PHASE II ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SITE 44VB0363 AT MARSHVIEW PARK VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA

September 2013

Prepared for: Prepared by:

Land Studio pc Matthew R. Laird, Ph.D., RPA P.O. Box 10801 James River Institute for Norfolk, Virginia 23513 Archaeology, Inc. 223 McLaws Circle, Suite 1 Williamsburg, Virginia 23185

ABSTRACT

In June 2013, the James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (JRIA) completed a Phase II archaeological investigation of Site 44VB0363, a suspected colonial era domestic site identified in the course of a 2011 survey of the 99-acre Marshview Park property conducted for the City of Virginia Beach Department of Parks & Recreation as part of the park master planning process. Virginia Beach Parks & Recreation and Land Studio pc invited JRIA to return to undertake a more intensive study of this resource with the goals of learning more about the site, providing interested members of the public an opportunity to directly assist with the archaeological project, and to include identifiable permanent marking and interpretation of the site in the long range plan for the park. The Phase II archaeological investigation consisted of the excavation of 17 three- foot square test units within the core site area in an effort to identify potential subsurface cultural features and collect a representative sample of artifacts for analysis. During the course of the project, JRIA archaeologists worked closely with a number of volunteers, including adults and children, as well as local educators, and offered public site tours. The results of the Phase II archaeological and documentary research at Site 44VB0363 at Marshview Park offered intriguing insights into who lived at this site and when. Test unit excavation yielded a significant assemblage of household artifacts and architectural materials, the analysis of which revealed that the site most likely was occupied during the last quarter of the eighteenth century and into the first years of the nineteenth century. Documentary research indicated that this occupation coincided with the ownership of prominent Princess Anne County planter and Revolutionary War veteran Thomas Reynolds Walker, his son Thomas Walker, and granddaughter Sarah Walker Braithwaite. Since none of the Walkers evidently lived at this location, the site most likely was occupied by one or more tenant farmer families, or perhaps even by some of the enslaved African Americans held by the Walker family. Given the available evidence, it appears most likely that the site included a small and simple frame dwelling with a brick hearth and possibly a brick chimney, the type of unexceptional dwelling which the vast majority of Princess Anne County residents, free or enslaved, would have called home during the decades following the American Revolution. The Phase II investigation at Site 44VB0363 has yielded some important information, but more remains to be learned. The site remains in excellent condition, with little disturbance since the site was abandoned in the early nineteenth century. More subsurface features, including possible building remains, trash pits, fence lines, etc., might be found in future investigations. The site appears to have the physical integrity and research potential to be considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D. As such, JRIA recommends that the site should be preserved and protected to the greatest extent possible. As a significant cultural component of Marshview Park and the surrounding community, this site might serve as the focus of an ongoing educational program in which professional archaeologists work with students, teachers, avocational archaeologists, and other interested members of the community to continue the exploration of this comparatively rare site type. TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... i LIST OF FIGURES ...... iii I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 II. RESEARCH DESIGN ...... 5 Project Goals ...... 5 Testing Methodology ...... 5 III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING ...... 8 IV. ANALYSIS ...... 12 Spatial Analysis ...... 12 Artifact Analysis ...... 16 Historical Analysis ...... 22 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 26 VI. REFERENCES ...... 29 APPENDIX A: ARTIFACT CATALOG ...... 31 APPENDIX B: SITE INVENTORY FORM ...... 61

ii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of Site 44VB0363 on detail of U.S.G.S. 7.5’ Virginia Beach topographic quadrangle map, 1989...... 2 Figure 2. Location of Site 44VB0363 on a 2010 aerial photograph...... 3 Figure 3. Volunteers excavating test units and screening excavated soil...... 4 Figure 4. Volunteers washing artifacts in the field...... 4 Figure 5. JRIA archaeologists conducting preliminary site work along the principal north- south grid line...... 6 Figure 6. Location of Phase II test units at Site 44VB0363...... 9 Figure 7. East profile of Test Unit 103...... 10 Figure 8. North profile of Test Unit 106...... 10 Figure 9. Feature in Test Unit 106, view to north...... 11 Figure 10. Total artifact density by test units...... 13 Figure 11. Brick concentrations by test units...... 15 Figure 12. Assorted ceramic sherds...... 19 Figure 13. English white salt-glazed stoneware sherd with dot, diaper and basket rim design ca. 1740-1775...... 19 Figure 14. Dark green wine bottle glass (top) and imported English tobacco pipe stem (bottom)...... 20 Figure 15. French gunflint...... 20 Figure 16. Rhyolite Palmer type projectile point (ca. 8000 to 7200 B.C.)...... 21 Figure 17. Location of Thomas Reynolds Walker’s home site in relation to Site 44VB0363 (Anonymous 178-?)...... 23 Figure 18. Ca. 1815 slave dwelling at Walnut Valley, Surry County...... 27

iii I. INTRODUCTION

In 2011, the James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (JRIA) completed a Phase I survey of approximately 99 acres at Marshview Park on behalf of the City of Virginia Beach Department of Parks & Recreation as part of the park master planning process. The goal of the survey was to identify and evaluate the significance of all prehistoric or historic archaeological sites within the proposed park limits, and included the excavation of screened shovel test holes at 50-foot intervals across the entire property. In the southern portion of the project area near a tributary of Lake Rudee, JRIA archaeologists found a concentration of historic artifacts—including ceramics, bottle glass, nails, brick fragments, and oyster shell—which suggested that this location had been the site of a colonial period homestead occupied in the period ca. 1690-1750 (Figures 1-2). Because sites of this type are relatively rare in Virginia Beach, JRIA recommended that further archaeological testing could provide important information about the early history of what was then Princess Anne County (Fesler and Laird 2011). In the spring of 2013, Virginia Beach Parks & Recreation and Land Studio pc contracted with JRIA to conduct a more intensive study of this site with the goals of learning more about the site, providing interested members of the public the opportunity to directly assist with the archaeological project, and to include identifiable permanent marking and interpretation of the site in the long range plan for the park. The Phase II archaeological investigation, which JRIA completed in June 2013, consisted of the excavation of three-foot square test units within the core site area in an effort to identify potential subsurface cultural features and recover a representative sample of artifacts for analysis. During the course of the project, JRIA archaeologists worked closely with a number of volunteers, including adults and children, as well as local educators. These volunteer sessions included educational “workshops,” with discussions of the site’s history, general principles of historical archaeology, fieldwork methods and practice, and artifact identification. The volunteers also assisted with test unit excavation, screened excavated soil, and washed historic artifacts (Figures 3-4). The project concluded with a Saturday public “open house” day which provided an opportunity for interested members of the public to view the excavation and learn about the results of the project. The Phase II investigation was conducted under the direction of JRIA President Nicholas M. Luccketti, M.A., RPA, and Senior Researcher Matthew R. Laird, Ph.D., RPA. The archaeological fieldwork was conducted by Project Archaeologist Anthony W. Smith, M.A., with the assistance of archaeological field technicians Joseph Dietmeier, Jon Heck, Todd Kemmler, and Meghan Pelaez. Artifacts yielded by the investigation were processed and cataloged by JRIA Laboratory Director Sherrie Beaver. Dr. Laird conducted the background research for the project and authored the final report. Dr. Garrett R. Fesler and Kathleen Mapp assisted with the public interpretation of the site.

1

Figure 1. Location of Site 44VB0363 on detail of U.S.G.S. 7.5’ Virginia Beach topographic quadrangle map, 1989.

2

Figure 2. Location of Site 44VB0363 on a 2010 aerial photograph.

3

Figure 3. Volunteers excavating test units and screening excavated soil.

Figure 4. Volunteers washing artifacts in the field.

4 II. RESEARCH DESIGN Project Goals In 2011, JRIA identified Site 44VB0363 in the course of a Phase I survey of the proposed Marshview Park. Based on the results of the Phase I investigation, JRIA proposed that the site, which measured approximately 350 feet (N-S) by 250 feet (E-W) represented a domestic occupation spanning the period roughly between 1690 and 1750. Because sites of this type are relatively rare in Virginia Beach, and this resource exhibited strong potential for additional research, JRIA recommended that it was potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D, and that further archaeological testing was warranted. In the spring of 2013, Virginia Beach Parks & Recreation and Land Studio pc contracted with JRIA to conduct a more intensive study of this site with the goals of learning more about the site, providing interested members of the public the opportunity to directly assist with the archaeological project, and to include identifiable permanent marking and interpretation of the site in the long range plan for the park. The Phase II archaeological investigation, which was conducted in June 2013, was specifically designed to allow the greatest level of participation by interested members of the public, while gathering sufficient data to allow for more detailed analysis of the site, and an assessment of its significance according to the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.

Testing Methodology Prior to the archaeological testing, JRIA archaeologists located the original Phase I shovel tests, re-established the site grid, and laid in two intersecting baselines oriented roughly north-south and east-west. The test units were then excavated on this grid, within the suspected core site area (Figure 5). Each test unit measured three feet square, and was excavated according to the standards described in the Department of Historic Resources (DHR) Guidelines for Conducting Cultural Resources Survey in Virginia (rev. 2011). The units were excavated by hand according to natural stratigraphic layers, and all backfill screened through ¼-inch hardware cloth. Each test unit was drawn and photographed in plan and in profile, and its location recorded on a master map of the project area before it was backfilled. Cultural materials recovered from the test units were first washed in the field by volunteers, then brought to JRIA’s Williamsburg laboratory for processing and analysis. Prior to washing, artifacts from a given provenience were first emptied into a screened basket and sorted. Next, the provenience information from the field bags were confirmed with the bag catalog and transferred onto bag tags. Stable objects were washed with tap water using a soft brush. Edges of ceramics and glass were thoroughly cleaned to aid in the identification of body type and to assist in mending. Washed items then were placed by provenience on a drying rack.

5

Figure 5. JRIA archaeologists conducting preliminary site work along the principal north-south grid line.

Once dry, the artifacts were re-bagged by provenience and material type and transported to JRIA’s laboratory in Williamsburg, Virginia, for further processing and analysis. Artifacts of a given provenience were placed in clean 2 ml thick polyethylene zip-lock bags that have been perforated to allow air exchange. Each grouped material type was placed in a separate plastic bag (i.e., all glass in one bag, all brick fragments in one bag, etc.) and each of these individual type bags were then placed in a larger bag with the bag tag noting the provenience. After processing and re-bagging, the artifact assemblage was cataloged for analysis. Stylistic attributes of diagnostic artifacts were described using current terminology and were recorded by count into a database for analysis. Non-diagnostic artifacts such as brick and oyster shell were weighed, not counted. Once all the artifacts were cataloged, ceramics were pulled from their bags and marked with correct provenience information. Diagnostic ceramics were sorted and grouped together based on type or ware and/or vessel or function and checked for crossmends. Analysis of historic artifacts was aided by reference works such as The Parks Canada Glass Glossary (Jones and Sullivan 1989), the Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America (Noel Hume 1969), and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Laboratory

6 Manual (Pittman et al. 1987). All materials were curated according to the standards outlined in 36 CFR Part 79 of the Department of the Interior and National Park Service code (Department of the Interior 1991) and were returned to the City of Virginia Beach at the conclusion of the project.

7 III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING

The Phase II archaeological testing consisted of the hand excavation of 17 three- foot-square test units in a roughly cruciform pattern within the suspected core of the site as defined by the Phase I shovel testing (Figure 6). Two additional judgmental shovel tests (JST-01 and JST-02) were excavated in order to assist in determining potential test unit locations. Test unit excavation indicated that the soil stratigraphy was relatively consistent throughout the site area. The typical profile consisted of three distinct layers with a combined depth of approximately 1.0 foot sealing sterile subsoil (Figures 7-8). These included Layer A, a very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt topsoil approximately 0.3 foot thick; Layer B, a grayish brown (10 YR5/2) clayey silt topsoil approximately 0.4 foot thick; and Layer C, a transition to subsoil consisting of up to 0.3 foot of brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty clay mottled with light grayish brown (10YR 6/2) silt. Subsoil consisted of mixed yellowish brown (10YR 6/8) silty clay mixed with light grayish brown (10YR 6/2) clay. A single subsurface cultural feature was partially exposed in the northeast corner of Test Unit 106 at the interface between Layers B and C (see Figure 8). This roughly rectangular feature measured approximately 0.7 foot wide, and appeared to be the remains of a post (Figure 9). Given its relatively small size, it more likely represented a fence post than a structural feature.

8

Figure 6. Location of Phase II test units at Site 44VB0363.

9

Figure 7. East profile of Test Unit 103.

Figure 8. North profile of Test Unit 106.

10

Figure 9. Feature in Test Unit 106, view to north.

11 IV. ANALYSIS

Spatial Analysis Although no substantial subsurface features were identified in the test units, an analysis of the relative quantity of artifacts recovered from each unit provides at least some indication of where the core activity area of the site may have been located. As indicated in Table 1 and Figure 10, the greatest concentration of artifacts was identified in the eastern portion of the investigated area, centered around Test Units 108, 111, 114, and 116. Artifact densities then decreased considerably to the west and south.

Table 1. Total artifacts by test unit. Test Unit # Artifacts Percentage 101 25 4.00% 102 12 1.92% 103 33 5.28% 104 22 3.52% 105 31 4.96% 106 48 7.68% 107 35 5.60% 108 85 13.60% 109 25 4.00% 110 33 5.28% 111 69 11.04% 112 29 4.64% 113 25 4.00% 114 51 8.16% 115 29 4.64% 116 66 10.56% 117 1 0.16% 118 6 0.96%

Total 625 100.00%

12

Figure 10. Total artifact density by test units.

13 The same general spatial patterning was observed when the density of brick was plotted by test unit (Table 2 and Figure 11). Nearly half of all the brick recovered in the Phase II investigation came from Test Units 108 and 116 in the eastern portion of the site, with somewhat lesser concentrations to the south. Based on these findings, it appears most likely that the dwelling, which likely included at least a brick hearth and/or chimney, was situated in this vicinity.

Table 2. Brick concentrations by test unit. Test Unit Brick (g) Percentage 101 249.7 1.40% 102 285.3 1.60% 103 765.7 4.31% 104 332.5 1.87% 105 228.3 1.28% 106 1,823.8 10.26% 107 1,390.8 7.82% 108 3,669.1 20.63% 109 301.5 1.70% 110 723.3 4.07% 111 1,165.8 6.56% 112 346.3 1.95% 113 1,368.8 7.70% 114 340.4 1.91% 115 165.2 0.93% 116 4,306.7 24.22% 117 280.1 1.58% 118 38.9 0.22%

Total 17,782.2 100.00%

14

Figure 11. Brick concentrations by test units.

15 Artifact Analysis Phase II test unit excavation (and limited shovel testing) at Site 44VB0363 yielded an assemblage of 651 artifacts, including both domestic and architectural materials (see Appendix A).1 Although the quantity of artifacts was not particularly large, the range of items recovered was relatively varied, and this representative sample provides a considerable amount of information concerning who likely lived at this site and when. As outlined in Table 3, domestic artifacts—including ceramic sherds, clay tobacco pipes, bottle and table glass, oyster and clam shell, animal teeth, and miscellaneous items such as a French gunflint and metal hardware—comprised nearly 80 percent of the assemblage, confirming that this represented an inhabited house site rather than a utilitarian outbuilding such as a barn or other non-occupied structure (Figures 12- 15). The most numerous type of domestic artifacts consisted of ceramic sherds, including 27 identifiable types of coarse earthenwares, refined earthenwares, stonewares, slipwares, and porcelain, representing both locally-made and imported (English, German, and Chinese) wares (Table 4). Although a few of these ceramic types were available in the latter part of the seventeenth century and first half of the eighteenth, most (notably the varieties of creamware and pearlware) were widely used from around the time of the American Revolution onward. Also, the near complete absence of whiteware, which first became available in Virginia around 1805, suggests that the site was not occupied long after this date. In fact, the mean date calculated for the ceramic assemblage was 1793, suggesting that the site was most intensively occupied during the last quarter of the eighteenth century.2 Glass artifacts, particularly wine bottle fragments, also comprised a significant proportion of the domestic items recovered. In addition to bottles, a number of glass fragments from vessels such as wine glasses were also present. Clay tobacco pipes are ubiquitous at eighteenth-century domestic sites, and a few were recovered from Site 44VB0363. These consisted entirely of imported English ball- clay pipes. Only three of the pipes had measurable stem bores: two had diameters of 4/64th inch and one was 5/64th inch. In the 1950s, archaeologist J.C. Harrington first observed that the bore diameters of clay tobacco pipestems diminished at a relatively predictable rate over time, from 9/64th inch around 1600 to 4/64th inch by 1800. Since then, a variety of mathematical formulas have been developed to calculate the mean date of pipestem assemblages based on the relative frequency of different sized bore diameters. Although the assemblage of pipestems from the site is too small to reliably calculate a mean occupation date, they are consistent with an occupation in the second half of the eighteenth century.

1 Certain artifact types, including brick, mortar, and oyster shell were weighed rather than counted. 2 The mean ceramic date was derived by calculating the weighted average of the median production date for each ceramic type.

16

Table 3. Total artifacts by type. Material Count Weight Percentage Domestic Ceramics 313 48.08% Clay Tobacco Pipes 7 1.08% Glass Objects 131 20.12% Metal Objects 26 3.99% Miscellaneous 36 5.53% Oyster Shell 165.2 g 0.00% Animal Bone 2 0.31% Subtotal 515 79.11% Architectural (Nails) Wrought 1 0.15% Cut 40 6.14% Unidentified 12 1.84% Subtotal 53 8.14% Architectural (Other) Brick 17,782 g 0.00% Mortar 76.2 g 0.00% Slate 3 0.46% Window Glass 61 9.37% Subtotal 64 9.83% Prehistoric Lithics 7 1.08% Pottery 12 1.84% Subtotal 19 2.92%

Total 651 100%

17 Table 4. Ceramic artifacts by type. Class Type Date Count Percentage Coarseware Buckley 1680-1775 4 1.28% Lead Glazed (Pennsylvania?) 1740-1840 11 3.51% Unidentified ? 3 0.96% Subtotal 18 5.75% Earthenware Delftware (plain) 1607-1802 11 3.51% Delftware (hand-painted underglaze) 1630-1790 4 1.28% Astbury 1725-1750 1 0.32% Jackfield 1740-1780 3 0.96% Creamware (plain) 1762-1820 50 15.97% Creamware (feather edge) 1765-1775 1 0.32% Creamware (annular decoration) 1780-1815 1 0.32% Pearlware (plain) 1780-1840 101 32.27% Pearlware (hand-painted underglaze) 1780-1840 44 14.06% Pearlware (annular decoration) 1790-1815 4 1.28% Pearlware (blue/green edged) 1790-1815 5 1.60% Pearlware (hand-painted polychrome underglaze) 1795-1840 12 3.83% Whiteware 1805-1900 1 0.32% Unidentified ? 20 6.39% Subtotal 258 82.43% Slipware Staffordshire 1680-1775 1 0.32% Staffordshire (dot ware) 1700-1775 1 0.32% Subtotal 2 0.64% Stoneware Rhenish Westerwald 1607-1775 4 1.28% English brown salt-glazed 1671-1800 3 0.96% Rhenish Westerwald (stamped/incised) 1700-1775 1 0.32% American blue and gray 1730-1760 1 0.32% American brown 1730-1900 12 3.83% White salt-glazed 1720-1775 7 2.24% White salt-glazed (dot, diaper & basket) 1740-1775 1 0.32% White salt-glazed (scratch blue) 1744-1774 1 0.32% Unidentified ? 4 1.28% Subtotal 34 10.86% Porcelain Chinese 1607-1850 2 0.64% Chinese (under-painted blue) 1660-1850 1 0.32% Subtotal 3 0.96%

Total 313 100.00%

18

Figure 12. Assorted ceramic sherds. Top row: English brown salt gazed stonewares (ca. 1671-1800). Bottom row, left to right: Pearlware (blue edged), ca. 1790-1815; lead glazed coarse earthenware, ca. 1740- 1840?; two sherds of Rhenish Westerwald stoneware, ca. 1607-1775.

Figure 13. English white salt-glazed stoneware sherd with dot, diaper and basket rim design ca. 1740-1775.

19

Figure 14. Dark green wine bottle glass (top) and imported English tobacco pipe stem (bottom).

Figure 15. French gunflint.

20 A relatively small proportion (just under 18 percent) of the artifacts recovered from the site consisted of architectural materials, including fragments of handmade bricks and mortar, nails, window glass, and a few fragments of roofing slate. As noted in the previous section, the presence of brick suggests that the dwelling included at least a brick hearth or chimney, although the quantities retrieved are not suggestive of a full or partial brick foundation. Of the 41 identifiable nails collected, all but one was of the cut type. Cut nails did not begin to replace the earlier hand-wrought variety until about 1790, so the construction of the house almost certainly post-dated this transition. Although the general lack of architectural material on the site is characteristic of a modest house, the presence of window glass and a few fragments of slate—possibly used for roofing—suggest that it was not the most insubstantial of dwellings. In addition to the historic material, a very small proportion of the artifact assemblage consisted of prehistoric Native American items—not surprising given the proximity of the site to Lake Rudee/Owl Creek. Lithic artifacts included a rhyolite Palmer type projectile point dating to the Early Archaic period (ca. 8000 B.C. to 7,200 B.C.), flint flakes and debitage, and as well as quartzite fire-cracked rock (Figure 16). In addition, twelve sherds of prehistoric Native American pottery were found, half of which were gravel-tempered and likely dated to the Middle Woodland period (ca. 500 B.C. to 900 A.D.).

Figure 16. Rhyolite Palmer type projectile point (ca. 8000 to 7200 B.C.).

21 Historical Analysis Historical research using Princess Anne County deeds, wills, and other records indicates that the land encompassing Site 44VB0363 formed part of a large tract of land originally granted to early settler William Cornick in 1671. In 1693, Cornick gave 300 acres of this property to his daughter Barbara, the wife of Captain Francis Morse. The Morses lived elsewhere, however, and when Francis died in 1716, the land went to their younger son Thomas. Thomas then sold the tract to James Harrison in 1722. Harrison was living somewhere on this property when he gave it to his son, Henry, in 1762. Henry Harrison then sold the property to Thomas Reynolds Walker in 1766. Taking into account the archaeological evidence, it appears that the site most likely was occupied during the period in which Walker and his heirs owned the property, ca. 1766 to 1810 (Table 5). When the 36-year-old Walker purchased this land, he was well on his way to becoming one of the Princess Anne County’s most prosperous planters and leading citizens. In 1771, he owned 478 acres of land and seven African American slaves. In the early 1770s, he served as the county surveyor and vestryman of the local parish church. He also had a military background, having been commissioned as a lieutenant in the county militia in 1765. This training would serve him well as conflict with Britain loomed over the issue of American independence. Walker commanded a company of the Princess Anne District Battalion at the Battle of Kemp’s Landing (Kempsville) in November 1775. And the following year he was appointed colonel of the county militia, a position he held until 1779 (James 1951, Vol. 1: 4, 107; Bockstruck 1988: 32; Sanches- Saavedra 1978: 21; Gwathmey 1938: 801). After the Revolution, Walker continued to play an active role in public life, serving as the county’s Escheator—enforcing the state’s claim on property left by those who died without a will—and as a justice of the court. By 1780, he was one of the area’s largest slaveholders, owning nine enslaved African Americans. Of the 58 individuals who owned slaves in the county’s Lower Precinct of the Eastern Shore, only five held more than Walker. According to a 1785 census, Walker’s household included six white family members, including his wife Sarah (Cornick), and children Thomas, George Reynolds, John, Nathaniel, and Sarah. At that time, his property included two dwellings and eight other buildings (James 1951, Vol. 1: 9; James 1951, Vol. 4: 64-65, 114; U.S. Bureau of the Census 1976: 103). When Walker died in 1788, his will stipulated that the land he then lived on should be divided between his sons Thomas Walker and George Reynolds Walker after his wife’s death. At that time, his home site was located well to the west of the current project area, within what is now Naval Air Station Oceana property (Figure 17). He also distributed eight enslaved African Americans between his children, including: “Isbel and her child Bob;” “Lidia;” “Pleasant and Child;” “Aliph;” and “young Nan and Fanny” (Princess Anne County Will Book 1: 97). The portion of Walker’s land which included Site 44VB0363 evidently descended to his son Thomas Walker. Although the subsequent land transfers are not well documented, when Thomas Walker died intestate in 1804, it appears that a relatively modest parcel of 63 acres passed to his daughter Sarah. Sarah married James

22

Figure 17. Location of Thomas Reynolds Walker’s home site in relation to Site 44VB0363 (Anonymous 178-?).

23 Braithwaite, a prominent local landowner, in 1809.3 The following year, the couple sold the property to John Whitehurst for the sum of $5204 (Wingo 1961: 45; PACDB 30: 39). During the period in which it appears this site was occupied—roughly the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the early years of the nineteenth century—it does not appear that any members of the Walker family resided at this location. The archaeological evidence, particularly the relative scarcity of architectural materials, suggests that this modest dwelling more likely was occupied by tenant farmers, or possibly by some of the Walkers’ enslaved African Americans. The archaeological evidence also seems to parallel the documentary record in that occupation at the site appears to have ended right around the time that James and Sarah Braithwaite transferred the property to John Whitehurst in 1810. In subsequent years, the land including Site 44VB0363 would pass through numerous owners, including members of the Whitehurst, Woodhouse, Gornto, Smith, and Barcroft families. From the 1850s on, detailed maps of this part of Princess Anne County indicated no significant features in the site locale, which by then appears to have consisted of unimproved woodland. As early as the mid-1920s, the property was being considered for residential development; yet, while some site improvements were initiated, no building had occurred by the early 1980s when the U.S. Navy purchased the land to prevent the expansion of the adjoining Salt Marsh Point neighborhood. Beginning in the 1990s, the City entered into discussions with the Navy concerning establishing a park on the property. Since 2010, when Virginia Beach finally acquired the roughly 100-acre tract in a land swap, the Department of Parks & Recreation has developed a master plan for Marshview Park, outlining potential uses and strategies for the site which can provide unique cultural, recreational, and environmental benefits and experiences to city residents.

3 Princess Anne County records indicate that the Sarah “Sally” Walker who married James Braithwaite on 4 March 1809 was the daughter of Thomas Walker, deceased. Between 1795 and 1826, James Braithwaite purchased nearly 260 acres of Thomas Reynolds Walker’s former estate. Prior to 1800 he built a home on this land, which eventually became part of Oceana Naval Air Station. The house reportedly survived until the 1950s (Kellam and Kellam 1958: 160-161; Castleberry 2010: 62). 4 When the Braithwaites sold the 63-acre property to John Whitehurst on 1 January 1810, the deed recorded that Sarah had been examined to ensure that she willingly relinquished the right of dower of inheritance, confirming that she had obtained the property from her father’s estate (Wingo 1961: 45; PACDB 30: 39).

24 Table 5. Ownership of the Project Area, ca. 1671-present. VBIN = Virginia Beach Instrument Number VBDB = Virginia Beach Deed Book PACDB = Princess Anne County Deed Book PACWB = Princess Anne County Will Book PACLB = Princess Anne County Land Book PACCC = Princess Anne County Chancery Case

Grantor Grantee Date Acres Reference United States of America City of Virginia Beach 5-14-2010 98.664 VBIN 20100518000473590 Lands End Associates et al. United States of America 1-31-1984 20.34 VBDB 2326: 2072 Hudgins & Associates, Inc. United States of America 12-15-1983 78.755 VBDB 2302: 631 Viking Construction Co. Hudgins & Associates, Inc. 9-20-1979 100.37 VBDB 1973: 327 Triangle Construction Co. Viking Construction Co. 8-30-1954 100.37 PACDB 378: 55 Fred J. Barcroft Triangle Construction Co./ 10-30-1952 100.37 PACDB 313: 195 Chesapeake Housing, Inc. Roy Smith, Trustee Fred J. Barcroft 4-7-1928 100.37 PACDB 150: 227 Lake Rudee Realty Corp. Roy Smith, Trustee 1-1-1926 100.37 PACDB 132: 163 Fred J. Barcroft & Irene Lake Rudee Realty Corp. 1-1-1926 100.37 PACDB 132: 161 Barcroft Roy Smith Fred J. Barcroft 1-1-1924 70.61 PACDB 117: 532 Roy Smith Fred J. Barcroft 1-1-1924 29.76 PACDB 118: 590 Edwin J. Smith et al. Roy Smith 2-1-1921 130 PACDB 117: 258 Harry E. McCoy, trustee A.C. Smith 9-17-1914 130 PACDB 95: 244 W.W. Sawyer & Margaret L. Harry E. McCoy, trustee 5-22-1913 130 PACDB 91: 130 Sawyer, and Edwin J. Smith James E. Grimstead and W.W. Sawyer & Edwin J. 5-22-1913 130 PACDB 91: 129 Mary E. Grimstead Smith William T. Gornto James E. Grimstead 12-9-1886 95 PACDB 58: 435 Jeremiah Woodhouse, Jr. William T. Gornto 12-13-1856 95 PACDB 46: 91 Jeremiah Woodhouse, Sr. Jeremiah Woodhouse, Jr. Ca. 1854-55 32.25 PACLB 1855 John J. Burroughs (Trustee) Jeremiah Woodhouse, Sr. 8-26-1839 100 PACDB 39: 313 and John Williams Gideon Whitehurst estate Gideon Whitehurst heirs 1834 100 PACCC 1839-002 Richard Whitehurst estate Gideon Whitehurst 12-1-1834 84 PACWB 4: 177 Gideon Whitehurst Richard Whitehurst 8-5-1833 84 PACDB 37: 395 John Whitehurst estate Gideon Whitehurst 7-3-1815 84 PACWB 3: 156 James & Sarah Braithwaite John Whitehurst 1-1-1810 63 PACDB 30: 39 Thomas Walker estate Sarah Walker Ca. 1804 63? PACDB 30: 39 Thomas Reynolds Walker Thomas Walker 4-11-1788 ? PACWB 1: 97 estate Henry Harrison Thomas Reynolds Walker 11-17-1766 350 PACDB 9: 615 James Harrison Henry Harrison 6-15-1762 350 PACDB 9: 56 Thomas Morse James Harrison 11-6-1722 300 PACDB 3: 468 Francis Morse estate Thomas Morse 3-7-1716 300 PACDB 3: 143 William Cornick Barbara & Francis Morse 4-1-1693 300 PACDB 1: 31 British Crown William Cornick 10-3-1671 1,736 Nugent 1983: 98

25 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results of the Phase II archaeological and documentary research at Site 44VB0363 at Marshview Park offer intriguing insights into who lived at this site and when. They also suggest that additional research has the potential to provide even more valuable information concerning a site type which has rarely been studied in Virginia Beach. Test unit excavation yielded a significant assemblage of household artifacts and architectural materials, many of which provide important clues about when the site was occupied. These included a wide variety of ceramic wares, both imported and domestic; clay tobacco pipes; bottle and table glass; oyster and clam shell; animal teeth; and miscellaneous items such as a French gunflint and metal hardware. An analysis of the ceramics, and other diagnostic artifacts such as nails, indicated that the site most likely was occupied during the last quarter of the eighteenth century and into the first years of the nineteenth century. Meanwhile, available documentary records reveal that the land encompassing Site 44VB0363 was owned by prominent Princess Anne County planter and Revolutionary War veteran Thomas Reynolds Walker until his death in 1788, after which the property passed to his son Thomas Walker. When Thomas Walker died in 1804, his daughter Sarah inherited the land. It finally left the Walker family when Sarah and her new husband, James Braithwaite, sold it in 1810. Since none of the Walkers evidently lived at this location, the site most likely was occupied by one or more tenant farmer families, or perhaps even by some of the enslaved African Americans held by the Walker family during these years. Given the available evidence, it appears most likely that this site included a small and simple frame dwelling, probably built on piers or ground-laid sills, which left little below-ground evidence when it eventually vanished from the landscape. Although the current study yielded no conclusive evidence concerning what happened to the house, a number of ceramic sherds and glass fragments did show evidence of burning, suggesting that it might have been damaged or destroyed by fire. Or it could have been intentionally dismantled and its more valuable components salvaged once it was abandoned, the remnants then falling victim to time and the elements, eventually disappearing from view. The presence of a modest quantity of brick fragments —broken into bits by repeated plowing in later years—suggests that it had a brick hearth, and possibly even a brick chimney, while fragments of window glass found at the site indicate that it had one or more windows. Taken together, the architectural evidence (or lack thereof) strongly suggests that this was the type of unexceptional dwelling which the vast majority of Princess Anne County residents, free or enslaved, would have called home during the decades following the American Revolution. In fact, it may have looked very much like the rare surviving slave house at Walnut Valley, in what is now Chippokes Plantation State Park in Surry County (Figure 17). Virginia Beach is fortunate to claim a number of the Commonwealth’s most architecturally significant colonial dwellings, including the Adam Thoroughgood House, the Adam Keeling House, and the Lynnhaven House. Built solidly of brick, and carefully maintained by a succession of owners, they have survived relatively intact for upwards of

26

Figure 18. Ca. 1815 slave dwelling at Walnut Valley, Surry County. (Courtesy of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources) three centuries. In persisting, however, they have colored our understanding of how the early residents of Princess Anne County lived in the eighteenth century. But, as archaeologists and historians of colonial Virginia have been discovering over the past 40- plus years, the reality was quite different. What makes a site like 44VB0363 so important is that it represents what home would have been like for the vast majority of people at this time. And because they—unlike the Thoroughgoods, Keelings, or Thelaballs—left little or no trace in the documentary record, it is their material remains alone that survive to tell a story of their lives. The current Phase II investigation at Site 44VB0363 has yielded some important information, but more remains to be learned. The site itself is in excellent condition, with no evidence of any significant disturbance since its last occupants left in the early nineteenth century. More subsurface features, including possible building remains, trash pits, fence lines, etc., might be found in future investigations. In technical terms, the site exhibits the physical integrity and research potential to be considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D (“has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in history”). As such, JRIA recommends that the site should be preserved and protected to the greatest extent possible. This project successfully integrated volunteers—including adults, children, and local educators—in the Phase II investigation. As a significant cultural component of Marshview Park and the surrounding community, this site might serve as the focus of an

27 ongoing educational program in which professional archaeologists work with students, teachers, avocational archaeologists, and other interested members of the community to continue the exploration of this comparatively rare site type.

28 VI. REFERENCES

Anonymous 178-? Plan of Princess Ann [sic.] and Norfolk counties. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.

Bockstruck, Lloyd DeWitt 1988 Virginia’s Colonial Soldiers. Genealogical Publishing Company, Baltimore.

Castleberry, Amy Hayes 2010 Virginia Beach (Then & Now). Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina.

Fesler, Garrett R., and Matthew R. Laird 2011 Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of 98.664 Acres at Marshview Park in the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia. James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc., Williamsburg.

Gwathmey, John H. 1938 Historical Register of Virginians in the Revolution. The Dietz Press, Richmond.

James, Edward J. 1951 The Lower Norfolk County Virginia Antiquary. 5 Vols. Peter Smith, New York.

Kellam, Sadie Scott, and V. Hope Kellam 1958 Old Houses in Princess Anne, Virginia. Printcraft Press, Inc., Portsmouth, Virginia.

Nugent, Nell Marion 1983 Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, Volume II, 1666-1695. Virginia State Library, Richmond.

Princess Anne County, Virginia Deeds, Wills, and Land Books. Library of Virginia, Richmond.

Sanchez-Saavedra, E.M. 1978 A Guide to Virginia Military Organizations in the American Revolution, 1774- 1787. Virginia State Library, Richmond.

U.S. Bureau of the Census 1976 Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790, Records of the State Enumerations: 1782 to 1785, Virginia. Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., Baltimore.

29 Wingo, Elizabeth B. 1961 Marriages of Princess Anne County (now Virginia Beach) Virginia, 1799- 1821. Published by the author, Norfolk.

30

APPENDIX A: ARTIFACT CATALOG

31 Phase II Site 44VB0363 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

-ST JST-01 SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 502

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 3 0.0 509 FORM

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 508 FORM

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 507

-ST JST-01 CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPEBOWL 10.0 506 FRAGMENT

-ST JST-01 MIRON NAIL CUT COMPLETE 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 505 concretions.

-ST JST-01 ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 23.5 498

-ST JST-01 SGLASS GLASS AQUA UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 503 FORM

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 20.0 513 FORM CURVED

-ST JST-01 SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE NECK FRAGMENT 1 0.0 501

-ST JST-01 SMORTAR MORTAR FRAGMENT 0 3.9 499

-ST JST-01 ASHELL ANIMAL CLAM SHELL FRAGMENT 0 16.3 497

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER SAUCER RIM/BODY 1 0.0 Unidentified blue and 511 HANDPAINTED POLY FRAGMENT yellow motif on the interior.

-ST JST-01 CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 512 BROWN FORM

-ST JST-01 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified brown 510 HANDPAINTED FORM CURVED motif on the interior.

-ST JST-01 SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 504

-ST JST-01 CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 68.4 500

-ST JST-02 RUNIDENTIFIED GRAVEL FRAGMENT 2 0.0 515

-ST JST-02 SASPHALT ASPHALT/TAR FRAGMENT 6 0.0 514

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 1 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

-ST JST-02 ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 99.5 517

-ST JST-02 CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 7.9 516

-SC 052 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue and 493 HANDPAINTED POLY brown motif on the exterior.

-SC 052 SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 496

-SC 052 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 494 FORM

-SC 052 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 492 HANDPAINTED FORM CURVED motif on the interior.

-SC 052 CSTONEWARE STONE RHENISH HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 495 WESTERWALD

TU 101A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 3.8 349

TU 101A CSTONEWARE STONE RHENISH HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 348 WESTERWALD STAMP/INCISED FLORAL/GEOM

TU 101B RBOG IRON BOG IRON FRAGMENT 1 0.0 150

TU 101B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 66.1 151

TU 101B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH PLATE RIM/MARLY 1 0.0 Beaded rim. 147 WHITE SALT FRAGMENT

TU 101B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 149

TU 101B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 148

TU 101C CEARTHENWARE PEARL PLATE MARLY/BOUGE 10.0 66 FRAGMENT

TU 101C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 74 FORM

TU 101C RQUARTZITE ROCK FRAGMENT 1 0.0 77

TU 101C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible strap handle 65 HANDPAINTED FORM fragment with unidentified blue motif on the exterior.

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 2 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 101C CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 64

TU 101C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 67 FORM

TU 101C CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 70 BROWN

TU 101C CEARTHENWARE DELFT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 69

TU 101C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 183.6 76

TU 101C CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY 10.0 71 FRAGMENT

TU 101C SGLASS GLASS AQUA HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 72

TU 101C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 73

TU 101C MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 75 concretions.

TU 101C CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 68

TU 102A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 0.4 347

TU 102A CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 346 FORM

TU 102B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 33 HANDPAINTED motif on the interior and exterior.

TU 102B CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 32

TU 102B CEARTHENWARE PEARL ANNULAR HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 34 DECORATION

TU 102B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 35

TU 102B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 126.6 36

TU 102B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED RIM/BODY 10.0 31 FORM FRAGMENT

TU 102C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 78 HANDPAINTED FORM CURVED motif on exterior.

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 3 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 102C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Blue and orange floral 79 HANDPAINTED POLY motif on the exterior.

TU 102C CEARTHENWARE JACKFIELD UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 80 FORM

TU 102C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 81

TU 102C MCOPPER ALLOY SHELL CASING FRAGMENT 1 0.0 82

TU 102C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 158.7 83

TU 103A CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN CHINESE UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 60 FORM

TU 103A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 74.3 63

TU 103A CEARTHENWARE PEARL BLUE/GREEN- PLATE MARLY 1 0.0 Blue shell-edged. 57 EDGED FRAGMENT

TU 103A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 58 FORM

TU 103A CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED PLATE RIM/MARLY 10.0 59 FRAGMENT

TU 103A SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 61

TU 103A SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 62

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 94

TU 103B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 88

TU 103B MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 3 0.0 Heavy ferric 99 concretions.

TU 103B RBOG IRON BOG IRON FRAGMENT 3 0.0 101

TU 103B MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 98 PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 96

TU 103B CSTONEWARE STONE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 90 FORM

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIGHT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 95

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 4 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 92

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINE GLASS RIM/BODY 10.0 91 FRAGMENT

TU 103B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 89 FORM

TU 103B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 681.0 102

TU 103B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified brown 87 HANDPAINTED POLY FORM CURVED motif on the interior.

TU 103B CEARTHENWARE PEARL BLUE/GREEN- PLATE RIM/MARLY 1 0.0 Blue shell-edged. 86 EDGED FRAGMENT

TU 103B CEARTHENWARE DELFT BLUE AND HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified motif on 85 WHITE UNDER GLAZE the interior.

TU 103B CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPEBOWL 10.0 84 FRAGMENT

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS AQUA DARK BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 93

TU 103B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 97

TU 103B MIRON HARDWARE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Attachment hardware. 100 UNIDENTIFIED Heavy ferric concretions.

TU 103C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 10.4 111

TU 103C MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 110 concretions.

TU 104A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 14.8 156

TU 104A CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Orange fabric with 155 black lead glaze on the interior and exterior.

TU 104B MIRON SCRAP METAL FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 54 concretions.

TU 104B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 52 BROWN SALTGLAZED

TU 104B SGLASS GLASS MILK MARBLE COMPLETE 1 0.0 55

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 5 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 104B CEARTHENWARE PEARL ANNULAR HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 51 DECORATION

TU 104B CEARTHENWARE PEARL PLATE MARLY/BOUGE 10.0 50 FRAGMENT

TU 104B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 49 FORM

TU 104B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINE GLASS BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified etched 53 motif on the exterior.

TU 104B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FOOT RING 10.0 48 FORM FRAGMENT

TU 104B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 131.1 56

TU 104C MIRON STRAP FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 45 UNIDENTIFIED concretions.

TU 104C CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 38 FORM

TU 104C CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH HOLLOWWARE BASE/BODY 10.0 41 WHITE SALT FRAGMENT

TU 104C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINE GLASS RIM/BODY 10.0 42 FRAGMENT

TU 104C CEARTHENWARE DELFT UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Glaze missing. 40 FORM

TU 104C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 39 FORM

TU 104C CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 37

TU 104C RBOG IRON BOG IRON FRAGMENT 2 0.0 46

TU 104C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 43 FORM

TU 104C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 201.4 47

TU 104C MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 44 PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 105A PWOOD UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 0 2.1 Burned. 154 FORM

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 6 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 105A CSTONEWARE STONE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Brown stoneware. 152 FORM

TU 105A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 8.3 153

TU 105B RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 1 0.0 523

TU 105B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE/FOOTRING/ 10.0 519 FORM BODY FRAGMENT

TU 105B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified brown 520 HANDPAINTED POLY FORM CURVED and orange motif on the interior.

TU 105B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 521

TU 105B MIRON UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 522 FORM concretions.

TU 105B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 143.5 525

TU 105B CABORIGINAL POTTERY ABORIGINAL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Fragments mend. 518 GRAVEL TEMP

TU 105B PWOOD UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 524 FORM

TU 105C CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Orange fabric with 157 FORM black lead glaze on single surface.

TU 105C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Unidentified blue 160 HANDPAINTED FORM motif on single surface.

TU 105C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 61.7 170

TU 105C MIRON NAIL HEAD AND 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 166 UNIDENTIFIED PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 105C CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 159 FORM

TU 105C CABORIGINAL POTTERY ABORIGINAL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 4 0.0 169 FORM

TU 105C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE FRAGMENT 10.0 163 CURVED

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 7 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 105C CSTONEWARE STONE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible Westerwald. 165 FORM

TU 105C MIRON NAIL SHANK 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 167 UNIDENTIFIED concretions.

TU 105C RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 1 0.0 164

TU 105C CEARTHENWARE CREAM FEATHER PLATE RIM/MARLY 10.0Burned. 158 EDGE FRAGMENT

TU 105C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 3 0.0 161 FORM

TU 105C CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 162 FORM

TU 105C CABORIGINAL POTTERY ABORIGINAL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 168 GRAVEL TEMP

TU 106A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 353

TU 106A MIRON SCRAP METAL FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 354 concretions.

TU 106A CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 351 BROWN

TU 106A CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH PLATE RIM/MARLY 10.0Burned. 350 WHITE SALT FRAGMENT DOT/DIAPER/BASKET

TU 106A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 78.2 355

TU 106A SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 352

TU 106B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN FLAT GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 388

TU 106B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 392 WHITE SALT

TU 106B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 386

TU 106B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINE GLASS RIM/BODY 10.0 385 FRAGMENT

TU 106B SGLASS GLASS AQUA BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 384 PHARMACEUTICA L

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 8 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 106B CEARTHENWARE DELFT UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 20.0 389 FORM CURVED

TU 106B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 5 0.0 383

TU 106B SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 382

TU 106B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 391 FORM

TU 106B CSTONEWARE STONE RHENISH HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 393 WESTERWALD

TU 106B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.0 Unidentified blue 395 HANDPAINTED motif on the interior of one fragment and on the exterior of two fragments.

TU 106B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 255.9 402

TU 106B CEARTHENWARE PEARL PLATE MARLY/BOUGE 10.0 396 FRAGMENT

TU 106B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 10.0 397 FORM CURVED

TU 106B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 7 0.0 398 FORM

TU 106B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 394 BROWN

TU 106B CCOARSEWARE SLIP STAFFORDSHIRE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 399 DOT

TU 106B CEARTHENWARE DELFT UNIDENTIFIED RIM FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Folded rim. Glaze 390 FORM missing.

TU 106B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 400

TU 106B MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 401 concretions.

TU 106B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 7 0.0 387

TU 106C SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 115

TU 106C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 3.2 116

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 9 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 107A CEARTHENWARE PEARL BLUE/GREEN- PLATE RIM/MARLY 1 0.0 Blue shell-edged. 117 EDGED FRAGMENT

TU 107A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 122

TU 107A CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 121 WHITE SALT FORM

TU 107A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 120 FORM

TU 107A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 99.2 123

TU 107A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 118 HANDPAINTED FORM CURVED motif on interior.

TU 107A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 119 FORM

TU 107B CABORIGINAL POTTERY ABORIGINAL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Fragments mend. 368 GRAVEL TEMP

TU 107B SGLASS GLASS GREEN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 370

TU 107B CBRICK BRICK BAT 0 544.2 377

TU 107B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 366

TU 107B CSTONEWARE STONE UNIDENTIFIED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 367

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 363 HANDPAINTED FORM motif on single surface.

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE MARLY/BOUGE 20.0 356 FRAGMENT

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 357 FORM

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE RIM FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Folded rim. 358

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 359 FORM

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE FOOT RING 10.0 360 FRAGMENT

TU 107B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 371

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 10 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 361 FORM

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 362 HANDPAINTED motif on the interior.

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Burned. 364 FORM

TU 107B MCOPPER ALLOY UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible button 375 FORM fragment.

TU 107B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 369

TU 107B MIRON NAIL COMPLETE 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 374 UNIDENTIFIED concretions.

TU 107B CEARTHENWARE ASTBURY HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 365

TU 107B ATOOTH ANIMAL MAMMAL TOOTH FRAGMENT 1 0.0 376

TU 107B MIRON NAIL CUT COMPLETE 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 372 concretions.

TU 107B MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 373 concretions.

TU 107B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 813.1 378

TU 107C CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 403 FORM

TU 107C SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 404

TU 107C ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 5.3 405

TU 107C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 33.5 406

TU 108A MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 108 concretions.

TU 108A CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN CHINESE UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 10.0 105 FORM CURVED

TU 108A CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Orange fabric with 103 black lead glaze on the interior.

TU 108A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 68.0 109

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 11 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 108A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 106

TU 108A MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 107 PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 108A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Brown bands on the 104 HANDPAINTED exterior.

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Uidentified brown and 252 HANDPAINTED POLY FORM green motif on the exterior.

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Unidentified blue 251 HANDPAINTED FORM motif on the exterior.

TU 108B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 246

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BASE/FOOTRING/ 10.0 255 BODY FRAGMENT

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY 10.0 254 FRAGMENT

TU 108B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 263 BROWN

TU 108B MIRON NAIL HEAD AND 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 268 UNIDENTIFIED PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 6 0.0 Unidentified blue 250 HANDPAINTED motif on the interior and exterior of one fragment and unidentified blue motif on the exterior of the other five fragments.

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 257

TU 108B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 261 BROWN SALTGLAZED

TU 108B RFLINT GUNFLINT COMPLETE 1 0.0 French gunflint. 270

TU 108B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 746.1 272

TU 108B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Orange fabric with 266 black lead glaze on the interior and exterior.

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 12 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 108B RFLINT DEBITAGE NON-CORTICAL 1 0.0 Calcined. 271

TU 108B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Light redish-orange 265 FORM fabric on single surface.

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 256 FORM

TU 108B MIRON NAIL COMPLETE 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 267 UNIDENTIFIED concretions.

TU 108B CBRICK BRICK BAT 0 909.3 171

TU 108B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 1,217.7 172

TU 108B CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPESTEM 1 0.0 SHD: 5/64" 242 FRAGMENT MEAS

TU 108B ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 13.6 243

TU 108B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 7 0.0 244

TU 108B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 245

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 247 FORM

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL BLUE/GREEN- PLATE RIM/MARLY 1 0.0 Blue shell-edged. 249 EDGED FRAGMENT

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 248 FORM

TU 108B MLEAD SCRAP METAL FRAGMENT 1 0.0 273

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Glaze missing. 259 FORM

TU 108B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 260 WHITE SALT SCRATCH BLUE

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE DELFT UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Glaze missing. 253 FORM

TU 108B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 262 BLUE & GRAY

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 13 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 108B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 4 0.0 258 FORM

TU 108B MIRON NAIL SHANK 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 269 UNIDENTIFIED concretions.

TU 108B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Light redish-orange 264 fabric with dark brown lead glaze on the interior and exterior.

TU 108C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 133

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 139 FORM

TU 108C MPEWTER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 130 FORM

TU 108C SMORTAR MORTAR FRAGMENT 1 0.0 131

TU 108C ATOOTH ANIMAL MAMMAL TOOTH FRAGMENT 1 0.0 132

TU 108C SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 134

TU 108C CCOARSEWARE COARSE UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible Buckley. 146 FORM

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 3 0.0 140 FORM

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED RIM/BODY 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 141 HANDPAINTED FORM FRAGMENT motif on the interior.

TU 108C CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPESTEM 1 0.0 SHD: 4/64" 124 FRAGMENT MEAS

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE PEARL SAUCER BASE/FOOTRING/ 10.0 136 BODY FRAGMENT

TU 108C SGLASS GLASS GREEN UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 135 FORM

TU 108C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 728.0 125

TU 108C ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 4 0.0 127

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE JACKFIELD UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 145 FORM

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 14 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 108C MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 128 PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 142 HANDPAINTED FORM motif on the interior.

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 143 FORM

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE DELFT BLUE AND UNIDENTIFIED BASE/FOOTRING/ 2 0.0 Unidentified motif on 144 WHITE UNDER GLAZE FORM BODY FRAGMENT the exterior. Fragments mend.

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible teapot lid. 138 FORM

TU 108C ASHELL ANIMAL CLAM SHELL FRAGMENT 2 0.0 126

TU 108C MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 3 0.0 Heavy ferric 129 concretions.

TU 108C CEARTHENWARE PEARL SAUCER BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 137

TU 109A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 112 HANDPAINTED motif on the exterior.

TU 109A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 24.4 114

TU 109A MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 113 PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 109B CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN CHINESE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 176 UNDER BLUE

TU 109B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 180

TU 109B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 173 FORM

TU 109B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 181

TU 109B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 174

TU 109B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 175 FORM

TU 109B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 178 BROWN

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 15 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 109B SGLASS GLASS MILK UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 182 FORM

TU 109B MIRON SCRAP METAL FRAGMENT 7 0.0 183

TU 109B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 275.2 184

TU 109B RRHYOLITE PROJECTILE PT COMPLETE 1 0.0 Palmer: Early Archaic 185 (ca. 8000 B.C. to about 7200 B.C.)

TU 109B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY 10.0 179 FRAGMENT

TU 109B CABORIGINAL POTTERY ABORIGINAL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 186 FORM

TU 109B CSTONEWARE STONE RHENISH UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 177 WESTERWALD FORM

TU 109C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 1.9 433

TU 110A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 3.9 381

TU 110A CEARTHENWARE DELFT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 380

TU 110B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 410 HANDPAINTED FORM motif on single surface.

TU 110B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 152.5 418

TU 110B MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 417 concretions.

TU 110B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 413

TU 110B MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 416 PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 110B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 412 FORM

TU 110B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 409 HANDPAINTED motif on the exterior.

TU 110B CEARTHENWARE DELFT UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 408 FORM

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 16 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 110B CCOARSEWARE COARSE BUCKLEY HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 407 WARE

TU 110B SGLASS GLASS GREEN UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 415 FORM

TU 110B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 414

TU 110B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 3 0.0 411 FORM

TU 110C SGLASS GLASS AQUA UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 430 FORM

TU 110C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 272.6 432

TU 110C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified green 423 HANDPAINTED POLY motif on the exterior.

TU 110C CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 420 FORM

TU 110C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 422 HANDPAINTED FORM motif on single surface.

TU 110C CBRICK BRICK BAT 0 446.8 431

TU 110C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 421 HANDPAINTED motif on the exterior.

TU 110C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 429

TU 110C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 424 FORM

TU 110C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 5 0.0 425 FORM

TU 110C SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 427

TU 110C CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BASE/BODY 10.0 426 BROWN FRAGMENT

TU 110C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 428

TU 110C CEARTHENWARE DELFT UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 419 FORM

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 17 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 111A CCOARSEWARE COARSE UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Light orange fabric. 459 FORM Glaze missing.

TU 111A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 138.0 470

TU 111A CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPESTEM 10.0 458 FRAGMENT UNMEAS

TU 111A CCOARSEWARE SLIP STAFFORDSHIRE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Combed/trailed or 460 dotware.

TU 111A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 3 0.0 462 FORM

TU 111A CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 463 BROWN SALTGLAZED

TU 111A SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 468 PHARMACEUTICA L

TU 111A SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 464

TU 111A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 465

TU 111A SGLASS GLASS AQUA UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 466 FORM

TU 111A SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS BOTTLE LIP FRAGMENT 1 0.0 467 PHARMACEUTICA L

TU 111A CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 461

TU 111A MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 469 concretions.

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 6 0.0 449

TU 111B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 789.1 457

TU 111B MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 453 PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS AQUA BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 447

TU 111B RFLINT FLAKE NON-CORTICAL 1 0.0 456

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 18 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 111B PCOAL COAL FRAGMENT 0 1.4 455

TU 111B MIRON UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 454 FORM concretions.

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 446

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 452

TU 111B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 441 FORM

TU 111B CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPESTEM 10.0 434 FRAGMENT UNMEAS

TU 111B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Red fabric with yellow 436 FORM lead glaze on single surface. Burned.

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 448

TU 111B CABORIGINAL POTTERY ABORIGINAL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 435 GRAVEL TEMP

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 451

TU 111B CCOARSEWARE COARSE BUCKLEY UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 437 WARE FORM

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 6 0.0 445

TU 111B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 444 BROWN

TU 111B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 3 0.0 443 FORM

TU 111B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 442

TU 111B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER SAUCER RIM/BODY 1 0.0 Two brown bands on 440 HANDPAINTED POLY FRAGMENT the interior.

TU 111B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 5 0.0 439 FORM

TU 111B CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE BASE/FOOTRING 10.0 438 FRAGMENT

TU 111B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 4 0.0 450

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 19 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 111C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 14

TU 111C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 15 FORM

TU 111C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 238.7 19

TU 111C CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 13

TU 111C RBOG IRON BOG IRON FRAGMENT 6 0.0 18

TU 111C MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 17 PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 111C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 16 FORM

TU 112B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 485

TU 112B CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 471

TU 112B MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 487 PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 112B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 486

TU 112B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 345.3 491

TU 112B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 10.0 473 FORM CURVED

TU 112B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 3 0.0 474 FORM

TU 112B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 472

TU 112B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 482 BROWN

TU 112B CEARTHENWARE PEARL ANNULAR HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 476 DECORATION

TU 112B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Glaze missing. 480 FORM

TU 112B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 479

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 20 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 112B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified brown 478 HANDPAINTED POLY FORM CURVED and orange motif on the exterior.

TU 112B MIRON STRAP FRAGMENT 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 490 UNIDENTIFIED concretions.

TU 112B CSTONEWARE STONE RHENISH HOLLOWWARE BASE/BODY 10.0 481 WESTERWALD FRAGMENT

TU 112B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Olive green foliate 477 HANDPAINTED POLY motif on the exterior.

TU 112B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY/BASE/KICK 10.0 483 FRAGMENT

TU 112B MIRON UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 489 FORM concretions.

TU 112B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 475 HANDPAINTED motif on the exterior.

TU 112B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 484

TU 112B MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 4 0.0 Heavy ferric 488 concretions.

TU 112C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 1.0 379

TU 113A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 115.3 200

TU 113B MIRON NAIL SHANK 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 237 UNIDENTIFIED concretions.

TU 113B CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 230

TU 113B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 231 FORM

TU 113B RFLINT DEBITAGE NON-CORTICAL 1 0.0 Calcined. 241

TU 113B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 606.7 240

TU 113B MIRON UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 238 FORM concretions.

TU 113B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 236

TU 113B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 235

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 21 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 113B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 233

TU 113B CEARTHENWARE PEARL PLATE RIM/MARLY 10.0 232 FRAGMENT

TU 113B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 234 HANDPAINTED

TU 113B CBRICK BRICK BAT 0 646.8 239

TU 113C CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 20 FORM

TU 113C CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 23

TU 113C PCHARCOAL CHARCOAL FRAGMENT 2 0.0 29

TU 113C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED RIM/BODY 10.0 21 FORM FRAGMENT

TU 113C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 89.6 30

TU 113C SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 28

TU 113C SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 27

TU 113C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 26

TU 113C CEARTHENWARE DELFT UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 25 FORM

TU 113C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 22 FORM

TU 113C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Blue bands on the 24 HANDPAINTED FORM CURVED exterior.

TU 114A CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 194

TU 114A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 195 FORM

TU 114A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 196

TU 114A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 16.9 197

TU 114A CEARTHENWARE DELFT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 191

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 22 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 114A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER SAUCER RIM/BODY 1 0.0 Single brown band 192 HANDPAINTED FRAGMENT below the rim on the interior.

TU 114A CEARTHENWARE PEARL BLUE/GREEN- PLATE MARLY 1 0.0 Blue shell-edged. 193 EDGED FRAGMENT

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 225

TU 114B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 213 FORM

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS AQUA BOTTLE LIP/NECK/SHOUL 10.0 228 DER FRAGMENT

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINE GLASS RIM/BODY 10.0 217 FRAGMENT

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 3 0.0 216

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 227

TU 114B CCERAMIC CTP BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) TOBACCO PIPE PIPEBOWL/STEM 1 0.0 SHD: 4/64" 208 FRAGMENT

TU 114B CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE MARLY/BOUGE 10.0 209 FRAGMENT

TU 114B CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 210

TU 114B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 323.5 229

TU 114B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 212 FORM

TU 114B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 214 FORM

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 3 0.0 219

TU 114B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 215 BROWN

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 7 0.0 226

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINE GLASS BODY FRAGMENT 4 0.0 218

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS GREEN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 220

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 23 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS GREEN UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 221 FORM

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS UNIDENTIFIED FLAT FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible mirror glass. 222 FORM

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN UNIDENTIFIED FLAT FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible case bottle. 223 FORM

TU 114B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 224

TU 114B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 211 FORM

TU 114C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 59.1 207

TU 114C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 204

TU 114C SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 206

TU 114C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue 201 HANDPAINTED motif on the exterior.

TU 114C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 203

TU 114C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 205

TU 114C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.0 202

TU 115A PCHARCOAL CHARCOAL FRAGMENT 3 0.0 284

TU 115A RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 1 0.0 285

TU 115A ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 1 0.0 287

TU 115A MIRON STRAP FRAGMENT 1 0.0 286 UNIDENTIFIED

TU 115A CEARTHENWARE CREAM ANNULAR HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 278 DECORATION

TU 115A CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 282 FORM

TU 115A CEARTHENWARE PEARL PLATE MARLY/BOUGE 10.0 281 FRAGMENT

TU 115A CEARTHENWARE PEARL ANNULAR SAUCER RIM/BODY 10.0 280 DECORATION FRAGMENT

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 24 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 115A CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE MARLY/BOUGE 10.0 279 FRAGMENT

TU 115A CEARTHENWARE DELFT BLUE AND HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified motif on 277 WHITE UNDER GLAZE the exterior.

TU 115A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 283

TU 115A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 99.6 288

TU 115B RBOG IRON BOG IRON FRAGMENT 1 0.0 11

TU 115B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.0 5

TU 115B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 8 FORM

TU 115B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 6 FORM

TU 115B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 4

TU 115B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 3

TU 115B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 2

TU 115B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE CASE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 1

TU 115B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 63.4 12

TU 115B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 7 FORM

TU 115B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 10 BROWN

TU 115B CEARTHENWARE JACKFIELD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 9

TU 115C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 2.2 189

TU 115C CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY 10.0 187 WHITE SALT FRAGMENT

TU 115C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Etched "dots" on the 188 exterior.

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue and 300 HANDPAINTED POLY orange motif on the exterior.

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 25 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE CREAM HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY 10.0 294 FRAGMENT

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE CREAM SAUCER RIM/BODY 10.0 293 FRAGMENT

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE RIM/MARLY 10.0 295 FRAGMENT

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE CREAM SAUCER BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 296

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 297 FORM

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER SAUCER BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified blue and 299 HANDPAINTED POLY brown motif on the interior.

TU 116A SGLASS GLASS AQUA UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 306 FORM

TU 116A CBRICK BRICK BAT 0 345.4 314

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 302

TU 116A SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY/BASE/KICK 10.0 308 FRAGMENT

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.0 Unidentified blue 298 HANDPAINTED motif on the exterior.

TU 116A SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 307

TU 116A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 1,941.4 315

TU 116A MIRON NAIL WROUGHT HEAD AND 1 0.0 Rose head and partial 309 PARTIAL SHANK spatula tip. Heavy ferric concretions.

TU 116A MIRON NAIL HEAD AND 2 0.0 Heavy ferric 310 UNIDENTIFIED PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 116A MIRON NAIL SHANK 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 311 UNIDENTIFIED concretions.

TU 116A ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 32.6 313

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 303 FORM

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 26 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 116A RFLINT FLAKE NON-CORTICAL 1 0.0 Calcined. 312

TU 116A SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.0 305

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE MARLY/BOUGE 10.0 304 FRAGMENT

TU 116A CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED BASE/FOOTRING 10.0 301 FORM FRAGMENT

TU 116B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 318 FORM

TU 116B RQUARTZITE FIRE CRACKED 1-74% CORTEX 1 0.0 345 ROCK

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS AQUA UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 334 FORM

TU 116B CCOARSEWARE COARSE BUCKLEY HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 325 WARE

TU 116B CEARTHENWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 2 0.0 324 FORM

TU 116B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 8 0.0 323 FORM

TU 116B CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 322

TU 116B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Unidentified brown 321 HANDPAINTED motif on the exterior.

TU 116B CEARTHENWARE CREAM PLATE BASE/FOOTRING/ 10.0 316 BOUGE FRAGMENT

TU 116B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED RIM/BODY 2 0.0 Blue trellis-like band 319 HANDPAINTED FORM FRAGMENT on the interior below the rim.

TU 116B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 317 FORM

TU 116B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 1,410.1 344

TU 116B MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 338 concretions.

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 27 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 116B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 3 0.0 Unidentified blue 320 HANDPAINTED FORM motif on single surface.

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 329

TU 116B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH UNIDENTIFIED BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 328 WHITE SALT FORM

TU 116B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Burned. 327

TU 116B CBRICK BRICK BAT 0 609.8 343

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE FRAGMENT 1 0.0 330

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.0 331

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS AQUA WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 4 0.0 332

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS AQUA BOTTLE LIP FRAGMENT 1 0.0 333 PHARMACEUTICA L

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 335

TU 116B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.0 336

TU 116B MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 337 PARTIAL SHANK concretions.

TU 116B SMORTAR MORTAR FRAGMENT 0 76.2 340

TU 116B ASHELL ANIMAL CLAM SHELL FRAGMENT 0 57.5 341

TU 116B ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 56.2 342

TU 116B CCOARSEWARE COARSE LEAD UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Orange fabric with 326 FORM CURVED mottled brown lead glaze on the exterior.

TU 116B MIRON UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 3 0.0 Heavy ferric 339 FORM concretions.

TU 117A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 130.9 274

TU 117B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 149.2 276

TU 117B MIRON NAIL SHANK 1 0.0 Heavy ferric 275 UNIDENTIFIED concretions.

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 28 of 29 State Site # 44VB0363

Provenience Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Elem Count Weight Notes Artifact #

TU 118A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 3.1 190

TU 118B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 9.6 292

TU 118B CEARTHENWARE CREAM UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 289 FORM

TU 118B CCOARSEWARE UNIDENTIFIED UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENT 1 0.0 Possible Aboriginal 291 FORM pottery.

TU 118B CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.0 290 WHITE SALT

TU 118C MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 3 0.0 Heavy ferric 198 concretions.

TU 118C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 18.3 199

James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. Page 29 of 29

APPENDIX B: SITE INVENTORY FORM

61 Report Generated on: 8/13/2013

City/County: Virginia Beach

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORIC RESOURCES ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT

DHR ID#: 44VB0363

DHR Site Number: 44VB0363 Other DHR Number: Resource Name: Temporary Designation: 44VB1JRIA Site Class: Terrestrial, open air

CULTURAL/TEMPORAL AFFILIATION

Cultural Designation Temporal Designation Indeterminate 18th Century: 4th quarter Indeterminate 19th Century: 1st quarter THEMATIC CONTEXTS/SITE FUNCTIONS

Thematic Context: Domestic Example: Dwelling, single Comments/Remarks: [Fesler 2011] The site is located on a prominent knoll that is formed by forked branches of Owls Creek. The knoll is approximately 250 ft. wide between the two forked branches of the tributary, and the site is perched on the top of the landform at approximately 12 ft. above mean sea level. The site itself is a maximum of 250 ft. by 350 ft. in size and covers the entire knoll. Historic documents do not help clarify who occupied the site, but based on the artifacts activity spanned from the second half of the 17th century to the first half of the 18th century.

[JRIA 2013] Based on the results of the more intensive Phase II investigation, it appeared that the site was occupied during the last quarter of the eighteenth century into the early years of the nineteenth, most likely by tenants or enslaved African Americans of the prominent local planter and Revolutionary War veteran, Thomas Reynolds Walker, and his heirs.

LOCATION INFORMATION

USGS Quadrangle(s): VIRGINIA BEACH Restrict UTM Data? No

Center UTM Coordinates (for less than 10 acres): NAD 18/4076378/411715/1

NAD ZONE EAST NORTH

Boundary UTM Coordinates (for 10 acres or more):

NAD ZONE EAST NORTH

1 Physiographic Province: Coastal Plain Drainage: Atlantic Ocean Aspect: Flat Nearest Water Source: Owls Creek (Lake Rudee) Elevation (in feet): 12.00 Distance to Water(in feet): 25 Slope: 0-2% Site Soils: Chapanoke silt loam Adjacent Soils: Acredale silt loam Landform: terrace

1 City/County: Virginia Beach

SITE CONDITION/SURVEY DESCRIPTION

Site Dimensions: 250 feet by 350 feet Acreage: 2.00

Survey Strategy: Subsurface Testing

Site Condition: No Surface Deposits but With Subsurface Integrity

Threats to Resource: None Known

Survey Description: [2011 Fesler] Shovel testing at 50 ft. intervals; dropped to 25 ft. around positives. All backfilled screened through 1/4" steel mesh. [2013 JRIA] Hand excavation of 17 three-foot-square test units in the anticipated core site area, with all backfill screened through 1/4" steel mesh.

CURRENT LAND USE

Land Use: Recreation/Art Example: Forest Dates of Use: 2013/06/06

Comments/Remarks: At the time of the Phase II investigation, the site area remained wooded and undeveloped.

Land Use: Recreation/Art Example: Forest Dates of Use: 2011/05/99

Comments/Remarks: Area is wooded and expected to be transformed into a public park, with much of the forested areas remaining intact.

SPECIMENS, FIELDNOTES, DEPOSITORIES

Specimens Obtained? Yes Specimens Depository: James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc.

Assemblage Description:

2 City/County: Virginia Beach

Artifact # Prov Other ER # Material 1 Material 2 Form Count Weight 3 Section I KK5CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 5 Section I KK5CBRICK BRICK 0 251.3 4 Section I KK5CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN HOLLOWWARE 1 0 24 Section I JJ3N CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 25 Section I JJ3N CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 26 Section I MM3 CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 27 Section I MM3 CBRICK BRICK 0 20.8 33 Section I JJ2 CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 3 0 34 Section I JJ2 CSTONEWARE STONE ENGLISH WHITE SALTUNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 35 Section I JJ2 MIRON SCRAP METAL 8 0 36 Section I JJ2 CCERAMIC OBJECT SKEET 2 0 31 Section I HH3E CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 32 Section I HH3E CBRICK BRICK 0 48.3 28 Section I HH2CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 2 0 29 Section I HH2CBRICK BRICK 0 74.1 30 Section I GG3CBRICK BRICK 0 106.6 89 Section I HH3CBRICK BRICK 0 63.1 88 Section I HH3SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE 1 0 85 Section I HH3CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 2 0 87 Section I HH3CSTONEWARE STONE RHENISH BROWN FRECHEN BARTMAN JUG 1 0 86 Section I HH3CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 56 Section I HH4S MIRON NAIL WIRE 1 0 55 Section I HH4S CBRICK BRICK 0 5.4 57 Section I JJ4 CBRICK BRICK 0 6.8 61 Section I JJ5 CBRICK BRICK 0 18.1 60 Section I JJ5 CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 59 Section I JJ5 CCOARSEWARE COARSE LOCAL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 67 Section I KK3MIRON NAIL CUT 1 0 66 Section I KK3CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 2 0 68 Section I HH4CBRICK BRICK 0 19.3 73 Section I JJ3 SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE 1 0 72 Section I JJ3 CCOARSEWARE COARSE LOCAL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 2 0 71 Section I GG5CCOARSEWARE COARSE LOCAL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 79 Section I JJ3ECBRICK BRICK 0 6.9 78 Section I JJ3ECCOARSEWARE COARSE LOCAL UNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 65 Section I HH3S CBRICK BRICK 0 27.9 81 Section I KK2CCOARSEWARE COARSEUNIDENTIFIED FORM 1 0 82 Section I KK2CBRICK BRICK 0 282.9 84 Section I LL2 ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL 0 45.8 83 Section I LL2 MSLAG SLAG/CLINKER 0 192.2

[2013 JRIA] Phase II test unit excavation (and limited shovel testing) at Site 44VB0363 yielded an assemblage of 651 artifacts, including both domestic and architectural materials. Domestic artifacts—including ceramic sherds, clay tobacco pipes, bottle and table glass, oyster and clam shell, animal teeth, and miscellaneous items such as a French gunflint and metal hardware—comprised nearly 80 percent of the assemblage, confirming that this represented an inhabited house site rather than a utilitarian outbuilding such as a barn or other non-occupied structure. Ceramics included 27 identifiable types (imported and domestic), including coarse earthenwares, refined earthenwares, slipwares, and porcelain, with creamwares and pearlwares predominating. Architectural materials included brick and mortar fragments, window glass, and cut nails.

Specimens Reported? No

Assemblage Description--Reported:

Field Notes Reported? Yes Depository: James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc.

3 City/County: Virginia Beach

REPORTS, DEPOSITORY AND REFERENCES

Report (s) ? Yes Depository: City of Virginia Beach, JRIA DHR Library Reference Number: Reference for reports and publications: Matthew R. Laird, "Phase II Archaeological Investigation of Site 44VB0363 at Marshview Park, Virginia Beach, Virginia." James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc., Williamsburg.

Report (s) ? Yes Depository: VDHR DHR Library Reference Number: VB-147 Reference for reports and publications: 2011 Garrett Fesler, Matthew Laird A Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of 98.664 Acres at Marshview Park in the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION AND DEPOSITORY

Photographic Documentation? Depository Type of Photos Photo Date Yes JRIA digital 2011/05/99

Yes JRIA digital photos 2013/06/17

CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT EVENTS

Cultural Resource Management Event: Survey:Phase I/Reconnaissance Date: 2011/05/99

Organization and Person: Organization: James River Inst First: Garrett Last: Fesler Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: 2009-2001

CRM Event Notes or Comments: City of Virginia Beach acquired the Marshview property from the US Navy and plan to develop it into a public park. Recommended Potentially Eligible for listing in the NRHP.

Cultural Resource Management Event: Survey:Phase II/Intensive Date: 2013/06/17

Organization and Person: Organization: JRIA First: Matthew Last: Laird Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No:

CRM Event Notes or Comments: In June 2013, the James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (JRIA) completed a Phase II archaeological investigation of Site 44VB0363, a colonial period domestic site identified in the course of a 2011 survey of the 99-acre Marshview Park property conducted for the City of Virginia Beach Department of Parks & Recreation as part of the park master planning process. Virginia Beach Parks & Recreation and Land Studio pc invited JRIA to return to undertake a more intensive study of this resource with the goals of learning more about the site, providing interested members of the public the opportunity to directly assist with the archaeological project, and to include identifiable permanent marking and interpretation of the site in the long range plan for the park.

Cultural Resource Management Event: DHR Staff: Potentially Eligible Date: 2011/09/02

4 City/County: Virginia Beach

Organization and Person: Organization: DHR First: Roger Last: Kirchen Sponsor Organization: DHR Project Review File No: 2009-2001

CRM Event Notes or Comments:

INDIVIDUAL/ORGANIZATION/AGENCY INFORMATION

Individual Category Codes: Property Manager Honorif: Ms. First: Barbara Last: Duke Suffix: Title: Senior Planner Company/ City of Virginia Beach Agency: Department of Parks and Recreation

Address: Municipal Center, Bldg 21, Courtho

City: Virginia Beach State: Virginia Zip: 23456 Phone/Ext: 757-385-4310 - - Notes:

Ownership Type: Public - Local

Government Agency:

5