UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the ? NAME______PERIOD______DATE______DL 10-12

Day 1: What were the historical circumstances for the founding of the Ming Objective: Dynasty? ● Describe the historical circumstances that led to the founding of the Ming Dynasty. ​ WRITE NOW: Read the following/analyze the diagram and use it to answer questions 1-3

The dynastic cycle is a political theory in Chinese history. ​ ​ Dynasties are ruling families who usually identify their time in ​ power with their family name. For example, the Qin Dynasty (ruled 221-207 BCE) and (206 BC–220 AD). ​ ​

The dynastic cycle theory states that dynasties gain and lose power over time. All dynasties that rise, will eventually fall. When dynasties gain power, their success is seen as evidence that they have the . A mandate is the ​ ​ authority to do something. The Mandate of Heaven was the authority to rule China, given by the gods, or heaven.

Dynasties claimed that they had the mandate of heaven to support their claim to rule. They did this usually by winning wars against other groups competing for power, then by bringing peace and taking actions to improve China.

At the end of dynasty, a ruling family lost the Mandate of Heaven when poor rulers and mistreatment of the people led to revolts and invasions.

In response, other groups who wanted power led rebellions and the most successful group took over the country, claimed the Mandate of Heaven, and the dynastic cycle began again.

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty? 1. What was the Mandate of Heaven? 2. Describe the Dynastic Cycle. 3. What evidence of the dynastic cycle have you learned about in global history? Evidence could come from regions other than China.

What were the historical circumstances for the founding of the Ming Dynasty? ➡ Directions: Watch this excerpt from the PBS, The Story of China: Hongwu and read the text and diagram and chart below, then ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ respond to the questions. Contextualize By the middle of the 14th century, the , run by the was in decline. Like all Chinese dynasties, it was coming to an end and the evidence that the rulers had lost the Mandate of Heaven was everywhere. The government was corrupt, spent too much money on wars, and they could not collect ​ ​ enough taxes from the population to provide them with the services to keep them content. In addition, many Chinese leaders grew tired of being ruled by the foreign Mongols. They wanted a return to China run by Chinese. In 1368, a rebel leader named Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398) who led a group of bandits against the Yuan military and other rivals who wanted power, captured the capital city and declared the start of the Ming dynasty (1369-1644).

The early Ming emperors pushed the Mongols and other nomadic tribes north and secured their borders. They reinforced and expanded the Great Wall of ​ China (video) continuously throughout their dynasty’s reign. Much of the Great Wall as we know it today was built during the Ming dynasty. ​ ​

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty?

Map image: H. Braun, L. Forman, H. Brodsky, Reviewing Global History and Geography, AMSCO (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents; Kublai Khan image is courtesy of Wikimedia Commons and is public domain; Battle image is courtesy of Wikimedia Commons and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ is public domain; Chart content: . (2017, June 22). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:32, July 18, 2017, from here. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

1. Who ruled China before the start of the Ming Dynasty? 4. Why did Zhu Yuanzhang rebel in 1368?

2. Why was the Yuan dynasty in decline? 5. What was the major impact of this rebellion?

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty?

3. Describe Zhu Yuanzhang’s life before he became the first Emperor of 6. What actions did the Hongwu Emperor (ruled 1368–98) take to gain, the Ming Dynasty and renamed himself Hongwu [video]. consolidate, and maintain power [video]?

SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances for the founding of the Ming Dynasty? ​ FA ➡ Directions: Using evidence from above, complete the Combined Context Expansion Sentence activity below to provide context for the​ founding of the Ming Dynasty. An example using the Fall of Rome is provided.

Event: Founding of the Ming Dynasty

Who?

Contextualize When?

Where? Why?

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty? How?

Historical Context- refers to the historical circumstances that led to this event/idea/historical ​ development

1. Explain the historical circumstances that led to the Founding of the Ming Dynasty_. [1]

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty?

Day 2: How did the Ming Dynasty gain, consolidate, and maintain power? Objective: ● Describe how the Ming Dynasty gained, consolidated, and maintained power ​ ➡ Directions: Make a prediction below. ​ ​ Make a Prediction: How do you ​ think the MIng dynasty was able to gain, maintain, and consolidate control of large territories across Predict Asia?

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty? Adapted by New Visions from TimeMap of World History (www.timemaps.com) page:https://www.timemaps.com/history/east-asia-1453ad/ ​ ​ ​

How did the Ming Dynasty gain, consolidate, and maintain power? Annotate ➡ Directions: Use the annotation key below while reading the documents that follow to gather evidence to answer the question: How did the Ming ​ Dyn​ asty gain, consolidate, and maintain power?

Annotation Key

G C M

Place a “G” next to evidence Place a “C” next to evidence Place an “M” next to Circle words that are unclear Write questions in the ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ of how Islamic Caliphates of how Islamic Caliphates evidence of how Islamic and identify possible margins to clarify GAINED power CONSOLIDATED power Caliphates MAINTAINED meanings. misunderstandings. ​ ​ ​ power

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty?

Document 1: Great Wall Watch this from the Ted-Ed video entitled, "What makes the Great Wall of China so extraordinary"then read the text and examine the images below. ​ ​ The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls, which formed most of what is After defeating the Mongol rulers of the Yuan Dynasty and called the Great Wall of China today. driving Mongol forces out of China, the Ming Emperor Hongwu started building new sections of the Great Wall and reinforcing sections that existed from past dynasties in 1368. Following the borders of the Ming Empire, the Ming additions to the wall included new towards, firearms, artillery, and lines of troops that patrolled the border. Much of the Great Wall as we see it today was added during the Ming Dynasty.

This passage was adapted by New Visions from the Ming Dynasty in New World Encyclopedia which is published ​ ​ under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.

Image was created by Like Tears in Rain and is published on Wikimedia Commons under a CC BY license. ​

The Great Wall at Mutianyu. This and many other famous sections of the Great Wall were built during the Ming dynasty.

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty?

This image was created by JB and is published on Flicker under a CC BY license. ​ ​

Document 2: The Jinyiwei

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty? The Jinyiwei was the imperial military secret police that served the emperors of the Ming dynasty in China. The Jinyiwei was founded by the Hongwu Emperor in 1368 to serve as his personal bodyguards. It grew into a military organization the following year. They were authorized to arrest, interrogate, and punish. The Jinyiwei also collected military intelligence on the enemy and participated in battle planning stages.

This passage was adapted by New Visions from the Ming Dynasty in New World Encyclopedia which is published ​ ​ under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.

A Jinyiwei guard's tablet Image was created by snowyowls and is published on Wikimedia Commons under a CC BY license. ​

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty?

Document 3: The Ming Code The legal code drawn up in the time of Hong Wu emperor was considered one of the great achievements of the era. Emperor Hong Wu took great care over the whole project and in his instruction to the ministers told them that the code of laws should be easy to understand, so officials and inhabitants would not misinterpret the laws. The code of the Ming Dynasty treated slaves better than the . Under the Tang code, slaves were treated almost like domestic animals. If they were killed by a free citizen, the law did not punish the killer. Under the Ming Dynasty, however, this was not so. The law protected slaves and free citizens. The Ming code also emphasized family relations through Confucian values.

This passage was adapted by New Visions from the Ming Dynasty in New World Encyclopedia which is published under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license. ​ ​

An image of the Addendum of Instructions to the Great Ming Code. This version of the code was published between 1573 and 1620. Source: World Digital Library, Addendum of Instructions to the Great Ming Code. ​

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty?

SQ 10: How did the Ming Dynasty gain, consolidate, and maintain power? ​ FA ➡ Directions: Using evidence from the documents above, complete the Combined Context Expansion Sentence task below in the spa​ ce provided. An example is included using the Mongol Empire.

Example: The Mongol Empire gained, consolidated, and maintained power throughout Asia during the 13th century ​

Event: The Ming Dynasty gained, consolidated, and maintained power. ​

Contextualize Who?

When?

Where?

How?

Combined Context Expansion Sentence

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty? Day 3: How did the Ming Dynasty interact with European traders and Christian Objective: missionaries? ● Describe how the Ming Dynasty interacted with European traders and Christian missionaries ​

See List three things you see in the image ​ ​ to the left.

Think Based on your observations, what do you think is the relationship between ​ ​ Christian missionaries and the Ming dynasty?

Wonder Write two questions you have about the image above.

Francis Xavier (left), Ignatius of Loyola (right) and Christ at the upper center. Below: Matteo Ricci (right) and Johann Adam Schall von Bell (left) Image is courtesy of Wikimedia Commons and is public domain ​ Matteo Ricci and the Jesuits in China

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty? ➡ Directions: Watch an excerpt of the PBS program A Story of China: Christian Missionary Matteo Ricci Journeys to China and read through ​ ​ the passage below and then answer the accompanying questions. Before the 16th century, some Europeans, like Marco Polo, ventured to China and returned to Europe to tell the tale, but ​ mostly, contact between Western Europe and East Asia took place through traders from the Middle East. In the 1500s, a new era of exploration and trade began. Macau Province in China ​ ​

In 1514, the Portuguese were the first Western European people to make regular direct contact with the Chinese. Though the Chinese were at first outraged by what they saw as the Europeans’ barbaric and uncivilized manners, they eventually allowed the Portuguese to dock their boats outside of and eventually to live in a port called Macao. From their base in Macao, the Portuguese traded in China and southeast Asia.

Source: Adapted from Asia for Educators, “Key Points in Developments in East Asia, 1450-1750. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_ming.htm

1. Before the Portuguese started trading with the Chinese, how did Europeans usually come into contact with goods and ideas from East Asia?

2. How did the Chinese first react to the Portuguese?

Image was created by Semhur and is published on Wikimedia Commons under a CC BY license. ​

In addition to traders, Christian missionaries named Jesuits came to China. Jesuits are an order of 3. Who are the Jesuits? What were ​ ​ UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty? Catholic monks belonging to a group called the Society of Jesus that was founded by Ignatius Loyola in their goals in China? 1540 and still exist today. Jesuits were, and still are, known for their dedication to education and for their attempts to spread Christianity around the world and convert people to the faith. As they would ​ ​ in other places, Jesuit missionaries brought their religion to the Chinese. Having learned about Confucianism, the Christians tried explaining their faith through a Chinese lens. Chinese officials were more impressed by some of the scientific achievements that the Europeans brought with them than with their religious philosophies.

The Jesuits, led by a man named Matteo Ricci, demonstrated their ability to predict solar eclipses which were important in Chinese culture, they also showed off inventions like the clock, prism, eyeglasses, 4. What did the Chinese want from and musical instruments. Most of these “European inventions” were derived from earlier Chinese and the Europeans? Middle Eastern breakthroughs that reached Europe through trade. In some cases, the Portuguese presented the Ming and Qing officials with innovations of technology that started centuries before in China. Matteo Ricci learned to speak and write classical Chinese and was the first European allowed into the emperor’s Forbidden City. The Portuguese in return learned a great deal from their Chinese hosts and brought their observations of Chinese culture back to Europe which spurred more interest in travel to and trade with East Asia. 5. What evidence is there of Initially, the Christian missionaries were successful. At the height of their activities during the early Qing cultural diffusion between the dynasty, several hundred court officials and around 300,000 regular Chinese people had converted. This Chinese and the Portuguese? What did not last long. In the mid 1700s emperors started to suppress Christian activities in China. impact might this have on their cultures? This passage was adapted by New Visions from the Matteo Ricci in New World Encyclopedia which is published under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license. ​ ​

SQ 13: How did the Ming Dynasty interact with European traders and Christian missionaries? ​ ➡ Directions: Using evidence from the documents above, respond to the task below in the space provided. ​

Document 1 Document 2

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty?

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty? Cause- refers to something that contributes to the occurrence of an event, the rise of an idea, or the bringing about of a ​ development.

Effect- refers to what happens as a consequence (result, impact, outcome) of an event, an idea or a development. ​ Identify and explain a cause and effect relationship associated with the ideas or events in documents 1 and 2. Be sure to use ​ ​ evidence from both documents 1 and 2 in your response. [1] ​ ​

UNIT 6 | Ottomans and Ming Pre-1600 | SQ 9: What were the historical circumstances fo ​ ​ ​ r the founding of the Ming Dynasty?