Requirements of Timely Performance in Time and Voyage Charterparties
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Contracts Course
Contracts A Contract A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties with mutual obligations. The remedy at law for breach of contract is "damages" or monetary compensation. In equity, the remedy can be specific performance of the contract or an injunction. Both remedies award the damaged party the "benefit of the bargain" or expectation damages, which are greater than mere reliance damages, as in promissory estoppels. Origin and Scope Contract law is based on the principle expressed in the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda, which is usually translated "agreements to be kept" but more literally means, "pacts must be kept". Contract law can be classified, as is habitual in civil law systems, as part of a general law of obligations, along with tort, unjust enrichment, and restitution. As a means of economic ordering, contract relies on the notion of consensual exchange and has been extensively discussed in broader economic, sociological, and anthropological terms. In American English, the term extends beyond the legal meaning to encompass a broader category of agreements. Such jurisdictions usually retain a high degree of freedom of contract, with parties largely at liberty to set their own terms. This is in contrast to the civil law, which typically applies certain overarching principles to disputes arising out of contract, as in the French Civil Code. However, contract is a form of economic ordering common throughout the world, and different rules apply in jurisdictions applying civil law (derived from Roman law principles), Islamic law, socialist legal systems, and customary or local law. 2014 All Star Training, Inc. -
Supreme Court of the United States
No. _________ ================================================================ In The Supreme Court of the United States --------------------------------- --------------------------------- BULK JULIANA LTD. and M/V BULK JULIANA, her engines, tackle, apparel, etc., in rem, Petitioners, versus WORLD FUEL SERVICES (SINGAPORE) PTE LTD., Respondent. --------------------------------- --------------------------------- On Petition For A Writ Of Certiorari To The United States Court Of Appeals For The Fifth Circuit --------------------------------- --------------------------------- PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI --------------------------------- --------------------------------- PETER B. SLOSS Counsel of Record [email protected] ROBERT H. MURPHY [email protected] DONALD R. WING [email protected] MURPHY, ROGERS, SLOSS, GAMBEL & TOMPKINS, APLC 701 Poydras Street, Suite 400 New Orleans, Louisiana 70139 Telephone: (504) 523-0400 Attorneys for Claimant-Petitioner, Bulk Juliana Ltd., appearing solely as the Owner and Claimant of the M/V BULK JULIANA ================================================================ COCKLE LEGAL BRIEFS (800) 225-6964 WWW.COCKLELEGALBRIEFS.COM i QUESTIONS PRESENTED This petition presents the following unsettled questions of federal maritime law, which are of wide- spread commercial importance to the global shipping community and should be resolved by this Court: 1. Under U.S. law, a maritime necessaries lien arises solely by operation of law and cannot be created by con- tract. Here, a Singapore fuel supplier claims -
Bills of Lading Vs Sea Waybills, and the Himalaya Clause Peter G
Bills of Lading vs Sea Waybills, and The Himalaya Clause Peter G. Pamel and Robert C. Wilkins Borden Ladner Gervais, LLP Presented at the NJI/CMLA, Federal Court and Federal Court of Appeal Canadian Maritime Law Association Seminar April 15, 2011 Fairmont Château Laurier, Ottawa 1) Introduction Bills of lading and sea waybills are two of the most common forms of transport document used in contemporary shipping. Their similarities and difference, and respective uses, in such trade should be clearly understood by all who are involved in that activity. In particular the meaning of “document of title” used in respect of bills of lading, and whether sea waybills are or are not also such documents of title, have given rise to much debate, which has now largely been resolved in major shipping nations. Also, the impact on these transport documents of compulsorily applicable liability regimes set out in international carriage of goods by sea conventions is also essential to a proper grasp of the role these documents play in international maritime commerce. It is also interesting to examine how parties other than carriers, shippers and consignees can and do benefit from certain clauses in ocean bills of lading and sea waybills which purport to confer on such third parties or classes of them the exemptions from, and limitations of, liability which marine carriers assume in the performance of their functions. This paper will attempt to provide an overview of these issues, with special reference to how they are addressed in Canadian maritime law. 2) Bills of Lading and Sea Waybills in Modern Shipping Bills of lading and sea waybills are the two basic documents that attest to the carriage of goods by water, both domestically within Canada and internationally. -
INCOTERMS® 2010: Codified Mercantile Custom Or Standard Contract Terms?
INCOTERMS® 2010: CODIFIED MERCANTILE CUSTOM OR STANDARD CONTRACT TERMS? Juana Coetzee BA LLB LLM LLD Senior Lecturer, Department of Mercantile Law, Stellenbosch University* 1 Introduction Trade terms represent commercial customs and usages1 that have developed over centuries in a particular trade or region.2 They function as contractual terms which indicate in abbreviated form the seller and buyer’s respective delivery obligations, and at the same time they allocate the risk and costs connected to delivery.3 When trade terms are understood uniformly they fulfil a harmonisation function in international trade. Because merchants know what is expected from them, trade terms provide legal certainty, which means less disputes and lower transaction costs. However, studies have found that the understanding and interpretation of trade terms tend to differ from one country to the other or from one commercial sector to the next.4 In an effort to standardise the interpretation of trade term content, the International Chamber of Commerce (“ICC”) formulated INCOTERMS®. The first edition was published in 1936 and thereafter revised in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010. The rules are accepted by governments, scholars, merchants and legal practitioners worldwide5 and have been endorsed by the United * Parts of this article are based on research that was conducted for my unpublished LLD dissertation INCOTERMS as a form of Standardisation in International Sales Law: The Interplay between Mercantile Custom and Substantive Sales Law with Specific -
Capturing the Starlight
Capturing the starlight Welcome Celestial sights for 2016 Welcome to the 2nd edition of the IFAS calendar, highlighting many items of interest during 2016 for the keen sky watcher. Eclipses Occultations Our first calendar was a great success and let IFAS buy and A total solar eclipse on March 9th tracks across Sumatra, A daylight occultation of Venus occurs on April 6th, while the distribute 1,500 eclipse shades free in time for the March 20th Borneo, Sulawesi, and a narrow span of the Pacific Ocean. East planet Jupiter lies a scant 4° from the Sun when occulted on solar eclipse. Due to various issues we have been unable to Asia, Australia, and Pacific regions, see a partial eclipse. September 30th. This is a very risky event to observe due to print up the calendar in time for distribution before the start of Jupiter’s nearness to the Sun. Neptune is occulted 3 times in The penumbral lunar eclipse on March 23rd is visible from 2016. As a result we have made the calendar freely available 2016 from the UK/Ireland — compute local circumstances via the Americas, Asia, and Australia. This eclipse has a maximum for people to download. Until the 2017 calendar, we wish you eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/cgi-bin/koyomi/occulx_p_en.cgi the astronomer’s adieu; Clear skies! magnitude of 77%. Nothing will be seen of the penumbral lunar eclipse of August 18th as the Moon's disk barely brushes the Asteroid occultations are only given for stars brighter than Contact us, link up with the Irish astronomy community, or outer edge of the northern part of the Earth's penumbral shadow. -
A Guide to Contract Interpretation
A GUIDE TO CONTRACT INTERPRETATION July 2014 by Vincent R. Martorana © July 2014 This guide is intended for an audience of attorneys Reed Smith LLP and does not constitute legal advice – please see All rights reserved. “Scope of this Guide and Disclaimer.” TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 A. Purpose of this Guide ............................................................ 1 B. Scope of this Guide and Disclaimer ....................................... 2 C. Author Bio ......................................................................... …. 3 II. CONTRACT-INTERPRETATION FLOW CHART .............................................. 4 III. CONTRACT-INTERPRETATION PRINCIPLES AND CASE-LAW SUPPLEMENT ........ 5 A. Determine the intent of the parties with respect to the provision at issue at the time the contract was made ............ 5 B. Defining ambiguity ............................................................... 6 1. A contract or provision is ambiguous if it is reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation ......................... 6 a. Some courts look at whether the provision is reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation when read by an objective reader in the position of the parties ................ 8 b. Some courts factor in a reading of the provision “by one who is cognizant of the customs, practices, and terminology as generally understood by a particular trade or business” ... 10 i. Evidence of custom and practice -
Materiały Sekcji Obserwacji Pozycji I Zakryć Polskiego Towarzystwa Miłośników Astronomii
Materiały Sekcji Obserwacji Pozycji i Zakryć Polskiego Towarzystwa Miłośników Astronomii Nr 81 (1/2007) Brzegówkowy początek roku Uczestnicy wypraw obserwacyjnych 21 kwietnia Wydawnictwo dofinansowane ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego Sekcja Obserwacji Pozycji i Zakryć Polskiego Towarzystwa Miłośników Astronomii (SOPiZ PTMA) członek Międzynarodowego Towarzystwa Rejestracji Momentów Zakryć / Sekcja Europejska (International Occultation Timing Association / European Section) Sekcja istnieje od roku 1979 jako organizacja wewnętrzna Polskiego Towarzystwa Miłośników Astronomii. Sekcja zajmuje się prowadzeniem prac obserwacyjnych, obliczeniowych i analitycznych w dziedzinie zakryć - zaćmień oraz obserwacji pozycyjnych. Raz do roku SOPiZ organizuje konferencję poświęconą tematyce zakryć, zagadnień astrometrycznych i innych pokrewnych. Sekcja wydaje własny biuletyn „Materiały". Każdy członek Towarzystwa może przystąpić do aktywnej pracy w SOPiZ, stając się jej pełnoprawnym członkiem poprzez wykonywanie cennych obserwacji czy prac obliczeniowo - analitycznych. Bogate doświadczenie SOPiZ, jej zaangażowanie w prace techniczne, aktywna współpraca analityczna i koordynacyjna z innymi grupami z całego świata spowodowały, że od wielu lat Sekcja cieszy się uznaniem w międzynarodowym środowisku zajmującym się jej dziedziną działalności. Siedziba SOPiZ PTMA mieści się w Łodzi. Korespondencję należy kierować na adres: Sekcja Obserwacji Pozycji i Zakryć PTMA Planetarium i Obserwatorium Astronomiczne im. Arego Sternfelda ul. Pomorska 16 -
Arxiv:2006.10868V2 [Astro-Ph.SR] 9 Apr 2021 Spain and Institut D’Estudis Espacials De Catalunya (IEEC), C/Gran Capit`A2-4, E-08034 2 Serenelli, Weiss, Aerts Et Al
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Weighing stars from birth to death: mass determination methods across the HRD Aldo Serenelli · Achim Weiss · Conny Aerts · George C. Angelou · David Baroch · Nate Bastian · Paul G. Beck · Maria Bergemann · Joachim M. Bestenlehner · Ian Czekala · Nancy Elias-Rosa · Ana Escorza · Vincent Van Eylen · Diane K. Feuillet · Davide Gandolfi · Mark Gieles · L´eoGirardi · Yveline Lebreton · Nicolas Lodieu · Marie Martig · Marcelo M. Miller Bertolami · Joey S.G. Mombarg · Juan Carlos Morales · Andr´esMoya · Benard Nsamba · KreˇsimirPavlovski · May G. Pedersen · Ignasi Ribas · Fabian R.N. Schneider · Victor Silva Aguirre · Keivan G. Stassun · Eline Tolstoy · Pier-Emmanuel Tremblay · Konstanze Zwintz Received: date / Accepted: date A. Serenelli Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Carrer de Can Magrans S/N, Bellaterra, E- 08193, Spain and Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capita 2, Barcelona, E-08034, Spain E-mail: [email protected] A. Weiss Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl Schwarzschild Str. 1, Garching bei M¨unchen, D-85741, Germany C. Aerts Institute of Astronomy, Department of Physics & Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium and Department of Astrophysics, IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands G.C. Angelou Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl Schwarzschild Str. 1, Garching bei M¨unchen, D-85741, Germany D. Baroch J. C. Morales I. Ribas Institute of· Space Sciences· (ICE, CSIC), Carrer de Can Magrans S/N, Bellaterra, E-08193, arXiv:2006.10868v2 [astro-ph.SR] 9 Apr 2021 Spain and Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), C/Gran Capit`a2-4, E-08034 2 Serenelli, Weiss, Aerts et al. -
The Evening Sky Map
I N E D R I A C A S T N E O D I T A C L E O R N I G D S T S H A E P H M O O R C I . Z N O p l f e i n h d o P t O o N ) l h a r g Z i u s , o I l C t P h R I r e o R N ( O o r C r H e t L p h p E E i s t D H a ( r g T F i . O B NORTH D R e N M h t E A X O e s A H U M C T . I P N S L E E P Z “ E A N H O NORTHERN HEMISPHERE M T R T Y N H E ” K E η ) W S . T T E W U B R N W D E T T W T H h A The Evening Sky Map e MAY 2021 E . C ) Cluster O N FREE* EACH MONTH FOR YOU TO EXPLORE, LEARN & ENJOY THE NIGHT SKY r S L a o K e Double r Y E t B h R M t e PERSEUS A a A r CASSIOPEIA n e S SKY MAP SHOWS HOW Get Sky Calendar on Twitter P δ r T C G C A CEPHEUS r E o R e J s O h Sky Calendar – May 2021 http://twitter.com/skymaps M39 s B THE NIGHT SKY LOOKS T U ( O i N s r L D o a j A NE I I a μ p T EARLY MAY PM T 10 r 61 M S o S 3 Last Quarter Moon at 19:51 UT. -
Astronomy and Astrophysics Books in Print, and to Choose Among Them Is a Difficult Task
APPENDIX ONE Degeneracy Degeneracy is a very complex topic but a very important one, especially when discussing the end stages of a star’s life. It is, however, a topic that sends quivers of apprehension down the back of most people. It has to do with quantum mechanics, and that in itself is usually enough for most people to move on, and not learn about it. That said, it is actually quite easy to understand, providing that the information given is basic and not peppered throughout with mathematics. This is the approach I shall take. In most stars, the gas of which they are made up will behave like an ideal gas, that is, one that has a simple relationship among its temperature, pressure, and density. To be specific, the pressure exerted by a gas is directly proportional to its temperature and density. We are all familiar with this. If a gas is compressed, it heats up; likewise, if it expands, it cools down. This also happens inside a star. As the temperature rises, the core regions expand and cool, and so it can be thought of as a safety valve. However, in order for certain reactions to take place inside a star, the core is compressed to very high limits, which allows very high temperatures to be achieved. These high temperatures are necessary in order for, say, helium nuclear reactions to take place. At such high temperatures, the atoms are ionized so that it becomes a soup of atomic nuclei and electrons. Inside stars, especially those whose density is approaching very high values, say, a white dwarf star or the core of a red giant, the electrons that make up the central regions of the star will resist any further compression and themselves set up a powerful pressure.1 This is termed degeneracy, so that in a low-mass red 191 192 Astrophysics is Easy giant star, for instance, the electrons are degenerate, and the core is supported by an electron-degenerate pressure. -
Materiały Sekcji Obserwacji Pozycji I Zakryć Polskiego Towarzystwa Miłośników Astronomii
Materiały Sekcji Obserwacji Pozycji i Zakryć Polskiego Towarzystwa Miłośników Astronomii Nr 83 (3/2007) Plejady - bohaterki wielu zakryć w roku 2007 W całej Polsce obserwowano serie zakryć M45 Wydawnictwo dofinansowane ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego Sekcja Obserwacji Pozycji i Zakryć Polskiego Towarzystwa Miłośników Astronomii (SOPiZ PTMA) członek Międzynarodowego Towarzystwa Rejestracji Momentów Zakryć / Sekcja Europejska (International Occultation Timing Association / European Section) Sekcja istnieje od roku 1979 jako organizacja wewnętrzna Polskiego Towarzystwa Miłośników Astronomii. Sekcja zajmuje się prowadzeniem prac obserwacyjnych, obliczeniowych i analitycznych w dziedzinie zakryć - zaćmień oraz obserwacji pozycyjnych. Raz do roku SOPiZ organizuje konferencję poświęconą tematyce zakryć, zagadnień astrometrycznych i innych pokrewnych. Sekcja wydaje własny biuletyn „Materiały". Każdy członek Towarzystwa może przystąpić do aktywnej pracy w SOPiZ, stając się jej pełnoprawnym członkiem poprzez wykonywanie cennych obserwacji czy prac obliczeniowo - analitycznych. Bogate doświadczenie SOPiZ, jej zaangażowanie w prace techniczne, aktywna współpraca analityczna i koordynacyjna z innymi grupami z całego świata spowodowały, że od wielu lat Sekcja cieszy się uznaniem w międzynarodowym środowisku zajmującym się jej dziedziną działalności. Siedziba SOPiZ PTMA mieści się w Łodzi. Korespondencję należy kierować na adres: Sekcja Obserwacji Pozycji i Zakryć PTMA Planetarium i Obserwatorium Astronomiczne im. Arego Sternfelda -
Reduced Maximum Mass-Loss Rate of OH/IR Stars Due to Overlooked Binary Interaction
The University of Manchester Research Reduced maximum mass-loss rate of OH/IR stars due to overlooked binary interaction DOI: 10.1038/s41550-019-0703-5 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Decin, L., Homan, W., Danilovich, T., de Koter, A., Engels, D., Waters, L. B. F. M., Muller, S., Gielen, C., Garca- Hernandez, D. A., Stancliffe, R., Van de Sande, M., Molenberghs, G., Kerschbaum, F., Zijlstra, A., & El Mellah, I. (2019). Reduced maximum mass-loss rate of OH/IR stars due to overlooked binary interaction. Nature Astronomy, 3(5), 408-415. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0703-5 Published in: Nature Astronomy Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:08. Oct. 2021 Reduced maximum mass-loss rate of OH/IR stars due to overlooked binary interaction L.