Christchurch Factual Report

REPORT

Earthquake Commission

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City

REPORT Earthquake Commission

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report

Christchurch City

Report prepared for: EARTHQUAKE COMMISSION

Report prepared by: Tonkin & Taylor LTD

Distribution: EARTHQUAKE COMMISSION 1 copy Tonkin & Taylor LTD (FILE) 1 copy

December 2011

T&T Ref: REP-CCM-FAC

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City T&T Ref. REP-CCM-FAC Earthquake Commission December 2011

Table of contents

1 Introduction 1 2 Project background 1 3 Site description 2 3.1 General 2 3.2 Regional geology 2 4 Geotechnical investigations 2 4.1 General 2 4.2 Cone penetration testing (CPT) 3 4.3 Machine boreholes 5 5 Laboratory testing 6 6 Environment Canterbury information 6 7 References 6

Appendix A: Investigation Location Plans and Geotechnical Investigations A0 - Key Map A1 - Papanui, Merivale and Fendalton areas A2 - St Albans area A3 - Richmond and Avonside areas A4 - Burwood and Avondale areas A5 - Aranui, New Brighton and North New Brighton areas A6 - Hoon Hay, Spreydon, Somerfield, Cashmere and Beckenham areas A7 - Waltham, Opawa, St Martins and Sydenham areas A8 - Woolston area A9 - Bromley area A10 - Southshore area A11 - Styx area A12 - Cone Calibration Certificates

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City T&T Ref. REP-CCM-FAC Earthquake Commission December 2011 1

1 Introduction

The Earthquake Commission (EQC) engaged Tonkin & Taylor (T&T) to undertake site investigations around selected suburbs of Canterbury following the Christchurch Earthquake sequence that started on 4 September 2010. These site investigations comprise: a) Cone penetration testing, b) Machine boreholes, c) Geophysical testing, d) Groundwater observations, and, e) Laboratory testing. Site investigation works and factual reporting is being undertaken for a number of suburbs that were affected by liquefaction induced land damage. This report only contains factual geotechnical information and is intended to provide a source of geotechnical data to support council consent applications for the suburb. This report presents all currently available geotechnical and engineering geological investigations that were commissioned by EQC during 2010/2011 and all readily available data that Environment Canterbury (ECan) and Christchurch City Council (CCC) hold for the suburb. This is a factual report of field investigations. The field investigations have been undertaken at discrete locations and no inferences about the nature and continuity of ground conditions away from the investigations locations are made. No interpretation of investigation results has been made in this report.

2 Project background

The Christchurch earthquake sequence began with a magnitude (M) 7.1 earthquake (the Darfield Earthquake) which occurred on 4 September 2010. The epicentre of this earthquake was located close to the town of Darfield, approximately 40 km west of Christchurch. A (M) 6.3 earthquake (the Christchurch Earthquake) occurred on 22 February 2011. The epicentre of this earthquake was located close to Lyttelton, approximately 11 km south-east of Christchurch City. A further (M) 6.3 earthquake occurred on 13 June 2011. The epicentre of this earthquake was located approximately 10km east of Christchurch City. These earthquakes caused extensive ground liquefaction in localised areas of Canterbury and Christchurch City. The liquefaction resulted in major ground settlement, lateral spreading and, to a lesser extent, foundation support failure with consequential building damage. T&T have carried out a broad geotechnical land damage assessment and mapping of the main urban areas in the Canterbury region that have been significantly affected by strong ground motion arising from these earthquakes. The results of that assessment are presented in the T&T Stage 1 report (Ref 1) dated October 2010 and released to the general public by EQC. The Stage 1 report presented the land damage categorisation, mapping methodology, information and results generated to 1 October 2010. Land remediation concepts and generalised land remediation options were also presented. The T&T Stage 2 report (Ref 2) dated November 2010 and released to the general public by EQC is based on a detailed suburb-by-suburb engineering assessment into the nature and extent of land damage. Further land damage mapping and assessments were carried out by T&T after the 22 February 2011 and 13 June 2011 Christchurch aftershock events. The results of these assessments were summarised prior to issue to the NZ Government to assist them in their decision making

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City T&T Ref. REP-CCM-FAC Earthquake Commission December 2011 2 process. The Canterbury Land Information Map for residential properties was publicly announced by the NZ Government and Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (Cera) on 23 June 2011. Specific areas within the suburbs named in this report have been subjected to EQC commissioned geotechnical investigations following the 22 February 2011 Earthquake. (Ref. 6) This report details investigations that have been carried out on behalf of EQC at discreet locations beyond the investigation boundaries referred to above. Investigations at a number of locations described within this report have been preparatory to ongoing geotechnical and ground water monitoring.

3 Site description

3.1 General The suburbs covered by this additional geotechnical factual report include: Papanui, Merivale, St Albans, Richmond, Avonside, Avondale, New Brighton, North New Brighton, Hoon Hay, Spreydon, Somerfield, Beckenham, Cashmere, Waltham, Opawa, Sydenham, St Martins, Woolston, Bromley, Styx, Aranui, Burwood and Southshore. The major waterways within or adjoining these suburbs include the Avon and Heathcote Rivers, Avon and Heathcote Estuary, the Pacific Ocean and many smaller streams. With the exception of the hillside areas of the suburb of Cashmere the subject areas are typically low lying and topographically are typically flat.

3.2 Regional geology The publication “Geology of the Christchurch Urban Area” (Ref 3) shows that those areas of Christchurch City that are covered by this additional geotechnical testing are typically underlain by one of four geological formations. 1) Sand of fixed and semi-fixed dunes of marine origin, 2) Sand, silt and peat of drained lagoons and estuaries, 3) Peat swamps, now drained, and, 4) Alluvial sand and silt overbank deposits. All geological deposits are of Holocene age.

4 Geotechnical investigations

4.1 General The geotechnical investigations which were commissioned by EQC following the Canterbury Earthquakes (2010/2011) were scoped and located under the direction of T&T. The locations were selected taking into account access for the site investigation plant, the presence of services and any traffic management requirements. Investigations which were completed subsequent to the Christchurch Earthquake (22 February 2011) comprise: a) 53 Cone penetration tests (CPTs), b) 9 Machine drilled boreholes, and, c) Laboratory testing.

The location of the site investigations are shown on Drawings GIP-CCM-A1 to GIP-CCM -A11 (Appendix A1 - A11) and the above investigation techniques are discussed below.

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City T&T Ref. REP-CCM-FAC Earthquake Commission December 2011 3

4.2 Cone penetration testing (CPT) Four companies were commissioned to provide CPT probing services on this project and information on the CPT rig capability is summarised briefly below. The output of each CPT rig varies and therefore the testing data has been produced on a standard T&T template. The company which carried out each CPT test is identified on the CPT log. The companies that carried out the testing were: a) Opus International Consultants Ltd (Opus) - 18T truck-mounted rig, b) Perry Drilling Ltd (Perry) - 20T rubber tracked truck-mounted rig, c) McMillan Drilling Services (McMillan) - 14T truck-mounted rig, and, d) Geotech Drilling Ltd (Geotech) - 16T truck-mounted rig. The Cone Calibration Certificates for each of the above CPT rigs are presented in Appendix A12. Selected CPT probes had down-hole seismic shear wave velocity testing carried out. These are identified on each CPT log and are summarised in Table 4-1 below. Each CPT probe location was pre-dug by hand to a depth of 1.2m to mitigate the risk of a clash with and damage to underground services at the investigation locations. The CPT test location details are summarised below in Table 4-1.

Table 4-1 Cone penetration testing summary

Suburb CPT ID Depth Location Location Ground Ground Comments (m) (mE) (mN) Surface Water RL Depth (m) APPENDIX A1 Papanui CPT-PAI-19 10.38 2478201.49 5745949.01 13.46 1.30 Merivale CPT-MRV-26 4.28 2478463.60 5743969.96 10.36 1.29 Piezometer installed APPENDIX A2 St Albans CPT-STA-42 6.28 2479733.29 5745155.09 7.03 0.20 St Albans CPT-STA-56 16.66 2481586.02 5744664.18 4.44 0.72 Piezometer installed St Albans CPT-STA-57 13.68 2481801.44 5744879.21 5.35 2.00 St Albans CPT-STA-58 12.56 2481862.00 5744643.09 5.04 0.91 Piezometer installed APPENDIX A3 Richmond CPT-RCH-40 4.50 2482502.10 5742760.07 3.50 Richmond CPT-RCH-42 8.50 2482562.14 5742539.64 2.11 1.50 Richmond CPT-RCH-43 26.12 2482476.47 5742429.41 2.19 0.86 Piezometer installed Richmond CPT-RCH-44 23.56 2482350.58 5742427.24 2.55 2.00 Richmond CPT-RCH-45 7.16 2482429.93 5742518.51 3.11 2.00 Richmond CPT-RCH-46 9.06 2482431.33 5742730.97 4.06 2.33 Piezometer installed Richmond CPT-RCH-72 12.84 2482458.21 5743888.63 2.92

Avonside CPT-AVS-59 25.61 2484440.05 5742676.44 3.20 2.20 APPENDIX A4 Avondale CPT-AVD-62 36.23 2485921.89 5745064.83 1.45 2.60 APPENDIX A5 New Brighton CPT-NBT-50 44.86 2488267.56 5744523.13 3.90 2.70 NN Brighton CPT-NNB-09 41.36 2487244.00 5745668.27 3.38 1.60

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City T&T Ref. REP-CCM-FAC Earthquake Commission December 2011 4

APPENDIX A6 Hoon Hay CPT-HNH-17 1.54 2478202.34 5738694.92 11.38 2.00 Hoon Hay CPT-HNH-19 5.57 2477190.17 5738245.70 11.37 1.60 Hoon Hay CPT-HNH-25 18.86 2478660.94 5738484.94 11.99 1.30 Seismic CPT Hoon Hay CPT-HNH-28 2.77 2478683.65 5738101.24 11.20 2.00 Hoon Hay CPT-HNH-35 6.17 2476053.72 5738534.65 15.31 1.70 Hoon Hay CPT-HNH-36 5.52 2476284.25 5738820.21 14.52 1.60 Hoon Hay CPT-HNH-37 15.01 2476638.44 5738940.87 13.85 0.50 Hoon Hay CPT-HNH-38 16.41 2476838.89 5739122.94 14.55 1.90 Spreydon CPT-SPN-01 15.34 2477969.01 5739411.76 11.36 Spreydon CPT-SPN-02 4.76 2478418.97 5739782.98 10.81 2.00 Spreydon CPT-SPN-04 2.07 2479710.34 5739856.81 10.73 2.00 Spreydon CPT-SPN-05 1.44 2479936.87 5739716.93 10.10 2.70 Spreydon CPT-SPN-06 8.21 2478630.44 5739355.93 9.50 2.00 Seismic CPT Spreydon CPT-SPN-13 8.90 2478172.50 5738810.58 12.92 2.30 Spreydon CPT-SPN-25 13.34 2479810.69 5737953.24 9.96 2.00 Spreydon CPT-SPN-29 2.32 2478759.38 5737548.24 10.44 1.50 Spreydon CPT-SPN-31 20.96 2479073.20 5737033.11 8.52 1.50 Spreydon CPT-SPN-32 12.19 2479245.76 5737447.57 9.09 1.50 Spreydon CPT-SPN-34 2.58 2479931.30 5737728.88 7.26 1.30 Somerfield CPT-SMF-06 8.96 2479694.53 5738573.89 10.49 0.92 Piezometer installed Beckenham CPT-BKM-02 4.52 2480473.36 5738286.39 6.45 1.83 Piezometer installed Cashmere CPT-CHM-06 2.03 2480375.79 5738101.96 7.98 0.90 Cashmere CPT-CHM-15 12.88 2479508.93 5736894.95 64.35 0.40 APPENDIX A7 Waltham CPT-WTM-01 13.54 2481775.65 5740433.67 4.50 2.00 Waltham CPT-WTM-20 1.32 2481965.46 5739566.29 5.89 2.02 Piezometer installed Waltham CPT-WTM-22 2.56 2481791.18 5739325.40 4.58 2.42 Piezometer installed Opawa CPT-OPA-20 24.67 2482959.06 5738461.66 1.58 0.90 Seismic CPT Sydenham CPT-SYD-03 15.17 2481510.33 5739829.77 6.01 0.20 St Martins CPT-STM-02 2.91 2481555.25 5738241.97 4.02 0.70 APPENDIX A8 Woolston CPT-WSW-31 25.46 2483854.75 5738896.06 2.61 2.40 Woolston CPT-WSW-32 7.39 2484215.67 5738945.85 2.31 1.62 Piezometer installed Woolston CPT-WSW-33 9.71 2484195.04 5738606.79 2.56 1.80 Seismic CPT Woolston CPT-WSW-56 8.66 2485542.08 5739960.56 2.09 0.70 APPENDIX A9 Bromley CPT-BRY-08 32.21 2485354.40 5741594.79 4.07 1.12 Piezometer installed Bromley CPT-BRY-13 31.42 2484791.10 5740574.35 3.35 1.80 Piezometer installed APPENDIX A11 Styx CPT-STX-01 4.10 2478819.74 5748780.58 11.31 1.50

Full details of the CPT results are presented in Appendices A1 - A11.

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City T&T Ref. REP-CCM-FAC Earthquake Commission December 2011 5

Ground water levels are based on dynamic pore water pressure results in CPT testing and records from piezometer readings. Piezometer location details are presented in Table 4-1 and details of a typical piezometer installation are presented in Appendices A1 - A11.

4.3 Machine boreholes Five companies were commissioned to provide borehole drilling services on the Christchurch Earthquake Recovery project. Their rig capabilities are briefly discussed below. Each borehole log identifies the company which conducted the drilling. a) McMillan Drilling Services (McMillan) used a direct push drilling rig with Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) at typically 1.2 m centres where appropriate. The direct push yields nearly continuous core recovery and generally extended to a minimum depth of 20m with a core diameter of 50 mm. b) DCN Drilling Limited (DCN) used a combination vibratory sonic and top drive rotary with HQ coring. Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) were carried out at typically 1.5 m centres. Achievable depth range was typically 20-30 metres. c) Pro-Drill Ltd (Prodrill) used a top drive rotary with HQ coring. Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) were carried out at typically 1.5 m centres. Achievable depth range was typically 20-30 metres. d) McNeill Drilling Co Ltd (McNeill) used a top drive rotary with HQ coring. Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) were carried out at typically 1.5 m centres. Achievable depth range was typically 20-30 metres. e) Griffiths Drilling Ltd (Griffiths) used a top drive rotary with HQ coring. Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) were carried out at typically 1.5 m centres. Achievable depth range was typically up to 20 metres. On completion of drilling the boreholes were finished in one of four ways, as listed below: (a) Backfilling the hole to comply with Environment Canterbury requirements (typically filled with grout or bentonite). (b) Installation of a piezometer, (c) Installation of PVC ducting to enable down-hole shear wave velocity testing, or, (d) Installation of ducting or casing as required to enable the installation of an inclinometer (INC), magnetic extensometer (EXT) or shape accel array (SAA) instruments as indicated on the borelogs. (Readings taken to date from these various instruments are not presented in this report.) The recovered core samples were either presented in clear plastic liners or placed into core boxes. The samples were returned to the T&T office in Christchurch for logging, typically within 24 hours of the borehole being completed. The core recovered from the boreholes was logged by a geotechnician, who was supervised by a Senior Engineering Geologist, in general accordance with the New Zealand Geotechnical Society Guidelines (Ref 4). Representative samples were selected from the borehole materials for laboratory testing. The machine borehole location details are summarised below in Table 4-2.

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City T&T Ref. REP-CCM-FAC Earthquake Commission December 2011 6

Table 4-2 Machine borehole drilling summary

Suburb BH ID Depth Location Location Ground Method Drilling (m) (mE) (mN) Surface Company RL Woolston BH-WSW-09 20.45 2484195.08 5738606.78 2.55 HQTT Prodrill Richmond BH-RCH-07 20.45 2482351.35 5742427.35 2.67 HQTT Prodrill Richmond BH-RCH-08 15.95 2482562.14 5742539.64 2.11 HQTT/OB Prodrill Aranui BH-ARN-EXT 15.00 2486599.47 5743861.70 1.73 PQTT Prodrill Avondale BH-AVD-INC 28.95 2484543.67 5744900.49 1.53 Sonic DCN Southshore BH-SSH-INC 44.25 2489579.43 5739457.07 1.74 HQTT Prodrill Burwood BH-BUR-SAA 34.91 2484054.83 5745206.85 0.91 HQTT/OB Prodrill Burwood BH-BUR-EXT 15.00 2484059.03 5745194.26 0.85 PQTT Prodrill Avonside BH-AVS-SAA 30.39 2483458.71 5743387.69 1.49 HQTT Prodrill

The borehole logs and photographs of the borehole cores are presented in the Appendices, A1 - A11.

5 Laboratory testing

Geotechnics Ltd (Tauranga) were commissioned by T&T to undertake various laboratory tests on samples obtained from the investigation boreholes. Samples recovered from boreholes were couriered to Tauranga for soil classification tests. The samples typically comprised disturbed samples. The tests undertaken include: (a) Fines content (wet sieve) testing generally in accordance with NZS 4402:1986 Test 2.8.1 (Ref 5), and, (b) Particle size distribution testing in accordance with NZS 4402:1986 Test 2.8.1 (Ref 5) Copies of the laboratory test results are included in the Appendices, A1 - A11. 6 Environment Canterbury information

Additional borehole data is held by Environment Canterbury for the Canterbury region and forms a part of previous investigations undertaken by a variety of geotechnical consultants and/or groundwater well construction contractors. Records and locations of these boreholes for the Canterbury region are not presented within this report or shown on the provided drawings however they may be obtained from Environment Canterbury where required.

7 References

1. Tonkin & Taylor Ltd (October 2010), prepared for the Earthquake Commission Christchurch Earthquake 4 September 2010 Geotechnical Land Damage Assessment & Reinstatement Report STAGE 1 REPORT. 2. Tonkin & Taylor Ltd (November 2010), prepared for the Earthquake Commission Christchurch Earthquake 4 September 2010 Geotechnical Land Damage Assessment & Reinstatement Report STAGE 2 REPORT.

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City T&T Ref. REP-CCM-FAC Earthquake Commission December 2011 7

3. Brown, L.J.; Weeber, J.H. (1992), Geology of the Christchurch urban area. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:25,000 geological map 1. 1 sheet + 104p. Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited. 4. NZ Geotechnical Society (December 2005), Field Description for Soil and Rock. Guideline for the Field Classification and Description of Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes. 5. New Zealand Standards (1986), NZS4402: Methods of testing for civil engineering purposes. 6. Tonkin & Taylor Ltd, prepared for the Earthquake Commission Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Reports: x Aranui (September 2011) x Somerfield (September 2011) x Avondale (September 2011) x Sydenham (September 2011) x Waltham (October 2011) x Spreydon (October 2011) x Hoon Hay (September 2011) x St Albans (October 2011) x New Brighton (December 2011) x Opawa (November 2011) x Beckenham & Cashmere (December 2011) x North New Brighton (October 2011) x Merivale (December 2011) x Papanui (November 2011) x St Martins (December 2011) x Burwood (December 2011) x Bromley (December 2011) x Woolston (December 2011) x Richmond (December 2011) x Avonside (December 2011)

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City T&T Ref. REP-CCM-FAC Earthquake Commission December 2011 8

Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Geotechnical Factual Report Christchurch City T&T Ref. REP-CCM-FAC Earthquake Commission December 2011