 1 (L.S) 50000 65000.00 50000.00 Allowance 15000 Other Informations Structure Roof Wall Type Current Use Affected Earthquake Year of Type Type Affected Construction Load Bearing C.G.I Bamboo Not Good Yes No 2069
Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage/S.N. Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlemen ts 3 Ek Bahadur Khadka 24+070 Ghyanglek-2 Khattarmathi
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 200
Details of Structures Total Area ( Affected Area storey Rate /Sqm Estimated Total Sqm) (Sqm) Cost Amount Goth 30.4 2 (L.S) 100000 115000.00
Other Str.
Allowance 15000
Other Informations Structure Roof Wall Type Current Use Affected Earthquake Year of Type Type Affected Construction load Bearing C.G.I Bamboo Good Yes Yes 2062 Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlements 4 Jaskarna Magar 24+830 Ghyanglek-2 SimlePhant
Total Area ( Affected Area storey Rate /Sqm Estimated Cost Total Sqm) (Sqm) Amount
Goth 20.1 2 (L.S) 100000 115000.00 Allowance 15000 Other Informations Structure Roof Wall Type Current Use Affected Earthquake Year of Type Type Affected Construction Load Bearing C.G.I Stone/Bamboo Normal Yes No 2060
Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlemen ts 5 Bir Bahadur Khadka 24+870 Ghyanglek-2 SimlePhant
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 201
Details of Structures Total Area Affected Area storey Rate /Sqm Estimated Total ( Sqm) (Sqm) Cost Amount
House 36.49 2 8304 606025 621025.00 Other Str. Allowance 15000 Other Informations Structure Roof Wall Type Current Affected Earthquake Year of Type Type Use Affected Construction Load C.G.I Stone/Wood/Bamboo Good Yes No 2064 Bearing
Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage/S.N. Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlements 6 Tulpu Lama 26+440 Ghyanglek-2 DumriGoth
Details of Structures Total Area ( Affected storey Rate /Sqm Estimated Total Sqm) Area (Sqm) Cost Amount House 50.4 1 8304 418521.6 433521.60 Other Str. Allowance 15000 Other Informations Structure Roof Wall Type Curre Affected Earthquake Year of Type Type nt Use Affected Construction Load Bearing C.G.I Stone+Cement Mortar Good NO 2070
Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage/S.N. Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlemen ts 7 Bishnu Syangten 31+895 Ghyanglek-3 Chaukitar
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 202
Details of Structures Total Area ( Affected Area storey Rate /Sqm Estimated Total Sqm) (Sqm) Cost Amount Goth 19.2 1 (L.S) 50000 65000.00 Other Str. Allowance 15000 Other Informations Structure Roof Wall Type Current Use Affected Earthquake Year of Type Type Affected Construction Load Bearing C.G.I Bamboo Good Yes No 2065
8 Bishnu Syangten 31+895 Ghyanglek-3 b. Public Structure
Picture Detail 1 Chainage 24+080 Structure Type Tap Address Ghanglek Rural Municipality-2 Built Year 2070 Present Status On use (Good) Total cost (NRs.) 35000
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 203
Appendix XIII: Photographs a. Road Alignment at Various Points
Photograph 1: Road alignment at Pipalbhangyang Photograph 2: Road alignment at Potential (0+000) Landslide area
Photograph 3: Road alignment passing edge of Photograph 4: Vehicle movement along the Road the Dhanamana Khola alignment
Photograph 5: Road alignment at Hayutar bazar Photograph 6: Existing road conditions
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 204
b. Consultation Meetings
Photograph 1: Consultation meeting at Bhoteswora Photograph 2: Consultation with community forest users
Photograph 3: Consultation meeting at Chandanpur Photograph 4: Interaction with affected family
Photograph 5: consultation with Leasehold forest Photograph 6: Interaction with local teacher users
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 205
c. Vegetation and Physical Survey
Photograph 1:Measuring DBH Photograph 2: Vegetation survey in GMF
Photograph 3: Road alignment at Jhalkane CF Photograph 4: Road alignment at Government Forest
Photograph 5: Measuring the width of the road Photograph 6: Leasehold forest along the road (at 0+000) alignment
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 206
d. Different Species Captured during Field Visit
Photograph 1:Domestic dove at Khattar Photograph 2: Fish species found in Simle khola
Photograph 3: Domestic cat at Amale Photograph 4: Maina found at Hayutar
IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 207