Complete Latin to English Glossary

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Complete Latin to English Glossary n this vocabulary, the numbers 1, 2, and 4 indicate for regular verbs the conjugation to which the verb belongs, and that their principal I parts are formed according to the patt erns of the model verbs laudō, moneō, and audiō, respectively; or, if the verb is deponent, according to the patt erns of hortor, vereor, and partior (see App. §73). Words in italics are explanatory and are not part of the defi nition. Words in square brackets are the root(s) from which a word is derived or another closely related word. Th e symbol • follows the last lett er of the base or stem of the word. To this base, subsequent syllables are added, e.g., abic•iō, -ere = abiciō, abicere or āc•er, -ris, -re = ācer, ācris, ācre. (NB: In Caesar’s day, nouns that ended in -ius and -ium regularly had a genitive -ī, rather than -iī, e.g., auxil•ium, -ī. For details, see App. §16, c.) A dagger † follows the entry for those words that appear both on the high frequency vocabulary list and in italics in the Latin text. Th is glossary is based closely on the vocabulary in the edition of A. T. Walker (see the Acknowledgments at the beginning of this volume for details). A. ab mīlibus passuum duōbus, ā (before consonants), ab (before two miles away; (4) with the vowels and some consonants), pass. voice oft en expressing agent abs (before tē, and in some (the person by whom the action compounds), prep. with abl., is performed), by; (5) variously originally denoting separation; (1) translated in other expressions, of place, persons, time, etc., from, from, by, in respect to, aft er. † away from, from the vicinity a. = ante adv., (1) before, above, of; (2) denoting position, in some previously; (2) prep. with acc., phrases, at, in, on, on the side before, in front of, in advance of. of; ā tergō, in the rear; (3) with A., abbr. for Aulus, a Roman expressions of measure, away, off ; praenomen.

– 311 – © Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com 312 Caesar De Bello Gallico

abic•iō, -ere, abiēcī, abiectum translated in other relations, at, [iaciō, throw. App. §7], throw aft er, for, to, according to, in the away or down; hurl. eyes of, among. † abs, see ā. adāctus, see adigō. absum, abesse, āfuī, — [sum, be. ad•dō, -dere, -didī, -ditum [dō, App. §78], be away, be absent or put], place on, add. distant, be lacking or free from. ad•dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, ac, see atque. † -ductum [dūcō, lead], lead ac•cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum to, draw to, bring to; induce, [ad + cēdō, go], approach, come infl uence. near to, arrive at, come to; to be adeō, adv., to such an extent, so added. much, so very, so; in fact. ac•cidō, -cidere, -cidī, — [ad + ad•eō, -īre, -iī, -itum [eō, go. cadō, fall], fall to or upon; befall; App. §84], go to, approach, visit, happen, fall to the lot of, occur. † assail, att ack. ac•cipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptum ad•fi ciō, -fi cere, -fēcī, -fectum [ad + capiō, take], take or [ad + faciō, do], aff ect, inspire; receive to oneself, accept; magnō dolōre affi cere, to experience, suff er; learn, hear, annoy greatly. take. † ad•fl īgō, -fl īgere, -fl īxī, -fl īctum, āc•er, -ris, -re, adj., sharp [App. strike against; overthrow; §36]. damage, injure. aci•ēs, -ēī (old gen. aciē), f., sharp ad•haereō, -haerēre, -haesī, point or edge of a weapon; sharp -haesum [haereō, stick], cling or keen sight, glance; a line (as to, stick to. forming an edge), batt le line; adhib•eō, -ēre, -uī, -itum prīma, the vanguard; media, [habeō, have], bring to, bring in, the center; novissima, the rear summon; employ, use. (guard). adhortor, 1 [hortor, encourage], ad, prep. with acc., originally encourage, incite. expressing motion toward: (1) ad•igō, -igere, -ēgī, -āctum [ad expressing motion , toward, + agō, move], drive or bring by against, to the vicinity of; (2) force, move; thrust, plunge, hurl expressing position, at, by, near; (of weapons); bind (by an oath). (3) expressing purpose, with the ad•ipīscor, -ipīscī, -eptus sum, gerund and gerundive, to, for (the att ain to, gain. purpose of); (4) with numbers, adit•us, -ūs, m. [adeō, go to], up to, about; (5) of time, up approach, means of approach, to, until; at, on; (6) variously right to approach, access.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 313 ad•iungō, -iungere, -iūnxī, advers•us, -a, -um, adv. [perf. -iūnctum [iungō, join], att ach, part. of advertō, turn to], turned join to, unite, add. to, turned against; opposite, adiūt•or, -ōris, m. [adiuvō, aid], fronting; adverse, unfavorable; helper, assistant, abett or. unsuccessful; adversō fl ūmine, adminis•ter, -trī, m. [minister, up the river; in adversum ōs, servant], att endant, priest. full in the face. administrō, 1 [minister, servant], advolō, 1 [volō, fl y], fl y to or serve, att end, wait upon; against, rush on or at. manage, guide. aedifi •cium, -cī, n. [aedifi ciō, ad•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, build], building, house. -missum [mitt ō, send], admit; Aedu•us, -a, -um, adj., of the commit; incur; let go; give reins Aedui; as a noun: an Aeduan; pl. (to a horse). as a noun: the Aedui or Aeduans, admodum, adv. [modus, one of the most powerful Gallic measure], literally: up to the tribes. measure; very much, very; with ae•ger, -gra, -grum, adj., sick, ill. numbers, fully; with negative, at aes, aeris, n., copper; anything all. made of copper, coin, money; aes ad•olēscō, -olēre, -olēvī, aliēnum, someone else’s money: -ultum, grow up. debt. ad•orior, -orīrī, -ortus sum aes•tās, -ātis, f., summer. [orior, arise], rise against, aestimāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [aestimō, assail, att ack. value], valuation, appraisal. ad•scīscō, -scīscere, -scīvī, aest•us, -ūs, m., heat, boiling, -scītum [ad + scīscō, approve], surging, tide; minuente aestū, approve, admit or receive (as at ebb tide. allies). af•fi ciō, -fi cere, -fēcī, -fectum [ad adsum, adesse, adfuī [sum, be, + faciō, do], do to, treat, aff ect; App. §77], be near, be present, magnō dolōre affi cere, to be at hand, appear. annoy greatly. Aduātic•ī, -ōrum, m., a people in ag•er, -rī, m., fi eld, land; district, Belgic Gaul, the Aduatici. territory. † advent•us, -ūs, m. [veniō, aggregō, 1 [ad + grex, fl o c k ] unite come], arrival, approach, in a fl ock; assemble; join, att ach. coming. † agm•en, -inis, n. [agō, move], adversus, prep. with acc. a moving body; a marching [adversus, turned against], column; army; in agmine, on opposite to, against. the march; prīmum agmen,

the vanguard (those in fr ont); aliter, adv. [alius, other], novissimum or extrēmum otherwise; aliter . . . ac, agmen, the rear (guard) (those otherwise . . . than. in back). ali•us, -a, -ud, gen. alīus (App. ag•ō, -ere, ēgī, actum, set in §32) another, other; alius . . . motion, drive (animals); move alius . . . , one . . . another . . . ; in forward, advance (military pl., some . . . others . . . † works); do, transact, carry on Allobrog•ēs, -um, m., the (business); discuss, speak; hold Allobroges, a Gallic people in (conventum, a meeting); give, the Roman Province. render (grātiās, thanks); plead Alp•ēs, -ium, f., Alps; the (causam, a case); quod agitur, mountains that separate northern the matt er in hand; rēs agitur, Italy fr om Germany and something is at stake. Transalpine Gaul. ala•cer, -cris, -cre, adj., lively, eager, alt•er, -era, -erum (App. §32), the active, ready, joyous, “fi red up.” other (of two); second; the one; alacri•tās, -ātis, f. [alacer, lively], alter . . . alter, the one . . . the enthusiasm, eagerness. other; alterī . . . alterī, the one Alesi•a, -ae, f., Alesia; main city party . . . the other. † of the Mandubii; now called altitūd•ō, -inis, f. [altus, high, Alise-Sainte-Reine. deep], height, depth; thickness aliās, adv. [alius, another], at (of timber). another place, elsewhere; at alt•us, -a, -um, adj., high, deep; n. another time; aliās . . . aliās, at as noun: the deep, the sea. one time . . . at another. ambact•us, -ī, m., vassal. aliēn•us, -a, -um, adj. [alius, Ambarr•ī, -ōrum, m., Ambarri; a other], of or belonging to tribe living to the east of the Arar another, another’s; strange, river. alien, unfamiliar; unfavorable; Ambior•īx, -īgis, m., Ambiorix, foreign to the purpose; aes king of the Eburones. † aliēnum, debt; aliēnissimī, amb•ō, -ae, -a, adj., both. complete strangers. āment•um, -ī, n., strap or thong, aliō, adv. [alius, other], to another fastened to the shaft of a javelin to place, person, or thing; elsewhere. aid its propulsion. ali•quis, -quid and ali•quī, amīciti•a, -ae, f. [amīcus, friend], -qua, -quod, indef. pron. [quis, friendship. who. App. §62, a], someone, amīc•us, -a, -um, adj. [amō, something; anyone, anything, love], friendly, well-disposed; any. † devoted.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 315 amīc•us, -ī, m. [amō, love], friend, anim•us, -ī, m., mind, intellect; ally. feelings; character; spirit, soul; ā•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, -missum resolution, courage; animī [mitt ō, send], send away, causā, for amusement; in dismiss; let go; lose. animō habēre, intend. amplē, adv. [amplus, large], largely; ann•us, -ī, m., year. † comp., amplius, more, farther. ante (1) adv., before, above, ampl•us, -a, um, adj., of large previously; (2) prep. with acc., extent, spacious, large; before, in front of, in advance illustrious, splendid, noble; of. † generous, magnifi cent; amplius, antecurs•or, -ōris, m. [currō, comparative as noun, more, run], forerunner; pl., vanguard. a greater number, a greater ante•ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum distance. [ferō, carry. App. §81], carry or an, conj., used to introduce the bear before; prefer. second element of alternative aper•iō, -īre, -uī, -tum, open, questions, or, or rather. expose. ancor•a, -ae, f., anchor; in Apoll•ō, -inis, m., the god Apollo. ancorīs, at anchor. appellō, 1, call, name, call by angustē, adv. [angustus, narrow], name, accost. narrowly; in close quarters. appropinquō, 1 [ad + angusti•ae, -ārum, f. pl. propinquus, near], come near, [angustus, narrow], come close, approach. narrowness; a narrow place Apr. = Aprīl•is, -e, adj., of (the or pass, strait, defi le; straits, month of) April. diffi culties, perplexities. Aprīl•is, -e, adj., of (the month of) angust•us, -a, -um, adj. [angō, April. squeeze], compressed, confi ned, apud, prep. with acc., at, among, narrow; in angustō, in a critical near, with; (with persons) at the condition. house of, in the presence of. † anim•a, -ae, f., breath, life, soul. aqua, -ae, f., water. animad•vertō, -vertere, -vertī, aquil•a, -ae, f., an eagle; a military -versum [animus, mind + ad standard (the aquila was the main + vertō, turn], turn the mind standard of the legion). to; notice; animadvertere in, aquili•fer, -ferī, m. [aquila, eagle punish. + ferō, carry], standard-bearer. anim•al, -ālis, n. [anima, breath], Aquītān•ī, -ōrum, m., the animal, living (and breathing) Aquitani or Aquitanians (a creature. people located on the Atlantic

coast above the Pyrenees, the assistō, assistere, astitī, — [ad + mountains that separate the sistō, stand], stand by, stand near. Iberian peninsula fr om Gaul). ascēns•us, -ūs, m. [ascendō, Aquītān•us, -a, -um, adj., climb up], ascent, approach, Aquitanian, of Aquitania. climbing up. Arar, -is, m. (acc.: -im), Arar asp•er, -era, -erum, adj., rough, (river); now called Saône. violent. arbitror, 1, decide, think, believe. † at, conj., but, at least. † arcess•ō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum, atque, ac (ac only before summon, send for, invite. consonants, atque before vowels ārd•eō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsum, burn, and consonants), usually adds blaze, be infl amed, be eager. something especially important, argill•a, -ae, f., white clay. while et usually adds things of ārid•us, -a, um, adj. [areō, be dry], equal importance; and also, and dry; neut. as noun: dry land. even, and; aft er words expressing Ariovist•us, -ī, m., Ariovistus, a a comparison or diff erence: than, Germanic king. as, from. † arm•a, -ōrum, n. pl., arms, Atre•bās, -bātis, m., an equipment, weapons; by Atrebatian; pl. the Atrebates. metonymy: batt le, war. † at•texō, -texere, -texuī, -textum armāment•a, -ōrum, n. pl. [armō, [ad + texō, weave], weave on. arm], implements, gear; tackle or att ing•ō, -ere, att igī, att actum rigging (of a ship). [ad + tangō, touch], touch or Arpīnē•ius, -ī, m., Gaius Arpineius, border on, reach, extend to, an equestrian in Caesar’s army. arrive at, att ain. arrip•iō, -ere, -uī, arreptum [ad at•tribuō, -tribuere, -tribuī, + rapiō, seize], take or seize -tribūtum [ ad + tribuō, assign], hurriedly. assign, allot. ars, artis, f., skill, art; pl. the arts. auctor, -is, m. [augeō, increase], arti•fi cium, -fi cī, n. [ ars, art + one who produces, creates, or faciō, make], a trade, handicraft ; originates; promoter, instigator, artifi ce, trick. advisor, author. a•scendō, -scendere, -scendī, auctōri•tās, -tātis, f. [auctor, -scēnsum [ad + scandō, climb], producer], infl uence, character, climb up, ascend, mount, climb. authority, reputation. a•scīscō, -scīscere, -scīvī, audācter, adv. [audāx, bold], -scītum [ad + scīscō, approve], boldly, fearlessly, daringly. approve, admit or receive (as Comp. audācius; superl. allies). audācissimē.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 317 aud•eō, -ēre, ausus sum (App. Belg•ae, -ārum, m., the Belgians §74), dare, risk, venture. or Belgae (a people located in audiō, 4, hear, hear of; dictō northern Gaul along the English audiēns, obedient. Channel). † auge•ō, -ēre, auxī, auctum, Belg•ium, -ī, n., the territory increase, augment, enhance, belonging to the Belgae. add to. bellō, 1, make war, carry on war, aurīg•a, -ae, m., charioteer. wage war. Aurunculēi•us, -ī, m., Lucius Bellovac•ī, -ōrum, m., the Aurunculeius Cott a, one of Bellovaci (a Belgic people). Caesar’s lieutenants. bell•um, -ī, n., war. † aut, conj., used where the diff erence benefi •cium, -cī, n. [bene, well is important or exclusive, or; aut + faciō, do], benefi t, favor, . . . aut, either . . . or. † kindness, good deed. autem, conj., but (a weak benevolenti•a, -ae, f. [bene, well + adversative); however, on the volō, wish], goodwill, kindness. other hand; now; moreover. † Bibract•e, -is, n., Bibracte; capital auxilior, 1 [auxilium, help], of the Aedui. help, give aid, assist, render bīdu•um, -ī, n. [bis, twice + diēs, assistance. day], space or period of two days. auxil•ium, -ī, n. [augeō, bienn•ium, -ī, n. [bis, twice + increase], help, assistance, annus, year], two years. aid; pl., auxiliary troops; bipertītō, adv. [bis, twice + reinforcements. partior, divide], in two parts or āvert•ō, -ere, -ī, āversum [ab + divisions, in two ways. vertō, turn], turn away from Bōi•ī, -ōrum, m., the Boii, a Celtic or away, turn aside; turn back, tribe in southern Germany and repulse; perf. part. as adj.: with Cisalpine Gaul who had once been back turned. powerful. bon•us, -a, -um, adj., good, B. benefi cial, profi table, well- balte•us, -ī, m., sword belt. disposed; (with animō) Balven•tius, -tī, m., Titus friendly; as noun, bon•um, -ī, Balventius, one of Caesar’s n., profi t, advantage; bon•a, centurions. -ōrum, n. pl., goods, property, barbar•us, -a, -um, adj., foreign estate; bon•ī, -ōrum, m. pl., the (to Romans and Greeks), good (people), good men, good uncivilized; pl. as noun: citizens. Comp.: melior; superl.: barbarians. optimus (App. §42).

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com 318 Caesar De Bello Gallico brev•is, -e, adv., short, brief, cas•a, -ae, f., hut, barrack. transitory. Cass•ius, -ī, m., Lucius Cassius Britanni•a, -ae, f., Britannia, Longinus, consul in 107 bce, Britain. † defeated and slain in batt le by the Tigurini. C. Castic•us, -ī, m., Casticus, an C., abbr. for praenomen Gāius. important man among the C., sign for centum, one hundred. Sequani. cad•ō, -ere, cecidī, cāsum, fall; castr•a, -ōrum, n. pl. [castrum, fall in batt le, be killed, die. fortress], camp, fortifi ed camp; caed•ēs, -is, f. [caedō, cut], castra facere or pōnere, pitch slaughter, massacre, murder. camp; castra movēre, break caelest•is, -e, adj. [caelum, sky], camp. † what is in the sky, heavenly, cās•us, -ūs, m. [cadō, fall], celestial; pl. as noun: the gods what befalls: accident, chance, (who live in the sky). misfortune, fate; crisis; cāsū, by Caes•ar, -aris, m., (1) Gaius Julius chance. Caesar, general in Gaul and author Catamantaloed•is, -is, m., of the Commentaries; (2) Lucius Catamantaloedis, a leader among Julius Caesar, Caesar’s relative the Sequani before Caesar’s day. and one of his lieutenants. † catēn•a, -ae, f., chain, fett er. caesp•es, -itis, m., sod, turf. Catuvolc•us, -ī, m., Catuvolcus, calami•tās, -tātis, f., disaster, a leader among the Eburones who misfortune, defeat. eventually poisons himself when cap•iō, -ere, cēpī, captum, take, things go badly for him. capture, seize, catch; take in, caus•a, -ae, f., cause, reason, beguile, induce; take up (arms); grounds, motive; situation, choose, select (a place); form; condition; a (legal) case, cause; adopt (a plan); reach; arrive at causam dīcere, to plead a case; (a place); make (a beginning); causā, following a gen., for the collem capere, take a position sake of, for the purpose of, for. † on a hill; fugam capere, take to cēd•ō, -ere, cessī, cessum, go, go fl i g h t .† away; give way, yield, retreat. captīv•us, -a, -um, adj. [capiō, celeri•tās, -tātis, f. [celer, swift ], take], prisoner, captive. quickness, speed, swift ness. † Carnut•ēs, -um, m., the Carnutes celeriter, adv. [celer, swift ], (a people in central Gaul). quickly, rapidly, speedily. carr•us, -ī, m., cart, wagon. Celt•ae, -ārum, m., the Celts or car•us, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious. Kelts, the Celtae.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 319 centum (C.), indecl. card. number, circuit•us, -ūs, m. [circumeō, one hundred. go around], a going around; a centuri•ō, -ōnis, m. [centum, winding path; circumference, hundred], centurion, the circuit. commander of the century, a unit circum, prep. with acc. [circus, corresponding to one-sixtieth of a circle], around, about, near. legion. circumcīd•ō, -ere, -ī, circumcīsum certām•en, -inis, n. [certō, [circum, around + caedō, cut], struggle], strife, struggle, cut around, cut off , cut; isolate. contest, combat. circum•dō, -dare, -dedī, certē, adv. [certus, certain], -datum [dō, put], put around, certainly, at least, at all events. encompass, surround. cert•us, -a, -um, adj., decided, circum•sistō, -sistere, -stitī, — certain, sure, fi xed; certiōrem [sistō, stand], stand, fl ock or facere, inform (with acc. and rally around, surround, hem in. inf.); order (with ut or nē and the circum•spiciō, -spicere, -spexī, subjunctive); certior fi erī, be -spectum [speciō, look], look informed. † (around) for or at, consider, cēter•ī, -ae, -a, adj., the rest of, the examine. remainder; as noun: the rest, the circum•veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, remaining, the others. -ventum [veniō, come], come Ceutron•ēs, -um, m., the or get around, surround, cut off , Ceutrones: (1) a Belgic people beset; betray, defraud. † subject to the Nervii or (2) a citō, adv., quickly, speedily. Comp. people living in the eastern part of citius; superl. citissimē. the Roman Province. cīvi•tās, -tātis, f. [cīvis, citizen], cibāri•us, -a, -um, adj. [cibus, citizenship; the citizens (as food], pertaining to food; n. forming a community), state, city. † pl. as noun: provisions; molita clam, adv., secretly. cibāria, fl our, meal. clāmitō, 1 [fr equentative of clāmō, Cicer•ō, -ōnis, m., Quintus cry out], cry out repeatedly, Tullius Cicero, brother of the exclaim. more famous orator and consul of clām•or, -ōris, m. [clamō, cry 63 bce, Marcus Tullius Cicero. He out], outcry, noise, shouting, served as one of Caesar’s legates. † clamor. cing•ō, -ere, cīnxī, cīnctum, clār•us, -a, -um, adj., clear, loud. encircle, surround, invest, clēmenti•a, -ae, f. [clēmēns, encompass; man (a wall). gentle], gentleness, kindness, circiter, adv. about, around, near. † mercy, clemency.

cliēns, clientis, m., f. [clueō, hear, col•ligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctum obey], client, vassal, dependent, [con + legō, gather], gather retainer. together, collect; acquire; sē co•emō, -emere, -ēmī, -ēmptum colligere, collect oneself: rally, [emō, buy], buy, buy up. recover. coepī, coepisse (App. §86), collocō, 1 [con + locō, place], began, commenced, undertook; place, set, station; arrange; coeptus, perf. part., begun, nūptum collocāre, to give in commenced. † marriage. † cōgitō, 1 [co + agitō, consider], collo•quium, -quī, n. [colloquor, consider thoroughly or carefully, talk together], talking together; ponder, refl ect; think, purpose, conference, parley, interview. plan. col•loquor, -loquī, -locūtus sum cog•nōscō, -nōscere, -nōvī, -nitum [con + loquor, talk], speak [co + (g)nōscō, learn], learn, with, converse, confer, have a ascertain; study, investigate; perf., conference. † I have learned, and thus: I know colō, colere, coluī, cultum, (App. §193, I, a.). † cultivate, dwell in; honor, cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctum worship. [co + agō, drive], drive or bring comb•ūrō, -ūrere, -ussī, -ustum together, collect, draw together, [con + ūrō, burn], burn up. assemble, force, compel. † commeāt•us, -ūs, m. [commeō, cohor•s, -tis, f., cohort. † go back and forth], trip, voyage; cohortor, 1 [co + hortor, supplies, provisions. encourage], encourage greatly, commemorō, 1 [memorō, call cheer, animate. to mind], remind one of; state, commentāri•us, -ī, m. mention. [commentor, consider], commendō, 1 [mandō, entrust], notebook, sketchbook, entrust, surrender. memorandum, journal; commeō, 1 [meō, go], go back and sketch, memorandum, report; forth; with ad, resort to, visit. explanation, commentary. comminus, adv. [manus, hand], con•iciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectum [co hand to hand, in close combat. + iaciō, throw. App. §7], hurl, com•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, throw, cast; put; put together -missum [mitt ō, send], join, (logically), conjecture; in fugam splice; commit (a crime), do; conicere, put to fl ight. allow, permit; entrust; proelium colligō, 1 [con + ligō, bind], bind committ ere, join or begin or fasten together. batt le.

Com•mius, -mī, m., Commius, com•prehendō, -prehendere, a leader of the Atrebates. He was -prehendī, -prehēnsum loyal to Caesar until 52 bce when [prehendō (=prendō), seize], he led troops in support of the grasp or lay hold of, seize, catch, general Gallic revolt. arrest, take, catch (fi r e ). commodē, adv. [commodus, con•cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, convenient], conveniently; -cessum [cēdō, go], go away, readily, easily, fi tly: satis depart, withdraw; grant, yield; commodē, to great advantage, allow, permit. very easily. con•cīdō, -cīdere, -cīsī, -cīsum commod•us, -a, -um, adj. [caedō, cut], cut down, kill, slay, [modus, measure], in full cut off . measure: convenient, suitable, con•cidō, -ere, -cidī, —, [cadō, satisfactory. fall], fall down, fall. commod•um, -ī, n. [commodus, conciliō, 1 [concilium, assembly], convenient], convenience, bring together; gain or win over, interest, advantage. secure; reconcile, conciliate. commūnicō, 1 [commūnis, concil•ium, -ī, n., assembly, common], make common, gathering, council. communicate, impart, share. concitō, 1 [citō, put in motion], commūn•is, -e, adj. common, stir up, rouse, instigate, incite. general; rēs commūnis, the conclāmō, 1 [clāmō, shout], shout common interest. † out, call aloud, yell. comparō, 1 [parō, prepare], con•currō, -currere, -cursī, prepare, get ready; acquire, -cursum [currō, run], run or gain, secure, prepare for. rush together; hurry, run, rush; com•periō, -perīre, -perī, run to the rescue; come, gather. -pertum [pariō, procure], fi nd concursō, 1 [fr equentative of out with certainty, discover, concurrō, run], run about. ascertain. concurs•us, -ūs, m. [concurrō, com•pleō, -plēre, -plēvī, run], a running together, att ack, -plētum [obs.: pleō, fi l l ] , fi l l onset; collision. up or completely; complete; condici•ō, -ōnis, f., condition, cover. state; agreement, stipulation, complūr•ēs, -a, adj. [plūs, terms. more], several, many; a great con•dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, many. -ductum [dūcō, lead], lead comportō, 1 [portō, carry], carry or bring together, assemble, together, collect, bring. conduct; hire.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com 322 Caesar De Bello Gallico cōnfectus, see cōnfi ciō. cōn•fl īgō, -fl īgere, -fl īxī, -fl īctum cōn•ferō, -ferre, contulī, collātus [fl īgō, strike], strike against; [ferō, bring. App. §81], bring contend, fi ght. or get together, collect, gather, coniūnctim, adv. [coniungō, carry, bring; crowd together; join], jointly. ascribe to; put off , defer; con•iungō, -iungere, -iūnxī, compare; sē cōnferre, betake -iūnctum [coniungō, join], join oneself, take refuge. with or together, connect, unite, cōnfert•us, -a, -um, adj. [perf. part. bind. of cōnferciō, crowd together], coniūrāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [coniūrō, dense, thick, compact, stuff ed. swear], a swearing together; plot, cōnfestim, adv., hastily, at once, conspiracy; secret organization; immediately. confederacy; gang. cōn•fi ciō, -fi cere, -fēcī, cōnor, 1, try, att empt, endeavor. -fectum [faciō, make], make cōn•scendō, -scendere, -scendī, or do thoroughly, complete, -scēnsum [scandō, climb], climb, accomplish, fi nish; fi nish up, mount; go on board, embark. exhaust, weaken; furnish; dress cōn•scīscō, -scīscere, -scīvī, or treat (leather). -scītum [scīscō, resolve], cōn•fīdō, -fīdere, -fīsī, -fīsum resolve upon; sibi mortem [fīdō, trust. App. §74], trust conscīscere, commit suicide. completely, rely on, feel cōn•scrībō, -scrībere, -scrīpsī, confi dent, hope;cōnfīsus, -scrīptum [scrībō, write], write perf. part with pres. meaning: together in a list: levy, enroll, relying on. enlist; write. cōnfīn•ium, -ī, n. [fīnis, cōnsecrō, 1 [sacrō, dedicate], boundary], common boundary, dedicate, consecrate. neighborhood. cōnsecūtus, see cōnsequor. cōnfi rmō, 1 [fi rmō, strengthen], cōn•sentiō, -sentīre, -sēnsī, establish, strengthen, encourage, -sēnsum [sentiō, feel], think console; declare, assert. together: agree, combine. cōn•fi teor, -fi tērī, -fessus sum cōn•sequor, -sequī, -secūtus [fateor, confess], acknowledge, sum [sequor, follow], follow up; confess. go aft er, pursue; reach, overtake; cōnfl agrō, 1 [fl agrō, burn], burn, gain, att ain, accomplish; ensue, be on fi re. succeed. cōnfl īctō, 1 [fr eq. of cōnfl īgō], cōn•sīdō, -sīdere, -sēdī, -sessum strike together; in the pass.: be [sīdō, sit down], sit down distressed. together, sett le; take a position.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 323 cōnsili•um, -ī, n., consultation, cōn•suēscō, -suēscere, -suēvī, deliberation; counsel, advice; -suētum [suēscō, become used plan, design; measure, course of to], become accustomed or used action; judgement; prudence, to; perf.(App. §193, I, a.), be wisdom; an assembly for accustomed; cōnsuētus, perf. deliberation, council, council of part. as adj.: accustomed, usual. † war; commūnī cōnsiliō, by, or in cōnsuētūd•ō, -inis, f. [cōnsuēscō, accordance with, general action; become accustomed], habit, pūblicō cōnsiliō, by action of the custom, practice; mode of life, state; cōnsilium capere or inīre, “lifestyle.” form or adopt a plan; cōnsilium cōn•sul, -sulis, m., consul, one of habēre, think, consider. † the two chief magistrates elected cōn•sistō, -sistere, -stitī, — annually at Rome. [sistō, stand], take a stand or cōnsul•ō, -ere, -uī, -tum, take position, keep one’s position, counsel, consult, consider; with stand, form (when soldiers make dat.: take counsel for, consider a formation); stop, halt, remain, the interests of, take care for; stay; (of ships) lie at anchor; spare. consist in, depend or rest on. cōn•sūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, cōnspect•us, -ūs, m. [conspiciō, -sūmptum [sūmō, take], take look at], sight, view; presence. together or all at once: devour, cōn•spiciō, -spicere, -spexī, consume, destroy; use up, waste, -spectum [speciō, look], look pass. at, observe, discern, perceive. cōn•surgō, -surgere, -surrēxī, cōnspicor, 1 [speciō, look], -surrectum [surgō, rise], arise observe, discern, perceive. together, arise in a body, arise. cōnstipō, 1, press or crowd closely. contabulō, 1 [tabula, board], fl oor cōn•stituō, -stituere, -stituī, over, build in multiple stories, -stitūtum [statuō, set up], set build up. up, erect, construct, appoint, contāgi•ō, -ōnis, f. [contingō, decide, decree, determine, touch], contact. establish, set, sett le; (of troops) contempti•ō, -ōnis, f. draw up (in formation); (of ships) [contemnō, despise], disdain, anchor, station; raise (a legion). † contempt. cōn•stō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātum con•tendō, -tendere, -tendī, [stō, stand], stand fi rm; depend -tentum [tendō, stretch], push on; be complete; cost; impers.: forward, hasten; march; strive, it is agreed, certain, evident, or contend, fi ght; be anxious for; known. maintain, insist.

contenti•ō, -ōnis, f. [contendō, contumēli•a, -ae, f., aff ront, strive], striving, struggle, indignity, insult; injury, contest, dispute. violence. con•texō, -texere, -texuī, convall•is, -is, f. [vallis, valley], -textum [texō, weave], weave or enclosed valley, defi le. bind together, connect. con•veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, contigī, see contingō. -ventum [veniō, come], come contin•ēns, -entis, adj. together, assemble; convene, [contineō, hold together], meet; come to, arrive; to holding together; continuous, be agreed upon; impers.: unbroken; neighboring; as noun, be convenient, suitable, or mainland, continent. necessary. † continenter, adv. [continēns, convent•us, -ūs, m. [conveniō, continuous], without come together], a coming interruption, continually, together, meeting, assembly; continuously. court. con•tineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, con•vertō, -vertere, -vertī, -tentum [teneō, hold], hold -versum [verto, turn], turn together; hold, keep, restrain; completely, turn around, wheel bound, shut up, contain; sē around; turn, change; signa continēre, with abl., remain in, convertere, (turn) about face. on, or within. † co•orior, -orīrī, -ortus sum con•tingō, -tingere, -tigī, -tāctum [orior, rise], arise, spring up, [tangō, touch], touch, reach; break out. extend to; befall, happen to. cōpi•a, -ae, f., supply, plenty, continu•us, -a, -um, adj. abundance, number; pl.: [contineō, hold together], resources; forces, troops. † holding together, unbroken, cor, cordis, n., heart. uninterrupted, continuous. cotīdiān•us, -a, -um, adj. contrā, adv. and prep. with acc.: (1) [cotīdiē, daily], every day, daily; as adv.: against him or them; on usual, customary. the other hand; contrā atque, cotīdiē, adv. [quot, how many + contrary to what; (2) as prep., diēs, day], daily, every day. against, contrary to; opposite, Cott •a, -ae, m., Lucius Aurunculeius facing. Cott a, one of Caesar’s lieutenants. contrōversi•a, -ae, f. [contrā, Crass•us, -ī, m., Marcus Licinius against + versus, turned], Crassus, (together with Pompey) dispute, argument, quarrel, political ally and supporter of controversy. † Caesar, consul in 55 bce, is

killed while leading the Parthian cupidē, adv. [cupidus, desirous], expedition of 53 bce; (2) his desirously, eagerly. younger son, Publius Licinius cupidi•tās, -tātis, f. [cupidus, Crassus, who served as one of eager], eagerness, desire, greed, Caesar’s lieutenants 58–56 bce; avarice. died in batt le with his father in cupid•us, -a, -um, adj. [cupiō, Parthia in 53 bce; and (3) an elder desire], eager, desirous, zealous, son, Marcus Licinius Crassus, who fond. served as one of Caesar’s quaestors cūrō, 1 [cūra, care], care for, aft er his brother left Gaul. take care of, provide for; with crāt•es, -is, f., wickerwork; fascine gerundive (App. §285, II, b.): (a bundle of sticks used for fi lling have, order. trenches). curr•us, -ūs, m., chariot. crēb•er, -ra, -rum, adj., thick, curs•us, -ūs, m. [currō, run], close, repeated, numerous, running, speed; course, career; frequent, at short intervals. pasage, voyage. Comp.: crēbrior; superl.: crēberrimus (App. §40). D. crēd•ō, -ere, -idī, -itum, believe, D., sign for quīngentī, fi v e h u n d r d.e suppose; entrust. d. = diem. cremō, 1, burn. damnō, 1 [damnum, damage], cruciāt•us, -ūs, m. [cruciō, declare guilty, sentence, torture; crux, cross (used for condemn. crucifi xion)], torture, torment. dē, prep. with abl., originally culp•a, -ae, f., blame, fault, guilt. expressing motion fr om; (1) cult•us, -ūs, m. [colō, cultivate], of place, from, down from, cultivation, civilization; mode away from, out of; (2) of time, of life, lifestyle; dress; religious just aft er, about; (3) variously worship. translated in other relations, cum, conj., when, as, while; aft er, about, concerning, of, from, in as soon as; whenever; since, accordance with, for. † because; although; cum . . . dēbeō, 2 [dē + habeō, have], have, tum, not only . . . but also, both or keep fr om someone: owe; with . . . and; cum prīmum, as soon inf.: ought, must, have to; pass.: as. See App. §§238–242. † be due. cum, prep. with abl., with, along dē•cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, with, together with. † -cessum [cēdō, go], go from or cūnctor, 1, delay, hesitate, be away, depart, withdraw, leave, reluctant. forsake; die.

decem (X), indecl. card. number, ten. dē•iciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectum dē•cernō, -cernere, -crēvī, [iaciō, throw. App. §7], hurl or -crētum [cernō, separate; cast down; dislodge; kill; foil, decide], decide, vote, decree. disappoint. dēclīv•is, -e, adj. [clīvus, a slope], deinceps, adv., one aft er the other, sloping downward, declining; n. in turn, successively. pl. as noun: slopes. deinde, adv. [dē + inde, from dē•decus, -oris, n. [decus, honor], there, thence], then, next, aft er dishonor, disgrace. this, thereupon. dēditus, see dēdō. dēlīberō, 1 [lībra, balance], weigh dē•dō, -dere, -didī, -ditum [dō, well; consider, deliberate. give], give up, give over, yield, dēligō, 1 [ligō, bind], bind or tie surrender; devote; sē dēdere, down, fasten, moor. submit, surrender. dē•ligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctum dē•dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, [legō, choose], pick out, select, -ductum [dūcō, lead], lead choose. down, lead away, withdraw; dē•litēscō, -tēscere, -lituī, — bring, conduct, lead; infl uence; [latēscō, inceptive of lateō, lie launch (ships); give in marriage. hidden], hide oneself, lurk. dēfecti•ō, -ōnis, f. [dēfi ciō, fail], dē•metō, -metere, -messuī, falling away, desertion, revolt. -messum [metō, reap], mow, dēfēnsor, -is, m. [dēfendō, reap. defend], defender, protector; dē•migrō, 1 [migrō, move, (means of) defense. migrate], move from, move dē•ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum [ferō, away, emigrate, remove. carry. App. §81], bring from, bring dē•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, down, carry, take; report, disclose; -missum [mitt ō, send], send, bring before, refer; bestow, confer; thrust, or let down; sink; bow dēlātus (sometimes), falling; (one’s head); sē dēmitt ere, coming by chance. come or get down, descend; dē•fi ciō, -fi cere, -fēcī, -fectum sē animō dēmitt ere, lose [faciō, make], fail, desert, fall courage; dēmissus, perf. part. away, revolt. as adj.: low. dē•fīgō, -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxum dēmō, dēmere, dēmpsī, [fīgō, fi x ] , fi x or fasten down, dēmptum [dē + emō, take], drive in, plant. take down, remove. dē•fugiō, -fugere, -fūgī, -fugitum dēmōnstrō, 1 [mōnstrō, show], [fugiō, fl ee], fl ee from, run away, point out, show, explain, shun. describe; declare, state, say.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 327 dēmum, adv., at length, at last, dē•vehō, -vehere, -vexī, -vectum fi n a l l .y [vehō, carry], carry away, dē•pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsum bring. [pellō, drive], drive from or dē•voveō, -vovēre, -vōvī, -vōtum away, ward off . [ voveō, vow], consecrate, dē•pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, devote; dēvōtus, perf. part. as -positum [pōnō, put], lay down, noun: a sworn follower. put aside, put away, give up; dext•er, -ra, -rum, adj., on the place, station, deposit. right, right. dē•prehendō, -prehendere, dextra, -ae, f. [dexter, right; sc. -prehendī, -prehēnsum manus, hand], the right hand. [prehendō (=prendō), seize], dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum, say, seize, capture, catch. tell, speak, express, mention; dē•scendō, -scendere, -scendī, name, appoint; causam dīcere, -scēnsum [scandō, climb], plead a case; iūs dīcere, climb down, go down, descend; administer justice. † have recourse (to), resort. d. = diem. dē•serō, -serere, -seruī, -sertum diēs, diēī, m. and f., day; time; in [serō, entwine, join], disjoin; diēs, from day to day; diem ex abandon, desert, forsake; diē, day aft er day. † dēsertus, perf. part. as adj.: diff erō, diff erre, distulī, dīlātum deserted, solitary. [ferō, carry. App. §81], scatt er, dē•siliō, -silīre, -siluī, -sultum spread; put off , defer; be [saliō, jump], jump from, leap diff erent, diff er. down, alight, dismount. diffi cil•is, -e, adj. [facilis, easy], dēspērāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [dēspērō, not easy, hard, troublesome, despair], despair, hopelessness. diffi cult. dēspērō, 1 [spērō, hope], diffi cul•tās, -tātis, f. [diffi cilis, despair, be hopeless, lack diffi cult], diffi culty, trouble, confi dence;dēspērātus , perf. embarrassment. part.: despaired of; as adj.: dif•fīdō, -fīdere, -fīsī, -fīsum desperate. [fīdō, trust. App. §74], distrust, de•sum, -esse, -fuī, — [sum, be. lack confi dence, despair. App. §66], be lacking, be absent digni•tās, -tātis, f. [dignus, from, fail. worthy], worthiness, dignity, dēturbō, 1 [turbō, disturb], drive (personal) merit or worth, status, off , dislodge. rank. de•us, -ī (nom. pl.: diī; dat. pl.: dīiūdicō, 1 [iūdicō, judge], dīs), m., god. decide.

dīligenter, adv. [dīligēns, disputāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [disputō, careful], carefully; with discuss], argument, discussion. exactness, pains, or care. disputō, 1 [putō, reckon], discuss, dīligenti•a, -ae, f. [dīligēns, debate about. careful], carefulness, dissensi•ō, -ōnis, f. [dissentiō, painstaking care. think diff erently], disagreement, dī•ligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctum dissension. [legō, choose], choose or single dis•sentiō, -sentīre, -sēnsī, out, esteem highly, love. -sēnsum [sentiō, feel], diff er, dīmicō, 1 [micō, brandish], fi ght, disagree. struggle, contend. dis•tribuō, -tribuere, -tribuī, dī•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, -missum -tribūtum [tribuō, assign], [mitt ō, send], send in diff erent assign, divide, distribute. directions, send away, send off , distulī, see diff erō. dismiss; break up; let go, let slip, dītissimus, superl. of dīves. let pass, give up, lose. diū, adv., for a long time, long; Dīs, Dītis, m., Dis, the god Pluto, quam diū, as long as; comp.: god of the underworld. diūtius, longer, too long, any dīs, see deus. longer; superl.: diūtissimē, for dis- (dī-, dif-, dir-), inseparable the longest time. prefi x, apart, asunder, in dīves, dīvitis, adj., rich, wealthy; diff erent directions;negative : superl.: dītissimus. equivalent to English un-, not. Dīviciāc•us, -ī, m., Diviciacus, dis•cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, a leader of the Aedui, fr iendly -cessum [cēdō, go], go away, to the Romans. Caesar pardons depart, retire; leave (especially Dumnorix at his request. with ab or ex). † dī•vidō, -videre, dīvīsī, disciplīn•a, -ae, f. [discō, learn], dīvīsum, divide, distribute, learning, discipline; instruction, separate; dīvīsus, perf. part. teaching; system. as adj.: divided, distributed, discō, discere, didicī, —, learn, separated. be taught. dīvīn•us, -a, -um, adj. [dīvus, di•spergō, -spergere, -spersī, divine], of the gods, divine, -spersum [spargō, scatt er], sacred. scatt er, disperse. dō, dare, dedī, datum (App. §85), dis•pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, give, bestow, present, grant, -positum [pōnō, put], place furnish; off er; yield, give up; in apart, place about; distribute, fugam dare, put to fl ight; dare arrange, station. manūs, yield; dare negōtium,

with dat.: employ, engage, du•o, -ae, -a (App. §49), card. direct. (Some compounds of dō num. and adj., two. † are derived fr om an obs. verb, dō, duodecim, card. number and put.) † adj. [duo, two + decem, ten], doceō, docēre, docuī, docitum, twelve. show, teach, instruct, inform. dūr•us, -a, -um, adj. , hard, rough, dol•or, -ōris, m. [doleō, grieve], harsh, diffi cult, dangerous; grief, distress, pain (physical or severe, inclement. mental), anguish, annoyance. dux, ducis, m. [dūcō, lead], leader, domin•us, -ī, m., master. commander, general; guide. dom•us, -ūs (App. §29, d.), f., house; home; native country. E. dōs, dōtis, f. [dō, give], a marriage ē (only before consonants), ex (before present, dowry. vowels and some consonants), prep. Druid•ēs, -um, m., the Druids, with abl., originally expressing the priests of the Celts in Gaul and motion out of; (1) of place, out Britain. of, from, away from; expressing dubitāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [dubitō, position, in some phrases, on; ūnā doubt], doubt, uncertainty; ex parte, on one side; (2) of time, hesitation. from, aft er, since; ex itinere, dubitō, 1 [dubius, doubtful], immediately aft er the march; be uncertain, doubt; hesitate, (3) variously translated in other delay. relations: from, out of, of, because dubi•us, -a, -um, adj., uncertain, of, in accordance with; ē regiōne, doubtful. opposite. † dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum, eā, adv. [= eā viā], by that way, lead, conduct, guide, draw; there. bring, fetch; trace, construct, Eburōn•ēs, -um, m., the extend; deem, consider, judge; Eburones, a Belgic people who protract, defer. † in 54 bce destroyed troops under dum, conj., while, as long as; till, the command of Sabinus and until. † Cott a. Aft erwards, Caesar almost Dumnor•ix, -īgis, m., Dumnorix, exterminated them. a leader of the Aeduans, brother ē•discō, -discere, -didicī, — of Diviciacus, son-in-law of [discō, learn], learn thoroughly, Orgetorix, enemy of Caesar, and learn by heart. leader of the anti-Roman party. ē•dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductum Caesar orders his execution in 54 [dūcō, lead], lead out, lead forth; bce when he tries to escape. draw (a sword).

eff ēminō, 1 [ex + fēmina, eō, adv. [old dat. of is], to that woman], make eff eminate, place, there (in the sense of weaken. thither), to the place (where, eff erō, eff erre, extulī, ēlātum etc.), to them (it, him, etc.). [ex + ferō, carry. App. §81], eōdem, adv. [old dat. of īdem], bring or carry out, carry or take to the same place, to the same away; raise; spread around, point (result, purpose, etc.). publish widely, make known; epistol•a, -ae, f., lett er, epistle. elate, puff up. equ•es, -itis, m. [equus, horse], a ef•fi ciō, -fi cere, -fēcī, -fectum horseman, a rider; pl.: cavalry. [faciō, make], make or Roman society was organized by do completely, complete, class or income levels. Originally, accomplish, construct; make, those who could aff ord their own cause, bring about, render. horse were assigned to the cavalry. ef•fugiō, -fugere, -fūgī, — In Caesar’s day, rich men who [fugiō, fl ee], fl ee from, run belonged to this class, even if they away, escape. did not serve in the cavalry, were ēgī, see agō. called equestrians. Rich Gauls egō, meī (App. §51), fi rst pers. were also called equestrians. † pron., I, me; pl. nōs, we, us, etc. equitāt•us, -ūs, m. [equus, horse], ē•gredior, -gredī, -gressus sum cavalry, horseman. † [gradior, step], step out, go out, equ•us, -ī, m., horse. † come forth, depart; march out, ē•ripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptum make a sortie; land (fr om a ship), [rapiō, seize], take away, wrest disembark. from, extort, deprive; rescue, eiusmodī, of such a sort or kind, relieve, save. such. errō, 1, wander; err, be mistaken. ē•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, -missum essedāri•us, -a, -um, adj. [mitt ō, send], let go, send out or [essedum, war chariot], a forth, release; hurl, discharge; soldier who fought from a two- drop. wheeled British war chariot. enim, conj., in fact, really; for; essed•um, -ī, n., a two-wheeled sed enim, but in fact, war chariot used by the Britons. however. Esuvi•ī, -ōrum, m., the Esuvii, a ē•nūntiō, 1 [nūntiō, announce], people in northwestern Gaul. report, declare, disclose. et, conj., and; also, too, even; et . . . eō, īre, iī (īvī), itum (App. §84), et, both . . . and. † go, proceed, march, pass. etiam, conj., and also, also, even, eō, abl. of is. yet. †

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 331 etsī, conj. [et + sī, if], even if, exigui•tās, -tātis, f. [exiguus, although. scanty], scantiness, meagerness, ē•veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventum shortness, dearth, want. [veniō, come], turn out, result. exīstimāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [exīstimō, ēvent•us, -ūs, m. [ēveniō, turn estimate], judgement, opinion. out], outcome, issue, result, exīstimō, 1 [aestimō, reckon], consequence. estimate, reckon, think, ex, see ē. † consider. † ex•animō, 1 [anima, breath], exit•us, -ūs, m. [exeō, go out], a deprive of breath, render going out, exit, passage; issue, breathless, exhaust; kill. result, end. ex•audiō, 4 [audiō, hear], hear expediō, 4 [pēs, foot], set free; (fr om a distance). arrange, prepare. ex•cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum expedīt•us, -a, -um, adj. [perf. [cēdō, go], go out, go away, part. of expediō, set free], withdraw, retire. unimpeded, free, unobstructed; ex•cellō, -cellere, —, —, excel, without baggage; light armed; as surpass. noun: a light-armed soldier. excitō, 1 [citō, rouse], call forth, ex•pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsum excite, animate, arouse; erect, [pellō, drive], drive out, drive construct (towers); kindle (fi r es ). forth, expel. excōgitō, 1 [cōgitō, think], think explōrō, 1, search or fi n d out, contrive, devise, invent. out, investigate, spy out, excruciō, 1 [cruciō, torture; crux, reconnoiter. cross (used for crucifi xion)], ex•sequor, -sequī, secūtus sum torture severely, torment. [sequor, follow], follow out, ex•eō, -īre, -iī, -ītum [eō, go. App. enforce. §84], go from, go out, depart ex•sistō, -sistere, stitī, — [sistō, from, leave. stand], stand or come forth, exercitāti•ō, -ōnis, f. appear, arise; ensue. [fr equentative of exercitō, fr om exspectō, 1 [spectō, look at], look exerceō, exercise], exercise, out for, await, expect; wait to training, practice, experience. see; anticipate, apprehend. exercit•us, -ūs, m. [exerceō, ex•stinguō, -stinguere, -stīnxī, exercise], a trained or disciplined -stīnctum, put out, quench; body of men, an army. † destroy. ex•hauriō, -haurīre, -hausī, ex•struō, -struere, -strūxī, -haustum [hauriō, drain], draw -strūctum [struō, build], build out, empty. or pile up; construct, build.

extrā, adv. and prep. with acc., out facul•tās, -tātis, f. [facilis, easy], of, outside of, beyond, without. power; opportunity, chance; extrēm•us, -a, -um, adj. [superl. of resources, supply. exterus. App. §44], outermost, fals•us, -a, -um, adj. [perf. part. of utmost, farthest, extreme; the fallō, deceive], false. farthest part of; extrēmī (as falx, falcis, f., sickle, pruning hook; noun), the rear (“the ones at the hook (for pulling down walls). back”); ad extrēmum, at last, at fām•a, -ae, f. [fārī, to speak], the end; as a last resort. common talk, rumor, report, ex•ūrō, -ūrere, -ussī, -ustum [ex reputation, fame. + ūro, burn], burn up. fam•ēs, -is, f., starvation, hunger. famili•a, -ae, f., household F. (including slaves); retinue Fab•ius, -ī, m. (1) Quintus Fabius (including all dependents); family. Maximus, victor over the Gallic familiār•is, -e, adj. [familia, Allobroges, Arverni, and Ruteni, household], personal, private; in 121 bce, aft er which he was as noun: intimate friend; rēs also called Allobricus. (2) familiāris, personal property, Gaius Fabius, one of Caesar’s estate. lieutenants. (3) Lucius Fabius, a fās, n., indeclin., divine law, centurion of the 8th legion; killed religiously correct, right, proper, at Gergovia. permissable. Compare: iūs, facile, adv. [facilis, easy], easily, human law. readily. Comp.: facilius; superl.: fem•ur, -oris or -inis, n., the facillimē (App. §41). † thigh. facil•is, -e, adj. [faciō, do], ferē, adv., almost, nearly, about, easy. † for the most part. † fac•iō, -ere, fēcī, factum, ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (App. §81), make, construct, form, do, carry, bear, bring; endure, suff er, execute (commands, etc.); support, withstand; receive; give (opportunity, etc.); with tell, report, give, render (aid); ut, bring about, cause; off er, propose terms( ); graviter intransitive: do, act. Pass.: or molestē ferre, be annoyed fīō, fi erī, factus sum (App. or angry at; passive (sometimes) §83), with pass. meanings, and, rush. In the intransitive, almost = used impers., result, happen, verb to be. † come to pass. † ferrāment•um, -ī, n. [ferrum, facin•us, -oris, n. [faciō, do], iron], an iron tool or deed; misdeed, outrage, crime. implement.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 333 ferr•um, -i, n., iron; tool; sword. fl ūm•en, -inis, n. [fl uō, fl o w ] , ferve•faciō, -facere, -fēcī, river, stream. † -factum [ferveō, be red hot + fl uō, fl uere, fl ūxī, —, fl ow, run. faciō, make], heat, melt. fore = futūrum esse, see sum. † ferv•ēns, -entis, adj. [pres. part. fort•is, -e, adj., strong, brave. of ferveō, be red hot], heated, fortitūd•ō, -inis, f. [fortis, brave], glowing, hot. bravery, courage. fi d•ēs, -eī, f. [fīdō, confi de], fortūn•a, -ae, f. [fors, chance], faith, confi dence; faithfulness, fortune, luck, chance, loyalty, trustworthiness; opportunity, lot, condition; allegiance, protection, good fortune, success, property, dependence; pledge, assurance; estate. All fortuna was the fīdem facere, convince or domain of the goddess Fortuna, give a pledge; fīdem sequī, a deity Caesar and his troops surrender. cultivated with great devotion. fi gūr•a, -ae, f. [fi ngō, form], form, foss•a, -ae, f. [perf. part. of fodiō, shape, fi gure. dig], trench, ditch. fīli•a, -ae, f., daughter. frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctum, fīl•ius, -ī, m., son. break, wreck; crush, discourage. fīniō, 4 [fīnis, limit], limit, frāt•er, -ris, m., brother. bound; determine, measure. fremit•us, -ūs, m., confusion, fīn•is, -is, m., boundary, limit, noise, uproar. border, end; pl. boundaries; frūct•us, -ūs, m. [fruor, enjoy], territory, country. † fruit; profi t, reward. fīnitim•us, -a, -um, adj. [fīnis, frūmentāri•us, -a, -um, adj. limit], bordering on, adjoining, [frūmentum, grain], of or neighboring. pertaining to grain; of places, fīō, fi erī, factus sum, see faciō. fruitful, productive of grain; fi rmiter, adv. [fi rmus, fi r m ] , rēs frūmentāria, grain supply, fi r m l .y provisions. fi rm•us, -a, -um, adj., strong, frūmentor, 1 [frūmentum, stable, vigorous, fi rm. grain], get grain, forage. fl amm•a, -ae, f., fi re, blaze. frūment•um, -ī, n., grain; pl.: fl ectō, fl ectere, fl exī, fl ectum, crops. † bend, turn, direct. fug•a, -ae, f., fl ight; in fugam fl ēt•us, -ūs, m. [fl eō, weep], conicere or dare, put to fl ight. weeping, lamentation. fūm•us, -ī, m., smoke. fl ūct•us, -ūs, m. [fl uō, fl o w ] , fl o o d, fund•a, -ae, f., sling. billow, wave. fūn•is, -is, m., rope, cable.

fūn•us, -eris, n., funeral. glad•ius, -ī, m., sword. fūrt•um, -ī, n., theft . glān•s, -dis, f., acorn; ball, slug of fūsil•is, -e, adj. [fundō, pour], lead. liquid, molten. glōri•a, -ae, f., glory, renown, honor, fame, reputation. G. Gnae•us, -ī, m., a Roman fi rst Gabin•ius, -ī, m., Aulus Gabinius, name, abbreviated Cn. consul with Lucius Calpurnius Graec•us, -a, -um, adj., of or Piso in 58 bce. belonging to the Greeks, Greek; Ga•ius, -ī, m., a Roman fi rst name, pl. as noun: the Greeks. abbreviated C. grāti•a, -ae, f. [grātus, pleasing], Galli•a, -ae, f., Gaul. † favor, goodwill, gratitude, Gallic•us, -a, -um, adj. [Gallia, esteem, infl uence, popularity; Gaul], pertaining to Gaul or the grātiās agere, thank; grātiam Gauls, Gallic. habēre, to feel grateful; Gall•us, -a, -um, adj., of Gaul, grātiam referre, to return a Gallic; pl. as noun: the Gauls, favor; hanc grātiam referre, inhabiting Gaul, Northern Italy, to return a favor in this way; etc. † grātiam inīre, to gain favor; Garumn•a, -ae, m., the Garumna grātiā, following a gen.: for the or Garonne, a river that formed purpose of, in order to. the boundary between Aquitania grav•is, -e, adj., heavy, oppressive, and Celtic Gaul. hard, severe, serious; advanced Geidumn•ī, -ōrum, m., the (in years). † Geidumni, a people of Belgic Grudi•ī, -ōrum, m., the Grudii, a Gaul, clients of the Nervii. Belgic people near the Nervii. Genav•a, -ae, f., Genava, a city belonging to the Allobroges on the H. shores of Lacus Lemanus; now hab•eō, -ēre, -uī, -itum, called Geneva. have, hold, possess; think, gen•us, -eris, n., descent, origin, consider, regard; deliver (with race, class, tribe, family; kind, ōrātiōnem); in animō habēre, nature. † intend; ratiōnem habēre, have Germān•ī, -ōrum, m., the regard for; take care or see Germani or the Germans. † that (followed by an ut clause); ger•ō, -ere, gessī, gestum, carry, cōnsilium habēre, form a plan; bear, wield; (of war) carry on, in numerō hostium habēre, perform, wage, conduct; pass.: consider as enemies; aliter sē be done, go on, occur. † habēre, be otherwise or be

diff erent;for habēre with the hon•ōs, -ōris, m., honor, regard, perf. pass. part., e.g., vectīgālia glory, distinction; honorable redempta habēre, see App. position, offi ce. §286, b. † hōr•a, -ae, f., hour. There were Helveti•us, -a, -um, adj., of the twenty-four hours in the Roman Helvetii, Helvetians; as noun: day, but they divided those one of the Helvetii, a Helvetian; hours into twelve hours of light pl.: the Helvetii or Helvetians. † and twelve hours of darkness heredi•tās, -tātis, f. [hērēs, heir], (between sunrise and sunset). inheritance. Except at the equinoxes, the hībern•a, -ōrum, n. [deriving fr om hours were thus not of equal the adj. that modifi ed castra, length, and varied according to fortifi ed camp], winter camp, the season. winter quarters. † hortor, 1, exhort, encourage, hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative incite, urge strongly. pron. (App. §54), used for what hospit•ium, -ī, n. [hospes, is close in space, time, or thought: host or guest], the reciprocal this, this man, this woman, this relationship that exists between thing; he, she, it (more emphatic a host and a guest; friendship, than is, ea, id); abl. sing. hōc, on hospitality. this account, in this respect; the host•is, -is, m. or f., (public) (with comparatives); hic . . . ille, enemy, enemy combatant (as the latt er . . . the former. See App. opposed to inimīcus, a personal §170, a. † enemy); pl.: the enemy. † hiemō, 1 [hiems, winter], pass the hūc, adv. [fr om hic, this], to this winter, winter. place, hither, here; against these, hiem•s, -is, f., wintertime, winter. to these. hinc, adv., from that point or place, hūmāni•tās, -tātis, f. [hūmānus, hence. human], humanity, culture, Hispāni•a, -ae, f., Hispania, refi nement. Spain. hūmān•us, -a, -um, adv., human; Hispān•us, -a, -um, adj., civilized, cultured, refi ned, Spanish. cultivated. hom•ō, -inis, m., human being, humil•is, -e, adj. [humus, the person (as opposed to animals); ground], on the ground; low, pl.: humankind, humanity. † humble, abject, weak. honest•us, -a, -um, adj. [honōs, humili•tās, -tātis, f. [humilis, honor], honorable, worthy, low], humility, lowness; distinguished, eminent. weakness.

I. ille, illa, illud, gen. illīus, dat. iac•eō, -ēre, iacuī, —, lie; lie slain illī (App. §56), demon. pron. or slaughtered. (of what is remote in time, place, iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum, thought, etc.; compare hic), that, throw, cast, hurl; (of an agger, that man, that woman, that rampart), throw up or together, thing; he, she, it; hic . . . ille, construct. the latt er . . . the former, see App. iacul•um, -ī, n. [iaciō, throw], §170, a. † javelin, spear, dart. illigō, 1 [ligō, bind], att ach, hold iam, adv., now, at this time; together, bind together. already, by this time, at last; illūstr•is, -e, adj., distinguished, really, indeed, even; neque iam illustrious. or iam nōn, no longer; ubi iam, immān•is, -e, adj., huge, immense. as soon as. im•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, -missum ibi, adv., there, in that place. [mitt ō, send], send or let into, Īd., abbr. of Īdūs. insert; send against, direct toward īdem, eadem, idem (App. §58), or against; trabibus immissīs, demon. pron. [is, this, that], the beams placed between. same; this very; īdem atque, the immolō, 1, sacrifi ce. same as. † immortāl•is, -e, adj. [in + idōne•us, -a, -um, adj., fi t, mortālis, mortal], not mortal, suitable, adapted. immortal, deathless. Īd•ūs, -uum, f. pl., the Ides: the immūni•tās, -tātis, f. [in + 15th of March, May, July, and mūnis, burden], freedom from October, and the 13th of other public burdens, duties, or taxes; months. exemption. ign•is, -is, m., fi re. impedīment•um, -ī, n. [impediō, ignōbil•is, -e, adj. [in + (g) hinder], hindrance, obstacle, nōbilis, well-known], impediment; pl.: baggage, unknown, undistinguished, luggage (of an army), baggage- obscure. train (including pack animals). ig•nōscō, -nōscere, -nōvī, impediō, 4 [in + pēs, foot], -nōtum [in + (g)nōscēns, entangle the feet, hamper, knowing (fr om nōscō, know)], obstruct, hinder, impede, delay. forgive, pardon. im•pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsum ignōt•us, -a, -um, adv. [in + (g) [pellō, drive], drive or urge on, nōtus, known (nōscō, know)], incite, instigate, impel. unknown, unfamiliar. im•pendeō, -pendēre, —, — [in + illātus, see īnferō. pendeō, hang], overhang, impend.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 337 imperāt•or, -ōris, m. [imperō, imprudenti•a, -ae, f. [imprūdēns, order], commander-in-chief, imprudent], imprudence, lack general. of foresight or forethought, imperīt•us, -a, -um, adj. [in ignorance, indiscretion. + perītus, experienced], impuls•us, -ūs, m. [impellō, inexperienced, unskilled, impel], impulse, instigation. ignorant. in, prep. with acc. and abl. With acc.: imper•ium, -ī, n. [imperō, (1) of motion, fr om one place into order], right to command; or toward another place, into, to; authority, supreme power; in, among; toward, for, against; jurisdiction, dominion, at; upon; (2) of time, till, into; for; sovereignty; supreme military on, at; and (3) other uses, in, in command, highest offi cial respect to, for, under, over, on; in power; command, order. diēs, from day to day; in fugam imperō, 1 [in + parō, procure], conicere, to put to fl ight; in demand from, requisition; Caesarem incidere, meet with command, order, instruct, rule. Caesar; summum in cruciātum impetrō, 1, obtain (by request), venīre, be punished with the accomplish, succeed in severest torture. With abl.: (1) obtaining (one’s request); of place where or motion within a impetrāre ā (ab), gain place, in, among, over, within, permission from, persuade. throughout, on, upon; (2) of time, impet•us, -ūs, m., att ack, onset, in, during, in the course of; on; charge; impetuosity, force, and (3) other uses, in, in the case vehemence. of; in consequence of, in view of; impi•us, -a, -um, adj. [in + pius, on, upon; in Ararī, over the Arar; loyal], without reverence for in eō, in his case; in ancorīs, gods, parents, country: ungodly, at anchor; in opere esse, be unrespectful, unpatriotic, engaged in the work. † wicked. incend•ium, -ī, n. [incendō, importō, 1 [in + portō, carry], burn], fi re, burning, carry or bring in, import. confl agration. imprōvīsō, adv. [imprōvīsus, in•cendō, -cendere, -cendī, unforeseen], unexpectedly, -cēnsum, set fi re to, burn; without warning. infl ame, excite. imprōvīs•us, -a, -um, adj. [in + incert•us, -a, -um, adj. [in + prōvīsus, foreseen], unforeseen, certus, decided], undecided, unexpected; dē imprōvīsō, uncertain, untrustworthy; unexpectedly, suddenly. indefi nite, vague; disordered.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com 338 Caesar De Bello Gallico in•cidō, -cidere, -cidī, — [ad + in•dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductum cadō, fall], fall into or upon; fall [dūcō, lead], lead or draw on, in with, meet; happen, arise. induce; infl uence, instigate; cover. in•cīdō, -cīdere, -cīsī, -cīsum Indutiomār•us, -ī, m., [caedō, cut], cut into. Indutiomarus, a leader of the in•cipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptum Treveri, rival to Cingetorix, and [ad + capiō, take], undertake; hostile to Caesar. begin, commence. in•eō, -īre, -iī, -itum [eō, go. incitō, 1 [citō, put in motion], set App. §84], go into; enter upon, in motion; excite, arouse, urge begin; inīre cōnsilium, form; on, stimulate; exasperate; cursū inīre ratiōnem, make an incitātō, at full speed. estimate, decide; inīre grātiam, incognit•us, -a, -um, adj. [in + gain favor; inīre numerum, cognitus, known], unknown. enumerate. incol•ō, -ere, -uī, — [colō, īnfer•ior, -ius, comp. of īnferus. cultivate], inhabit, dwell in, īn•ferō, īnferre, intulī, illātum live in. [ferō, carry. App. §81], carry incolum•is, -e, adj., unhurt, into, import, infl ict, cause, uninjured, safe and sound, produce; cast into; in equum unimpaired. īnferre, mount on a horse; incommodē, adv. [incommodus, causā illātā, making an excuse; inconvenient], inconveniently. signa īnferre, advance the incommod•um, -ī, n. standards, att ack. [incommodus, inconvenient], īnfer•us, -a, -um, adj., low, below; inconvenience, disadvantage, comp.: īnferior, lower, inferior; trouble; disaster, defeat, loss, ab īnferiōre parte, below, injury. downstream; superl.: īnfi mus incrēdibil•is, -e, adj. [in + or īmus, lowest, last with collis crēdibilis, believable], (hill), the base of; ad īnfi mum, unbelievable, incredible, ab īnfi mō, at the bott om. unlikely; extraordinary. inimīc•us, -a, -um, adj. [in + inde, adv., from that place, thence; amīcus, friendly], unfriendly, then, thereupon. hostile; as a noun: personal indic•ium, -ī, n. [indicō, disclose], enemy, rival; as opposed to disclosure, information; per hostis, public enemy. indicium, through informers. inīqu•us, -a, -um, adj. [in + indign•us, -a, -um, adj. [in + aequus, even, just], uneven; dignus, worthy], unworthy, unjust, unfair; unfavorable, disgraceful. disadvantageous.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 339 init•ium, -ī, n. [ineō, go into], prepare; build, construct; beginning, commencement, begin, determine, decide upon, origin; edge of a country, adopt; īnstitūtus, perf. part. as borders. adj. (in addition to the defi nitions iniūri•a, -ae, f. [in + iūs, right], above): usual, customary; wrong, injustice; outrage, injury, fi n i s h e .d harm, damage, violence. īnstitūt•um, -ī, n., established iniussū, abl. of iniussus, -ūs, plan or principle; custom, m. [iubeō, order], without institution, habit. command or order. īn•stō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātum innoc•ēns, -entis, adj. [in + [stō, stand], stand upon or nocēns, harmful], not harmful, near, be at hand, press on; innocent. threaten. inopi•a, -ae, f. [inops, needy], īnstrūment•um, -ī, n. [īnstruō, need, lack, poverty; lack of build], build upon, build, provisions, hunger. construct; form, draw up in inqu•am, -is, -it, def. verb used batt le array; equip, furnish. only with direct quotations and īnsuēfact•us, -a, -um, adj. following one or more of the words [suēscō, become accustomed, in the quotation, say. faciō, make], accustomed, īn•sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum trained. [sequor, follow], follow up, īnsul•a, -ae, f., island. follow aft er, follow close behind, intel•legō, -legere, -lēgī, pursue. -lēctum [inter + legō, choose, īnsidi•ae, -ārum, f. pl. [sedeō, select], select or distinguish sit], a sitt ing or lying in wait; between; understand; know; ambush; treachery; artifi ce, see, perceive, realize; fi nd out, trick, craft y device. learn. īnsinuō, 1 [sinuō, wind], wind inter, prep. with acc. (sometimes into; make one’s way into, follows its noun), (1) of place, penetrate. among, between; (2) of time, īn•sistō, -sistere, -stitī, — [sistō, during, within, for; (3) in other stand], stand upon; stand fi rm, relations, among, between, take a stand; press on, pursue; in; in among or between, in; with ratiōnem, adopt, use. in among, between; to; over; īn•stituō, -stituere, -stituī, along with; (4) with refl ex. -stitūtum [statuō, set up], pron., of reciprocal action (App. set up or put in order, draw §166), with, to, or from each up; train, educate; procure, other or one another, as inter

sē diff erunt, diff er from inter•pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, one another; each other, one -positum [pōnō, put], place another, as, cohortātī inter sē, between, interpose; allege; encouraging one another. † cause; fi dem interpōnere, inter•cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, pledge. -cessum [cēdō, go], go or interpr•es, -etis, m. or f., come between, lie between, interpreter; mediator. intervene, be between; pass. interpretor, 1 [interpres, inter•cipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, interpreter], interpret, explain. -ceptum [ad + capiō, take], take inter•sum, -esse, -fuī, — [sum, or catch between (one point and be. App. §66], be or lie between, another); interrupt; intercept; intervene; be present at, take cut off . part in; impers.: interest, it inter•clūdō, -clūdere, -clūsī, concerns, it is important; there -clūsum [claudō, shut], shut or is a diff erence or an interval; cut off , separate, hinder; with magnī interest, it is of great itinera, block. importance. inter•dīcō, -dīcere, -dīxī, intrā, prep. with acc. [inter, -dictum [dīcō, say], prohibit, between], within, inside, into. exclude, forbid, interdict; aquā intrō•eō, -īre, -iī, -itum [intrō, atque ignī interdīcere, forbid within + eō, go. App. §84], go or the use of fi re and water, exile, come in, enter. banish. intus, adv., within, on the inside. intereā, adv., in the meantime, inūsitāt•us, -a, -um, adj. [in meanwhile. + ūsitātus, usual], unusual, inter•eō, -īre, -iī, -itum [eō, go. uncommon, strange, startling. App. §84], perish, die. inūtil•is, -e, adj. [in + ūtilis, inter•fi ciō, -fi cere, -fēcī, -fectum useful], useless, worthless, [faciō, make], make away with, disadvantageous. kill, destroy. † invent•or, -ōris, m. [inveniō, interim, adv., meanwhile, in the fi nd], inventor, author. meantime. † in•veterāscō, -veterāscere, interit•us, -ūs, m. [intereō, die], -veterāvī, -veterātum, grow destruction, death. old; become established. inter•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, Iovis, see Iuppiter. -missum [mitt ō, send], send ipse, ipsa, ipsum, gen., ipsīus between; intervene, separate; (App. §59), intensive pron., abate, cease, let up, discontinue; self (as opposed to, someone delay, neglect, omit; let pass. else); himself, herself, itself,

themselves; he, she, it, they; as facere, express an opinion; adj., very; in gen., his, her, its, or iūdiciō, by design, purposely. their own. (Not refl exive; for the iūdicō, 1 [iūdex, judge], pass refl exive pron., compare sē, self, judgement on, judge, sentence, App. §163.) † decide, determine, think, ir•rumpō, -rumpere, -rūpsī, consider. -rūptum [in + rumpō, break], iug•um, -ī, n. [iungō, join], yoke; break into, rush into; force a way ridge, crest. into, storm. iūment•um, -ī, n. [iungō, join, is, ea, id, gen. eius (App. §57), weak yoke], yoke, draft , or pack dem. pron. referring to some person animal, beast of burden. or object named in the context, Iun•ius, -ī, m., Quintus Junius, a this, that, these, those; he, she, Spaniard who served in Caesar’s it, they; the, a; is locus quō, a or army. the place where; ea quae, (the) Iuppiter, Iovis, n. (App. §27), m., things which; eō, with comp., the; Jupiter, chief god of the Roman eō magis, all the more; eō . . . state. quō, with comp.: the . . . the. † Iūr•a, -ae, m., the Jura mountains ita, adv., so, thus, in this way; as which stretched fr om the Rhine follows; ut . . . ita, in proportion to the Rhone, separating the as . . . in such proportion as / as . . . Helvetians fr om the Sequani. so; nōn ita, not so very, not very; iūs, iūris, n., human law, law, ita . . . ut, just . . . as / so . . . that. † justice, right; rights, power, itaque, conj. [ita, so], and so, authority. Compare: fās, divine therefore. law. Itali•a, -ae, f., Italy, generally Italy iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandi, n. below Cisalpine Gaul. [iūs, right + iūrō, swear], an item, adv., in like manner, so, also, oath. just so. iūstiti•a, -ae, f. [iūstus, just], iter, itineris, n. [eō, go], route, justice, fair dealing, uprightness. road; journey, march; passage; iūst•us, -a, -um, adj. [iūs, right], iter facere, march, travel; in accordance with law or magnīs itineribus, by forced right; lawful, valid, just, fair; marches. † proper, regular; with fūnera, iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum, appropriate, fi tting, proper. order, command, enjoin, bid. † iuvent•ūs, -ūtis, f. [iūvenis, iūdic•ium, -ī, n. [iūdex, judge], young], period of youth, fr om judicial proceedings, trial; seventeen to forty-fi ve years; the opinion, judgement; iūdicium youth, the young men.

K. Latobrīg•ī, -ōrum, m., the Kal., abbr. for Kalend•ae, -ārum, Latobrigi, a Gallic tribe east of f., the Kalends, the fi rst day of the the Rhine. Roman month. latrōcin•ium, -ī, n. [latrō, robber], robbery, brigandage. L. lāt•us, -a, -um, adj., wide, broad, L., abbr. for Lūcius, Lucius, a extensive. Roman praenomen. lat•us, -eris, n., side; wing or fl ank L., sign for quīnquāgintā, fi fty . of an army. Labiēn•us, -ī, m., Titus Atius lāt•us, see ferō. Labienus, Caesar’s most trusted laus, laudis, f., praise, lieutenant in the Gallic War. commendation; renown, During the Civil War, Labienus popularity, glory. fought on Pompey’s side, and died lēgāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [lēgō, in batt le against Caesar in Munda delegate], embassy, legation; (in Spain) in 45 bce. commission. lab•or, -ōris, m., toil, eff ort, lēgāt•us, -ī, m.[lēgō, delegate], striving, hardship. one with delegated authority; lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum, slip; ambassador, envoy, legate; go wrong; hāc spē lāpsus, lieutenant. † disappointed in this hope. legi•ō, -ōnis, f. [legō, choose], a labōrō, 1 [lābor, toil], work hard, legion. † toil; be anxious, troubled, or Lemann•us, -ī (oft en withlacus ), perplexed; labor, suff er, be hard m., Lake Lemannus, Lake pressed. Leman, or Lake Geneva. lacess•ō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum, arouse, lēn•is, -e, adj., gentle, mild, harass, provoke, irritate, att ack. smooth. lac•us, -ūs, m., lake. Levāc•ī, -ōrum, m., the Levaci, laetiti•a, -ae, f. [laetus, joyful], a Gallic tribe between the rivers joy, rejoicing. Marne and Moselle. langu•or, -ōris, m., weakness, levi•tās, -tātis, f. [levis, faintness. light], lightness; fi ckleness, lap•is, -idis, m., stone. restlessness. lāpsus, see lābor. levō, 1 [levis, light], lighten, ease, lātē, adv. [lātus, wide], widely, relieve. extensively; longō lātēque, far lēx, lēgis, f., law, statute. and wide. līber•ī, -ōrum, m. [līber, free], the lātitūd•ō, -inis, f. [lātus, wide], non-slave members of a family or width, extent, breadth. household; children.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 343 līb•er, -era, -erum, adj., longitūd•ō, -inis, f. [longus, unrestrained, free; undisputed. long], length, extent; long līberō, 1 [līber, free], make or set duration. free, release, deliver. long•us, -a, -um, adj.,distant, līber•tās, -tātis, f. [līber, free], long; of long duration; tedious. † freedom, liberty, independence. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum, licet, licēre, licuit and licitum speak, talk, converse. est, impers. it is lawful, one has lōric•a, -ae, f., coat of mail; permission, it is permitt ed, one parapet, breastwork. may, one is allowed; licet mihi, Lūcān•ius, -ī, m. Quintus I may; petere ut liceat, to ask Lucanius, a centurion. permission. Lūci•us, -ī, m., a Roman Liger, -ris, m. Loire (river). praenomen, abbreviated L. lignāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [lignum, lūn•a, -ae, f., the moon. wood], the procuring of wood, Luteti•a, -ae, f., Lutetia; city of the collecting of wood. Parisii on an island in the Seine lignāt•or, -ōris, m. [lignum, river; now called Paris. wood], one sent to gather wood, lūx, lūcis, f., light, daylight; prīmā wood-forager. lūce, at dawn. lingu•a, -ae, f., language, tongue. litt er•a, -ae, f., a lett er of the M. alphabet, a writt en sign, mark, M., sign for mīlle, one thousand. or character; pl.: lett ers of the M., abbr. for Marcus, a Roman alphabet; lett er, writt en message, praenomen. epistle. † magis, adv. comp. [from magnus, līt•us, -oris, n., seashore, beach, large], more, rather, in a higher shore. degree; superl.: maximē, loc•us, -ī, m. (pl. loc•a, -ōrum, especially, in the highest degree; n.), place, position, locality, mostly, mainly. situation; topic, subject; magistrāt•us, -ūs, m. [magister, condition, state; rank, family; master], public offi ce, opportunity; obsidum locō, as magistracy; public offi cial, hostages. † magistrate. longē, adv. [longus, long], far, far magn•us, -a, -um, adj., large, away, distant, longē lātēque, far big, great (in size, quantity, and wide. † or degree), abundant, much; longinqu•us, -a, -um, adj. important, extensive; loud [longus, long], far off , distant, (voice); high (tide); magnī (gen. remote; long, long continued. sing. n.), of great importance;

magnīs itineribus, by forced Marc•us, -ī, m., a Roman marches. Comp.: maior; superl.: praenomen. maximus. † mare, maris, n., sea; mare maior, maius, adj. [comp. of Ōceanum, the ocean. magnus, large], larger, bigger, maritim•us, -a, -um, adj. [mare, greater (in degree, size, time, etc.); sea], of the sea, sea; maritime, older, elder; as noun: māiōrēs naval, on the sea; ōra, the natū, elders, old men; maiōrēs, seashore. ancestors. † Mār•s, -tis, m., Mars, the god of magnifi c•us, -a, -um, adj. war. [magnus, large + faciō, make], mās, maris, adj., male; as a noun: magnifi cent, splendid. a male. magnitūd•ō, -inis, f. [magnus, Massili•a, -ae, f., Massilia; city large], size, large size, greatness, founded by Greeks in what extent; stature (corporum); became the Roman Province violence (ventī); severity (Transalpine Gaul); now called (poenae); magnitūdō animī, Marseilles. courage. māteri•a, -ae, f., material; wood, magnopere, adv. [magnus, large timber. + opus, work], with great eff ort; mātrimōn•ium, -ī, n. [māter, especially, greatly, exceedingly, mother], marriage, wedlock, earnestly. matrimony; in mātrimōnium malefi c•ium, -ī, n. [malus, evil + dūcere, to marry (said of the faciō, do], evil doing, mischief, man). harm, injury. Matron•a, -ae, m., the river mandāt•um, -ī, n. [mandō, Matrona, now called the Marne. command], charge, injunction, mātūrō, 1 [mātūrus, ripe], ripen; order, command; message. accelerate, quicken, speed up; mandō, 1 [manus, hand], give into hurry up, make haste; hurry, one’s hands, entrust, commit; hasten. enjoin, order, command. maximē, see magis. maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum, maxim•us, -a, -um, adj. [superl. remain, continue, abide, stay. of magnus, large. App. §42], man•us, -ūs, f., the hand; in greatest, largest, biggest. manibus, near at hand; manū, medeor, medērī, —, cure, by hand, by art; ferrea manus, remedy. a grappling hook; dare manūs, mediocr•is, -e, adj. [medius, yield; an armed force, troop, middle of], ordinary, moderate, band, gang, company. † average.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 345 medi•us, -a, -um, adj., in the mīlia, see mīlle. † middle of; in the middle, mīlitār•is, -e, adj. [mīles, soldier], intervening, intermediate; locus of a soldier, military, martial; medius utrīusque, a place rēs mīlitāris, military matt ers, midway between the two. warfare, the science of war. membr•um, -ī, n., limb. mīlle, indecl. num. adj., a memori•a, -ae, f. [memor, thousand; pl.: mīli•a, -ium, mindful], the faculty of n., thousands (usually followed memory; memory, recollection, by a partitive gen.); mīlia remembrance; tradition; passuum, thousands of paces, memoriā tenēre, remember; miles. † patrum memoriā, in the time of Minerv•a, -ae, f., the goddess our fathers or ancestors. Minerva, who was associated with mēns•is, -is, m., month. wisdom and the liberal arts. mercāt•or, -ōris, m. [mercor, minimē, adv. [minimus, least], trade], merchant, trader. least, very litt le; by no means, Mercur•ius, -ī, m., Mercury, a not at all. god especially associated by the minor, comp. of parvus. Romans with trade. minuō, minuere, minuī, mereō and mereor, 2, deserve, minūtum [minus, less], merit, be worthy of; win, earn, lessen, impair, diminish; sett le incur (odium); serve as a soldier (contrōversiās); minuente (i.e., earn pay). aestū, the tide ebbing. Messāl•a, -ae, m., Marcus Valerius minus, adv. comp. [of parvus, Messala, consul in 61 bce. litt le], less; not at all, too litt le. † metō, metere, messuī, messum, mitt ō, mitt ere, mīsī, missum, mow, harvest, reap. send, send off , dismiss, let go, met•us, -ūs, m. [metuō, fear], dispatch; hurl, discharge. † fear, dread, terror, anxiety, mōbili•tās, -tātis, f. [mōbilis, apprehension; metū territāre, movable], movableness, activity, terrify, terrorize; hōc metū = speed; changeability, fi ckleness, metū huius reī, from fear of this. inconstancy. me•us, -a, -um, poss. adj. [of the moderor, 1 [modus, limit], pron. ego], my, mine, my own. manage, govern, control, guide. mīl•es, -itis, m., soldier, private modo, adv. [modus, measure], with soldier; infantry (as opposed measure or limit; only, merely; to equitēs); mīlitēs imperāre, even, just, at least, but; of time, draft soldiers fr om, levy soldiers just now, recently; nōn modo . . . upon. † sed etiam, not only . . . but also.

mod•us, -ī, m., measure, quantity, especially; comp.: plūs, more; plūs size; manner, method, style; ad posse, be more able or powerful; hunc modum, in this way; eius be very powerful or infl uential. modī, of such a kind, such; abl., mult•us, -a, -um, adj., much, modō, used with a gen.: in the great; pl.: many; with abl. character of, like. expressing time when, late; as mol•ō, -ere, -uī, -itum, grind. noun, many persons or things; moneō, 2, warn, advise, instruct, comp.: plūs, plūris, more; as order. noun: more; pl.: more, several, mōns, montis, m., mountain; many; superl.: plūrimus, -a, mountain range; hill, height. -um, most; pl.: very many. † morb•us, -ī, m., illness, sickness, Munāt•ius, -ī, m., Lucius disease. Munatius Plancus, a lieutenant Morīn•ī, -ōrum, m., the Morini. of Caesar. morior, morī, mortuus sum mund•us, -ī, m., world, universe. [mors, death], die. mūniō, 4, defend with a wall, moror, 1 [mora, a delay], delay, fortify, defend, protect; hinder; linger, hang back. mūnītus, perf. part. as adj.: mor•s, -tis, f., death; sibi mortem fortifi ed, defended, protected. cōnscīscere, commit suicide. † mūnīti•ō, -ōnis, f. [mūniō, mortu•us, see morior. fortify], fortifying; mōs, mōris, m., manner, custom, fortification, rampart, works, practice; pl.: customs, habits; entrenchments. character; mōs māiōrum, mūn•us, -eris, n., duty, service, the customs of our ancestors, task; present. ancestral tradition. mūrāl•is, -e, adj. [mūrus, wall], Mos•a, -ae, m., the river Mosa, now pertaining to a wall, mural; called the Meuse or the Maas. mūrāle pīlum, mural javelin, mōt•us, -ūs, m. [moveō, move], a heavy javelin that was thrown movement, motion; political fr om the top of a wall. movement, uprising, disturbance. multitūd•ō, -inis, f. [multus, N. much], a great number, nam, conj., for. † multitude; the multitude, the Nammē•ius, -ī, m., Nammeius, a common people, the populace. † member of the Helvetian nobility multō, adv. [abl. of multus, much], sent as an ambassador to Caesar. by far, much. nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus sum, multum, adv. [acc. of multus, get, obtain possession of; meet much], much, very, greatly, with, fi nd.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 347 nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum, be necesse, indecl. adj., necessary, born, be produced; rise, spring unavoidable, indispensable. up, be raised; be found. necō, 1 [nex, death], put to death, nātāl•is, -e, adj. [nāscor, be born], kill, murder. pertaining to birth, natal; diēs, neg-, see ne-. birthday. neg•legō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctum nāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [nāscor, be born], [neg + legō, choose, regard], people, tribe, nation. not heed, not pay att ention to, nātūr•a, -ae, f. [nāscor, be born], disregard, neglect. nature; natural disposition, negō, 1, say no, refuse, say . . . not. character, constitution. negōt•ium, -ī, n. [neg- + ōtium, nāvig•ium, -ī, n. [nāvigō, sail], leisure], concern, business, a sailing vessel, ship; sailing, undertaking; trouble, diffi culty, navigation. labor; negōtium dare, employ, nāvigō, 1 [nāvis, ship], set sail, direct; quid negōtī, what sail. business; nihil negōtī, no nāv•is, -is, f., ship, boat; nāvis diffi culty. longa, galley, ship of war; nāvis nēmō, acc. nēminem, m. and f. onerāria, transport ship. † [ne- + homō, human being], no nē (App. §188, b.) (1), conj. with one, nobody. the subjunctive, that . . . not, so neque (nec) (App. §188, a.), that . . . not, in order that . . . conj. [ne- + que], and not, not, not, lest; aft er verbs of fearing, nor; but not; neque . . . neque, that, lest. (2), adv. not; nē . . . neither . . . nor. † quidem (enclosing the emphatic Nervi•us, -a, -um, adj., of the word), not even. † Nervii; m. sing. as noun: one of ne-, nec-, neg-, inseparable the Nervii; m. pl. as noun: the negative prefi x. Nervii, a Belgic tribe. † -ne, interrog. enclitic: in direct nēve (neu) (App. §188, b.) [nē + questions, simply the sign of a ve, or], and not, nor. question (App. §213, a.); in nex, -cis, f., violent death, death, indirect questions, whether; -ne execution. . . . -ne, -ne . . . an, utrum . . . nihil, indecl. noun, n., nothing; -ne, whether . . . or. † with gen., no, none of; acc. as nec, see neque. † adv., not, not at all, by no necessāri•us, -a, -um, adj. [necesse, means; nōn nihil, necessary], necessary, requisite, somewhat. † pressing; with tempus, critical; as nihilō, adv., by no means; nihilō noun: friend, relative. minus, nevertheless.

nisi, conj. [ne- + sī, if], if not, Nōric•us, -a, -um, adj. except, unless. pertaining to Noricum (a nītor, nītī, nīxus sum, rest upon, territory between the Danube rely upon, exert oneself, strive, and the Alps). att empt. nōs, see ego. nōbil•is, -e, adj. [nōscō, know], well- nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum, known, distinguished, noted; of learn, become acquainted or noble birth, noble; as noun: a noble. familiar with; nōvī, perf., have nōbili•tās, -tātis, f. [nōbilis, well- learned, hence know; nōtus, known], fame; noble birth, rank; perf. part. as adj.: known, well- the nobility. known, familiar. noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum, nos•ter, -tra, -trum, poss. adj., harm, injure, hurt; nocēns, pres. our, ours, our own; in pl. as part. as noun: guilty person. noun: our men, our troops. † noctū, adv. [nox, night], by night, nōt•us, see nōscō. at night. † novi•tās, -tātis, f. [novus, new], nocturn•us, -a, -um, adj. [nox, newness; strangeness, novelty. night], at night, nocturnal, nov•us, -a, -um, adj., new, novel; nightly. unusual, fresh; rēs novae, nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —, (App. a change of government, §82) [ne- + volō, wish], not revolution; superl.: novissim•us, wish, be unwilling; refuse; -a, -um, latest, last; as noun or imperat. nōlī or nōlīte, with inf. with agmen, those in the rear, (App. §219), do not. the rear. nōm•en, -inis, n., name, title; nox, noctis, f., night; media reputation, prestige; nōmine nox, the middle of the night, with gen., in the name of, as; suō midnight; multā nocte, late at nōmine, on his or their own night. † account, personally. noxi•a, -ae, f., crime, off ense. nōn (App. §188, a.), adv., not; no. † nūdō, 1 [nūdus, bare], strip, nōndum, adv. [nōn + dum], not uncover, make bare or naked, yet. expose. nōnnūll•us, -a, -um, adj. [nōn + nūll•us, -a, -um, gen. nūllīus, nūllus, none], some, several; pl. adj. [ne- + ūllus, any], not as noun: some, several. any, no; as noun: no one, none; nōnnumquam, adv. [nōn + nōnnūllus, some; as noun: numquam, never], sometimes. some, some persons. † Nōrēi•a, -ae, f., Noreia, a town in nūm•en, -inis, n., divinity, god; Noricum. divine force or will.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 349 numer•us, -ī, m., number, obtestor, 1 [testor, witness], call quantity, amount; account; in to witness; beseech, entreat. numerō, with gen., among, as. † ob•tineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentum nunc, adv., now, at present, at this [teneō, hold], hold, retain, time. possess, maintain; acquire, nūntiō, 1 [nūntius, messenger], obtain. announce, send news, report, occāsi•ō, -ōnis, f. [occidō, fall, make known; order, direct. happen], occasion, opportunity. nūntius, -ī, m., messenger; occās•us, -ūs, m. [occidō, fall, message, news, report. happen], falling down, sett ing; nūper, adv., recently, not long ago. with sōlis, sunset; the west. nūt•us, -ūs, m. [nuō, nod], nod; oc•cidō, -cidere, -cidī, — [ad sign, command; ad nūtum, at + cadō, fall], fall down, set; one’s nod or command. happen; be slain, perish; occidēns sōl, the west. O. oc•cīdō, -cīdere, -cīsī, -cīsum ob, prep. with acc., on account [caedō, cut], cut down, kill, of, for; in compounds, opposed slay. to, to, forward, against; quam occultō, 1 [occultus, secret], hide, ob rem, for which reason, keep secret, conceal. wherefore, why. occupō, 1 [ob + capiō, take], take obaerāt•us, -a, -um, adj. [aes, possession of, seize, occupy; money], in debt; as a noun: engage, employ. debtor. oc•currō, -currere, -currī, ob•eō, -īre, -iī, -itum [eō, go. App. -cursum [ob + currō, run], §84], go to or towards; perform, run in the way of, meet; happen att end to. upon; go to, come to; oppose, observō, 1 [servō, give heed], counteract; occur. observe, mark, watch; regard, Ōcean•us, -ī, m., the ocean. obey; celebrate. octāv•us, -a, -um, adj., ord. num. ob•ses, -sidis, m. and f. [obsideō, adj. [octō, eight], eighth. blockade], one who is guarded, offi c•ium, -ī, n., service, hostage; pledge, security. allegiance, duty; offi cial duty, ob•sideō, -sidēre, -sēdī, -sessum business; esse, manēre, or [sedeō, sit], sit in the way of, permanēre in offi ciō, to remain obstruct, besiege, blockade. loyal. obsidi•ō, -ōnis, f. [obsideō, omnīnō, adv. [omnis, all], at all; blockade], siege, investment, whatever; altogether, entirely, blockade; peril, oppression. wholly, in all, only.

omn•is, -e, adj., all, every, all the, oppugnō, 1 [ob + pugnō, fi ght], every kind of, the whole, as a fi ght against, att ack, assault, whole; m. pl. as noun, all, every storm, besiege. one; all the rest; n. pl. as noun, all optimē, superl.e of ben . possessions or goods. † optimus, superl. of bonus. onerāri•us, -a, -um, adj. [onus, op•us, -eris, n., work, labor; load], equipped for loads or military work or works, fi tt ed for burdens; with nāvis, fortifi cations, defenses; a work transport, freight ship. of engineering or architecture; on•us, -eris, n., load, burden; nātūrā et opere, by nature and weight, size. art. oper•a, -ae, f. [opus, work], opus, indecl. noun, n. [cf. opus, work, exertion; service; pains, work, deed], need, necessity; att ention; dare operam, give opus est, it is necessary, there att ention, take pains. is need; the thing needed is opīni•ō, -ōnis, f. [opīnor, think], expressed either by the nom. or the way of thinking, opinion; abl. (App. §146). impression; expectation; ōrāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [ōrō, speak], a reputation; opīniō timōris, speaking, speech, language, impression of cowardice. words, address, argument. oport•et, -ēre, -uit, —, impers., ōrāt•or, -ōris, m. [ōrō, speak], it is necessary, needful, speaker; ambassador, envoy. becoming, proper; when orb•is, -is, m., orb, ring, circle; translated as a personal verb: orbis terrārum, the word. must, ought. ōrd•ō, -inis, m., row, tier, oportūn•us, -a, -um, adj., fi t, layer; rank, line of soldiers; opportune, lucky, suitable; arrangement, order; degree, favorable, advantageous. rank; prīmī ōrdinis, centurions oppid•um, -ī, n., fortifi ed town, of the fi rst rank. † town, stronghold. Orgetor•īx, -īgis, m., a Helvetian op•primō, -primere, -pressī, noble who conspired to become -pressus [ob + premō, the supreme leader of the press], press down, oppress; Helvetians. † overwhelm, overpower, destroy; orior, orīrī, ortus sum, arise, fall upon, surprise. begin, spring up, rise, start; be oppugnāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [oppugnō, born, descend; oriēns sōl, the storm], a storming, besieging, rising sun, sunrise; the east. siege, assault, att ack; plan or ōrō, 1 [ōs, mouth], speak; method of storming. † beseech, entreat.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 351 ort•us, -ūs, m. [orior, rise], rising. par•s, -tis, f., part, share; ōs, ōris, n., mouth; face, (political) faction; direction, countenance. side, place; district, area † os•tendō, -tendere, -tendī, partus, see pariō. -tentum [obs + tendō, stretch] pass•us, -ūs, m. [pandō, extend], stretch before; present, show, a pace, step, stride, the distance bring into view, reveal; tell, fr om where the foot leaves the declare; point out, mention. ground to where the same foot ostentō, 1 [fr equ. of ostendō, again hits the ground, which show], show frequently; show, Romans standardized as a exhibit. measure of 4 feet, 10 ¼ inches (= fi ve Roman feet); mīlle P. passūs or passuum, a Roman pācō, 1 [pāx, peace], make mile (4,857 feet). † peaceful, subdue, pacify; pate•ō, -ēre, -uī, —, lie or be open, pācātus, perf. part. as adj.: be passable; stretch out, extend. peaceful, quiet, subdued. pat•er, -ris, m., father; in pl.: Pad•us, -ī, m., the Padus river, the forefathers, ancestors; pater Po, the biggest river in northern familiae, father or head of a Italy. household. paene, adv. nearly, almost. patior, patī, passus sum, endure, palam, adv., openly, publicly. withstand, suff er; permit, allow. pār, paris, adj., equal, like, pauc•ī, -ae, -a, adj. (rarely used similar; equal to, a match in the sing.), few; as noun: few for; with words of number and persons or things. quantity, the same; pār atque, pauci•tās, -tātis, f. [paucus, few], the same as. fewness, small number. parcō, parcere, pepercī, parsus paulātim, adv. [paulus, litt le], litt le [parcus, frugal], be frugal or by litt le, by degrees, gradually. economical; spare, do not injure paulō, adv. [paulus, litt le], a litt le, or harm. somewhat, slightly. parēn•s, -tis, m., f. [pariō, bring paulum, adv. [paulus, litt le], a forth], parent. litt le, somewhat, slightly. pariō, parere, peperī, partum, paul•us, -a, -um, adj., litt le; bring forth; gain, acquire, win. paulum, as noun: a litt le; post parō, 1, prepare, get ready; paulum, soon aft er. procure, acquire; prepare for, get pāx, pācis, f., peace, favor. ready for; parātus, perf. part. as pecūni•a, -ae, f., property, wealth; adj.: ready, prepared; equipped. money.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com 352 Caesar De Bello Gallico ped•es, -itis, m. [pēs, foot], foot through or along, conduct, bring soldier; pl.: infantry. over, bring; construct, extend; pedest•er, -ris, -re, adj. [pēs, infl uence, win over; draw out, foot], on foot, pedestrian; prolong. pedestrēs cōpiae, infantry. perendin•us, -a, -um, adj., aft er peditāt•us, -ūs, m. [pedes, foot tomorrow. soldier], foot soldiers, infantry. perequitō, 1 [equitō, ride], ride pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsum, around, ride about, ride through. beat, defeat, rout; drive out, perfacil•is, -e, adj. [facilis, easy], expel. very easy. pendō, pendere, pependī, per•fi ciō, -fi cere, -fēcī, -fectum pēnsum, weigh, weigh out; [faciō, make, do], make or weigh out money, pay, pay out; do thoroughly or completely; with poenās, suff er. complete, fi nish; construct, per, prep. with acc., through, build; achieve, accomplish. throughout; by means of, per•fugiō, -fugere, -fūgī, through the agency of, on -fugitum [fugiō, fl e e ] , fl e e f o r account of, through eff orts or refuge, take refuge; desert. infl uence of;per sē, of their perīcul•um, -ī, n., trial, test, own accord, on their own att empt; risk, danger, peril. † responsibility; sometimes perlātus, see perferō. with intensive force, in itself, per•legō, -legere, -lēgī, -lēctum themselves; in composition, [legō, read], read through, read. thorough, very, thoroughly, per•maneō, -manēre, -mānsī, completely. † -mānsum [maneō, remain], per•agō, -agere, -ēgī, -āctum stay through or to the end, stay, [agō, lead], lead through; remain; continue, persist. complete, fi nish. per•moveō, -movēre, -mōvī, per•currō, -currere, -currī, -mōtum [moveō, move], move -cursum [currō, run], run along thoroughly; arouse, incite, or over. excite; aff ect, infl uence. per•cutiō, -cutere, -cutī, perpauc•ī, -ae, -a [paucī, few], -cussum, strike or thrust very few, but very few; m. pl. as through, slay, kill. noun: very few. per•discō, -discere, -didicī, — perpetu•us, -a, -um, adj., [discō, learn], learn thoroughly, continuous, uninterrupted; learn by heart. permanent, lasting, continual; per•dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, whole, entire; n. as noun in the -ductum [dūcō, lead], lead phrase in perpetuum, forever.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 353 per•scrībō, -scrībere, -scrīpsī, pēs, pedis, m., the foot, a foot (the -scrīptum [scrībō, write], write Roman measure was 11.65 inches out, report, describe. in length); pedibus, on foot; persev•erō, 1, persist, persevere. pedem referre, retreat. per•spiciō, -spicere, -spexī, petō, petere, petīvī, petītum, -spectum [speciō, look], look seek, hunt for, aim at, make or see through; view, examine, for, att ack, go to, direct one’s inspect; perceive, realize, learn, course to or toward; seek to fi nd out, ascertain. obtain, strive aft er; ask, request, per•suādeō, -suādēre, -suāsī, beseech. † -suāsum [suādeō, advise], Petrosid•ius, -ī, m., Lucius advise thoroughly, and thus Petrosidius, a standard-bearer in convincingly: convince, Caesar’s army. persuade, prevail upon; pie•tās, -tātis, f. [pius, loyal], inculcate; sibi persuādērī, be loyalty, devotion. convinced. † pīl•um, -ī, n., heavy javelin, per•terreō, 2 [terreō, frighten], pike. frighten thoroughly; terrify, pīl•us, -ī, m., century of soldiers; terrorize. prīmus pīlus, fi rst century of a pertināci•a, -ae, f. [pertineō, legion; prīmī pīlī centuriō or hold onto], obstinacy, prīmīpīlus, the centurion of the stubbornness, pertinacity. fi rst century, the chief centurion. per•tineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, pinn•a, -ae, f., feather; batt lement, -tentum [teneō, hold], hold parapet. or reach to, extend; pertain, Pīs•ō, -ōnis, f., (1) Marcus have reference to, concern; Puppius Piso Calpurnianus, tend, aim at; eōdem pertinēre, consul with Messala in 61 bce. (2) tend to the same purpose or Lucius Calpurnius Piso, killed in result, amount to the same the defeat of Cassius’s army by the thing. † Tigurini in 107 bce. (3) Lucius pertulī, see perferō. Calpurnius Piso, Caesar’s father- perturbō, 1 [turbō, disturb] in-law; consul in 58 bce. (4) Piso, disturb greatly, throw into an Aquitanian. confusion, embarrass, disturb; plācō, 1, appease. alarm, terrify. Plancus, -ī, m., see Munātius. per•veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, plēbs, plēbis, or plēbēs, plēbēī, f., -ventum [veniō, come], come populace, common people. through; come to, arrive at, plēn•us, -a, -um, adj. [pleō, fi l l ] , reach; of property, fall, revert. † full, whole, complete.

plēr•īque, -aeque, -aque, adj. pl., porrō, adv., farther on; very many, the most of; as noun: furthermore, then. a great many, very many. † port•a, -ae, f., gate. plērumque, adv. [plērusque, the portō, 1, carry, transport, bring, greater part], for the most part, take. mostly, generally; again and port•us, -ūs, m., harbor, haven, again, very oft en. port. Pleumoxi•ī, -ōrum, m., the possum, posse, potuī, — (App. Pleumoxii. §80) [potis, able + sum, be], plūrimus, see multus. † be able, can; to have power or plūs, see multus. † infl uence, have strength, be poen•a, -ae, f., punishment, strong; with quam and superl.: penalty. as possible, e.g., quam plūrimās polliceor, 2 [prō + liceor, bid, possunt, as many as possible; off er], hold forth, off er, promise, multum posse, plūs posse, and pledge. plūrimum posse, see multum. † pollicitus, see polliceor. post, adv. and prep. with acc. (1) Pompē•ius, -ī, m., (1) Gnaeus As adv., later, aft erward; (2) As Pompeius Magnus, Pompey the prep., behind, aft er; post tergum Great, political ally with Crassus or post sē, in the rear. and supporter of Caesar in 60 posteā, adv. [post, aft er], aft er bce, later joins the Senatorial this, aft erward. party against Caesar, is defeated posteāquam, adv. [posteā, by Caesar in Greece, and aft erward + quam, than], aft er. murdered in Egypt in 48 bce. (2) poster•us, -a, -um, adj. [post, Gnaius Pompeius, an interpreter aft er], aft er, following, next; in who served under Quintus m. pl. as noun: posterity; superl.: Titurius Sabinus. postrēmus or postumus, last. pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum, postrēmō, adv. [postrēmus, last], place, put, place over; lay down, fi nally, at last. set aside; station, post; regard, pot•ēns, -entis, adj. [pres. part. consider; make, build; with of possum, be able], powerful, castra, pitch; pass.: be situated; infl uential. with in and the abl., depend on, potes•tās, -tātis, f. [potēns, in addition to the above meanings. powerful], power, ability, pōns, pontis, m., bridge. authority; control, sway, rule; popul•us, -ī, m., the people, the chance, opportunity, possibility; mass, the crowd, as opposed to potestātem facere, grant individuals; a people, a nation. † permission, give a chance.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 355 potior, 4 [potis, powerful], praestō, adv., at hand, ready; with become master of, get control or sum, meet. possession of, obtain, capture. prae•stō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātum prae•cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, [ stō, stand], stand or place -cessum [cēdō, go], go before; before; show, exhibit, supply, surpass, excel. furnish; be superior, excel, prae•ceps, -cipitis, adj. [caput, surpass; impers. praestat, it is head], headlong; steep, bett er or more advisable. precipitous. prae•sum, -esse, -fuī, — [sum, prae•ceptum, -ī, n. [praecipiō, be. App. §77], be before or over, instruct], instruction, be in command of, rule over, be injunction, command. at the head of; praesēns, pres. praed•a, -ae, f., booty, plunder, part. as adj.: present, in person; spoil. for the present. prae•dicō, 1 [dicō, proclaim], praeter, prep. with acc. [prae, proclaim publicly or before before], before; beyond, past; others; declare, report, tell of. contrary to; in addition to, prae•fi ciō, -fi cere, -fēcī, -fectum except, besides. [faciō, make], make before; place praetereā, adv. [praeter, over, put in command of, put at beyond], beyond this, besides, the head of, place in charge of. furthermore. prae•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, praeterquam, adv., besides, -missum [mitt ō, send], send except. before or in advance. prae•ūrō, -ūrere, -ussī, -ustum praem•ium, -ī, n., distinction, [ūrō, burn], burn in front or at prize, reward. the end. prae•sēns, -sentis, pres. part. of premō, premere, pressī, praesum. pressum, press, press upon, prae•senti•a, -ae, f. [praesum, be press hard; oppress, burden, present], presence; the present annoy, harass. † moment; in praesentiā, for the prīdiē, adv. [diēs, day], on the present; then. day before. praesertim, adv., particularly, prīmum, adv. [prīmus, fi r s t ] , especially. irst, at fi rst, in the fi rst place, praesid•ium, -ī, n. [praesideō, for the fi rst time; cum guard], guard, garrison; prīmum or ubi prīmum, safeguard, protection; as soon as; quam prīmum, fortifi cation, stronghold; help, as soon as possible, very aid; safety. soon. †

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com 356 Caesar De Bello Gallico prīm•us, -a, -um, adj. superl. prōcūrō, 1 [cūrō, care], care for, (App. §43), fi rst, foremost; fi rst att end to. part of; pl. as noun: the fi rst, pro•currō, -currere, -currī, the front rank or ranks; leaders, -cursum [currō, run], run or chiefs; in prīmīs, especially. † rush forward, rush out, charge. prīn•ceps, -cipis, adj. [prīmus, prod•eō, -īre, -iī, -itum [prō + fi r s t ] ,taking the fi rst place; chief, eō, go, App. §84], go or come most prominent, fi rst; as noun, forth, go forward, advance. chief or principal person, leader, prōd•ō, -dere, -didī, -ditum chief. [dō, give], give forth, reveal; prīncipāt•us, -ūs, m. [prīnceps, betray, give up; transmit, hand chief], chief place or position; down; memoriā prōditum, chief authority, leadership. told according to tradition, prīstin•us, -a, -um, adj. [fr om handed down. prior, former], former, original; prō•dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, previous, preceding. -ductum [dūcō, lead], lead out prius, adv. [prior, former], before, or forth, bring forth; prolong, sooner, previously. protract; produce; with cōpiās, priusquam or prius . . . quam, arrange, draw up. conj., sooner than, before; until. proelior, 1 [proelium, batt le], prīvāt•us, -a, -um, adj., private, join or engage in batt le. personal, individual; as noun, proeli•um, -ī, n., batt le, contest, person, individual. engagement; proelium prō, prep. with abl., before, in front committ ere, join or begin of; for, on behalf of; on account batt le, risk a fi ght, engage in of, in consideration of, in return batt le, fi ght. † for; as, in the disguise of; in place profecti•ō, -ōnis, f. [profi cīscor, of, instead of; in proportion set out], a sett ing out; start, to, according to; in compounds departure. (appears as prō, pro, and prōd), profi cīscor, profi cīscī, profectus for, before, forward, forth. † sum, set out for, start out; go, probō, 1 [probus, good], consider proceed. † good, approve; prove, show, pro•fi teor, -fi tērī, -fessus sum demonstrate. [fateor, confess], admit, pro•cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, acknowledge, declare, off er. -cessum [cēdō, go], go forth or prōfuī, see prōsum. forward, proceed, advance. prōgnāt•us, -a, -um, adj. [nāscor, procul, adv., far off , from afar, in be born], born; descended, the distance, at a distance. sprung.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 357 prō•gredior, -gredī, -gressus proptereā, adv. [propter, because sum [gradior, step], step or go of], on this account; proptereā forward, advance, proceed, go. quod, because. prohibeō, 2 [habeō, hold], keep propulso (1) [propello, drive from, keep, restrain, prevent, forward], to drive off , repel prohibit; keep out or away from; prō•sequor, -sequī, -secūtus protect, guard. sum [sequor, follow], follow, prō•iciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectum accompany; pursue; with [iaciō, throw. App. §7], throw ōrātiōne, address. forward or away; throw, cast; prō•tegō, -tegere, -tēxī, -tēctum reject, give up, sē prōicere, cast [tegō, cover], cover, protect. oneself; jump. prō•vehō, -vehere, -vexī, proinde, adv., hence, accordingly, -vectum [vehō, carry], carry therefore. forward; pass., be carried prō•nūntiō, 1 [nūntiō, forward, sail. announce], announce, give out prō•veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, publicly, tell, relate, report, say; -ventum [veniō, come], come give orders; with sententia, forth, grow; be produced, yield pronounce. (of grain). prō•pellō, -pellere, -pulī, prō•videō, -vidēre, -vīdī, -pulsum [pellō, drive], drive -vīsum [videō, see], see forward, put to fl ight, rout; beforehand, foresee; care for, dislodge, drive back. provide. properō, 1 [properus, quick], prōvinci•a, -ae, f., offi ce of hasten, hurry. governor of a province; province, propinqu•us, -a, -um, adj. [prope, a territory subject to Rome and near], near, neighboring, close at governed by a Roman governor; hand; pl. as noun, relatives. especially the Province, the propius, adv. and prep. with acc. southern part of Gaul along the (App. §122, b.) [prope, near], Mediterranean coast. † nearer. proxim•us, -a, -um, adj., superl. prō•pōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, (App. §43), nearest, next; last, -positum [pōnō, put], place previous; with acc. (App. §122, or put forward, present, off er; b.), next to. † relate, tell of, explain; purpose, pūblic•us, -a, -um, adj. [populus, propose; expose. people], of the state or people, propter, prep. with acc. [prope, common, public; n. as noun, near], on account of, because of, public, public view; rēs pūblica, in consequence of. the state, the commonwealth. †

puerīl•is, -e, adj. [puer, child], quant•us, -a, -um, adj., (1) childish. interrog., how much? how large? pugn•a, -ae, f. [pugnō, fi ght], how great? what? quantum, as fi g h t , b a tt le, contest; genus adv., how much? (2) rel. pron., as pugnae, method of fi ghting. † much as, as; quantum, as adv., pugn•ō, 1, fi ght, engage in batt le, as much as, as; quantō . . . tantō contend; strive; oft en impers., as (with comparatives), the . . . the. † pugnātur, it is fought, i.e., they quant•usvīs, -avīs, -umvīs, adj. fi g h .t † [quantus, as great as + vīs, you Pull•ō, -ōnis, m., Titus Pullo, a wish], as great (large, much, etc.) centurion in Caesar’s army. as you wish, however great. pulv•is, -eris, m., dust. quārē, adv. [quī, which + rēs, putō, 1, think, consider, believe. thing], (1) interrog., why? Pȳrēnae•us, -a, -um, adj., wherefore? for what reason?; (2) Pyreneian; Pȳrēnaeī montēs, rel., on this account, therefore, the Pyrenaei or the Pyrenees wherefore. Mountains. quārt•us, -a, -um, adj., ord. num. [quatt uor, four], fourth. Q. -que, enclitic conj., and; -que . . . Q., abbr. for Quīntus, Quintus, a -que, both . . . and. † Roman praenomen. queror, querī, questus sum, quā, adv. [abl. f. of quī], by which complain, bewail, lament. way or route; in which place, quī, quae, quod, rel. pron (see where. † also quis), who, which, what; quadringent•ī, -ae, -a, card. num. often implying an antecedent, adj., four hundred. he, she or it who, those who; quaesti•ō, -ōnis, f. [quaerō, equivalent of the demonstrative, inquire], inquiry; examination, this or that; quam ob rem, investigation. for which reason (wherefore); quaest•or, -ōris, m. [quaerō, quem ad modum, in what seek], a quaestor; (1) at Rome, an manner, how, as; quō, with annually elected offi cial in charge comparatives, the . . . ; quō . . . of state revenues; (2) in the eō, the . . . the. † Roman army, a quartermaster quīcumque, quaecumque, in charge of money and supplies, quodcumque, indef. (or and sometimes employed in generalizing) rel. pron., commanding troops. whoever, whatever; whosoever, quaest•us, -ūs, m. [quaerō, seek], whatsoever, any . . . whatever; gain, acquisition. everyone who, everything that.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 359 quid, interrog. adv., why? with quispiam, quidpiam and posse, how? e.g., quid Germānī quispiam, quaepiam, possent? how strong were the quodpiam, indef. pron. (App. Germans? §62), anyone, any. quīdam, quaedam, quiddam quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron. and quīdam, quaedam, (App. §62), any, any person or quoddam, indef. pron. (App. thing. §62 and b.), a certain one, quisque, quidque and quisque, someone; a certain, some, a; a quaeque, quodque, universal kind of. † indef. pron. (App. §62), each one, quidem, adv., indeed, at any rate, each; everyone, all. † at least, truly; on the other hand; quō, adv. [old dat. case of quī, nē . . . quidem, not even. who, which], adv., (1) interrog. qui•ēs, -ētis, f., quiet, rest, to what place? whither?; (2) rel., repose. to which, to whom; to where, quiēt•us, -a, -um, adj., in repose, whither; toward which; where, undisturbed, peaceful, calm, wherein; (3) indef., to any place, quiet. anywhere. quīn, conj. [quī, who or how + quō, conj. [abl. case of quī, who, ne, negative], that not, but that; which], in order that, so that, aft er negative words of doubt or that. hindrance, but that, that, from; quoad, adv. [quō, where? + ad, to; quīn etiam, moreover, but to], to where; as long as, as far as; actually. till, until. quīnam, see quisnam. quod, conj. [n. acc. of quī, who, quīnquāgintā (L), card. num. adj., which], as to which, in that, that; indecl., fi ft y. as to the fact that, insomuch quīnque (V), card. num. adj., as; because; quod sī, but if; indecl., fi ve. proptereā quod, because. Quīnt•us, -ī, m., Quintus, a quoniam, conj. [cum (=quom), Roman praenomen. since + iam, now], since now, quis, quid and quī, quae, quod since, inasmuch as, because, (App. §§61–62), (1) interrog. whereas. pron., who? which? what? quam quotannīs, adv. [quot, as many ob rem, why? quem ad modum, as + annus, year], every year, how? (2) indef. pron., especially yearly. aft ersī, nisi, nē, num, anyone, quotiēns, adv. [quot, how many?], anything, any; somebody, (1) interrog., how many times? something, some. † how oft en?; (2) rel., as oft en as.

R. red•eō, -īre, -iī, -itum [red- + eō, rati•ō, -ōnis, f. [reor, reckon], go. App. §84], go or turn back, reckoning, account, estimate; return; come; fall to, descend; be design, plan, strategy, science; referred. method, arrangement; cause, red•igō, -igere, -ēgī, -āctum [red- reason; regard, consideration; + agō, put in motion], bring condition, state of aff airs; back, bring under; render, make; manner, way; condition, terms; reduce. in pl., transactions. rediti•ō, -ōnis, f. [redeō, return], Raurac•ī, -ōrum, m., the Rauraci, return. a people along the upper Rhine, redit•us, -ūs, m. [redeō, return], north of the Helvetians. returning, return. re- and red-, inseparable prefi xes, re•dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductum again, back, un-, re-. [dūcō, lead], lead or bring back; rebelli•ō, -ōnis, f. [rebellō, renew draw back, pull back; extend war], renewal of war, rebellion, back. revolt. referō, referre, rett ulī, relātum re•cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum [re + ferō, carry. App. §81], [cēdō, go], go back, retire. bear, carry or bring back, report; rec•ēns, -entis, adj. recent, late; pedem referre, go back, retreat; fresh, new, vigorous. grātiam referre, show one’s recess•us, -ūs, m. [re + cēdō, go], gratitude, make a requital. go back, retire. re•fi ciō, -fi cere, -fēcī, -fectum [re re•cipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptum + faciō, make], remake, repair; [re + capiō, take], take or get back, allow to rest; with sē, refresh recover; admit, receive, receive in oneself, rest. surrender or submission; admit of, re•fugiō, -fugere, -fūgī, -fugitum allow; with sē, withdraw oneself, [re + fugiō, fl ee], fl ee back, retreat, escape, fl ee, run back; retreat; escape. recover oneself. † regi•ō, -ōnis, f. [regō, keep recitō, 1, read aloud. straight], line, direction; quarter, recuperō, 1, recover, regain. region, country, territory, place; recūsō, 1, refuse, reject; object to, ē regiōne, with gen., opposite. make objections, complain; with rēgnō, 1 [rēgnum, royal power], perīculum, shrink from. reign, rule. red•dō, -dere, -didī, -ditum [red- + rēgn•um, -ī, n. [rēx, king], kingly dō, give], give back, return, restore; or royal authority, royal power, give or return something due or absolute power, sovereignty; owed; make or cause to be; render. despotism, tyranny; kingdom. †

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 361 regō, regere, rēxī, rēctum, keep re•moveō, -movēre, -mōvī, straight; guide, direct, control. -mōtum [moveō, move], move re•gredior, -gredī, -gressus sum back or away, remove, withdraw; [gradior, step], go or come back; remōtus, perf. part. as adj., turn back, return; march back, remote, far away. withdraw, retire, retreat. rēmus, -ī, m., oar. re•iciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectum [re re•pellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsum + iaciō, throw. App. §7], hurl or [pellō, drive], bear or drive drive back, repel; cast down or back, repel, repulse. off ; drive off or out. repentīn•us, -a, -um, adj. relegō, 1 [re + legō, delegate], [repēns, sudden], sudden, send away, remove. unexpected, hasty. religi•ō, -ōnis, f., religion; in pl., reperiō, reperīre, repperī, religious ceremonies, rites; repertum [re + pariō, procure], superstitions. procure, fi nd out, discover, re•linquō, -linquere, -līquī, ascertain; devise. -lictum [re + linquō, leave], reportō, 1 [re + portō, carry], leave behind, abandon; pass., carry or bring back, convey. be left , remain. † re•poscō, -poscere, —, — [re + reliqu•us, -a, -um, adj. [relinquō, poscō, demand], demand back, leave], left , remaining, the rest, exact, ask for. the rest of; future, subsequent; re•prehendō, -prehendere, n. as noun, remainder, rest. † -prehendī, -prehēnsum re•maneō, -manēre, -mānsī, [prehendō (= prendō), seize], -mānsum [re + maneō, remain], hold back; criticize, blame, stay or remain behind, remain. censure. Rēm•us, -a, -um, adj., belonging repulsus, see repellō. to or one of the Remi; pl. as rēs, reī, f., of indefi nite meaning; noun, Rēmī, m., the Remi, a variously translated according to Belgic people along the Axona context; thing, object, matt er, (Aisne) whose main city was event, aff air, occurrence; Durocortorum (now Reims). circumstance, case; act, re•migrō, 1 [migrō, move, action, deed; reason, ground; migrate], move back, return. rēs familiāris, property; rēs re•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, frūmentāria, supplies; rēs -missum [mitt ō, send], send or mīlitāris, warfare; novae rēs, dispatch back, return, restore, revolution; rēs pūblica, state; remit; release, relax, give up; rēs actae, deeds, achievements; remissus, perf. part. as adj., mild. quam ob rem, see quī and quis. †

re•scindō, -scindere, -scidī, Rōmān•us, -a, -um, adj. [Rōma], -scissum [re + scindō, cleave], Roman; as noun, a Roman. † cut away or down, break down, Rōsc•ius, -ī, m., Lucius Roscius, destroy. one of Caesar’s lieutenants. reservō, 1 [re + servō, save, keep], rot•a, -ae, f., wheel. keep back, save up, reserve. rūm•or, -ōris, m., hearsay, report, re•sistō, -sistere, -stitī, — rumor. [sistō, stand], stand back, rūrsus, adv. [for reversus, fr om remain behind, halt, stand still; revertō, turn back], again, back, withstand, resist, oppose. anew; in turn. re•spiciō, -spicere, -spexī, -spectum [re + speciō, look], S. look back; look at, take notice of; Sabīn•us, -ī, m., Quintus consider, regard. Titurius Sabinus, one of Caesar’s re•spondeō, -spondēre, -spondī, lieutenants. -sponsum [re + spondeō, sacrifi c•ium, -ī, n. [sacer, sacred + promise], reply, answer. faciō, make], sacrifi ce. re•stituō, -stituere, -stituī, saepe, adv., oft en, frequently; -stitūtum [re + statuō, set up], many times, again and again; set up again, rebuild, renew, saepe numerō, oft en, time and restore. again, frequently; comp. saepius, re•tineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentum oft ener, more frequently; time [re + teneō, hold], hold back, and again, too oft en. detain, keep; restrain, hinder; sagitt •a, -ae, f., arrow. detain forcibly, seize; retain, sagul•um, -ī, n. [dim. of sagum, preserve, maintain. coat], a small coat; military cloak. rett ulī, see referō. sal•ūs, -ūtis, f. [salvus, safe], re•vertō, -vertere, -vertī, welfare, security, safety; -versum, used almost exclusively preservation, deliverance; place in the perf. tenses, and re•vertor, of safety; life (when in danger). † -vertī, -versus sum [re + vertō, Samarobrīv•a, -ae, f., turn], turn back, come back, Samarobriva (now Amiens), a return. city belonging to the Ambiani on Rhēn•us, -ī, m., the river Rhenus, the river Samara (Somme). the Rhine. † sanciō, sancīre, sānxī, sānctus, Rhodan•us, -ī, m., the river make sacred; make binding, Rhodanus, the Rhone. † ratify, sanction; sānct•us, -a, rīp•a, -ae, f., bank (of a stream). -um, perf. part. as adj., sacred, rogō, 1, ask; request, ask for. inviolable; established.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 363 sap•iō, -ere, -īvī, —, taste; be sententi•a, -ae, f. [sentiō, think], wise, understand. way of thinking, opinion, satis, adv., and indecl. adj. and noun, sentiment; purpose, design, (1) as adv., enough, suffi ciently; scheme, plan; decision, resolve; rather; very; well; (2) as adj., verdict; sentence. suffi cient; (3) as noun, enough. sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum, satis•faciō, -facere, -fēcī, perceive, be aware of, notice, -factum [satis, enough + experience, undergo; realize, faciō, make], make or do know; decide, judge; sanction, enough for; give satisfaction, adhere to. satisfy; make amends, septentriōn•ēs, -um, m. [septem, apologize, ask pardon. seven + triōnēs, plough oxen], sauci•us, -a, -um, adj., wounded. the seven plough oxen, the stars scāl•ae, -ārum, f. [scandō, climb], of the Great Bear (Big Dipper), stairs; scaling ladder. hence the North. scaph•a, -ae, f., skiff , boat. septim•us, -a, -um, ord. num. adj. scelerāt•us, -a, -um, adj. [scelerō, [septum, seven], seventh. pollute], accursed, infamous; as Sēquan•a, -ae, m., the river Sequana, noun, criminal. now called the Seine. It fl ows across sciō, 4, distinguish; know, much of northern Gaul, and, more understand. famously today, fl ows through Paris. scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, Sēquan•us, -a, -um, adj., of or scrīptum, write, record, or make belonging to the Sequani; pl. as mention in writing. noun, Sēquanī, the Sequani. scūt•um, -ī, n., shield, buckler; sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, oblong, convex (2½ x 4 feet), follow, follow aft er, pursue; made of wood covered with leather accompany, att end; follow in or iron plates, with a metal rim. point of time; with poena, be sē- and sēd-, inseparable prefi x, infl icted;fi dem sequī, seek the apart, away. protection. sē, see suī. † serm•ō, -ōnis, m., conversation, secūt•us, see sequor. interview, speech. sed, conj., but, but yet (a stronger sērō, adv., late, too late. adversative than autem or at). † serō, serere, sēvī, satum, sow, sēment•is, -is, f. [sēmen, seed], plant. sowing. servīl•is, -e, adj. [servus, slave], of senāt•us, -ūs, m. [senex, old], a or like a slave, slavish, servile. body of old men, senate; especially, servit•ūs, -ūtis, f. [servus, slave], the Roman Senate. slavery, servitude.

servō, 1, save, preserve; maintain, sine, prep. with abl., without. † keep; guard, watch; reserve. singulār•is, -e, adj. [singulī, serv•us, -ī, m., slave, servant. one each], one at a time, one sēsē, see suī. by one; single, alone; singular, seu, see sīve. remarkable, extraordinary, sī, conj., if, if perchance; to see matchless. whether or if; whether; quod sī, singul•ī, -ae, -a, distributive num. but if, now if. † adj., one each, one; one at a time, sibi, see suī. † single, separate; each, every; sīc, adv., so, thus, in this manner; the several; in annōs singulōs, sīc . . . ut, so . . . that; so . . . as. annually. sicci•tās, -tātis, f. [siccus, dry], soc•ius, -ī, m.[compare drought, dryness. sequor, follow], companion, sīcut or sīcutī, adv. [sīc, so + ut(ī), confederate, ally. as], so as, just as, just as if. sōl, sōlis, m., the sun; ad sīd•us, -eris, n., star; constellation. occidentem sōlem, toward the sign•um, -ī, n., mark, sign, signal, sett ing sun or west; ad orientem watchword; signal for batt le, solem, toward the rising sun or standard, ensign; ab signīs east. discēdere, withdraw from the soleō, solēre, solitus sum (App. ranks; signa īnferre, advance §74), be accustomed, be used to. to the att ack; signa conversa solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum, īnferre, face about and advance loosen, untie; with or without to the att ack; signa ferre, nāvēs, weigh anchor, set sail, put advance on the march; direct the to sea. att ack; signa convertere, face or spat•ium, -ī, n., space, distance, wheel about or around; ad signa extent, length of space: period convenīre, join the army. or length of time, hence time, silv•a, -ae, f., forest, woods, a wood. opportunity. simil•is, -e, adj., like, similar. speci•ēs, -eī, f. [speciō, see], simul, adv. at once, at the same seeing, sight; look, appearance, time, thereupon; simul . . . show, pretense. simul, both . . . and, partly . . . spectō, 1 [fr equentative of speciō, partly; simul atque, as soon as. see], look at, regard; look, face, lie. simulācr•um, -ī, n. [simulō, make speculātōri•us, -a, -um, adj. like], image, statue. [speculātor, spy], of a spy, simul•tās, -tātis, f., jealousy, spying, scouting. rivalry. spērō, 1 [spēs, hope], hope, hope sīn, conj., if however, but if. for, anticipate.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 365 spēs, speī, f., hope, anticipation, sub- or subs-, under; up away; expectation. † from beneath; secretly; in spontis, gen. and sponte, abl. (obs. succession; slightly. nom. spōns), f., of one’s own sub•dūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductum accord, willingly, voluntarily; by [dūcō, lead], draw or lead up; lead oneself. or draw off , withdraw; with nāvēs, stabili•tās, -tātis, f. [stabilis, haul up, beach. fi rm], fi rmness, steadiness. sub•eō, -īre, -iī, -itum [eō, go. statim, adv. [stō, stand], as one App. §84], come or go under, stands, hence, immediately, at come up to; come up; undergo, once, right away. endure. stati•ō, -ōnis, f. [stō, stand], subitō, adv. [subitus, sudden], standing or stationing; a suddenly, unexpectedly, of a military post or station; sentries, sudden. pickets, outposts; in statiōne sublātus, see tollō. esse, be on guard. sub•mitt ō, -mitt ere, -mīsī, stīpend•ium, -ī, n., tax, tribute. -missum [mitt ō, send], send up, stō, stāre, stetī, statum, stand, send, send to the assistance of. abide by. sub•moveō, -movēre, -mōvī, strāmentum, -ī, n., covering; -mōtum [moveō, move], move straw, thatch; packsaddle. away, drive away, dislodge. strepit•us, -ūs, m. [strepō, make a sub•sequor, -sequī, -secūtus noise], noise, ratt le, uproar. [sequor, follow], follow closely, stude•ō, -ēre, -uī, —, be eager follow up or on, follow. or zealous; desire, strive aft er, subsid•ium, -ī, n. [subsideō, sit devote oneself to; pay att ention near or in reserve], sitt ing in to; accustom oneself to. reserve; reserve force, reserves; stud•ium, -ī, n. [studeō, be help, aid, assistance. zealous], zeal, eagerness, sub•sum, -esse, -fuī, — [sum, be. enthusiasm, desire; goodwill, App. §77], be under or below, be devotion; pursuit, occupation. near or close at hand. sub, prep. with acc. and abl. (1) sub•veniō, -venīre, -vēnī, With acc., (a) with verbs of -ventum [veniō, come], come or motion, under, beneath; up to; go to help, aid, succor. (2) of time, just at, about, toward. suc•cēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum (2) With abl., (a) of position, [cēdō, go], go or come under; under, beneath; toward, near to; come up to, come up, advance, be at the foot or base of; (b) of time, next to; succeed, take the place during, within; in compounds, of; succeed, prosper.

suc•cendō, -cendere, -cendī, sūmptuōs•us, -a, -um, -cēnsum, set on fi re below, adj. [sūmptus, expense], kindle, burn. expensive. suc•currō, -currere, -cursī, superarō, 1 [super, over], go -cursum [currō, run], run to over; overmatch, be superior help, aid, assist. to, surpass, conquer, master, sud•is, -is, f., heavy beam, pile, overcome, prevail; be left over, stake. remain; vītā superāre, survive. suff rāg•ium, -ī, n., vote, ballot. superior, -ius, adj. [comp. of suī (gen.), sibi (dat.), sē or sēsē (acc. superus, high. App. §44], (1) of or abl.), refl exive pron. 3rd person place, upper, higher, superior; (App. §§163–165), himself, (2) of time, previous, earlier, herself, itself, themselves; he, she, former. † it they, etc.; inter sē, see inter and super•us, -a, -um, adj. [super, App. §166. † above], over, above; comp., see sum, esse, fuī,—, be, exist, live; superior; superl., see summus. † stay, remain; serve for; with sup•petō, -petere, -petīvī, gen. in predicate: be the mark -petītum [sub + petō, seek, or sign of; belong to; with dat.: obtain], be near or at hand; be in have; for forms, see App. §66. † store, be supplied, hold out. fore=futūrum esse (fr om sum).† supplic•ium, -ī, n. [sub + plicō, summ•a, -ae, f. [summus, bend], humiliation; sacrifi cing; highest], the main thing or humble request or petition, point, sum total, aggregate, the supplication; punishment, whole; general management, penalty, torture. control, direction; summa suprā, adv. and prep. with acc. (1) imperī, the chief command. as adv., before, previously; (2) as summ•us, -a, -um, adj. [superl. prep. with acc., above; before. of superus, high. App. §44], sus•cipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptum highest, very high; the highest [su(b)s + capiō, take], take or part of, the top of; preeminent, lift up; undertake, assume, take greatest, chief, supreme; all. † on oneself; begin, engage in. sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptum suspīci•ō, -ōnis, f. [suspicor, [sub + emō, take], take away, suspect], suspicion, distrust; take; assume; with supplic•ium, surmise. -ī, n. [sub + plicō, bend], suspicor, 1 [suspiciō, suspect], humiliation; sacrifi cing; humble suspect, distrust; surmise. request or petition, supplication; sustent•ō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, to punishment, penalty, torture. build up; to sustain.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 367 sus•tineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentum Tasget•ius, -ī, m., Tasgetius, a [su(b)s + teneō, hold], hold up leader among the Carnutes. from below; hold up, sustain; tegō, tegere, tēxī, tēctum, cover, hold back, check, restrain; hold hide; protect, defend. out against, withstand, endure, tēl•um, -ī, n., a weapon for fi ghting bear; hold out. † at a distance, missile, dart, spear, sustulī, see tollō. javelin. † su•us, -a, -um, adj., refl ex. temerāri•us, -a, -um, adj. pronominal adj. referring to the [temerē, rashly], rash, subject (App. §§163–167, a.), imprudent, reckless. [suī, himself, herself, etc.], of or temerē, adv., rashly, blindly, belonging to himself, herself, etc., without good reason. his own, her own, its own, their tēm•ō, -ōnis, m., pole (of a own; his, hers, its, theirs; sua, n. wagon). pl. as noun, one’s property; suī, m. temperō, 1, restrain or control pl. as noun, their men (fr iends or oneself, refrain; temperātus, countrymen). † perf. part. as adj., temperate, mild. T. tempes•tās, -tātis, f. [tempus, T., abbr. for Titus, a Roman time], time, season; weather, praenomen. usually bad weather, storm, tamen, adv. (opposed to tempest. some expressed or implied temp•us, -oris, n., a division or concession), yet, nevertheless, section of time, a time, time (in notwithstanding, still, however; general); occasion, crisis; omnī at least. † tempore, always; in reliquum tametsī, conj. [tamen, however + tempus, for the future; ūnō etsī, even if], although, though, tempore, at the same time, at notwithstanding. once. † tandem, adv., at last, at length, teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum, fi n a l l y ;in interrog. clauses to add hold, keep, occupy, possess, hold emphasis, as quid tandem, what possession of; hold in, restrain, then? bind; sē tenēre, remain; tantum, adv. [tantus, so great], so memoriā tenēre, remember. † much, so, so far; only, merely. tenu•is, -e, adj., slim, thin; slight, tant•us, -a, -um, adj., so much, so insignifi cant; delicate. great, so powerful, such; quantō terg•um, -ī, n ., the back; terga . . . tantō, with comparatives, see vertere, to fl ee; post tergum or quantō. † ab tergō, in the rear.

terr•a, -ae, f., earth, land, soil, torment•um, -ī, n. [torqueō, ground; region, district; terrae twist], means of twisting; an (pl.) and orbis terrārum, the engine or machine for hurling world. missiles, e.g., catapults and terreō, 2, frighten, terrify. ballista; windlass, hoist; device terr•or, -ōris, m. [terreō, for torturing, hence, torment, frighten], fright, alarm, panic, torture. terror. torreō, torrēre, torruī, tostum, terti•us, -a, -um, adj., ord. number, scorch, burn. adj., third. † tot, indecl. adj., so many. testimōn•ium, -ī, n. [testor, be a tōt•us, -a, -um, gen. totīus (App. witness], testimony, evidence, §32), adj., the whole, the whole proof. of; entire, all; with force of adv., testūd•ō, -inis, f., tortoise; shed; wholly, entirely. † a testitudo, a column of men, trā•dō, -dere, -didī, -ditum holding their shields overlapped [trāns + dō, give], give over, give above their heads (which made up, surrender, deliver; entrust, them look like a giant tortoise). commit; hand down, transmit; time•ō, -ēre, -uī, —, fear, be afraid teach, communicate. of, dread; with dat., be anxious trāgul•a, -ae, f., a javelin, spear, or about, be anxious for, dread; dart used by the Gauls. nihil timēre, have no fear. tra•iciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectum timidē, adv. [timidus, fearful], [iaciō, throw. App. §7], hurl fearfully, cowardly, timidly. across; pierce, transfi x. tim•or, -ōris, m. [timeō, fear], trāns, prep. with acc., across, beyond, fear, alarm, dread. over; in compounds, trāns- or trā-, Titūr•ius, -ī, m., Quintus across, over, through. Titurius Sabinus, one of Caesar’s trāns•eō, -īre, -iī, -itum [eō, go. lieutenants. App. §84], go across or come Tit•us (abbr. T.), -ī, m., Titus, a over, cross; march through, pass Roman praenomen. through; move, migrate; of time, tolerō, 1, bear, endure; hold out; pass by. nourish, support; with famem, trāns•ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum alleviate. [ferō, carry. App. §81], carry or tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum, bring over, transfer. lift up, elevate; take on board; trāns•fīgō, -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxum take away, remove; do away with, [fīgō, fi x], thrust or pierce destroy; cancel; sublātus, perf. through; transfi x. part. as adj., destroyed, elated. trānslātus, see trānsferō.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 369 trānsportō, 1 [portō, carry], turm•a, -ae, f., troop or squadron carry across or over, bring over, of about thirty cavalrymen. convey, transport. turp•is, -e, adj., ugly, unseemly; Trebōn•ius, -ī, m., (1) Gaius shameful, disgraceful, Trebonius, one of Caesar’s dishonorable. lieutenants. (2) Gaius Trebonius, turr•is, -is, f., tower. † a Roman of equestrian status. tūtō, adv. [tūtus, safe], safely, trepidō, 1, hurry about in securely. alarm; pass., be disturbed or in tūt•us, -a, -um, adj. [tueor, confusion. protect], protected, safe, secure. trēs, tria, gen. trium (III), card. tu•us, -a, -um, adj., poss. adj. [tū, number, adj., three. † you], your, yours. III, see trēs. Trēv•ir, -erī, m., one of the U. Treveri; pl. Trēverī, the Treveri, ubi, adv. (1) of place, in which a Belgic people near the Rhine. place, where; (2) of time, when, tribūn•us, -ī, m. [tribus, tribe], whenever; as soon as; ubi tribune; tribūnus plēbis, at prīmum, as soon as. Rome, a magistrate elected by the ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultus sum, people voting in tribes, originally avenge; punish, take vengeance to defend the interests of the plebs; on. tribūnus mīlitum or mīlitāris, ūll•us, -a, -um, gen. ūllīus (App. a military tribune. §32), adj., a single, any; as noun, tribūt•um, -ī, n. [tribuō, render, anyone, anybody. pay], tribute, tax. ulter•ior, -ius, adj., comp. [ultrā, tulī, see ferō. † beyond. App. §43], farther, more Tuling•ī, -ōrum, m., the Tulingi, a remote, ulterior. Gallic tribe east of the Rhine. ultim•us, -a, -um, adj., superl. tum, adv., then, at this or that [ultrā, beyond. App. §43], time; then, secondly; then, also; farthest, most distant or remote; cum . . . tum, both . . . and, not as noun, those in the rear. only . . . but also. † ultrā, prep. with acc., beyond, on tumult•us, -ūs, m. [tumeō, swell], the farther side of. uproar, confusion, disorder, ultrō, adv., to or on the farther tumult; uprising, insurrection. side, beyond; of one’s tumul•us, -ī, m. [tumeō, swell], own accord, voluntarily, swelling; mound, hill. spontaneously, without tunc, adv., then, at that time, at provocation; besides, moreover; this juncture. ultrō citrōque, back and forth.

ululāt•us, -ūs, m., yell, shriek. uterque, utraque, utrumque, adj. unde, adv., from which place, [uter, which of two], each of two, whence. either of two; both. † undique, adv. [unde, whence], ūt•or, -ī, ūsus sum, make use of, from all parts; on all sides, employ, use, avail oneself of, everywhere. exercise; have, enjoy, experience, ūnivers•us, -a, -um, adj. [unus, possess, show; adopt, accept; one + vertō, turn], turned ūsus, perf. part. oft en translated: into one: all together, whole, with. † universal; all as a mass. ux•or, -ōris, f., wife. ūn•us, -a, -um, adj., gen. ūnīus (App. §32), card. number, adj., V. one, the same one; single, alone; V, sign for quīnque, fi v .e the sole, the only; the sole or vacāti•ō, -ōnis, f. [vacō, be only one. † empty], exemption. urbs, urbis, f., city; especially, the vad•um, -ī, n., ford, shallow, i.e., city, Rome. a spot where it is possible to wade ūs•us, -ūs, m. [ūtor, use], use, across. experience, practice, skill; vāgīn•a, -ae, f., sheath, scabbard. service, advantage; need, vagor, 1 [vagus, roaming], roam necessity; ūsus est, there is around, rove, wander. need; ūsuī esse or ex ūsū esse, valetūd•ō, -inis, f. [valeō, be be of advantage or service; ūsū strong], health, poor health. venīre, come by necessity; vall•ēs, is, f., a valley happen. † vall•um, -ī, n. [vallus, palisade], ut and utī, adv. and conj., (1) as wall or rampart of earth set interrog. adv., how?; (2) as rel. with palisades; entrenchments, adv. and conj., as, in proportion earthworks. † as, just as; insomuch as; as if; (3) -ve, conj., enclitic=vel, or. as conj. (a) with the ind., when, vel, conj. and adv. (1) as conj., or; aft er; (b) with the subjunctive, vel . . . vel, either . . . or; (2) as that, in order that, to; that, so adv., even. that, so as to; though, although; velim, see volō. † aft er words of fearing, that not. † vellem, see volō. † uter, utra, utrum, gen. utrīus vēl•ōx, -ōcis, adj., swift , rapid, (App. §32), adj. (1) as interrog., speedy. which one or which one of two; Venet•ī, –ōrum, m., Veneti; a (2) as rel., the one who, of two, Gallic people on the western whichever. † Atlantic coast.

© Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. www.BOLCHAZY.com Glossary 371 veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum, victim•a, -ae, f., victim; a sacrifi cial come, arrive, go, advance; in animal. spem venīre, have hopes; pass. vict•or, -ōris, m. [vincō, oft en impers. as ventum est, they conquer], conqueror, victor; as came, it came, etc. adj., victorious. ventitō, 1 [fr equentative of veniō, victōri•a, -ae, f. [victor, come], keep coming, resort; go conqueror], conquest, victory. † back and forth, visit. vīc•us, -ī, m., village, hamlet. vent•us, -ī, m., wind. videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum, see, vereor, verērī, veritus sum, perceive, observe, examine, revere; fear, dread, be afraid of. understand; see to, take care; verg•ō, -ere, —, —, look or lie in pass., be seen; seem, appear; toward, be situated. seem proper, seem best. † vērō, adv. [vērus, true], in truth, vigili•a, -ae, f. [vigil, awake], truly, really, indeed; but, wakefulness, watching; a watch, however, on the other hand. one of the four equal divisions of versō, 1, turn; deal with; pass. the night, used by the Romans in as deponent, turn oneself; be, reckoning time and organizing remain; engage in; fi ght. guard duty. versus, adv. [vertō, turn], turned VII, sign for septem, seven. to; toward. vīm•en, -inis, n., a bendable stick, vers•us, -ūs, m. [vertō, turn], switch, osier. turning, verse. vinciō, vincīre, vīnxī, vinctum, Vertic•ō, -ōnis, m., Vertico, a bind. high-ranking Nervian. vincō, vincere, vīcī, vīctum, vertō, vertere, vertī, versum, turn, conquer, overcome, vanquish, turn around; terga vertere, fl e .e prevail; have one’s way or Verucloeti•us, -ī, m., Verucloetius, desire. a Helvetian sent as an envoy to vincul•a, -ae, f. [vinciō, bind], Caesar. bond, fett er, chain. verūt•um, -ī, n., dart, spear, javelin. vir, virī, m., man; husband; a man vi•a, -ae, f., way, road, route; of distinction or honor; compare journey, march. homō, a human being, as vīcēn•ī, -ae, -um, distributive num. opposed to lower animals. † adj. [vīgintī, twenty], twenty virt•ūs, -ūtis, f. [vir, man], each, twenty. manliness, bravery, valor, merit, vicis, gen. (no nom. form), change; worth, courage, virtue; strength, only in the adv. phrase in vicem, energy, force; pl., good qualities, alternately, in turn. merits, virtues. †

vīs, vīs (App. §27), f., force, might, volun•tās, -tātis, f. [volō, wish], energy, strength; violence, wish, will, desire, inclination; severity; authority, power; a goodwill, favor; consent, force, a great number; pl. vīrēs, approval. strength, force; vim facere, use Vorēn•us, -ī, m., Lucius Vorenus, a violence. † centurion in Caesar’s army. vīt•a, -ae, f. [cf. vīvō, live], life; vōs, see tū. manner of living, lifestyle, living. voveō, vovēre, vōvī, vōtum, vow. vītō, 1, avoid, shun, evade, escape. vōx, vōcis, f., voice, tone; vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum, live; outcry, cry, shout; word; pl., subsist on. words, language, variously vīv•us, -a, -um, adj. [vīvō, live], translated according to context, alive, living. as entreaties, complaints, tales, vix, adj., with diffi culty, barely, etc. hardly. vulgō, adv. [vulgus, the crowd], vocō, 1 [vōx, voice], call, summon; commonly, everywhere. invite. vulg•us, -ī, n., the common volō, velle, voluī, — (App. §82), people, the multitude, the wish, be willing, want, desire; public, the masses; a crowd. prefer, choose; intend; mean; vulnerō, 1 [vulnus, wound], quid sibi vellet, what did he wound. intend or mean? † vuln•us, -eris, n., a wound.