Integrated Pest Manamegment Plan/ASSP ERC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
E2852 v2 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Public Disclosure Authorized (ASDP)
AGRICULTURE SERVICE Public Disclosure Authorized SUPPORT PROGRAMME (ASSP)
Public Disclosure Authorized INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (IPMP)
FINAL REPORT
Public Disclosure Authorized August 2004
Final Report i Integrated Pest Manamegment Plan/ASSP ERC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Executive Summary
The integrated pest management plan (IPMP) addresses the Agricultural Services Support Progtam (ASSP)’s need to monitor and mitigate negative environmental impacts of the project by promoting biological and ecosystem based pest management. The overall project objective is for all farmers (including rural poor and women) to have better access to, and use of relevant agricultural knowledge and technologies, which through sustained partnership with service providers, contribute to higher productivity and profitability. The program is estimated to reach national coverage over a 7-year period, comprising an initial three-year phase, followed by a four-year phase. The program is expected to achieve its objective through the implementation of three components: (i) improving demand for services through farmer empowerment; (ii) improving supply of services through institutional reform, capacity building, and more effective provision; and (iii) ensuring effective monitoring, quality control and program management.
It is anticipated that pest management measures may be involved, such as use of pesticides. It is in this context, the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.09 of December 1998 and Tanzania and Zanzibar’s Agricultural Sector Policy of 1997 and 2000 respectively have triggered the formulation of this IPMP (synonym to IPPM i.e. Integrated Production and Pest Management in Zanzibar). Both policies recognized the role IPM approach in controlling pests.
The management aspects of pests and diseases of the key major crops have been discussed in detail. These include in Tanzania Mainland food crops such as maize, sorgum, beans, banana, sweet potatoes, finger millet, rice; cash crops: coffe, cotton, cashem nutst, etc. horticultural crops: coconuts, managoes, citrus, pinapples, tomatoes, onions and brasiccas (cabbages and kale) and migratory and outbreak pests: rodents, birds (quelea quelea spp) and armeworms. In Zanzibar are included food crops: cassava, banana, sweet potato, maize, sorghum and legumes; cash crops such as cloves, mango and coconuts and horticultural crops such as vegetables and migratory and outbreak pests like rodents and armyworms.
The Government of Tanzania (GoT) and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGZ) have taken deliberate measures for promotion of IPM in all crop production systems. In 1977, the GoT formulated and introduced the Agriculture and Livestock Policy of 1997 and the National Environmental Policy of 1997. In line with this, a new Plant Protection Legislation was encacted in 1997 followed by its regulations of 1999. A framework legislation the Environmental Management Act, 2004 which was submitted to parliament and is now with the Attroney General for final endorsement. Alll these policies and legislation emphasise use of sustainable production approaches particularly IPM. In Zanzibar, the RGZ formulated the Agricultural Policy of 2002, the Environmental Policy and Program of 1992, Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 and Plant protection Act of 1997 which support sustainable agricultural production systems and IPM.
The IPM Plan for ASSP is based on the experiences gained during the implementation of IPM experience in Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar and information obtained through review of published materials and discussion with crop experts, researchers, farmers and extension workers. The PMP provides a framework for the development of IPM programme for food, cash and horticultural crops in the ASSP to identify,
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understand and manage pest problems in the components, reduce human and environmental health risks associated with pesticides use, and protect ecosystem by conserveing beneficial agents such as natural enemies of pests use, and protect ecosystems by conservering beneficial agents such as natural enemies of pests and pollinators to increase productiviey. The IPMP also provides guidelines for pest management purposes in accordance to the IPM approach. It augments the biological, chemical and cultural control aspects of the management of pests and diseases. Implementation of this PMP will lead to compliance with the WB Policy OP 4.09.
Collaboration and synergies between this PMP and other projects, regional and international research systems and NGOs would be expored and awareness will be raised at national, zonal, district and village levels.
Implementation of pest management strategies and pilot PMP are recommended. The main core activities of PMP are: Coordination Development of IPM packages for the pilot districts PMP IPM oreintation workshops Training of trainers and Farmer groups training Public awareness and promoting the adoption of IPM practices Field guides/training materials for production, purchase and distribution Farmers field days Field visits and study tours Database for human-health and environmental contamination Crop pest surveillance and updating pest/disease database at PHS Annual workshops on progress and lesson learnt Participatory IPM research and development Monitoring and evaluation
Based on the research and technical support needs of the ASSP’s farmers group, the Zonal Agriculture Research and Development Institutes (ZARDI) will develop IPM packages for economically important food, cash and horticultural crops (and livestock) systems, deliver a training program (in collaboration with IPM units of Plant Health Services (PHS) of MAFS with the aid of demonstration, adaptive research trails and experiential learning in the farmer fields. The ZARDI and PHS will also train the trainers and district specialist and assist the ASSP in designing a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) program with M&E specialist. The ASSP facilitation team will be the coordinator for the implementation of this PMP.
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary...... ii
Table of Contents...... iv
List of Tables...... vi
Abbreviations and Acronyms...... viii
1. BACKGROUND...... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY...... 2
2. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROGRAM ...... 4
2.1 TANZANIA MAILLAND ...... 4 2.2 ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS...... 6
3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND JUSTIFICATION...... 8
3.1 THE EXISTING LANDUSE PATTERN, AGRO-ECOLOGICAL AND FARMING ZONES ....8 3.2 PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES...... 9
4. EXISTING AND ANTICIPATED PEST PROBLEMS...... 12
4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 12 4.2 MAINLAND ...... 12 4.3 ZANZIBAR...... 81
5. PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ...... 102
5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 102
6. EXPERIENCES ON IPM IN TANZANIA ...... 111
6.1 MAINLAND ...... 111 6.2 ZANZIBAR...... 121
7. POLICY, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING PMP...... 124
7.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 124 7.1.3 Plant Protection Act no 13 (1997) ...... 125 7.1.4 Environmental Management Act of 2004 ...... 125 7.2 RELATED POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN ZANZIBAR...... 126
8 IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIES AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT PLAN (PMP) ...127
8.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 127
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8.2 PMP IMPLEMENTATION ...... 129 8.3 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ...... 130 8.3.1 Capacity Building ...... 130 8.4 PILOT DISTRICT PMP IMPLEMENTATION ...... 132 8.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS...... 133 8.6 SUSTAINABILITY ...... 133
9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION ARRAMGEMENTS...... 134
10. WORKPLAN AND BUDGET...... 135
11. RECOMMENDAITONS ...... 136
ANNEXES...... 113
ANNEX 1: PERSONS MET ...... 113 ANNEX II: An IPM Checklist for Planning and Implementing Pest Control on Crops ...... 121 Annex III: Pesticide Classification List – WHO ...... 124
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List of Tables
Table 3.1: Zone, Altitude and rainfall classes Table 4.1: Summary of major food, cash and horticulture crops grown in different agro-ecological zone of Tanzania Table 4.2: Major maize pest problems and recommended management practices Table 4.3: List of pesticides recommended for use on maize in all zones Table 4.4: Important weeds in Tanzania Table 4.5: Major pests of rice and recommended management practices Table 4.6: Sorghum major pests and recommended management practices Table 4.7 The major pests of pearl millet and recommended management practices Table 4.8: Banana major pest problems and recommended management practices for Lake and Northern Zones Table 4.9: Cassava major pests and recommended management practices Table 4.10: The major pest problems of beans and recommended management practices Table 4.11: The major pests of sweet potato and recommended management practices Table 4.12: Coffee pest problems and recommended management practices Table 4.13 List of recommended pesticides for use in coffee Table 4.14: Cotton pest problems and recommended management practices in the WCGA Table 4.15: List of pesticides recommended for use on cotton in the WCGA Table 4.16: Cotton pest problems and recommended management practices in the ECGA Table 4.17: List of pesticides recommended for use on cotton in the ECGA Table 4.18: Pesticides recommended for use on cashew Table 4.19: Major pests and recommended control practices for coconut Table 4.20: Key pests of mangoes and current farmer practices to reduce losses
Table 4.21 Major pest problems of citrus and recommended management practices Table 4.22: Major pest problems of pineapples and recommended management practices Table 4.23: Major pests of tomatoes and recommended management practices for northern zone Table4.24: List of pesticides recommended for use on tomatoes Table 4.25 Major pest problems and recommended management practices Table 4.26: Major pests of brassicas and recommended practices Table 4.27: Rodent control 2003 Table 4.28: Quelea Quelea invaded regions year 2003
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Table 4.29: Quelea quelea outbreaks and cereal damage in some regions of Tanzania, 1998-2002 Table 4.30: Invaded area and treatment used Table 4.31: Armywork outbreaks in Tanzania Table 4.32: Damage of various croups by armyworms during the 2001/2002 cropping seasons in some region of Tanzania Table 4.33: Acreage of Food crops in Zanzibar Table 4.34: Production of the common food crops in Zanzibar in tons, 1990/1991 – 1999/2000 Table 4.35: Supply of rice in Zanzibar, 1984/1985 – 1994/1995 Table 4.36: Major pests of rainfed rice and their recommended management practices Table 4.37: The average rice yield of different varieties under rainfed production system Table 4.38: Major pests of irrigated rice and their recommended management practices Table 4.39: Major pests of cassava and their recommended management practices Table 4.40: Major pests of banana and their recommended management practices Table 4.41: Major pests of sweet potato and their recommended management practices Table 4.42: Major pests of maize and sorghum and their recommended management practices Table 4.43: Major pests of grain legumes and their recommended management practices and their recommended management practices Table 4.44: Major pests of cloves and their recommended management practices Table 4.45: Major pests of coconuts and their recommended management practices Table 4.46: Major pests of mango and their recommended management practices Table 4.47: Major pests of citrus and their recommended management practices Table 4.49: Major pests of pineapples and their recommended management practices Table 4.50: Pests problems on the major vegetables Table 4.51: Major pests of vegetables and their recommended management practices Table 5.1 List of recommended and TPRI registered pesticides for crop production in Tanzania Table 5.2 List of potential plants that can be used to prepare botanical extracts for pre and post harvest pest control Table 8.1: Potential implication for pest management under ASSP Table 10.1: A tentative cost estimates of bugetary requirements
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ASDP Agricultural Sector Development Programme ASDS Agriculture Sector Development Strategy ASP Agriculture services providers ASSP Agricultural Services Support Programme AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research Development Centre CBB Coffee Berry Borer CBD Coffee Berry Disease CBO Community Based Organisation CBSD Cassava Brown Streak Disease CLR Coffee Leaf Rust CMD Cassava Mosaic Disease CORMA Client-Oriented Research and Development Management Approach DADP District Agriculture Development Plans DGIC Directorate General for International Cooperation DPPO District Plant Protection Officer DRDP District Rural Development Programme EC European Community ECGA Eastern Cotton Growing Area ESMF Environmental Social Management Framework FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FFS Farmers Field Schools FRG Farmer Research Groups FS Field Service GLS Grey Leaf Spot GTZ Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit HPR Host Plant Resistance ICIPE International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology IDA International Development Agency IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IPM Integrated Pest Management IPN Integrated Plant Nutrition IPPM Integrated Pest Production Management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KAEMP Kagera Agricultural Environmental Management Project LGA Local government authority LGB Larger Grain Borer LVEMP Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project LZARDI Lake Zone Agricultural Research and Development Institute M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAFS Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security MANREC Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environmental and Cooperatives MARA-FIP Mara Region—Farmers’ Initiative Project MCM Ministry of cooperatives and marketing
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MOA Memorandum Of Agreement MSV Maize Streak Virus MWLD Ministry of Water and Livestock Development NAEP National Agricultural Extension Programme NALP National Agricultural and Livestock Policy NARS National Agricultural Research Systems NEMC National Environmental Management Council NGO Non governmental organizations NPV Nucleopolyhedrovirus OPEC Organization of Petroleum Cooperation PADEP Participatory Agriculture Empowerment Project PCS Pest Control Services PHS Plant Health Services PMD Powder Mildew Disease PMP Pesticides Management Plan POP Persistent Organic Pollutants PPD Plant Protection Division PRA Participatory Rural Appraisals RAS Regional Administrative Secretary RGZ Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar RYMV Rice Yellow Mottle Virus SGR Strategic Grain Reserve SIIC Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component SMS Subject Matter Specialist SPFMV Sweet potato feathery mottle virus SPFS Special Programme for Food Security SPPD Strengthening the Plant Protection Division of Zanzibar SPSVV Sweet potato sunken vein virus SPVD Sweet Potato Virus Disease SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture URT United Republic of Tanzania TPRI Tropical Pesticides Research Institute UDSM University of Dar es Salaam ULV Ultra Low Volume VEO Village Extension Officer WCGA western cotton growing areas WFF Ward Farmers Forum WHO World health organization ZARDEF Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Funds ZARDI Zonal Agriculture Research and Development Institutes ZEC Zonal Executive Committees ZIDP Zanzibar Investment Development Policy
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1. BACKGROUND
1.1 INTRODUCTION The Government of Tanzania with financial assistance from the World Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and other bilateral donors is planning to implement an Agricultural Services Support Programme (ASSP), which is part of the overall Agricultural Sector Development Programme (ASDP). The main objective of ASSP is for all farmers (including the rural poor and women) to have better access to, and use of, relevant agricultural knowledge and technologies, which, through sustained partnerships with service providers, contribute to higher productivity and profitability. The ASSP development objective would be achieved through a set of complementary interventions aimed at: (i) improving clients’ capacity to more clearly articulate demand for agricultural services, and build partnerships with service providers; (ii) reforming and improving capacity of both public and private ASPs to respond to demand and provide appropriate technologies; and (iii) providing mechanisms to ensure coordination and quality control. The ASSP would support, in an integrated manner, a wide range of agricultural services including client empowerment, research, extension, two-way flows of information and communication, and - in line with a reform process to be elaborated in the first year of the programme - other services including training and technical services. The programme would not include direct support for agricultural finance, input supply and marketing services and facilities, which are handled under separate but complementary ASDP interventions1. To achieve this, the programme is proposing a significant change in approach to agricultural services (business unusual) provision. For example, the programme would ensure that service provision has greater relevance to the needs of farmers through empowerment measures including improved knowledge, organization and control over resources. It would also improve the efficiency of resource use by mobilizing both public and private sources of funding and delivery, and by reducing transaction costs through, for example, concentrating on assisting empowered groups rather than individuals. Finally, the programme would increase effectiveness and accountability in the delivery and use of relevant technology by supporting closer linkages and service agreements between producer needs, technology generation and use, markets and financing.
Although the ASSP of ASDP would not provide for purchase of any pesticides, improvements envisioned under the programme, especially farmer empowerment may require farms to increase the use of inputs—particularly chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Pesticides Management Plan (PMP) identifies and addresses concerns that may arise out any such increase in chemical pesticides use and propose mitigation in compliance with the World Bank Safeguard Policy on Pest Management (OP 4.09).
The Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 stipulates that “in assisting borrowers to manage pests that affect either agriculture or public health, the Bank supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides”, and “in appraising a project that will involve pest management, the Bank assesses the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework
1 Including on-going programmes such as the IFAD-funded Rural Finance and Agricultural Marketing Programmes and IDA-funded PADEP.
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and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. As necessary, the Bank and the borrower incorporate in the project components to strengthen such as capacity”. Furthermore, “The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly”.
The main purpose of preparing this Integrated Pest Management (IPM) guidelines is to: (i) assess the current and anticipate pest problems in the programme areas; (ii) review the country experiences on IPM; (iii) develop a pest management plans (PMPs) using recommended best-practices; (v) develop monitoring and evaluation systems for the various pest management practices of the PMPs based on the government laws and the World Bank policy. The IPM guidelines for the programme will cover both Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar.
1.2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
The following approach and methods were used to gather information from relevant stakeholders:
(i) Participatory approach
The preparation of the IPM guidelines used a participatory process aimed at facilitating a broad based dialogue and transparency in identification of key pesticides problems and management issues. Moreover, the extensive consultations with farmers, district staff, communities, lead IPM researchers and practitioners, crop specialists, etc. in Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar helped to solicit relevant information on pest management.
(ii) Review of literature and checklists of documentation
• Draft documents of ASSP programme and Aide Mémoire of Pre-Appraisal Mission May 24-June 4, 2004 • Policy and legal documents used in Tanzania pesticide industry, namely Plant Protection Act 1997, Pesticide Regulations 2002, Agriculture Policy 1997, National Environmental Policy 1996 and the Environmental Management Act 2004 (draft). In Zanzibar the following documents were consulted: Agriculture Policy of 2002, Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 and Plant protection Act of 1997. World Bank Safeguard Policies in particular OP 4.09
(iii) Questionnaires and checklists for guiding consultative meetings with following stakeholders:
ASSP preparation team The ASDP Secretariat
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Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, namely Department of Research and Development, Departments of Crop Production, Plant Health Services, Agricultural Extension Services, Participatory Agriculture Empowerment Project (PADEP), Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component (SIIC), etc. Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, namely Veterinary services Zonal Research and Development Institutes, namely Lake Zone, Northern Zone, Eastern Zone, Western Zone, Southern Highland Zone Ministry of Agriculture, Environment, Natural Resources and Cooperatives, Zanzibar and Zanzibar Agriculture Research Institute in Kizimbani Tanzania Pesticides Research Institute Sokoine University of Agriculture, namely Pest Management Research Centre Division of Environment, Vice-President Office National Environmental Management Council District Councils Farmers representatives NGOs IPM, bird control and armyworm projects
(iv) Questionnaires and checklists for guiding consultative meetings with following stakeholders:
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, namely Department of Research and Development, Departments of Crop Production, Plant Health Services, Agricultural Extension Services, Participatory Agriculture Empowerment Project (PADEP), Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component (SIIC), etc. Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, namely Veterinary services Zonal Research and Development Institutes, namely Lake Zone, Northern Zone, Eastern Zone, Western Zone, Southern Highland Zone Ministry of Agriculture, Environment, Natural Resources and Cooperatives, Zanzibar and Zanzibar Agriculture Research Institute in Kizimbani Tanzania Pesticides Research Institute Sokoine University of Agriculture, namely Pest Management Research Centre Division of Environment, Vice-President Office National Environmental Management Council District Councils Farmers representatives
List of persons met is depicted in Annex 1. All data gathered through questionnaires was analysed using either the SPSS or manual but only summary information is presented in this document.
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2. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROGRAM
2.1 TANZANIA MAILLAND
Sector Related Goal: The Programme would contribute to the ASDP objective of greater and sustained agricultural productivity, profitability and farm incomes that would be commensurate with achieving an increase in agricultural growth to at least a sustained five percent per year by 2007 (consistent with the PRS and ASDS targets). The contribution of the Programme to this ASDP objective would be through the greater relevance and responsiveness of agricultural advice and technology development, and the adoption by large numbers of farmers of more productive, economically rewarding and environmentally sustainable practices.
Development Objectives. The Programme objective is for all farmers, including the rural poor and women, to have better access to, and use of, relevant agricultural knowledge and technologies, which, through sustained partnerships with service providers, contribute to higher productivity and profitability. In order to ensure maximum impact on poverty alleviation, the Programme would focus on small-scale farmers. Specific mechanisms would be established to allow the resource poor and women farmers to participate and access resources available under the Programme. In addition, the Programme would facilitate partnerships between small-scale farmer groups and medium- and large-scale farmers where appropriate.
The Programme development objective would be achieved through a set of complementary interventions aimed at: (i) improving the capacity of farmer clients to more clearly articulate demand for agricultural services, and build partnerships with service providers; (ii) reforming and improving capacity of both public and private ASPs to respond to demand and provide appropriate advice, services and technologies; and (iii) providing mechanisms to ensure coordination and quality control.
The overall Programme would support, in an integrated manner, a wide range of agricultural services including client empowerment, research, extension, two-way flows of information and communication, and - in line with a reform process to be completed in the first year of the Programme - other services including training and technical services. The Programme would not include direct support for agricultural finance, input supply and marketing services and facilities, which are handled under separate but complementary ASDP interventions 2.
The Programme would have a 15 year horizon, with the first half, divided in two phases of three and four years, respectively, and comprise three major components and nine sub-components:
Component 1 - Farmer Empowerment: from grass-roots farmer groups to national rural producer organizations, this Component would be mainly concerned with strengthening demand for agricultural services through knowledge, organisational and financial empowerment, and Participatory Technology Development (PTD), leading
2 Including on-going programmes such as the IFAD-funded Rural Finance and Agricultural Marketing Programmes and IDA-funded PADEP.
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to partnerships with ASPs and improved bargaining power. This Component would have two sub-components: (i) Knowledge and Organization; and (ii) Institutional and Financial Empowerment.
Component 2 - Provision of Agricultural Services: through actions at local (village, ward, district), zonal and national level, this Component would complement the on- going Government efforts to implement institutional reform for public agricultural services; provide training and resources for public sector re-orientation and performance improvement; build capacity and support greater involvement of private and NGO ASPs, in particular extension, research, training and technical services; and facilitate and oversee effective and efficient provision of services responsive to farmers group and fora demands. This Component would have four sub-components: (i) Institutional Reform; (ii) Public Sector Reorientation and Capacity Building; (iii) Private Service Provider Support; and (iv) Provision of Services.
Component 3 - Programme Management: would ensure that the planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of the Programme are conducted in an integrated and sound manner, and that high standards of service provision and contract fulfilment in terms of technical, financial, legal and other aspects are maintained. This Component would have three sub-components: (i) Management and Coordination; (ii) Quality Control of Services; and (iii) Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation. The Programme would provide a national level of coverage in order to sustain agricultural services across the whole country. By the end of the second phase (seven years), the Programme would have assisted the 120 districts and municipalities in adapting and implementing extension reforms. By that time, the Programme would also support services in the 120 districts and municipalities. Over these seven years, the Programme would finance empowerment (as per Component 1) in 42 districts (see Section 3.5).
Programme Component outline
Component 1: Farmer Empowerment – Improving Demand Sub-component 1.1: Knowledge and Organization Sub-component 1.2: Institutional and Financial Empowerment
Component 2: Provision of Agricultural Services – Improving Supply Sub-component 2.1: Institutional Reform Sub-component 2.2: Public Sector Reorientation and Capacity Building Sub-component 2.3: Private Service Provider Support Sub-component 2.4: Provision of Services
Component 3: Programme Management Sub-component 3.1: Management and Coordination Sub-component 3.2: Quality Control of Services Sub-component 3.3: Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
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2.2 ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
At national level, institutional rationalisation and consolidation are anticipated to reflect the new roles of central ministries, following completion of the actual transfer of responsibility of concerned agricultural sector matters (mainly extension) from sector ministries to Local Government Authorities (LGAs). During this initial transition phase, the Programme institutional framework and implementation arrangements would be reviewed and adjusted accordingly. Until the final institutional arrangements are agreed upon and put in place, temporary arrangements for Programme implementation would be established under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS), which is the lead agricultural sector ministry. During this transition period, strong coordination mechanisms would need to be put in place to ensure that all sector ministries and other stakeholders are adequately involved.
Overall, the Programme would be implemented within existing Government structures and within the ASDP framework. It would be implemented at two main levels: National and zonal levels, which are under the sector ministries at central level, mainly the MAFS and the Ministry of Water and Livestock Development (MWLD), as well as the Ministry of Cooperatives and Marketing (MCM); and Regional and local levels, including district, ward and village levels, which are the primary responsibility of the President’s Office – Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG), and the concerned LGAs, with support from line ministries (MAFS, MWLD and MCM), through the Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institutes (ZARDIs). Implementation at all levels would be governed by the principle of greater control by farmers and clients, in cooperation with the public sector agencies and, increasingly, with the private sector Agricultural Service Providers (ASPs), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and the civil society. Emphasis would be given on the transfer of jurisdiction over agricultural service provision to the farmers/clients and their representative forums. The roles and responsibilities for implementing the Programme are outlined below. These will be further developed in the Programme Implementation Plan (PIP), which will be prepared before the Programme becomes operational.
2.3 ZANZIBAR COMPONENT OF ASSP
The Zanzibar Components of the Program would be consistent with the overall objective, rationale and approach of the mainland ASSP. Its design is based on the commitment of Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Cooperative (MANREC) to participatory approaches and gradually devolving the provision of agricultural services to the private sector. The Zanzibar Component would consist of three sub-components:
Farmer Empowerment Support to Agricultural Services and Linkages Program Coordination, Quality Control and M & E
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Farmer Empowerment would be promoted through the establishment of farmer empowerment group (such as Farmer Field Schools) and farmer fora that would build their knowledge and institutional capacity. In contrast to the corresponding component on the mainland, this sub-component would also strengthen the farmer empowerment groups in marketing, and through services provider to support member- based rural finance institutions, in financial management. Agricultural Services, covering both research and extension, would be provided in response to farmer demand, mainly through a District Research and Development Fund, which would employ criteria that place special emphasis on activities in the coral rag areas. Extension services would comprise a mixture of public, private and farmer-to-farmer training. Program coordination would be integrated in MANREC to strengthen Government’s capacity at central level and to provide optimal linkages with other activities. The program coordination team would consist of senior officeholders in the Planning, Research, Extension and Cooperative Departments and the ministry’s Pemba office. The Cooperative Department would play a key role in coordinating the support of a broad range of farmer organizations
The Zanzibar Component would be implemented in four of the nine rural districts of Zanzibar, two on Unguja and two on Pemba, the remaining five being supported by the World Bank-financed PADEP. The component’s cost estimates, which are still indicative at this stage, stand at about USD 6-7 million over the 7 year implementation period. Policy issue related to crop marketing subsidies for inputs and tractor hire have yet to be addressed, and require further discussion with the Government of Zanzibar.
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3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND JUSTIFICATION
3.1 THE EXISTING LANDUSE PATTERN, AGRO-ECOLOGICAL AND FARMING ZONES
Farming systems are dictated by altitudes, temperature, rainfall and several other factors which sum up to agro-ecological zones.
Table 3.1: Zone, Altitude and rainfall classes Zones Altitudes (m) Rainfall (mm) C Central 0-500 (low lands A < 500 (arid) E Eastern 500-1000 (low B 500 – 800 mm intermediate) (semiarid) L Lake 1000-1500 (high C 800 – 1000 intermediate) mm (moderately wet) N Northern 1500-2000 D 1000 > 1500 (highlands) mm (wet) S Southern > 2000 mm (very high) SH Southern Highlands Western
In general, small scale subsistence farming is dominant in Tanzania due mainly to various interrelated factors; the key ones being the following:- Over dependence on rainfed agriculture and less on irrigation agriculture Inadequacy of farming equipment e.g. predominance of the hand hoe Difficulties of acquiring inputs e.g. fertilizers; pesticides etc either due to lack of credit facilities or simply lack of capital resources Unreliability of markets; couples with lack of storage facilities etc
Thus conventional low-input and low-output agriculture production system has resulted in high rates of environmental land degradation. Maps 3.1 – 3.7 present summary of farming systems. They are on turn mainly based on Tanzania agro- ecological zones.
Agro-ecological zones According to the JICA report of 2002 agro-ecological zone of Tanzania (see Map 3.8) are categorizable as follows:- Coastal plains Eastern plateaux and mountain blocks High plains and plateaux Volcanoes and rift depressions Central plains
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