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Aristolochia Manshuriensis Kom. and A. Contorta Bunge) RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FAR EASTERN BRANCH INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY AND SOIL SCIENCE O.V. Nakonechnaya, Yu.N. Zhuravlev, V.P. Bulgakov, O.G. Koren, E.V. Sundukova GENUS ARISTOLOCHIA OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST (Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom. and A. contorta Bunge) Vladivostok Dalnauka 2014 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки БИОЛОГО-ПОЧВЕННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук О.В. Наконечная, Ю.Н. Журавлев, В.П. Булгаков, О.Г. Корень, Е.В. Сундукова РОД КИРКАЗОН НА ДАЛЬНЕМ ВОСТОКЕ РОССИИ (Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom. и A. contorta Bunge) Владивосток Дальнаука 2014 УДК 582.651 Наконечная О.В., Журавлев Ю.Н., Булгаков В.П., Корень О.Г., Сундукова Е.В. Род Кирказон на Дальнем Востоке России (Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom. и A. contorta Bunge). - Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2014. - 153 с. ISBN Книга посвящена двум редким растениям, представителям древнего сем. Aristolo- chiaceae, занимающего переходное положение между двудольными и однодольными. Как многие реликты, кирказоны содержат очень богатый набор вторичных метаболитов, химическое исследование которых еще не завершено. В предлагаемой книге читатель найдет сведения о биологии и систематическом положении Aristolochia manshuriensis и A. contorta и их ближайших родственниках, о проблемах сохранения этих растений в природе и разработках по культивированию изолированных клеток кирказона. Важные разделы книги посвящены исследованию путей действия кирказона на сердечную функцию животных в норме и при искусственных инфарктах миокарда. Дается также описание нового лекарственного средства, созданного на базе культивируемых клеток кирказона маньчжурского. Книга рассчитана на широкий круг специалистов: ботаников, генетиков, экологов и научной общественности, а также просто читателей, кому небезразлична история нашего края и виды растений его населяющие. Ил. 45, табл. 27, библ. 282 Nakonechnaya O.V., Zhuravlev Yu.N., Bulgakov V.P., Koren O.G., Sundukova E.V. Genus Aris- tolochia of the Russian Far East (Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom. and A. contorta Bunge). - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2014. – 153 p. ISBN The book is dedicated to two rare plants, representa ves of the ancient family Aristolochiaceae, occupying a transi onal posi on between monocots and dicots. As many relics kirkazons contain a very rich set of secondary metabolites, whose chemical research is not yet completed. In this book the reader will fi nd informa on about the biology and systema c posi on of Aristolochia manshuriensis and A. contorta and their close rela ves, the problems of conserva on of these plants in the nature and development of the cul va on of isolated kirkazon cells. Important sec ons of the book are devoted to the study of the mechanisms of the kirkazon ac on on cardiac func on in normal animals and in those with ar fi cial myocardial infarc on. A descrip on of a new drug created on the basis of cultured cells of A. manshuriensis is also given. The book is intended for a wide range of specialists: botanists, gene cists, ecologists and sci- en fi c community, as well as other readers who care about the history of our region and the species inhabi ng it. Ill. 45, tabl. 27, bibl. 282 Ответственный редактор д-р биол. наук В.Ю. Баркалов Рецензенты: д-р биол. наук В.П Селедец, д-р биол. наук Л.Н. Васильева Утверждено к печати Ученым советом БПИ ДВО РАН © Наконечная О.В., Журавлев Ю.Н., Булгаков В.П., ISBN Корень О.Г., Сундукова Е.В. 2014 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Введение . 6 1. Семейство Аристолохиевые . 10 1.1. Систематическое положение сем. Aristolochiaceae . .10 1.2. Гипотезы о центрах происхождения представителей рода Aristolochia. .14 1.3. Представители сем. Aristolochiaceae в России. .15 2. Кирказон маньчжурский и к. скрученный . 31 2.1. Систематическое положение. .31 2.2. Морфология, жизненная форма . .31 2.3. Географическое распространение . .36 2.4. Характеристика местообитаний. Численность и возрастной состав популяций . .36 2.5. Морфологическое и анатомическое строение репродуктивных органов . .39 2.6. Биология цветения, опыление, плодообразование и распространение семян . .47 2.7. Способы размножения. Онтогенез . .62 2.8. Сезонный ритм развития . .73 2.9. Категория угрожаемого состояния. Мероприятия по охране . .74 2.10. Интродукция . .76 3. Генетическая изменчивость и дифференциация природных популяций кирказонов в Приморском крае . 78 3.1. Aristolochia manshuriensis. .79 3.2. Aristolochia contorta. .96 4. Химический состав и фармакологическое действие . 110 4.1. Химический состав и фармакологическое действие Aristolochia manshuriensis и его клеточных культур . 110 4.2. Химический состав и полезные свойства Aristolochia contorta. .131 Заключение . 133 Литература . 136 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Эта книга посвящена редким в наших северных широтах растениям, представителям интереснейшего рода Aristolochia, занимающего пере- ходное положение между двудольными и однодольными растениями. Это реликты третичной флоры, сохранившиеся во флоре Приморского края благодаря отсутствию сплошного оледенения на этой территории во время последнего плейстоценового похолодания. Всего двумя редкими видами представлен здесь этот обширный в тропических широтах род. Один из них, кирказон маньчжурский, с древнейших времен использовался как одно из фундаментальных средств китайской медицины. И это, возможно, главная причина того, что это растение почти исчезло из природных местообита- ний, не выдержав заготовительной нагрузки, на которую было приговорено благодаря своей громкой в былые времена славе. Теперь кирказон мань- чжурский легче найти в европейских ботанических садах, чем в его преж- них местообитаниях. Из–за чего же много лет назад лекарь срезал последнюю лиану на Четвертой речке? Какой корысти или какой иной задачи ради, во времена былой «дружбы» китайцы уносили в торбочках через границу не только ле- гендарный женьшень, но и туго скрученные бухточки лианы ква–му–тонг? Одна из причин в том, что о лечебных свойствах кирказонов мир знал еще в глубокой древности. И пусть официальная медицина еще далеко не освоила лекарственные ресурсы, скрытые в представителях семейства ари- столохиевых, но с незапамятных времен до наших дней дошли легенды о шестидесяти почечных болезнях, лечимых кирказоном, о равных чуду вос- крешениях из мертвых после «разрыва» сердца, заживлении кирказоном страшных язв и ран. Само рождение многих людей, и то стало возможно лишь благодаря использованию одного из кирказонов, недаром европей- ское название рода – birthwort, которое является дословным переводом латинского «aristolochia» – обозначает «способствующий рождению». В разделе о химической природе действующих веществ кирказона мы еще вернемся к причинам этого странного сочетания свойств, и нам, возможно, удастся выявить связь между способствованием деторождению, регуляци- ей функций почек и защитой сердца, соединенных в одном растении. Собранные нами сведения позволяют выделить два исторических центра накопления медицинских знаний о представителях этого рода: Введение 7 европейский, где основным объектом стал кирказон ломоносовидный, снискавший себе славу «женского» средства с античных времен, и второй центр – в Юго–Восточной Азии, тяготеющий к Китаю. Информация об использовании кирказона в европейской медицине связывается с античными врачами: Гиппократом, Феофрастом и Диоско- ридом. Трактат в стихах «О свойствах трав», написанный в ХI веке ученым врачом Одо из Мена–на–Лауре, свидетельствует, что в те времена врачи уже детально знали свойства рода кирказонов: «Мы говорим: кирказона три вида всего существует: Длинным зовется один, обладающий корнем та- ким же, Круглым зовется второй, ибо круглый он корень имеет, Третий же вид – «клематис» именуется греческим словом, Тот, что по свойствам почти, говорят, равен круглому виду». Авиценна во второй книге своего «Канона врачебной науки» дает практически современную характеристику рода Aristolochia (кирказон, ари- столохия) с указанием применения: «Аристолохия очищает загрязненные злокачественные язвы, применяется при шелушении и наращивает мясо, в особенности длинная. Она же не дает гнилым и глубоким язвам обратиться в злокачественные. Если же ее смешать с «фиалковым корнем» (ирисом), то она заполняет язвы мясом... Аристолохия помогает от разрыва мышц и употребляется в виде мази от подагры, особенно круглая... Если положить ее в смеси с медом в ухо, она очищает ухо от грязи, укрепляет слух и препят- ствует зарождению в ухе гноя. Употребленная с перцем, она очищает мозг от излишков. Она также помогает от падучей и укрепляет десны». О каком из кирказонов говорится в этих древних источниках? Что касается цитаты из Ода, то там определение «клематис» достаточно одно- значно удостоверяет видовую принадлежность растения. В европейских старых книгах также под именем кирказона чаще всего укрывался кирка- зон ломоносовидный. Характерно, что в толковом словаре В. Даля (1998) кирказон идентифицирован как Aristolochia clematitis без каких–либо аль- тернатив. Вместе с тем в оксфордском словаре английского языка понятие birthwort включает два вида кирказона - длинный и круглый, причем по- следнему отдается некоторый приоритет. В восточной медицине использование лианы Hocquartia (другое ро- довое название кирказона, одно время распространенное в странах Вос- точной Азии) имеет еще более давнюю историю, о нем упоминается уже в первых вариантах энциклопедии Materia Medica. Освоение кирказона китайскими лекарями началось с использования его мочегонных и тонизи- рующих свойств. Была установлена также его способность подавлять раз- личные инфекции, прежде всего – в системе мочевыводящих путей. С этим 8 О.В.
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