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Diagnostic and Phylogenetic Character Variation in the Genus Canthon Hoffmannsegg and Related Genera (Coleoptera: Sca "Abaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

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Diagnostic and phylogenetic character variation in the genus Canthon Hoffmannsegg and related genera (Coleoptera: Sca "abaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Submitted in partial fulfilment C Ilfthe Requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Entomology) in the Faculty of Natural, Agricultural and In11ormationSciences University of Pretoria, Pretol'ia, South Africa © University of Pretoria CONTENTS CONTENT Page Contents ii-iii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v-ix Abstract 1 KEYWORDS FOR THESIS RETRIEVAL 2 INTRODUCTION............................................................. 3 Historical aspects 4 METHODOLOGY 7 Specimen preparation 7 Character examination 7 RESULTS 12 General description 12 Head ............ .............................. ............ 15 Clypeus 15 Eyes 22 Epipharynx............................................ 24 Labium and gula 32 Thorax 34 Proepisternum and proepimeron 37 Mesosternum 44 Legs .................................... .......... 44 Fore legs 44 Med ial and posterior leg 50 Elytra 55 ScuIpture ...................................................... 58 Pygidium 59 Male genitalia 61 Aedeagus 61 Internal sac of the aedeagus 64 Sclerites of internal sac 66 Circular sclerite 66 Brushes of the internal sac...... 77 Sexual dimorphism 81 DISCUSSION 84 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 89 REFERENCES 91 ApPENDIX 95 1. List of species of Canthon examined. The assignm :mt of species to subgenera and phyletic lines was taken from Hdffter & Martinez (1977) and Rivera-Cervantes & Halffter (1999). 9 2. Species list of genera of Canthonina other than Ca'1thon examined. 11· 3. Sclerites of the internal sac of the aedeagus found In Canthon and other genera of Canthonina. 68 4. Different types of circular sclerites in the aedeagus internal sac in species of Canthonina examined. 75 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Habitus: Canthon /uteicollis Erichson. 13 2. Pronotum. a. Canthon septemmacu/atus septemmllcu/atus Latreille b. C. septemmacu/atus histrio Serville. c. C. cyaneIlLJ:)sallaei Harold. Scale bar = 2 mm. 14 3. a. Dorsal view of the head of Canthon angustatus liarold. b. Ventral view of the head of C. fu/gidus Redtenbacher. ca = canthus, cl = clypeus, cis = clypeal suture, ey = eye, an = antennae, Inn = mentun, gl = gula, gen = gena. Scale bar = 1 mm. 16 4. Anterior clypeal margins, dorsal view. a. Canthon (ha/cites Haldemann. b. C. /unatus tibia/is Schmidt. c. C. aequinoctiaJis liarold. d. C. monilifer Blanchard. e. C. bic%r Laporte. f. C. fu/gidus Hedtenbacher. cis = clypeal suture, gn = gena. Figures a. c, d, e, scale bar = 2 mm, figures band f scale bar = 1 mm. 17 5. Anterior c1ypeal margins, dorsal view. a. Canthon fEmora/is Chevrolat. b. C. /uteicollis Erichson. c. C. quinquemacu/atus Laporte. d. C. ebenus Say. e. Me/anocanthon bispinatus Robinson. f. Mal :~goniella astyanax Blanchard. g. De/tochilum gibbosum Fabricius. Gis = clypeal suture, gn = gena. Figure a scale bar = 1 mm, figures b-g !;cale bar = 2 mm. 18 6. Ventral view of the c1ypeus a. Canthon fu/gidus Re :jtenbacher. b. C. femoraJis Chevrolat. c. Hansreia affinis Fabricil s. d. Ma/agoniella astyanax Blanchard. e. C. pratico/a LeConte. f. Me/anocanthon bispinatus Robinson. g. Anisocanthon villosus Harold. Scale bar = 1 mm. 21 7. a-c. Dorsal view of the eyes a. Canthon bic%r Laporte. b. C. po/itus Harold. c. Hansreia affinis Fabricius. d-g. Dors :)-Iateral view of the eye. d. C. deyrollei Harold. e. C. /econtei Harold. f. C. indigaceus Harold. g. Sy/vicanthon bridarollii Martinez. ca :: canthus, ey = eye. Arrows showing the flattened band around the :~ye.Figures a-c scale bar = 2 mm, figures d-g scale bar =1 mm. 23 8. Generalized epipharynx of Canthon. mp = medial process, af= apical fringe, Ic = lateral combs, ts = transverse sutur· :~,tm = tormal process. 25 9. a. Detail of posterior area of medial process of epipharynx, Canthon po/itus Harold. b. Lateral comb of Canthonella7omezi Halffter & Martinez. C. Ventral view of the epipharynx of ::;.acutus Harold.; arrow indicates the transverse suture. d. Detail of diff:~rent kinds of setae covering the epipharynx of C. cha/cites Halden lann. Setae on the extreme right of the image correspond to the Cf mtral area of the epipharynx, those in the middle correspond to ::ietae of the first lateral comb, and those on the extreme left correspon:j to the second lateral comb of the epipharynx. Magnification = 40x. 26 10. Detail of the lateral combs of the epipharynx. a and b. Canthon ebenus Say. c. C. /unatus tibia/is Schmidt. d. C. bico/Of Laporte. Figures b, c, and d magnification = 20x, figure a magnificatic,n = 40x. 27 11. Detail of the anterior area of the medial process (,f the epipharynx. a. Canthon staigi Pereira; arrow indicates the spa c:ebetween medial process and the anterior border of the epiphal) nx. b. C. tetraodon Blanchard. c. C. /unatus tibialis Schmidt. d. C. "benus Say. Magnification = 20x. 30 12. Detail of the posterior region of the medial proceE 5 of the epipharynx a. Canthon /unatus tibia/is Schmidt. b. C. acutus Harold. c. C. cyanellus sallaei Harold. d. C. bic%r Laporte. Figures a, c and d magnification = 20X, figure b magnification = 40X. 31 13. Dorsal view of labium. a. Canthonella gomezi HallTter & Martinez. b. Canthon pallidus Schmidt. c. C. ebenus Say. d C. tetraodon Blanchard. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. 33 14. Dorsal view of the gula and mentum. a. Canthon :mgustatus Harold. b. Canthonella gomezi Halffter & Martinez. c. C. I umectus Say. d. C. pratico/a LeConte. e. C. cha/cites Haldemann.. Hansreia affinis Fabricius. g. C. vio/aceus Olivier. a, scale bar = 0.5 mm. Figures b-g scale bar = 1 mm .. :......................................... 35 15. a. Dorsal view of pronotum of Canthon septemmclcu/atus septemmacu/atus Latreille. Figures b-g: Latera margin of pronotum. b. C. bic%r Laporte. c. C. aequinoctialis Harold. 1C. femoralis Chevrolat. e. C. angustatus Harold. f. C. deyroll'ei Harold. g. C. juvencus Harold. Scale bar = 1 mm. 36 16. Generalized ventral view of first segment of the t~orax of Canthon. pr = proepisternum, ep = proepimeron, pek = proepl:~ternal keel, cc= coxal cavity, pe = prosternum. Scale bar = 1 mm. 38 17. Proepisternum and proepimeron. a. Canthon poliws Harold. b. C. humectus Say. c. C. morsei Howden. d. Sy/viCenthon bridarollii Martinez. e. C. pallidus Schmidt. f. C. angustatus Harold. Scale bar = 1 m m. 40 18. Proepisternum and proepimeron. a. Canthon brUt neus Schmidt. b. C. deyrollei Harold. c. C. staigi Pereira. d. Hansre'a affinis Fabricius. e. C. cyanellus sallaei Harold. f. C. ebenus Say. Sca 19 bar = 1 mm. 41 19. Proepisternum and proepimeron. a. Canthon /unMus tibialis Schmidt. b. C. sordidus Harold. c. C. septemmacu/atus Latreille. d. De/tochilum gibbosum Fabricius. e. C. vio/aceus Olivier. Fig Jres b, c, e, scale bar = 1 mm. Figure a scale bar = 0.5 mm, figure d scale bar = 3 mm. 43 20. Mesosternum. a. Canthon fu/gidus Redtenbachel. b. C. /uteicollis Erichson. c. Pseudocanthon sp. d. Sy/vicantho/ bridarollii Martinez. ' Scale bar = 2 mm. 45 21. Fore leg. a. Canthon ebenus Say. b. C. deyrollei Harold. c. C. triangularis Drury. d. C. aequinoctia/is Harold. Scale bar = ' mm. 47 22. Fore leg. a. Canthon femora/is Chevrolat. b. C. b c%r Laporte. c. Hansreia affinis Fabricius. d. Sy/vicanthon bride rollii Martinez. Scale bar = 1 mm. 48 23. Fore leg. a. De/tochilum gibbosum Fabricius. b. C::mthon /unatus tibialis. Scale bar = 1 mm. 49 24. Ventral face of the femur of the middle leg. a. Car thon vio/aceus Olivier. b. C. tetraodon Blanchard c. C. bic%r Laporte. d. Ma/agoniella astyanax Blanchard. Scale bar = 1 mm. 51 25. Dorsal face of the middle tibia. a. Canthon /unatw: tibialis Schmidt. b. C. ebenus Say c. C. vio/aceus Olivier. d. C. staigi Pereira. e. C. tetraodon Blanchard. f. C. cha/cites Haldemann. Scale bal" = 0.5 mm. 52 26. Dorsal face of the middle tibia. a. Canthon simple I( LeConte. b. C. sordidus Harold. c. C. quinquemacu/atus Lapor:e. d. C. femora/is Chevrolat. e. C. pallidus Schmidt. Scale bar = (.5 mm. 54 27. Detail of the base of the elytra, showing tubercles and striae. a. Canthon politus Harold. b. C. humectus Say. c. Hansreia affinis Fabricius. Scale bar = 1 mm. 56 28. a-f Sculpturing of the base of the elytron. a. Canthon chalcites Haldemann. b. C. fulgidus Redtenbacher. c. C. ndigaceus Harold. d. Detail enlargement of inset in c, showing the str,ae of the elytron. e. Hansreia affinis Fabricius. f. Deltochilum gibbosam Fabricius. g. Detail of the clypeus of C. fulgidus Redtenbacher. Figllre a magnification = 20x, figures b, d, and f magnification = 40x, figu "e c magnification = 15x, figure e and g magnification = 30x ,................................... 57 29. Pygidium. a. Canthon po/itus Harold. b. C. indigau3us Harold. c. C. triangularis Drury. d. Scybalocanthon moniliatw Bates. Scale bar = 1 mm. '................................... 60 30. Lateral view of the aedeagus. a. Canthon aequincctialis Harold. b. C. staigi Pereira. c. C. monilifer Blanchard. d. C. c'9yro/lei Harold. Scale bar = 1 mm. 62 31. Scheme of the internal sac of the aedeagus of Ca'1thon bicolor. sc = sclerites br = location of brushes of internal sac te = temones. Scale bar = 2 mm. 63 32. a. Detail of posterior area of sclerites in the internill sac of the aedeagus of Canthon bicolor Laporte. b. Brush of the inter nal sac of C. lunatus tibialis Schmidt. Figure a magnification = 10x, fiJure b magnification = 40x. 65 33. Elongated sclerites of the internal sac of the aedeigus a. Deltochilum hyponnum Buquet. b. Canthon quinquemacula I'US Laporte. c. C. monilifer Blanchard. d. C. septemmaculatus La1reille. Scale bar = 1 mm. 67 34. Sclerites of the internal sac of the aedeagus. a. Cmthon angustatus Harold. b. C. po/itus Harold. Scale bar = 0.5 mrl. 70 35. Sclerites of the internal sac of the aedeagus. a. lvelanocanthon bispinatus Robinson. band d.
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    Caldasia 22 (2): 299-315 CLAVE ILUSTRADA PARA LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE GÉNEROS DE ESCARABAJOS COPRÓFAGOS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEINAE) DE COLOMBIA CLAUDIA ALEJANDRA MEDINA Apartado 26127, Cali, Colombia. [email protected] ALEJANDRO LOPERA- TORO Apartado 120118, Bogotá, Colombia. [email protected]. RESUMEN En Colombia los escarabajos coprófagos de la subfamilia Scarabaeinae están repre- sentados por aproximadamente 34 géneros y 380 especies. A pesar de que este grupo de insectos está siendo objeto de múltiples estudios ecológicos en el país, no se cuenta con literatura apropiada para' la identificación de los taxones incluidos. Este trabajo presenta una clave ilustrada para la identificación de los géneros de es- carabajos coprófagos presentes en Colombia. Palabras Claves: Clave Ilustrada, Colombia, Escarabajos coprófagos, Identifica- ción, Scarabeinae. ABSTRACT In Colombia the dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae are represented by approximately 34 genera and 380 species. Although this group of insects is the subject of numerous ecological studies in Colombia, there is no appropriate literatu- re for the identification of the included taxa. An illustrated key for the identification of the genera of dung beetles known from Colombia is presented. Key words: Colombia, Dung Beetles, Identification, IlIustrated Key, Scarabeinae. INTRODUCCIÓN Medina 1996). Colombia presenta una alta riqueza de especies en este grupo de escarabajos. Hasta el Los escarabajos coprófagos Scarabaeinae están momento se han registrado 35 géneros y aproxi- representados en América por 71 géneros y apro- madamente 380 especies (e. A. Medina, datos sin ximadamente 1267 especies (Cambefort 1991), publicar), número alto en comparación con otros distribuidos desde Argentina hasta Canadá. Son países tropicales y subtropicales como Panamá, bien conocidos en algunos países tropicales de Costa Rica y México, que sólo presentan entre l 10 América como Panamá (Howden & Young 1981), Y 130 especies (Howden & Young 198 1, Morón Costa Rica (Howden & Gill 1987, Solís 1994), y 1984, Solís 1994).
  • BESOUROS ESCARABEÍNEOS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) DA CAATINGA PARAIBANA, BRASIL Malva Isabel Medina Hernández1

    BESOUROS ESCARABEÍNEOS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) DA CAATINGA PARAIBANA, BRASIL Malva Isabel Medina Hernández1

    356 HERNÁNDEZ, M.I.M. BESOUROS ESCARABEÍNEOS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) DA CAATINGA PARAIBANA, BRASIL Malva Isabel Medina Hernández1 1 Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB). CEP: 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] RESUMO Besouros escarabeíneos são reconhecidos como organismos importantes no funcionamento de ecossistemas terrestres tropicais por participarem ativamente no ciclo de decomposição da matéria orgânica. No entanto, a ecologia das espécies que habitam o bioma Caatinga, no nordeste do Brasil, é praticamente desconhecida. Neste trabalho são apresentadas 20 espécies da subfamília Scarabaeinae coletadas durante 15 campanhas realizadas na região do Cariri, RPPN Fazenda Almas, Paraíba, entre os anos de 2003 e 2006. Houve um padrão sazonal definido pelas chuvas, sendo que após o início do período seco não há nenhuma espécie que mantenha adultos ativos nesta região de extrema aridez. Os resultados incluem também características ecológicas das espécies como abundância relativa, tamanho do corpo, horário de atividade e preferência alimentar. Palavras-chave: Diversidade, ecologia, riqueza de espécies, Scarabaeinae ABSTRACT DUNG BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) OF THE PARAIBA CAATINGA ECOSYSTEM, BRAZIL. Dung beetles are recognized as functionally important organisms in nutrient cycling of tropical ecosystems. Nevertheless, the ecology of these species remains practically unknown for the important Caatinga ecosystem in the northeast of Brazil. In this study we collected 20 species of the subfamily Scarabaeinae during 15 field campaigns in the region of Cariri, RPPN Fazenda Almas, in the State of Paraíba between 2003 and 2006. The beetle sample data from this extremely arid region demonstrated a very strong seasonal activity pattern, with adults of no species being active after the start of the dry season.
  • Of Peru: a Survey of the Families

    Of Peru: a Survey of the Families

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of 2015 Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A Survey of the Families. Scarabaeoidea Brett .C Ratcliffe University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] M. L. Jameson Wichita State University, [email protected] L. Figueroa Museo de Historia Natural de la UNMSM, [email protected] R. D. Cave University of Florida, [email protected] M. J. Paulsen University of Nebraska State Museum, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub Part of the Entomology Commons Ratcliffe, Brett .;C Jameson, M. L.; Figueroa, L.; Cave, R. D.; Paulsen, M. J.; Cano, Enio B.; Beza-Beza, C.; Jimenez-Ferbans, L.; and Reyes-Castillo, P., "Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A Survey of the Families. Scarabaeoidea" (2015). Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology. 483. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/483 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Brett .C Ratcliffe, M. L. Jameson, L. Figueroa, R. D. Cave, M. J. Paulsen, Enio B. Cano, C. Beza-Beza, L. Jimenez-Ferbans, and P. Reyes-Castillo This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/ 483 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 88(2), 2015, pp. 186–207 Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A Survey of the Families.
  • Species Composition and Community Structure of Dung Beetles

    Species Composition and Community Structure of Dung Beetles

    ZOOLOGIA 37: e58960 ISSN 1984-4689 (online) zoologia.pensoft.net RESEARCH ARTICLE Species composition and community structure of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) compared among savanna and forest formations in the southwestern Brazilian Cerrado Jorge L. da Silva1 , Ricardo J. da Silva2 , Izaias M. Fernandes3 , Wesley O. de Sousa4 , Fernando Z. Vaz-de-Mello5 1Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso. Avenida Juliano Costa Marques, Bela Vista, 78050-560 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. 2Coleção Entomológica de Tangará da Serra, CPEDA, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso. Rodovia MT-358, km 7, Jardim Aeroporto, 78300-000 Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil. 3Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Rondônia. Avenida Norte Sul, Nova Morada, 76940-000 Rolim de Moura, Rondônia, Brasil. 4Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis. Avenida dos Estudantes 5055, Cidade Universitária, 78736-900 Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil. 5Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Avenida Fernando Correa da Costa 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, 78060-900 Mato Grosso, Brazil. Corresponding author. Jorge Luiz da Silva ([email protected]) http://zoobank.org/2367E874-6E4B-470B-9D50-709D88954549 ABSTRACT. Although dung beetles are important members of ecological communities and indicators of ecosystem quality, species diversity, and how it varies over space and habitat types, remains poorly understood in the Brazilian Cerrado. We compared dung beetle communities among plant formations in the Serra Azul State Park (SASP) in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Sampling (by baited pitfall and flight-interception traps) was carried out in 2012 in the Park in four habitat types: two different savanna formations (typical and open) and two forest formations (seasonally deciduous and gallery).
  • Section IV – Guideline for the Texas Priority Species List

    Section IV – Guideline for the Texas Priority Species List

    Section IV – Guideline for the Texas Priority Species List Associated Tables The Texas Priority Species List……………..733 Introduction For many years the management and conservation of wildlife species has focused on the individual animal or population of interest. Many times, directing research and conservation plans toward individual species also benefits incidental species; sometimes entire ecosystems. Unfortunately, there are times when highly focused research and conservation of particular species can also harm peripheral species and their habitats. Management that is focused on entire habitats or communities would decrease the possibility of harming those incidental species or their habitats. A holistic management approach would potentially allow species within a community to take care of themselves (Savory 1988); however, the study of particular species of concern is still necessary due to the smaller scale at which individuals are studied. Until we understand all of the parts that make up the whole can we then focus more on the habitat management approach to conservation. Species Conservation In terms of species diversity, Texas is considered the second most diverse state in the Union. Texas has the highest number of bird and reptile taxon and is second in number of plants and mammals in the United States (NatureServe 2002). There have been over 600 species of bird that have been identified within the borders of Texas and 184 known species of mammal, including marine species that inhabit Texas’ coastal waters (Schmidly 2004). It is estimated that approximately 29,000 species of insect in Texas take up residence in every conceivable habitat, including rocky outcroppings, pitcher plant bogs, and on individual species of plants (Riley in publication).