Integrated Pest Manamegment Plan/ASSP ERC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania E2852 v2 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Public Disclosure Authorized (ASDP) AGRICULTURE SERVICE Public Disclosure Authorized SUPPORT PROGRAMME (ASSP) Public Disclosure Authorized INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (IPMP) FINAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized August 2004 Final Report i Integrated Pest Manamegment Plan/ASSP ERC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Executive Summary The integrated pest management plan (IPMP) addresses the Agricultural Services Support Progtam (ASSP)’s need to monitor and mitigate negative environmental impacts of the project by promoting biological and ecosystem based pest management. The overall project objective is for all farmers (including rural poor and women) to have better access to, and use of relevant agricultural knowledge and technologies, which through sustained partnership with service providers, contribute to higher productivity and profitability. The program is estimated to reach national coverage over a 7-year period, comprising an initial three-year phase, followed by a four-year phase. The program is expected to achieve its objective through the implementation of three components: (i) improving demand for services through farmer empowerment; (ii) improving supply of services through institutional reform, capacity building, and more effective provision; and (iii) ensuring effective monitoring, quality control and program management. It is anticipated that pest management measures may be involved, such as use of pesticides. It is in this context, the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.09 of December 1998 and Tanzania and Zanzibar’s Agricultural Sector Policy of 1997 and 2000 respectively have triggered the formulation of this IPMP (synonym to IPPM i.e. Integrated Production and Pest Management in Zanzibar). Both policies recognized the role IPM approach in controlling pests. The management aspects of pests and diseases of the key major crops have been discussed in detail. These include in Tanzania Mainland food crops such as maize, sorgum, beans, banana, sweet potatoes, finger millet, rice; cash crops: coffe, cotton, cashem nutst, etc. horticultural crops: coconuts, managoes, citrus, pinapples, tomatoes, onions and brasiccas (cabbages and kale) and migratory and outbreak pests: rodents, birds (quelea quelea spp) and armeworms. In Zanzibar are included food crops: cassava, banana, sweet potato, maize, sorghum and legumes; cash crops such as cloves, mango and coconuts and horticultural crops such as vegetables and migratory and outbreak pests like rodents and armyworms. The Government of Tanzania (GoT) and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGZ) have taken deliberate measures for promotion of IPM in all crop production systems. In 1977, the GoT formulated and introduced the Agriculture and Livestock Policy of 1997 and the National Environmental Policy of 1997. In line with this, a new Plant Protection Legislation was encacted in 1997 followed by its regulations of 1999. A framework legislation the Environmental Management Act, 2004 which was submitted to parliament and is now with the Attroney General for final endorsement. Alll these policies and legislation emphasise use of sustainable production approaches particularly IPM. In Zanzibar, the RGZ formulated the Agricultural Policy of 2002, the Environmental Policy and Program of 1992, Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 and Plant protection Act of 1997 which support sustainable agricultural production systems and IPM. The IPM Plan for ASSP is based on the experiences gained during the implementation of IPM experience in Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar and information obtained through review of published materials and discussion with crop experts, researchers, farmers and extension workers. The PMP provides a framework for the development of IPM programme for food, cash and horticultural crops in the ASSP to identify, Final Report ii Integrated Pest Manamegment Plan/ASSP ERC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania understand and manage pest problems in the components, reduce human and environmental health risks associated with pesticides use, and protect ecosystem by conserveing beneficial agents such as natural enemies of pests use, and protect ecosystems by conservering beneficial agents such as natural enemies of pests and pollinators to increase productiviey. The IPMP also provides guidelines for pest management purposes in accordance to the IPM approach. It augments the biological, chemical and cultural control aspects of the management of pests and diseases. Implementation of this PMP will lead to compliance with the WB Policy OP 4.09. Collaboration and synergies between this PMP and other projects, regional and international research systems and NGOs would be expored and awareness will be raised at national, zonal, district and village levels. Implementation of pest management strategies and pilot PMP are recommended. The main core activities of PMP are: Coordination Development of IPM packages for the pilot districts PMP IPM oreintation workshops Training of trainers and Farmer groups training Public awareness and promoting the adoption of IPM practices Field guides/training materials for production, purchase and distribution Farmers field days Field visits and study tours Database for human-health and environmental contamination Crop pest surveillance and updating pest/disease database at PHS Annual workshops on progress and lesson learnt Participatory IPM research and development Monitoring and evaluation Based on the research and technical support needs of the ASSP’s farmers group, the Zonal Agriculture Research and Development Institutes (ZARDI) will develop IPM packages for economically important food, cash and horticultural crops (and livestock) systems, deliver a training program (in collaboration with IPM units of Plant Health Services (PHS) of MAFS with the aid of demonstration, adaptive research trails and experiential learning in the farmer fields. The ZARDI and PHS will also train the trainers and district specialist and assist the ASSP in designing a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) program with M&E specialist. The ASSP facilitation team will be the coordinator for the implementation of this PMP. Final Report iii Integrated Pest Manamegment Plan/ASSP ERC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Table of Contents Executive Summary................................................................................................................................ii Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................iv List of Tables..........................................................................................................................................vi Abbreviations and Acronyms.............................................................................................................viii 1. BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 1.2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY......................................................................................2 2. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROGRAM ...........................................................................4 2.1 TANZANIA MAILLAND ...........................................................................................................4 2.2 ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS...........................................6 3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND JUSTIFICATION.....................................................8 3.1 THE EXISTING LANDUSE PATTERN, AGRO-ECOLOGICAL AND FARMING ZONES ....8 3.2 PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES........................................................................................9 4. EXISTING AND ANTICIPATED PEST PROBLEMS............................................................12 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................12 4.2 MAINLAND ............................................................................................................................12 4.3 ZANZIBAR..............................................................................................................................81 5. PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS .......................................................102 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................102 6. EXPERIENCES ON IPM IN TANZANIA ..............................................................................111 6.1 MAINLAND ..........................................................................................................................111 6.2 ZANZIBAR............................................................................................................................121 7. POLICY, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING PMP....................................................................................................................124 7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................124 7.1.3 Plant Protection Act no 13 (1997) ................................................................................125