Identification of 129 strains isolated from food of animal origin C. Delarras, C. Guichaoua and M.-P. Caprais

Code words: Staphylococcus- nitrofurantoin- aurease- ID 32 STAPH Tab. 1: List of 26 biochemical tests in the ID 32 STAPH-system - numerical identification Reaction/ Test Reaction/ Test substrate substrate 129 strains of Micrococcaceae novobiocin (5 11g/ml), 13 to 44% Urease URE Cellobiose (F) GEL were isolated from food of animal were identified with negative dis­ Aginin dihydrolase ADH Acetoin (production) VP origin (minced meat, cakes with cordant tests using this mi­ Ornithin decarboxylase ODC Nitrat (reduction) NIT confectioner's custard) on Baird­ cromethod. 44% produced no ac­ Esculin (hydrolysis) ESC B Galactosidase B GAL Glucose (F) GLU Arginin arylamidase ArgA Parker medium. etoin, 35 % had no urease and Fructose (F) FRU Alkaline phosphatase PAL 15 % no arginine dihydrolase. Maltose (F) MAL Pyrrolidonyl Arylamidase PyrA 120 were Staphylococcus and 9 Mannose (F) MNE Novobiocin (Resistance) NOVO Lactose (F) LAC Sucrose (F) SAC , according to the 10 48 Staphylococcus strains (40 %) Trehalose (F) TRE N-Acetyl Glucosamine (F) NAG 32 STAPH-System (1989). The re­ were identified as human coagula­ Mannitol (F) MAN Turanose (F) TUR sults were analyzed using a com­ se negative Staphylococcus spe­ Raffinose (F) RAF Arabinose (F) ARA Ribose (F) RIB B Glucoronidase B GUR puter program. cies (strains: 39; species: 9) or as

animal species (strains: 4; spe­ (F) ~ Fermentation 60% of these 120 Staphylococcus cies: 1). 5 were Staphylococcus strains of animal origin were co­ sp S. epidermidis and S. warneri - similar colonies, but without reading of the biochemical tests agulase positive S. aureus (au­ represented 63 % of these Micro­ halos. Some of them con-espond to after 24 hours incubation at 37 °C. rease+, Rapidec Staph tech­ coccaceae with particular bio­ coagulase positive S. aureus (10) nique*). 46% were resistant to chemical characteristics. but most of them are identified A comparison of the identification with other species of staphylococci of staphylococci of food origin and (14, 12) or other (micro­ of other origins by 3 micromethods cocci: (19)), as a function of the has shown that the ID 32 STAPH Micrococcaceae, particularly sta­ dium from food of animal origin. origin of their strains. system gives the best results (13). phylococci, with strains of coagu­ They have been studied in relation Micrococcaceae strains from inter­ lase positive S. aureus have- been to their biochemical and ecological The colonies above are cultured on national collections which have al­ detected in food products for 20 to properties and on the basis of pre­ trypticase soya agar before being ready been studied with this system 30 years. Many papers have dealt vious studies (10, 12). studied. were not reintroduced into the with their enumeration and identifi­ present work (13). cation (3, 8, 19, 27. 29). S. aureus Material and methods Differentiation tests for isolated from milk, cheese or other Staphylococcus and Numerical identification foods can produce enterotoxins Preparation of the food Micrococcus The results of the 26 biochemical which cause food poisoning in man Food of animal origin (uncooked, The nitrofurantoin test (18) with tests for each strain are expressed (45, 48). French legislation there­ frozen minced meat, cakes with 300 }lg/ml discs (Diagnostics Pas­ in + and - signs and then in a fore requires their detection and · confectioner's custard) are routine­ teur) is prefeiTed to other tests numerical profile with 9 numbers identification in food products. ly analyzed in hygiene laboratories because it givesc good differentia­ in accordance with the manufactur­ in accordance with the Decree of tion of staphylococci and micro­ er's coding system. Other species of staphylococci of the 21st December 1979 (Joumal cocci of food origin (11). It was human origin which are coagulase Officiel Fran9ais of 19-01-80). carried out in Mueller-Hinton They are interpreted with a compu­ negative (15. 22, 25, 32) are not (D.P.) medium, the antibiogramme ter program which gives infonna­ researched in food. They are poten­ 30 g of food (after thawing out) are technique being used for these 129 tion such as: the number and nature tially pathogenic and this finds ground in a grinder-homogenizer in strains. of the discordant tests with the expression in various infections in buffed peptone water (Bacto-pep­ percentages of positive results for man (6, 7, 30). Some of them may tone 20 g, NaCl 5 g, monopotassi­ After 24 hours incubation at 37 °C the relevant species. also produce enterotoxins (31 ). um phosphate 1,5 g, dis odium the diameter of the zone of inhibi­ phosphate 9 g, distilled water tion is measured. If it is more than Aurease test for S. aureus Staphylococci species of animal 1000 ml, pH 7,2). It is obligatory to 15 mm the strain is sensitive (Sta­ strains origin have been described during lase positive S. treat frozen food for 30 to 45 min phylococcus) but if it is less than the past ten years, i.e. S. sciuri The Micrococcaceae identified as the growth of at 20 ac. 15 mm it is resistant (Micrococ­ (23), S. intermedius (16), S. arlet­ S. aureus by the ID 32 STAPH were unknown cus). derived from tae, S. klosii and S. equorum (33). Staphylococci isolation system were examined for free co­ Some may also be pathogenic to Biochemical study agulase by a standardized mi­ man. This was done according to the cromethod: Rapidec Staph (bi­ AFNOR NF-V-08-014 standard for A micromethod was used here. The oMerieux s.a.). Aurease or free In food control laboratories, coagu­ the enumeration of S. aureus or­ new system ID 32 STAPH (5) with coagulase staphylococci were de­ lase positive S. aureus organisms ganisms in food. 0.1 ml of food its 26 biochemical tests (tab. 1) tected by a U.V. light fluorescent are usually isolated on Baird-Park­ suspension was spread on Baird­ intended mainly for the identifica­ reaction after 2 hours incubation at er medium (2) but many other Parker medium in a Petri dish. tion of the genera Staphylococcus 37 oc. media have been suggested from After 24 and 48 hours incubation 2 and Micrococcus is the one in Zebovitz medium (35) to modified types of colonies were harvested: question. Results Baird-Parker media (26) and com­ parative studies have been made of - circular, convex, black and Each strip was inoculated with a The 129 Micrococcaceae strains in the media (3). shiny colonies with a clear halo of suspension into 2 ml of sterile dis­ the present study were found, when eggyolk colour. These are consid­ tilled water, the opaqueness of submitted to a 300 )..lg/ml nitro­ During obligatory bacteriological ered as characteristic of coagulase which is equal to 0.5 MacFarland furantoin test, to be divided as controls Micrococcaceae have positive S. aureus and are routinely units. Th~ procedures recommend­ follows: been isolated on Baird-Parker me- enumerated after confirmation by a ed by the manufacturer are fol­ *) bioMerieux s.a., Marcy !'Etoile, F- free coagulase test. lowed for inoculation and for the - 123 sensitive strains are staphy· 69752 Charbonnieres-les-Bains Ce­ locci, but 3 of them are confinned dex, Frankreich Fleischwirtsch. 74 (1 0), 1084-1086 (1994) as micrococci (tab. 4) 1084 Fleischwirtsch. 7 4 (1 0), i994 - 6 resistant strains are micrococ­ Tab. 2: Identification of 120 Staphylococcus strains isolated from food of animal origin - 8 species are rarely found in these foods: S. capitis, S. cohnii, S. ci Number of strains Staphylococcus Nb. T.P. I.P./ I.P./ biochemical haemolyticus, S. hominis 2, S. Biochemical identification of the species T.A. T.A. particu- simulans, S. ~cylosus and S. schleif­ larities 129 Micrococcaceae strains using 1 2a4 eri. They were originally isolated the ID 32 STAPH system S. aureus 72 4 22 46 ct. Table 3 from the human skin (15, 22, 32) S. capitis 1 1 but can also be found in milk S. chromogenes 4 4 120 strains isolated from these S. cohnii 1 1 1 products and meat products (8, 9, foods and classified as Staphyloco­ S. epidermidis 1 8 3 5 ADH-/5 27) and in cheese (29). ccus strains are identified with var­ S. epidermidis 2 1 1 S. haemolyticus 1 1 ious species of the data base (tab. 2 S. hominis 2 2 2 They are identified in the ID 32 and 3) and only 9 strains with S. schleiferi 2 1 1 STAPH system by 1 to 4 atypical micrococci (tab. 4). S. simulans 1 1 tests. The 8th species S. chromoge­ S. warneri 21 2 9 10 PAL+/4 VP-/7 nes ( 17) of animal origin (pigs, The results show the number of S. xylosus 1 1 cows with bovine mastitis, poultry) strains with a typical biochemical S. species 5 5 T.A. > 4 is represented by 4 strains which profile (discordant tests: 0), the Total strains 120 7 36 77 can be identified by atypical posi­ strains with profile identified by 1 tive tests. discordant tests (1, 2 to 4) and their Nb. =Number T.P. =typical biochemical profile biochemical details. They are ana­ I.P. = identified profile - 2 other species: S. epidermidis 1 lyzed and discussed. T.A. 1, T.A. 2 to 4 = tests against 1, 2 to 4 and > 4 and 2 (9 strains) and particularly S. Tab. 3: Identification of 72 S. aureus strains isolated from food of animal origin warneri (21 strains) make up 63 % Discussion of these staphylococci of food ori­ Number of strains gin other than S. aureus. S. aureus Nb. T.P. I.P./ I.P./ biochemical 129 i'vlicrococcaceae strains iso­ T.A. T.A. particu- tests lated from food of animal origin 1 2a4 larities S. epidermidis, which was rede­ 37 °C. fined by SCHLEIFER and KLOOS Aurease + NOVO R/33 Of the 2 types of colonies harvest­ IRE-/10 (32) and is isolated from the human cation ed on Baird-Parker medium: 123 ADH-/5 skin, can be transmitted to domes­ in and (95 %) are presumed to be staphy­ Novobiocin 33 5 28 LAC-/4 tic animals by man or by his resistance VP-/12 ~thods lococci, whilst 6 (5 %) are micro­ TUR-/8 activities (21). 5 out of the 9 strains TAPH cocci according to the nitrofuranto­ Aurease + URE-/15 have no arginin dihydrolase. ; (13). in test. But their identification on ADH-/4 Novobiocin 37 4 17 16 LAC-/6 inter­ ID 32 STAPH shows that 3 of sensitive VP-/18 S. vvarneri which is sometimes tve al­ them, classified as Staphylococcus TUR-/6 isolated from the human skin (22) ;ystem strains, have the biochemical pro­ Aurease- ADH-/2 and often from hat of other pri­ Novobiocin 2 2 LAC-/2 o the files of Micrococcus (tab. 4). This sensitive VP-/1 mates (21) is the second species has already been noted in an earlier here, numerically, after S. aureus. study (11). On the other hand the NOVO R/33 4 of these strains are phosphatase URE-/25 127 micrococci (collections, patho­ Total strains 72 4 22 46 ADH-/11 positive, although this test is al­ logical products and the environ­ LAC-/11 ways negative in the data base. S. cmical ment) studied by HEBERT and VP-/31 warneri strains from collections 'res sed TUR-/14 CAILLET (18) are resistant to ni­ --- may give a weakly positive reac­ 1 in a trofurantoin. Thus 120 strains are % oi positive results of S. aureus (data base): NOVO 1 %, URE 84 %, ADH 83 %, LAC tion (22). tmbers staphylococci (tab. 2 and 3) and 9 -95-%, VP 97 %, TUR "84% NOVO R: Novobiocin resistant factur- are micrococci (tab. 4). 9 micrococci isolated from food (46 o/o) are resistant to this antibiot­ whilst 14 strains (19 o/o) do not of animal origin (tab. 4) 120 staphylococci isolated from ic, as against 1 o/o in the data base. ferment turanose (TUR-test) and 11 ompu­ food of animal origin do not fennent lactose (15 %). The These are identified with 4 of the 6 forma­ - 37 S. aureus aurease positive percentages of positive results for species which are differentiated in nature 72 of the 120 staphylococci (60 %) and 2. S. aureus aurease negative these tests lie between 83 % and the ID 32 STAPH system, whilst th the are S. aureus, whilst 48 of them are normally sensitive to novobioc­ 97% (APILAB, Tab. 3). Here, be­ the genus Micrococcus has 9 which lts for can be identified as of human ori­ m. ing negative, they characterize 15 have been biochemically defined gin (15, 22, 32). Although Baird­ to 44 % of these strains. (24). Parker medium was manufactured The 33 S. aureus strains of food in 1962 for the detection of coagu­ origin and resistant to novobiocin - 6 micrococci have a biochemi­ lase positive S. aureus, it permits behave like S. saprophyticus (1) or The 48 staphylococci othe1· than cal profile with 0 or 1 discordant fied as the growth of other species which S. cohnii and S. )..-ylosus (32), which S. aureus (tab 2) test on the ID 32 STAPH strip :TAPH were unknown at the time and are coagulase negative strains. ree co­ derived from colonies without a 43 strains can be identified with 10 - 3 micrococci are identified as d mi- halo. The same has been observed 31 of the 72 S. aureus strains species of coagulase negative sta­ species with 2 to 4 atypical tests. 1 (bi­ with staphylococci isolated from (44 %) do not produce acetoin (VP­ phylococci. 5 strains have not been Thus 5 of the 6 M. luteus from >r free raw milk (10) and deep-frozen veg­ test). 25 (35 %) have no urease classified in the of the foods are phosphatase positive :re de­ etables (12) (URE-test) and 11 (15 %) have no data base and are designated Sta­ whilst only 10 o/o of the strains rescent arginin dihydrolase (ADH-test), phylococcus sp. have this enzyme (data base). M. ttion at 72 S. aureus strains (tab. 2 and 3) luteus strains from collections and Tab. 4: Identification of 9 Micrococcus isolated from food of animal origin of various origins (water, air), have 70 out of the 72 strains have free given between 90 and 100 o/o of Number of strains coagulase (aurease test, tab. 3). 2 Micrococcus species Nb. T.P. J.P./ P.l./ biochemical phosphatase positive tests on the strains have a negative reaction T.A. T.A. particu- API STAPH strip (10). ·ains in like those previously isolated from 1 2a4 larities I, when dry sausage (1 0). M. kristinae 1 1 The M. roseus strain has a white nitro­ M. luteus 6 1 3 2 Nitro S/2 pigment here although M. luteus jed as These 72 staphylococci are identi­ PAL+/5 usually produces a pink or red M. nishinomiyaensis 1 1 fied as S. aureus of the data base M. roseus 1 1 Nitro S pigment (24) by discordant tests such as the white colour staphy­ 5 ).lg/ml novobiocin test (NOVO): Total strains 9 2 4 3 Conclusions lfirmed - 33 S. aureus aurease positive Nitro S = sensitive nitrofurantoin Of the 129 strains of Micrococ- ), 1994 Fleischwirtsch. 74 (10), 1994 1085 €l)~.

caceae isolated from minced meat (1981): Etude taxonomique des Micro­ tion des Micrococcaceae d'origine fro­ nov. and S. kloosii sp. nov.: three new and cakes on Baird-Parker me­ coccaceae. These de Doctoral d'etat, magere. Caracterisation des souches coagulase-negative, novobiocin resi­ U.E.R. de Sciences Exactes et Natu­ pour leur utilisation comme levains en stant species from animals. System. dium, 120 are staphylocci and only relles de I'Universite de Clermont II. - fromageries. These d'Universite, U. E. Appl. Microbial. 5, 501-509. - 34. 9 micrococci on the basis of the 11. DELARRAS, C. (1984): Comparai­ R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles de WATTS, J.L., W.E. OWENS (1987): ~ selective properties of this medi­ son de trois tests de distinction des I'Universite de Clermont II. - 30. NI­ Synergic hemolysis associated with um. Microcoques et des Staphylocoques COLLE, L.E., S.A. HOBAN, K.M. HAR­ coagulase-negative Staphylococci iso­ d'origines diverses. Microbial. Ali. Nut. DING (1983): Characterization of lated from bovine mammary glands. J. Clin. Microbial. 25, 2037-2039. - 35. In the ID 32 STAPH system which 2, 277-285. - 12. DELARRAS, C. coagulase negative Staphylococci from (1985): lsolement et identification de urinary tract specimens. J. Clin. Micro­ ZEBOVITZ, E., B. EVANS, C.F. NI­ was developed for Micrococcaceae 115 Staphylocoques provenant de le­ bioi. 17, 267-271.- 31. OLSVIK, 0., K. VEN (1955): Tellurite-glycine agar: a of clinical and animal origin, they gumes surgees. Microbial. Ali. Nut., 3, FOSSUM, B.P. BERDAL (1982): Sta­ selective plaiting medium for quantitati­ can be identified as various species 345-355.- 13. DELARRAS, C. (1991) phylococcal enterotoxin A, B and C ve detevtion of coagulase positive Sta­ of Staphylococcus (except for 5 Comparaison de !'identification de Sta­ produced by coagulase negative phylococci. J. Dairy 5, 1704-1714. ~ Staphylococcus sp.) and of lvficro­ phylocoques isoles d'aliments et strains with the family Micrococca­ d'origines diverses par trois microme­ ceae. Acta. Path. Microbial. lmmun. coccus (5). But in the present study thodes. Microbial. Ali. Nut. 9, 11 08- Scand., Section B 90, 441-444. - 32. Addresses of the authors: Dr. C. some strains of these two genera 1117. - 14. DEVRIESE, L.A., V.A. SCHLEIFER, K.H., W.E. KLOOS Delarras and M.-P. Caprais, Labora­ I have biochemical properties related HAJEK (1980): A review. Identification (1975): Isolation and characterization toire de Biologie Appliquee, lnsitut Uni­ to their animal origins: resistance of pathogenic Staphylococci isolated of Staphylococcus from human skin. versitaire de Technologie, Rue de Ker­ to 5 ).lg/ml novobiocin and/or atyp­ from animals and foods derived from Int. J. Syst. Bact. 25, 50-61. - 33. goat, F-29287 Brest; Dr. C. Guichaoua, I animals. J. Appl. Bact. 28, 1-1 1. - 15. SCHLEIFER, K.H., R. KILPPER-BALZ, Laboratoire Municipal de Brest, 16 rue ical characteristics of S. aureus and FRENEY, J., Y. BRUN, M. BES, H. L.A. DEVRIESE (1984): Staphylococ­ Alexandre Ribot, F-29200 Brest, Fran­ other coagulase negative species. MEUGNIER, F. GRIMONT, P.A.D. cus arlettae p. nov., S. equorum sp. ce. GRIMONT, C. NERVI, J. FLEURETTE 11 staphylococci species, particu­ (1988): Staphylococcus lugdunensis larly S. aureus, S. epidermidis and sp. nov. and Staphylococcus schleiferi .... ( S. warneri, and also 4 species of sp. nov., two species from human clinical specimens. Int. J. Syst. Bact. micrococci were found in these 38, 168-172.- 16. HAJEK, V. (1976): Opportunities and as beef is concerned there is only a foods. The specific pathogenic Staphylococcus intermedius, a new problems with the export limited opportunity for longer rip­ power of S. aureus or the potential species isolated from animals. Int. J. ening. pathogenic power of coagulase Syst. Bact. 26, 401-406.- 17. HAJEK, of beef and pork to Italy negative staphylococci or micro­ V., L.A. DEVRIESE, M. MORDARSKI, M. GOODFELLLOW, G. PULVERER, W. Branscheid, Kulmbach These results, and the fact that cocci has been observed in various P.E. VARALDO (1986): Elevation of Gem1an meat is produced very clinical studies (7, 15, 28, 30). But Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. chro­ Code words: beef- pork- expor­ close to the Italian market, offer in bacteriological food control only mogenes (Devriese et al., 1978) to certain opportunities for German Species Status: Staphylococcus chro­ tation - branded meat the species S. aureus is still deter­ quality meat. The promotion of mined and enumerated in foods, mogenes (Devriese et al., 1978) comb. For the German beef and pork nov. System. Appl. Microbial. 8, 169- these types of products on the according to French food law. The 173.-18. HEBERT, J.P., R. CAILLET producer the Italian market is an Italian market would seem to be other species are not taken into (1982): Differenciation entre Microco­ almost classical export objective. particularly important. In view of consideration although found in ques et Staphylocoques par !'etude de Relatively large quantities of these the problems discussed the reputa­ these foods or in others (1 0, 12, Ia sensibilite a Ia nitrofurantoTne. Path. two kinds of meat are consumed in tion of Germany as regards meat 29). Bioi. 31, 213-216.- 19. ISIGIDI, B.K., Italy but the degree to which the L.A. DEVRIESE, T.H. CROEGAERT, quality and the ability to maintain J.A. VAN HOOF (1989): A highly sel­ country is self-sufficient in this it is poor as compared with com­ References ective two-stage isolation method for respect is well below 70 %. Two peting EU member states. It could 1. ALMEIDA J., J.H. JORGENSEN the enumeration of Staphylococcus thirds of the beef exported is fore­ only be upgraded by actual per­ (1982): Use of Mueller-Hinton agar aureus in foods. J. Appl. Bact. 66, 379- quarters and the rest hindquarters. formance. novobiocin susceptibility of coagulase 384.- 20. JEAN-PIERRE, H., H. DAR­ Beef sides and other fom1s of beef negative Staphylococci. J. Clin. Micro­ BAS, A. JEAN-ROUSSENO, G. bioi. 16,1155-1156.-2. BAIRD-PAR­ -BOYER (1989):· Pathogenicity in two do not feature at all. Three quarters Article see page 1064 KER, A.C. (1962): An improved dia­ cases of Staphylococcus schleiferi, a of the -pork expqrted is in the fom1 gnostic and selective medium for isola­ recently described species. J. Clin. of hams, the rest being mainly pork tion coagulase positive Staphylococci. Microbial. 27, 211 0-2111. - 21. sides. In recent years Italian con­ J. Appl. Bact. 25, 12-19. - 3. BEC­ KLOOS, W.E. (1980): Natural populati­ sumers have begun to follow new KERS, H.J., F.M. VAN LEUSDEN ons of the genus Staphylococcus. Ann. trends which will influence the (1983): Evaluation of a pour-plate sy­ Rev. Microbial. 34, 559-592. - 22. stem with a rabbit plasma-bovine fibri­ KLOOS, W.E., K.H. SCHLEIFER structure of German exports. To nogen agar for the enumeration of (1975a): Isolation and characterization determine these market trends an Staphylococcus in food. Can. J. Micro­ of Staphylococci from human skin. Int. enquiry was undertaken amongst bioi. 30, 470-474. - 5. BRUN, Y., M. J. Syst. Bact. 25, 62-79.-23. KLOOS, experts in 8 Italian and 3 German Your automatic profit center. BES, J.M. BOEUFGRAS, D. MON­ W.E., K.H. SCHLEIFER, R.F. SMITH firms in this sector with the support GET, J. FLEURETTE, R. AUCKEN­ (1976): Characterization of Staphylo­ THALER, L.A. DEVRIESE, M. KO­ coccus sciuri sp. nov. and its subspe­ of the Central Marketing Associa­ CUR, R.R. MARPLES, Y. PIEMONT, cies. Int. J. Syst. Bact. 26, 22-37.-24. tion of the German agricultural B. POUTREL, SCHUMACHER-PER­ KLOOS, W.E., T.G. TORNABENE, industry (CMA). Here interest was DREAU (1990): International collabora­ K.H. SCHLEIFER (1974): Isolation and centred on the requests made by tive evaluation of the ATB 32 STAPH characterization of Micrococci from Italian wholesalers and retailers to gallery for identification of the Staphy­ human skin, including two new spe­ lococcus species. Zbl. Bakt. 273, 319- cies: Micrococcus lylae and Micrococ­ Gennan export firms. 326. - 6. BRYAN, C.S., J.T. PARISI, cus kristinae. Int. J. Syst. Bact. 24, 79- D.J. STRIKE (1987): Vertebral osteo­ 101. - 25. KLOOS, W.E., K.H. The results of this enquiry show myelitis due to Staphylococcus warneri SCHLEIFER (1983): Staphylococcus that, in the case of beef, the de­ attributed to hickman catheter. Diagn. auricularis sp. nov.: an inhabitant of the mand is for younger car·cases with Microbial. Infect. Dis. 8, 57-59. - 7. human external ear. Int. J. Bact. 33, 9- the best conformation, a good fat COLEBUNDERS, R., J.P. URSI, S. 14.-26. LACHICA, R.V. (1984): Egg PATTYN, J. SNOECK (1985): Prosthe­ Yolk-free Baird-Parker medium for the deposit and a comparatively bright tic valve endocarditis due to methicillin accelerated enumeration of food borne colour. The end product expected resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus. App. Environ. by the consumer is light, tender and Micrococcus species successfully Mbttiol. 48, 870-871. - 27. meat with no visible fat deposit and treated with rifampicin combined with LANGLOIS, B.E., R.J. HARMON, K. not too strong an aroma. In the case £,esuc\1el\ SiE other antibiotics. J. Infect. 11, 35-39. - AKERS (1989): Identification of Sta­ au\ net rooQP 8. DELARRAS, C., P. LABAN, J.P. phylococcus species of bovine origin of pork exports to Italy are chiefly i" £,uda1 GAYRAL (1975): Micrococcaceae iso­ with the API STAPH-Ident System. J. concentrated on hams for process­ \10{1\ 1'3- -11 lated from meat and dairy products Clin. Microbial. 18, 1212-1219. - 28. ing and the product criteria for the ito \'a \1 i \I (Taxonomic Study). Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. B MALES, B.M., W.R. BARTHOLOMEW, sale of fresh meat therefore only 168, 377-385. - 9. DELARRAS, C. D. AMSTERDAM (1985): Staphylococ­ play a subordinate role here. Gen­ (1980): Numerical Taxonomy of Micro­ cus simulans septicemia in a patient coccaceae strains of meat product with chronic osteomyelitis and pyar­ erally speaking the Italian market \QQ origin. Fleischwirtsch. 60, 2207-2208, throsis. J. Clin. Microbial. 13, 355-362. is interested in having the product 2233-2235. - 10. DELARRAS, C. - 29. MICHAUX, 0. (1983): ldentifica- really fresh which means that as far 1086 Fleischwirtsch. 74 (10), 1994