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Home , Angola, Angolan Navy, HMS Dauntless (D33)

Angola and the Gulf of

Towards an Integrated Maritime Strategy

November 2012

Report of the Forum conference aboard HMS Dauntless in , Angola, 29 June 2012 page ii managed .Ithasbeenmanufacturedby anISO14001certifiedmillunderEMAS. The materialselectedfortheprintingofthisreport isElementalChlorineFreeandhasbeensourcedfromwell- Printed andboundinGreatBritainbyLatimerTrendCoLtd Designed andtypesetbySoapbox,www.soapbox.co.uk A cataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN 9781862032750 Charity RegistrationNo.208223 www.chathamhouse.org F: +44(0)2079575710 T: +44(0)2079575700 London SW1Y4LE 10 StJames’sSquare The RoyalInstituteofInternationalAffairs permission ofthecopyrightholder.Pleasedirectallenquiriestopublishers. or mechanicalincludingphotocopying,recordinganyinformationstorageretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwritten All rightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformbymeans,electronic institutional view.Theopinionsexpressedinthispublicationaretheresponsibilityofauthors. questions andisindependentofgovernmentothervestedinterests.ItprecludedbyitsCharterfromhavingan Chatham House(TheRoyalInstituteofInternationalAffairs)inLondonpromotestherigorousstudyinternational © TheRoyalInstituteofInternationalAffairs,2012 debate andinfluentialideasonhowtobuildaprosperoussecureworldforall. ninety years.Ourmissionistobeaworld-leadingsourceofindependentanalysis,informed Chatham HousehasbeenthehomeofRoyalInstituteInternationalAffairsforover ute edn 24 13 18 11 1 Further Reading Biographies 20 Conference Programme Resources 14 Next Steps ofSummary Debate Conference Summary Preface v Contents

page iii page iv Source: Googlemaps Source: Map 1:The GulfofGuinea 15º 15º Equator Guinea 15º Guinea d’Ivoire Côte

Prime Meridian São ToméSão andPríncipe Congo 15º Angola DRC Maritime is an emerging security issue Gulfin the of Guinea region. Preface 1 There is no clear definition of the (GG). In its narrowest definition it is bounded bytheinter Initsnarrowestdefinitionit isbounded There isnocleardefinitionoftheGulfGuinea (GG). 1 hoods andhoods development. It should, however, within framed national be and regional directly contribute to livelihoods the of many Africans. samethe maritime time resources such aquaculture as fish, and intact ecosystems which have potential the to contribute significantly to development regin the attacks from 2012. to October 2011, compared with 39in2010,and anumber of go unreported. cases Map 2shows of Gulf inthe of Guinea are on were increase: also the 53cases recorded in EU NAVFOR ATALANTA) have which reduced east of piracy Suez, but instances duepartly to counter-piracy successful operations coast off the of (operation watersin African 2003and between 2011,and proportion the is increasing. This is 34% and 47%of total GGoil supply respectively. of total USpetroleum consumption same inthe year. Angola and Nigeria account for from Gulf the of Guinea region in2011was equivalent to 40%of total EU27and 29% (4.9mbbl/d) and over of oil half imports UScrude in2008(9.8mbbl/d). supply Oil is equivalent to more than total the amount imported by EU27countries in2008 region is currently source the of around 5.4mbarrels of day oil per (bbl/d). his and to depend alarge trade extent transport, and on Gulf the sea-based of Guinea Maritime is important security for exploiting maritime resources, liveli securing Maritime is essential to maintain security flow of the revenues from oil and gas, Gulf inthe Piracy of Guinea accounted for nearly 30%of attacks (427of 1,434) region fromGuinea to Angola(-15°0’0”, -15°0’0”). section oftheEquator andthePrime Meridian(0°0’0”, includesthe 0°0’0”). InitswidestdefinitiontheGG 1 Energy security security Energy ion. At - -

page v page vi Source: http://www.icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre/live-piracy-mapSource: Map 2:InternationalMaritimeBureauPiracyandArmedRobbery, 2012 Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy 15º 15º Equator The Gambia Guinea Bissau Sierra Leone Senegal 15º Guinea Liberia Actual attack Attempted attack Mali d’Ivoire Côte Burkina Faso Ghana

Prime Meridian São ToméSão andPríncipe Togo Benin Equatorial Guinea Nigeria Gabon Cameroon Congo 15º Namibia Angola DRC Preface

policy that goes beyond immediate needs and reactive engagement. Such an inte- page vii grated strategy should include environmental protection, management of fish stocks, tourism, and transport needs of landlocked countries. Neglect could result in acute security challenges in the future (food insecurity due to overfishing or environ- mental degradation of the seas, for example). There are a number of regional organizations that share an interest in maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), the Maritime Organisation of West and Central (MOWCA) and the Gulf of Guinea Commission (GGC). Geographical and mandate overlap argues for greater integration and coordination of maritime initiatives.

Why Angola? Angola’s (EEZ), declared in 1974, consists of an of 501,050 km2 representing 40% of Angola’s total (1,248,000 km2). The EEZ is a resource to be managed, but no country can achieve this alone. Angola hosts the Secretariat of the GGC, which is a regional body that aims to promote peace and security, as well as economic, social and environmental wellbeing in the Gulf of Guinea region. Angola is thus well placed to take a role in developing an integrated and comprehensive strategy for managing the regional maritime space in partner- with other littoral states (as well as landlocked countries). Ultimately, success depends on political will as well as institutional capacity, capability and responsive- ness. The Chatham House conference held in Luanda on 29 June 2012 brought together international experts on maritime security to exchange ideas in public with policy- makers in Angola and the GGC. The conference benefited from the operational insights of Capt. Warrender, commander of HMS Dauntless. Before arriving in Luanda and hosting the Chatham House conference, the ship sailed through the Gulf of Guinea and was engaged in a variety of maritime security operations including counter-piracy (see section on HMS Dauntless below).

United Nations Resolutions Council Security 2018 and 2039 of and Central West bordering Gulf Africa the of Guinea. inthe This is reflected a concerted, ongoing, integrated and comprehensive effort by countries the all (CRESMAC) Africa Central and developed aregional strategy. StatesAfrican has which (ECCAS), created aRegional Maritime Centre of Security regional level, cooperation is most advanced of Economic the Community of Central national efforts are likely ineffective and to be aregional approach is essential. At the potentially severe developmental impacts. gas and activities oil spills as major threats of Gulf the to of ecology the Guinea with and dumping the of toxic waste. Trovoada highlighted pollution also from oil and of at trafficking persons fishing, oilrobbery sea, and bunkering illegal illicit goods, is under threat from maritime inthe crime space, including and piracy armed economic development of countries the region. inthe This development potential barrels of day, oil per and maritime the space is of central importance for s the Gulf of Guinea region. of eight the Seven members of GGC produce the five million (GGC), In of his keynote Gulf the Executive of the speech, Secretary Guinea Commission Conference Summary Passed on31October2011and29February 2012respectively. 2 piracy in the Gulf inthe piracy of Guinea. The ultimate is goal to develop an integrated maritime (MOWCA) aimed at developing acomprehensive and integrated strategy to combat (ECOWAS), GGCand the Maritime the Organisation of West and Africa Central collaboration Economic the ECCAS, between Community of West States African Nevertheless, deterioration the necessitates of inparticular maritime security According to Trovoada, magnitude the of and challenges these scale mean that Miguel TrovoadaMiguel , reminded audience the of strategic the importance of the 2 which advocate which aclose ocio-

page 1 page 2 Audience at the Chatham House conference aboard Audience attheChathamHouseconference aboard Ministry of Relations External Ministry of Angola, Africa. Union African of part global strategy the that be will (AU) maritime strategy for navies, as well as joint patrolling actions. measures These aim to ensure a common there is already growing coordination and sharing of intelligence at level the of countries of Gulf the of Guinea increasingly to act as It abloc. spirit is inthis that strengthening of acomprehensive regional strategy that encourages member and imports. to increased cost the of maritime transportation, including insurance the for undermining competitiveness the of Gulf the of Guinea ininternational owing trade for economy. global the Guinea is playing an increasingly important and thus security role energy inglobal House initiative for its strategic relevance and its international context. The Gulf of Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy Acting as chair of programme session 2(see below) but representing also the According response effective the to Cruz, challenges da to these requires the Among other challenges of in piracy effect and highlighted the Cruz risks, da HMS Dauntless Francisco Cruz da praised Chatham the Conference Summary

surveillance procedure in the Gulf of Guinea through the establishment of joint page 3 operational procedures and means of surveillance and intervention. The Sixth Ordinary Session of the Council of Ministers of the Gulf of Guinea Commission, held on 12–13 April 2012, in Luanda, stressed the importance of coor- dination with other regional bodies such as ECCAS and ECOWAS in the definition of an integrated and complementary regional maritime security strategy for the West African region. Angola, as a member state of ECCAS, the CGG and the Southern African Development Community (SADC), advocates the adoption of a maritime security strategy consistent with the prevailing situation in the Gulf of Guinea and and that responds to the international implications of the issue of piracy in Africa. Capt. Will Warrender, the of HMS Dauntless, provided an overview of the operations the was engaged in during its tour through the Gulf of Guinea before the event in Luanda. HMS Dauntless was engaged in maritime security operations, including counter-narcotics and counter-piracy, and provided assistance to local navies for non-combat evacuation and disaster relief operations.

Non-lethal counter-piracy measures such as barbed wire page 4 Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy Non-lethal counter-piracymeasuressuch asbarbedwireandlookouts should implement principles the and obligations already agreed under umbrella the of actors to support regional efforts more effectively. He recommended that regional sta thus essential. Astarting point for achieving greater strategic cohesiveness is for outside requisite the address all fully actions of state the at and that sea, aregional strategy is Heties. pointed out that no has single assets or country the organizational capacity to and law enforcement, and 4.development of joint operational coordination capabili in areasthe of: 1. training and education, 2. information-sharing, 3. coastguard func MaritimeCritical Routes Programme. He recommended support for regional initiatives Gulf inthe of Guineaand of Robbery is Armed which part Instrument the for Stability- much that navies African and coastguards can achieve with right the resources. that an integrated approach is to vital success. In meantime, the however, there is of pirate activity. regionin the pictures (see below) but as yet there understanding is no full of level the David McKenzieDavid Capt. Warrender stressed that ultimately solution the to liesashore, piracy and Anti-piracy measures vessels by taken are local testament to increased threat the is currently engaged on aproject for EUCommission the on Piracy tions tions tes tes - Conference Summary

the through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the GGC page 5 or the regional economic communities (RECs). At the national level effectiveness also depends critically on close coordination between military and civilian maritime affairs authorities. Especially on the civilian side there is considerable scope for training and capacity-building. McKenzie pointed out that it does not matter who executes the coastguard function (military or civilian maritime authorities) as long as there are effective coordination mechanisms in place. He acknowledged that a lack of assets in the Gulf of Guinea is a concern but pointed out that, equally, existing equipment and materials are often poorly main- tained and technicians lack expertise and skills. A former consultant on maritime safety and security in the GG for the Africa Centre for Security Studies at the US Department of Defense, Dr Gary Littlejohn, spoke on the importance of the Gulf of Guinea region for economic development and human security. In particular, fish stocks were an important source of protein for the region. Angolan annual per capita food supply from fish and fishery products over the period 2002–07 was 14kg per person – above the sub-Saharan average of

Fish as an economic resource page 6 mandated to coordinating the take role for regional maritime safety and security. tions. At Heads 40th the of State meeting inAbuja, ECOWAS the Commission was Guinea organized by , as well as various multinational exercises and opera 2039 (2011 and 2012),and amaritime safety meeting Gulf in the and of security ECOWAS and in2011and ECCAS UN Resolutions 2012,the on 2018and piracy other maritime initiatives such as USAFRICOM-sponsored meetings between engage and ECCAS GGC.ECOWAS the engaged has been inand to various party work closely with and partners international organizations and is looking to further and 3.endorsing ECOWAS the Maritime Strategy. Security ECOWAS also will ness for ECOWAS member states, ECOWAS 2.linking and zones, model ECCAS capacity as well as decision-making mechanisms. reported that main the challengesto human pertain and resourcesfinancial a to fight piracy, and armed other robbery illicit transnational maritime He crimes. Strategy and Operationalization of aModel Zone to enable ECOWAS countries ECOWAS Commission is currently engaged indrafting an Integrated Maritime Navy to Department the of Political Affairs, Peace at and ECOWAS, Security the for and coastal both landlocked countries. revenues for Gulf of Guinea countries, thereby promoting avirtuous circle of growth (landlocked) neighbouring countries should promoted. be This would increase access tocoastal international trade, rail and road communications with interio the In particular, since countries landlocked African grow more slowly with than those security, food time should made use of be of benefits the full international trade. consideration of ‘aquaculture’ or farming. fish Alongside measures to promote mari Another poorest ofthe part of response sections the societies. African should be of activities the large foreign fishing companies. The alternative is hunger among tion of by policies Gulf of Guinea countries to support fishing artisanal and monitor by diet.Overfishing their foreign but vessels African is now also aserious problem. poorest the cent component 40per on Especially depend 8kg. as acrucial fish of Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy Cdr MohammedCdr next the identified steps as: 1.increasing informational aware According to Dr Littlejohn argued that of part response the to crisis should introduc this the be Cdr Tukur Cdr Mohammed Toro , who is from seconded , who Nigerian the nd r - - - - Conference Summary page 7

Audience at the Chatham House conference aboard HMS Dauntless

Chris Trelawny, Deputy Director of the Maritime Safety Division of the IMO in charge of the Sub-Division for Maritime Security and Facilitation, described how an inter-agency approach to policing Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) should work.3 Such an approach requires political will, inclusiveness, clear strategic direction and legislation. In addition (appropriate) capability, interoperability, shared support and training and maritime operation coordination centres are required. This was identi- fied at the IMO/MOWCA Forum on the ‘Integrated Coast Guard Function Network’ in in October 2006. This was followed up in July 2008 by the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the Establishment of a Sub-Regional Integrated Coast Guard Network in West and . There are 15 signato- ries, but Angola has not yet signed. After a follow-up meeting in a number of recommendations were agreed, among them that non-signatory member states should sign up to the MoU, signatories to the MoU should implement it as soon as possible, Coastguard Function Network Coordination Centres should be set up and

3 A state’s EEZ extends 220 nautical miles from its territorial sea. page 8 domains but that international partnerships with states and commercial actors are argued that countries African the have in controlling to lead the take maritime their instead of policies. regionthe should to createbe national, action (whether sub-regional or regio investment yields far more gains than aid. According to Trelawny, priority the for opportunities’.African along partners Pulling is more than effective pushing, and dedicated coastguard functions , these for example, by performed be navies. protecting environment the and ensuring safety of navigation. In absence the of a international International trade, the Ship and Port Facility (ISPS) Code, Security and management, rescue, fisheries counter-trafficking, maintaining and securing functions enshrined innationalbe laws. Trelawny role highlighted the also of coastguard delay. Finally, international the maritime commitments by member states should resourced, and personnel for coordination the centres should trained without be Chatham Houseconference aboard Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy Dr Knox Chitiyo Trelawny emphasized that initiative this is an example of ‘African solut (rather than acoastguard ,

Associate Fellow Programme of Africa the at Chatham House, HMS Dauntless per se ). Coastguard functions include search ions to nal) nal) Conference Summary

important. Dr Chitiyo also highlighted the need for a formalized legal framework page 9 – nationally and at the continental level, and argued that bilateral and regional part- nerships in the maritime domain (as for example through MOWCA, GGC, ECCAS and SADC) will play a pivotal role in the ability of the continent to address maritime challenges. While an integrated maritime strategy is still some way off, the building blocks can already be determined at national and regional levels in the Gulf of Guinea. Alex Vines, Head of the Africa Programme at Chatham House and Director for Area Studies and International Law, concluded the presentations by stressing that Angola, as a member of ECCAS and SADC and host of the GGC in Luanda, plays a pivotal role in regional maritime security. Vines pointed out that the Angola Forum conference aboard HMS Dauntless was an initiative to help address issues raised by the UN assessment mission, which suggested that states affected by piracy in the region should convene a summit in 2012 to develop a comprehensive anti-piracy

HMS Dauntless flight deck page 10 Richard Wildash, and Royal Navy Commander Gavin Coyle. tude went to Capt. Warrender and crew the of government, ECOWAS, EUand the leading analysts and grati Special academics. Angolan government, Angolan strategic thinkers, commercial the sector, UK the organizations ECOWAS (ECCAS, and GGC)to the hold asummit. strategy. Resolution Council 2039supports UN Security and idea this asks regional Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy Vines by ended thanking participants the of conference: the GGC,the the HMS Dauntless , UKAmbassador - on one the hand and operational readiness and capability on other. the It was agreed without real results and that private-sector actors and concerns were excluded. interests. The private felt sector there was much too intergovernmental duplication ECOWAS, CRESMAC, SADC, MOWCA and have GGCall the maritime security engaged maritime inthe domain as well as areas their of responsibility. ECCAS, region, inthe maritime it not security while is still as widespread Africa. as inEast some companies out of country. the Therefore it is important to proactively address Angola, could which have an impact on feasibility the of projects and even drive downturn, oil companies cannot afford such additional costs maritime in security lations and people. In current the cost environment high and economic global significant amount of money on to maritime protect security offshore their instal interagency coordination –including with private the sector. ations there is as yet no clarity regarding points of contact, agency responsibility or Angolan inthe piracy with (suspected) dealing EEZ.Particularly inemergency situ ambassadors,their staf and defence attachés. operating regionally and locally. Anumber of foreign embassies were represented by Navy and Air Force, as well as business representatives from oil the and gas sector Angolanthe of Relations, External of Ministry Defence, Ministry of Chiefs Staf, engage indebate with panellists. the Participants included representatives from sessionEach was followed by an opportunity for audience the to participate and Summary ofDebate Other commentsOther supply tension and highlighted the policy will political between There of was regardinga sense bewilderment plethora the of organizations It mentioned was also oil that companies Africa, inEast are having to a spend Issues raised by debates the included urgent the for need an operational pla n for - -

page 11 page 12 order to broaden and perspective their experiences. would welcome increasing exposure to international forums and conferences in helped address problem. this It respect. in this was mentioned that events such as Chatham the House conference security.time Reducing ‘sea the blindness’ as important of was seen policy-makers as aprecondition for regional engagement and international cooperation on mari that of case inthe Angola there for is scope strengthening the of This was both. seen Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy Finally itFinally emerged that Angolan stakeholders, on particularly operational the side, - Weimer at [email protected] or +44(0)2079575733. supported to counteract damaging these trends. community. It institutional discuss will roles region inthe and how can be best they for illicit activity, and to explore implications the for region the and international the and to policy-makers how highlight experts maritime the space is exploited being conference fishing, the and tooil illegal drug-trafficking theft draw will together evolving these threatstackle to regional growth and security. From and piracy crude Guinea, how are they connected and how regional institutions can interact best to of Guinea on 2012at 6December Chatham House, London. University, is holding an international conference on Maritime Gulf inthe Security Guinea. Guinea inLuanda before handing over its presidency of GGCto the Equatorial a regional conference on maritime security, and development peace Gulf inthe of Following conference, the Angola announced 2012that inOctober it plans to host Next Steps For more information on conference the at Chatham House, contact Markus This conference on focus arange will of challenges confronting Gulf the of Chatham House, in partnership Studies with African the Centre, Coventry

page 13 page 14 including Queen’s the birthday on party board DNTL, and dignitaries met with local techniques and inconducting overt counter-piracy operations. was at on focus the while training sea other navies and agencies inmaritime security capacity-building and regional wider undertook engagement on maritime security, in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Angola. DNTL the crew calls engaged port During in November 2010. warshipspowerful ever launched by Royal the Navy (RN).DNTL joined RNin the HMS Dauntless HMS Dauntless Resources In Luanda, Capt. Warrender and DNTL the crew hosted high-profile events DNTL’s ‘West Adventure’ African included a tour through GG withthe stops andRHIB

(DNTL)

is aType 45anti-air warfare and one of most the control of marine pollution from ’. in matters concerning maritime safety, of navigation efficiency and prevention and to encourage and facilitate general the adoption of highest the practicable standards to matters technical of kinds shipping affecting all engaged ininternational trade; among Governments of field inthe governmental regulation and relating practices met for in1959.Its first time the are purposes ‘to provide for machinery cooperation Convention. The convention entered into force in1958and organization new the agency and was established through passing the in1948Geneva of IMO the The International Maritime Organization (IMO) Chatham House conference of was part effort. this chiefs asand ameans military of promoting regional maritime security. The 4 AssummarizedbyArticle 1(a)oftheConvention. emerged into of focus the IMO the after turn the of millennium. the on improving seafarer standards and on marine the environment, maritime security and revision the of system the of measuring tonnage the of ships. After conventions tion of international lines and maritime load carriage the of traffic, dangerous goods, Safetythe of Life (SOLAS) at in1960.it turned then its Sea attention to facilita the trative and matters legal related purposes. to these According to Capt. Warrender, The IMO’s was to first act adopt version a new of International the Convention for Guinea and along coast the of West Africa. points we have making throughout been our previous visits Gulf inthe to of of maritime issues region; inthe security conferences like deinitely this reinforce the as awhole. underestimated;never be of Ihope be it immense strategic will value to region wider the decision-makers and people of inluence together to acommon discuss problem can Opportunities like are this few and far and between ability the to get some of key the One of major the reasons for our deployment to promote has been awareness the 4 It empowered is also with toadminis deal is a specialized Unitedis aspecialized Nations Resources - -

page 15 page 16 z through regular consultation among State the Parties. The State Parties include the are andensuring stability security in region.the The way to aims achieve these z z Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy z The Gulf of Commission The Gulf Guinea commission of an offence under Convention. the shipthe or aperson on board ship the or is, has is been, about involved to be in,the another State Party requesting the when Party has reasonable grounds th to suspect other things introduced right the for aState Party to board of aship flag the flying of Unlawful Acts (SUA) Against Safety the of Maritime Navigation, among which force. In IMO 2005,the adopted amendments to Convention the for Suppression the including International the Ship and Port entered Facility (ISPS) Code, Security into member states inregard to: foreseenalso that provide GGCwill the aforum for addressing problems affecting of natural resource exploitation fishing and –inparticular oil . It is its members. Mechanisms to achieve include this regulation and harmonization of Guinea region, as well and as economic, the environmental social wellbeing of Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, and SãoTomé and Príncipe. Angola, Cameroon, Democratic the of Congo, the Congo , Trovoada. Member states include only countries bordering Gulf the of Guinea: tered inLuanda and by headed former President of SãoTomé and Príncipe, Miguel z z z z The treaty of GGC makes the it clear that two key aims for organization the In July 2004anew, comprehensive regime for security international shipping, The scope ofThe scope GGCincludes the promotion the Gulf inthe and of security peace Coordination of fishing Gulf. in the activities matters; mattersSecurity such as issue of Joint Border Patrol, immigration and similar Border issues arising overlapping inthe Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ); Environmental pollution of common their maritime zone; vis- à -vis delimitation of maritime borders and other conflicts (GGC),founded headquar in1999,is abody at is - Resources page 17

Assembly of Heads of States and Governments, and the Council of Ministers which includes ministers in charge of Foreign Affairs, Economy, Hydrocarbons, Fishing Resources, Mines and Environment. The Assembly of Heads of States and Governments is the decision-making body of the GGC and determines objectives, principles and activities. It meets annually at a summit held according to alphabetical rotation of countries. The Council of Ministers meets at least once a year to harmonize views on issues to be tackled before the Assembly. The funding of the GGC in 2010 amounted to an estimated US$3.6m and was expected to reach US$4m in 2011. Member states of the GGC are Angola, Cameroon, the Democratic , Congo Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, and São Tomé and Príncipe (see Map 3).

Map 3: Member states of the GCC

Nigeria

Cameroon Equatorial Guinea

Equator São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon

Congo DRC

Angola

15º Meridian Prime

15º 30º page 18

10:45–11:45 10:00–10:45 09:30–10:00 HMS Dauntless Conference Programme 13:00–14:00 12:00–13:00 11:45–12:00 Session 1: Experiences from Gulf Session the 1:Experiences of Guinea Keynote Address Registration and coffee Lunch Session 2:Towards aregional strategy maritime security break Coffee , Luanda, 29 June 2012 z Ÿz Ÿz Ÿz Ÿz Ÿz Centre for Strategic Studies (CEEA),Luanda, Angola Angola E OWAS EC Ÿz Commission Ÿz Ÿz Angola Angola Chair Chair Chair d uu oamdTr,Mrtm euiyOfcr TukurCdr Mohammed Toro, Maritime Officer, Security David McKenzie, International France Expertise Capt. Will Warrender RN, HE Miguel Trovoada, of Gulf the Executive of Secretary Guinea Dr Gary Littlejohn, IndependentDr Gary Analyst and Editor, ROAPE nlss iityo xenlRltoso h eulco of RelationsAnalysis, External Ministry of Republic the of : Francisco Director of Cruz, da of Research Office the and ooe ori eBro,Drco fteAgln : Coronel Correia deBarros, Director of Angolan the : Ambassador Richard Wildash LVO, British Embassy, HMS Dauntless z

15:00–16:20 14:00–15:00 16:30–17:00 Final closing session: remarks 16:20–16:30 Session for 3:The need an integrated strategy Refreshments Ÿz Ÿz Ÿz nentoa a;adHa,Arc rgam, Chatham House International and Head, Programme, Law; Africa External Affairs, External BP Angola Chatham House nentoa a;adHa,Arc rgam, Chatham House International and Head, Programme, Law; Africa International Maritime Organization Ÿz HMS Dauntless Ÿz Chair Chair rKo hty,AscaeFlo,Arc rgam, Dr Knox Chitiyo, Associate Fellow, Programme, Africa hi rlwy euyDrco aiieSft iiin Trelawny,Chris Deputy Director Maritime Safety Division, A e ie B,Rsac ietr raSuisad lex Vines OBE, Research Director, Area Studies and lxVnsOE eerhDrco,Ae tde n Vines: Alex OBE, Research Director, Area Studies and al iar,Vc rsdn,Cmuiain : Paulo Pizarro, Vice President, Communications & tour Conference Programme

page 19 page 20 was promoted to Commander in June 2004 and appointed to responsible for programming the and planning of Royal the Navy’s future capabili Command later that year. of Defence Ministry where inthe he He was served then assuming commands of Officer of mine the hunterOfficer professional and courses specialist before moving to Scotland as Navigating the inPlymouth.Engineering College Upon graduation Capt. Warrender completed in Maritime Defence Studies, Management and Technology at Royal the Naval 1988. Following training initial at Britannia Royal Naval he gained College aBA Captain Will Warrender joined Royal the Navy as aWarfare inJanuary Officer Capt. Will Warrender Gulf of Guinea Commission. Since January 2009HEMiguel Trovoada of the Executive the has Secretary been recognition from Organization the of Unity African (OAU) for MLSTP the in1972. ment’s Foreign Affairs Director from 1961to 1975and was instrumental ingaining 1972. Operating out of its headquarters inGabon, Trovoada as move the served waswhich renamed Movement the for Liberation the of SãoTomé and Príncipe in Committee the Costa, forda Liberation the of SãoTomé and Príncipe (CLSTP) – of in . In 1960 he co-founded, with former classmate Manuel Pinto Trovoada attended school inAngola secondary before studying law at University the President (1991–2001)of SãoTomé and Príncipe. city inthe of Born SãoTomé, Miguel dosAnjos Trovoada Cunha da Lisboa was Prime Minister (1975–79)and MiguelTrovoadaHE Biographies HMS Chiddingfold HMS Cromer and her sister ship in 1993. After further training and in1993.After further HMS Argyll HMS Cattistock , assuming , he - - national figures with responsibility for action of the state the at sea. He has recently travelled extensively Gulf inthe of Guinea region meeting many key Guinea, of as part Instrument the for Stability-Critical Maritime Routes Programme. to aproject for Gulf EUCommission inthe the of on and Piracy Robbery Armed development of maritime their strategy and capabilities. He currently contributes . He worked closely with Yemeni the coastguard authorities insupport of the Commanding of Maritime the Officer Training and Advisory Team inSana’a, based as United the 2002 to 2005,and served also Kingdom Maritime and Liaison Officer He of was Chief Partnership the for Peace Staff Element inNaples, based from engineer by profession, he completed NATO the in2002. Defence Course College David McKenzie retired from Royal the Navy in2011after An 38years of service. David McKenzie to Captain inApril 2011,he assumed Command of includingties, replacement the Aircraft and Carriers Type 45Destroyers. Promoted Academy in Kaduna, Nigeria, where he had naval his basic initial training. In 1997, Commander Tukur Toro Mohammed is agraduate of Nigerian the Defence Cdr Tukur Toro Mohammed Dr Littlejohn participated also as translator one-to-one inhigh-level discussions. agreement eleven participating between governments African and US governmthe Safety in Gulfthe and of Security Guinea. tomeetings These led signingthe of an discussion groups at of conferences aseries inNigeria, Ghana on and Maritime Benin at US Department the of Defense, where he ran Portuguese and French language 2005and 2006he was aconsultantBetween for Centre Studies for Africa the Security , and is amember of editorial the boards of various journals. academic January 2000.He previously held positions academic at universities inTanzania and and EconomicSocial Studies at University the of Bradford, that apost he took up in Prior to his retirement, as Head of Littlejohn Department the served of DrGary Dr GaryLittlejohn HMS Dauntless inJuly 2012. Biographies ent.

page 21 page 22 multi-agency projects aimed at finding regional solutions for and piracy mar issues. His recent projects have included development the of multi-disciplinary, facilitationthe of maritime global transport, maritime security, and piracy related governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations on and Working Groups, he is responsible for advising and liaising with IMO member providing secretariat support to IMO the Committees, Sub-Committees technical Heof Maritime the Section. joined IMO the inMarch Security 2003.As well as Sub-Division for Maritime and Facilitation. Security Prior to that, he was th Safety Division of International the Maritime Organization (IMO) incharge of the Since May Trelawny 2010,Chris Deputy the has Director been of Maritime the Chris Trelawny illicit transnational maritime crimes. Model Zone to enable ECOWAS countries to fight piracy, and armed other robbery engaged in drafting an Integrated Maritime Strategy and Operationalization of a maritime threats ECOWAS inthe region. The ECOWAS Commission is currently Economic Community of West States African (ECOWAS) owing to evolving the to Department the of Political Affairs, Peace at and the Security Sunderland United inthe Kingdom. Mohammed Cdr was from seconded the Economics Department. He attended has also naval courses at University the of he was commissioned as Sub-Lieutenant and graduated from Defence the Academy’s southern Africa, African defence African andsouthern Africa, security, and development issues. Before and is Chairman of Britain– the Society. He has written extensively on in London. He was previously Fellow Africa at Royal the United Institute Services Dr Knox Chitiyo is an Associate Fellow Programme of Africa the at Chath Dr Knox Chitiyo of Aden and western Indian Ocean. of Conduct aimed at addressing and against piracy armed robbery ships Gulf inthe Coastguard Function Network for West and and the Africa, Code Central challenges. include These security time ongoing the development of an Integrat Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy am House e Head ed ed i - Biographies

coming to the UK, he was a Senior Lecturer in War Studies at the University of page 23 Zimbabwe and Deputy Director of Zimbabwe’s Centre for Defence Studies. Dr Chitiyo is one of the co-authors of a report entitled ‘Maritime Development in Africa: An Independent Specialists Framework’, published in July 2010. The report discusses the key challenges and opportunities facing Africa in the commercial and military maritime environment and is intended as an introduction to what a comprehensive, broad-brush African maritime strategy might entail, and a primer for an African-owned maritime policy and strategy.

Alex Vines Alex Vines has been Head of the Africa Programme at Chatham House since 2002, and in 2008 became Director for Area Studies and International Law. He first joined Chatham House as an Associate Fellow of the British Angola Forum in 1999 and has written extensively on Angola. From 2005 to 2007 he was a member and Chair of the UN Panel of Experts on Côte d’Ivoire. He served from 2001 to 2003 on the UN Panel of Experts on Liberia. The proliferation of small arms and light weapons remains one of his key areas of expertise. He has worked across southern Africa and was an electoral officer for both UNOMOZ in Mozambique in 1994 and UNAVEM II in Angola in 1992. He has had a long association with Watch and served as their Senior Researcher on Business and Human Rights. He serves on the editorial board of several leading journals and writes regularly for publications around the . He was awarded an OBE in the Queen’s Birthday Honours in 2008 in recognition of the work he has done in founding and developing the Chatham House Africa Programme. page 24 can be accessed at: accessed can be http://www.chathamhouse.org/events/view/184657. he Chatham House conference resources, including programme and presentations Further Reading Alllinkswerelastaccessed on26/09/2012. 5 Stead, S.,Chitiyo, K., Potgieter, J., Till G.,2010, Baker, M.L.,2011,‘Toward Maritime An African Economy: Empowering Onuoha, F.C., 2012,‘Piracy and Maritime Gulf inthe of Guinea’, Security Al Malaquias, A.,2012,‘Ask The Growing Expert: the Threat of Pirates Oil inWest Leijenaar, A.,2012,‘Africa Should Wake Up to Importance the of an Integrated Publications onMaritimeSecurityandtheGulfofGuinea: Publications are listed indate order. Maritime-Economy--Empowering-the) getattachment/b49b0b07-c0a4-41e1-964d-dc37cf03e0b0/Toward-an-African- War College Review Union African the to Revolutionize Maritime African the Sector’, 612123210113333.htm) Jazeera Center for Studies (http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2012/06/2012 africa%E2%80%99s-gulf-of-guinea/) org/2012/03/ask-the-expert-the-growing-threat-of-oil-pirates-in-west- Africa’s Gulf of Guinea’, Centre for Africa Strategic Studies (http://africacenter. medium=Email&utm_campaign=ISS%2BWeekly) org/iss_today.php?ID=1552&utm_source=ISS%2BWeekly%2B40&utm_ Maritime Strategy’, Institute Studies, for Security ( , Vol. 64,No. 2,Spring 2011(http://www.usnwc.edu/ Maritime Development in Africa: http://www.issafrica. Naval Naval 5

Further Reading

An Independent Specialists’ Framework, The Brenthurst Foundation, Discussion page 25 Paper 2010/03 (http://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/Files/Brenthurst_ Commisioned_Reports/BD1003_Maritime-Development-in-Africa.pdf) Vogel, A., 2009, Navies versus Coast Guards: Defining the Roles of African Maritime Security Forces, Africa Security Brief, No. 2, December 2009 (http://africacenter. org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/AfricaBrief_2.pdf) Nincic, D., Vreÿ, F., Onuoha, F.C. et al. , 2009, African Security Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, Institute for Security Studies (ISS), Pretoria, (http://hawk.ethz. ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/112047/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/ ca27ccdb-f7a3-4614-bb43-218c3f4f19fd/en/A9RD5.tmp.pdf) Traub-Merz, R., Yates, D. (eds), 2004, Oil Policy in the Gulf of Guinea: Security & Conflict, , Social Development, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/02115-inf.htm)

Organizations: (AU) Website: http://www.au.int/ zz 2050: Africa’s Integrated Maritime Strategy (http://www.au.int/pages/maritime) zz AU Experts Workshop on Maritime Security and Safety, 6–7 April 2010, , : ‘Towards Africa’s Integrated Maritime Strategy (AIM- Strategy)’ (http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/conferences/2010/avril/ psc/07avril/Maritime.htm)

Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) zz ECCAS Protocol on Maritime Security (French) (http://www.africa-union. org/root/ua/conferences/2010/avril/psc/07avril/African_Union_Member_ States_06-07_April_2010_Experts_Meeting_on_Maritime_Security_and_ Safety_Strategy-Documentation/ECCAS_Protocol.PDF)

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Website: http://www.ecowas.int/ page 26 Website: http://www.africom.mil/ (AFRICOM) Command US Africa z z z z z z United Nations (UN) Website: http://www.amssa.net/framework/MOWCA.aspx (last accessed 26/09/2012) Maritime Organisation of West (MOWCA) Africa and Central Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy z z Website: http://www.imo.org/ International Maritime Organization (IMO) of (GGC) Commission Gulf Guinea z z z z z z z z Africa (http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=6985&lang=0)Africa on withSeminar focus Maritime Safety inWest and Security and Central TMP/9711806.17809296.html) UNSC resolution 2039,February 2012(http://daccess-ods.un.org/ (http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/2670638.26322556.html) United Nations (UNSC) resolution Council Security 2011 2018, October News/Press/docs/2012/sc10558.doc.htm) in Response, Top Tells UNOfficial (http://www.un.org/ Council Security to Security, Economic Development of Region; Countries Need United Front 6723rd Council MeetingSecurity (AM):Gulf of Guinea ‘Clear Piracy Threat’ (http://www.omaoc.org/EN/doc/statut.pdf)and Africa Central Convention on Institutionalisation the of Maritime the Organisation of West maritime-security.aspx) FAQ on Maritime (http://www.imo.org/ourwork/security/faq/pages/ Security MaritimeSecurity.aspx) Maritime and (http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Security/Pages/ Piracy Security iez/02115/appendix.pdf) Treaty on Gulf the of Guinea Commission (http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ Further Reading

Media: page 27 ‘The Defence of our Territorial Waters’ Jornal de Angola 30 June 2012 Translation by Maria Teresa Bermudes

Opinion The defence of Angola’s territorial waters and the surveillance of all activities taking place within them are issues of paramount importance. No state would ever relinquish control of its territorial waters, for fear of also relinquishing an important aspect of the exercise of its sovereignty. Consequently, it is essential for the state to set up a body that will help it adequately to defend its maritime borders. For several decades now, the defence of our territorial waters has been entrusted to the (Marinha de Guerra Angolana or MGA), an agency responsible for the defence of our maritime borders. In parallel with the MGA, we have the Polícia Fiscal (Angola’s Revenue and Customs Police) and the Port Authorities of each coastal province. These organiza- tions also have an extremely important role to play in the control and surveillance of our country’s maritime waters. Although the goals that lead to the establishment of the MGA still apply, it is important that we create a new momentum – one that will match all the changes taking place in the region and in the world. Angola has an extensive maritime border and in order to keep it well demarcated and to explore the resources contained in our waters, it is imperative that the MGA should be adequately equipped and prepared. This means that, when compared with other issues, all the procedures related to the challenges we face in our maritime borders require the utmost attention of President José Eduardo dos Santos. As a result of the concerns and interventions made by the Executive, the MGA is now undergoing a process of restructuring and modernizing that will allow it to better defend and monitor our territorial waters. page 28 Angola andtheGulfofGuinea:TowardsanIntegratedMaritimeStrategy tion of our armed forces ingeneral and Angolan the Navy inparticular. and better CPLP the prepared space, be we will to defend our own territorial waters. play within Maritime the Committee and of our SADC joining country South the Atlantic are which activities detrimental to states’ economies. control of and our surveillance maritime waters allows for kinds of all maritime tells usexperience that of organizations fragility the those defenthe undertaking MGA and Police Fiscal force able we be will to ward off maritime threats. Our enough, often place take within maritime waters. Only through abetter prepared of piracy, transnational immigration, and crimes of illegal all interestingly which, torial waters of other states. and sub-national increasingly bodies displaying intention their to explore terri the by to challenges facethe our posed necessary times. a ten-year project aimed at providing with resources the country the and personnel armed forces ingeneral and MGA the inparticular. We are happy to that learn is this training programmes and acquisition the of and technical resources scientific for its to control with our increasing seas effectiveness. hand inhand inour efforts to supply Angola with means the and personnel needed Angola’s maritime spaces and to establish dimensions the of our continental shelf. sion, an initiative aims which to facilitate quick the delineation and demarcation of defence of our maritime borders justifies creation the of an inter-ministerial commis Executivethe interms of delineating and demarcating Angola’s maritime space. The concerns by faced Executive. the control of and our surveillance territorial waters are of part an array of options and Angola’s long maritime border and our marine resources demand moderniza the We have no doubt that, with modernization the of MGA, the important the role dayEvery we note developments new pointing to uncontrolled the proliferation With advent the of globalization, world the has grown smaller, with foreign states Angola continues to considerable expend efforts on implementation the of The delineation of our maritime borders and modernization the of MGA the go The project of MGA the modernizing is inline with measures the by undertaken The training of personnel and retrofitting of institutions those that uphold the it should it should ce, - - - Further Reading

We are pleased to learn that the Navy is committed to enhancing its human page 29 resources by setting up internal training programmes. All this has been made possible thanks to the creation of good conditions in Navy schools and training centres and, in certain cases, by fostering access to institutions in allied countries. To rebuild the MGA means not only adapting it to the new domestic, regional and international reality, but also ensuring that it has the means necessary to defend the sovereignty and integrity of our territorial waters and of our country in general. In a few years we will come to realize that all the fruits of the investments Angola will have made in the defence, management and control of its territorial waters will only have served the interests of the nation.

(http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/19/42/defesa_das_aguas_territoriais) page 30 z pertinent topertinent Africa’s national, regional and international politics. figures from across and beyond Africa to come and on offer perspectives their issues world and works closely with other Institutes to promote analysis perspec with a global z z z z major issues African of main interest to international the community. states and continent the as awhole that are currently under-researched, and the and decision-makers.tional policy Programme has worked to improve quality the of information available to interna tional politics. With transformation the of Africa’s international position, Africa the world’s largest independent centre for research policy and debate on Africa’s interna whole and its relations international inthe system. research on issues individual affecting states continent African the of Africa, as a ProgrammeThe Africa at Chatham House develops independent policy-focused the Africa ProgrammeAbout z z z z z Africa ProgrammeAfrica events provide opportunity the to engage world-renowned ProgrammeThe Africa has an international network of research around partners the Current research areas include: The Programme’s research priorities emphasize issues individual affecting African Since its establishment Programme Africa in2002,the has grown to become the Resources and society Peace and security Africa and internationalAfrica system Piracy andPiracy armed non-state actors Governance and transparency tive. tive. - -

ANGOLA AND THE GULF OF GUINEA Towards an Integrated Maritime Strategy

Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea region is of growing international concern and regional actors are seeking to address this growing threat. The region is home to Angola and Nigeria – the two biggest African exporters of oil – as well as smaller and emerging producers such as Ghana. Much of the is produced offshore and transported across the Gulf of Guinea.

Angola is increasingly significant internationally with major and an ambitious foreign policy. It is well placed to take a lead role in increasing maritime security in the region.

The Angola Forum The Angola Forum was founded in 1998 at Chatham House and is now established as a globally influential centre for independent policy research on the country. Funded through membership contributions, it offers a unique setting for individuals, organizations and companies, both from the UK and internationally, to participate in forward-looking, policy-focused and influential debate and research. It holds briefings and seminars on Angola’s business, investment, politics, human rights, constitution and culture, and has attracted senior government officials, as well as members of the opposition and those from the business sphere and civil society.

Chatham House, 10 St James’s Square, London SW1Y 4LE T: +44 (0)20 7957 5700 E: [email protected] F: +44 (0)20 7957 5710 www.chathamhouse.org Charity Registration Number: 208223