Year 7 Easter geography homework

booklet

This booklet is split up into 6 sections. Each section should take around 1 hour to complete.

Section 1: Skills Study the map below.

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62 50 48 49 45 46 47 42 43 44 3. The scale is 2cm:1km. Using your 1. Give the 4 figure grid references for: answers for questions 1 and 2, work out a. Place of worship in Girton. ______the distance between: b. Place of worship in Landbeach. ______c. Public phone in Horningsea. ______a. Manor farm building and Place of d. Rectory Farm ______worship in Girton. ______

b. Place of worship in Rampton and 2. Give the 6 figure grid references for: Place of worship in 45 58. a. Place of worship in Rampton. ______b. Public house in Horningsea. ______c. Public phone in Waterbeach. ______c. Rectory Farm and Public phone d. Manor farm building. ______in Waterbeach. ______e. Public house in Girton. ______f. Place of worship in 45 58. ______d. Public phone in Horningsea and Public house in Horningsea. ______

3. Study the graph and data below.

Month Temperature (°C) Month Rainfall (mm) Jan 4.3 Jan 54 a. Complete the climate graph using the data in the tables. Feb 4.6 Feb 37 Mar 6.8 Mar 45 b. Which month is the driest? ______Apr 9.3 Apr 43 c. Which month is the most cold? ______May 12.5 May 46 Jun 16 Jun 49 d. Calculate for rainfall: Jul 17.7 Jul 47 i. Mean _____ Aug 17.2 Aug 52 Sep 14.9 Sep 55 ii. Median _____ Oct 11.5 Oct 60 Nov 7.3 Nov 59 iii. Range_____ Dec 5 Dec 56 e. Calculate for temperature: i. Mean _____ ii. Median _____ iii. Range_____ 4. a. Fill in the blanks using words from the choices below Choose from… relief contour slope close gentle

______lines are a good way of showing the height and ______on a map. Contour lines that are ______together show a steep ______and contour lines that are far apart show a ______slope.

b. Look at the map. Describe the relief of the land. ______

c. The map below is an incomplete contour map.

i. In pencil join up all the places that are 100 metres above sea level. ii. Join up all the places that are 200 metres above sea level. iii. Join up all the places that are 300 metres above sea level. iv. Join up all the places that are 400 metres above sea level. v. Fill in the key by colouring the boxes. vi. Shade the map using those colours. Colour lightly in pencil.

What is the height of each letter on the map? Choose your heights from: 50m 470m 220m 110m 390m 520m

Letter A B C D E F Height

Section 2: Population 1. Define the following key terms: a. Urban ______

b. Rural ______

c. Urbanisation ______

d. Population density ______

e. Migration ______

2. a. Which London boroughs have the lowest population density? ______

b. Which London boroughs have the highest population density? ______

c. Describe the population distribution of London. You need to write 4 facts. ______3. Study the population pyramid. a. What % of people are female and aged 0-4? ______b. What % of people are male and aged 50-54? ______c. What % of people are female and aged 64-69? ______d. What % of people are aged 10-14? ______

e. How many people are female and aged 15-19? (remember, look at total population) ______f. How many people are male and aged 34- 39? ______g. How many people are aged 80-84? ______

4. In the space below, draw and annotate a site which has good features for a settlement. For example, you could draw an area with a river and explain it could be used for a water supply to use on crops for food and sale. You need at least 5 features. Section 3: Wonderful water 1. Match the key terms with the definitions. 1. Saltation A. The force of the moving water against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks. The pressure weakens the banks and gradually wears it away. 2. Solution B. Rocks carried along by the river scrape, scour and rub along the (erosion) river bed and river banks 3. Hydraulic C. Minerals in the rocks are dissolved by weak acids in the river action water. 4. Abrasion D. Minerals are dissolved in the water and carried. 5. Traction E. Large stones and boulders are rolled along the river bed 6. Solution F. Fine light materials, sand and silt, are carried along in the flow of (transportation) the water 7. Suspension G. Material carried by the river smashes together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles. 8. Attrition H. Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed.

2. Study the image. Explain how levees and floodplains are formed. You need to write around 4 sentences.

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3. Create a storyboard which explains how EITHER meanders and ox-bow lakes OR waterfalls are formed.

Success criteria meanders and oxbow lakes: Success criteria waterfalls:  Fast flowing water.  Areas of higher energy  Layers of hard and soft rock  Areas of lower energy  Differential erosion (soft rock  Areas of erosion erodes quicker)  Areas of deposition  Erosional processes such as  River cliff hydraulic action  Slip-off slope  Undercutting  Flooding  Overhang  Plunge pool  Collapse of overhang  Retreating upstream  Gorge

Section 4: Wonderful water and hazards – flooding. 1. Read the information below.

a. When does flooding occur? ______

b. Why do you think the newspaper chose that headline? ______c. What is the Foss Barrier? ______d. Why was the Foss Barrier opened during the flood? ______e. Explain the problems the flood caused York. ______f. Imagine you lived in York and you were evacuated. Write a paragraph or two to explain the damage that would be caused to your home and how you would feel about the flood. ______

2. Study the image below.

Physical – humans don’t choose how steep the land is here.

a. What is the name of the tributary which joins the River Ouse at York? ______b. Physical causes are natural causes – for example how much rain there is. Human causes are caused by people – for example if we build a city. Decide whether each of the factors are human or physical causes. Label the diagram with either physical or human. One has been done for you.

c. Decide whether the floods in York are caused by mostly human or physical causes. Explain your ideas.

If you are not sure, pick which reason from the image you think is the most important. ______

Section 5: Wonderful water and hazards – flooding.

1. Read the information below. Summarise what the Environment Agency is and explain how they protect people.

______

2. Below is a quote from the Environment Agency about the flooding in York.

a. Why are the River Ouse and Foss so important for the development of York as a settlement? ______

b. Why are the rivers dangerous to York? ______

c. How much has been invested in defending against floods? ______

3. Below is the Environmental Agency’s 5 year plan for flood protection in York. Summarise how they intend to protect York from flooding in the future.

Write a paragraph which explains how the EA will improve existing flood defences. ______4. The ideas provided in question 2 were given to local residents. Below are their opinions.

Which idea do you agree with the most? Explain why. ______

5. The last image (D) shows longer-term ideas for flood protection. Explain why these are necessary.

______

Section 6: Hazards

1. Read the information below and answer the questions.

The Earth has a layered structure made up of the core, mantle and crust. The lithosphere - the crust and upper part of the mantle - is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates. These move slowly over the mantle.

Volcanoes occur when molten rock pushes up through weaknesses in the crust. The molten rock cools and solidifies to form igneous rocks, such as basalt, gabbro, rhyolite and granite.

The structure of the Earth

Cross section showing structure of the Earth The structure of the Earth

The Earth is made up of four distinct layers:  The inner core is in the centre and is the hottest part of the Earth. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with temperatures of up to 5,500°C. With its immense heat energy, the inner core is like the engine room of the Earth.  The outer core is the layer surrounding the inner core. It is a liquid layer, also made up of iron and nickel. It is still extremely hot, with temperatures similar to the inner core.  The mantle is the widest section of the Earth. It has a thickness of approximately 2,900 km. The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock called magma. In the upper parts of the mantle the rock is hard, but lower down the rock is soft and beginning to melt.  The crust is the outer layer of the earth. It is the thinnest layer at between 0-60 km thick. The crust is the solid rock layer upon which we live. The crust is broken up into different pieces called tectonic plates.

a. Which layer of Earth is the hottest? ______b. Which layer of Earth is the widest? ______c. Which layer of Earth is the thinnest? ______d. Which metals make up the hottest layer? How hot is this layer? ______e. Is the inner core solid or liquid? ______f. Which metals comprise the outer core? ______g. What is the name of the rock in the mantle? ______h. What does semi-molten mean? ______i. How thick is the crust? ______j. What is the crust broken into? ______

2. Read the information below on wildfires.

Wildfires are large destructive fires that burns quickly over woodland or grassland. They are unplanned, unwanted fires caused by some of these factors:  Lightening – 25%  Farming – 10%  Arson – 35%  Campfires – 13%  Trains – 1%  Other – 16%

a. Create a pie chart to show the main causes of wildfires. Don’t forget the key!

b. Read the article below about the 2019 wildfires. Answer the questions below.

Australia is burning - but why are the bushfires so bad and is climate change to blame? The Guardian, 15th January 2020

Australia is no stranger to wildfires, but this season has been unprecedented in scale and intensity - and the summer is far from over.

So far at least 28 people have died in blazes that have swept the country, more than 3,000 homes have been destroyed and roughly 7.3 million hectares (17.9 million acres) of land has been burnt.

So what has caused the blazes which have devastated such huge swathes of the country?

Why are the fires so bad?

Australia’s deadly fires have been fuelled by a combination of extreme heat, prolonged drought and strong winds.

The country is in the grip of a heatwave, with record-breaking temperatures over the last three months. In mid-December the nation saw the hottest day in history - the average temperature was 41.9 degrees Celsius.

These conditions, which show few signs of abating in the next few weeks, have been accompanied by brisk winds which fan the flames and push the smoke across Australia’s major cities. Authorities say that wind speeds have been recorded at 60 miles per hour.

All this follows the country’s driest spring since records began 120 years ago, with much of New South Wales and Queensland experiencing rainfall shortfalls since early 2017. Trees, shrubs and grasslands have turned into the perfect tinder for flames.

Has climate change caused the fires?

Bushfires are a regular feature in Australia’s calendar - often triggered by natural causes such as lightning strikes - and cannot be blamed on climate change or rising greenhouse gas emissions alone.

But experts say that the changing climate is key to understanding the ferocity of this years blazes - hotter, drier conditions are making the country’s fire season longer and much more dangerous.

And Australia’s climate is definitely changing. According to the country’s Bureau of Meteorology, temperatures have already risen by more than one degrees Celsius since 1920 - with much of the increase taking place since 195

Figure 1: Temperatures in Australia What is being done to stop the fires?

So far the response has been largely reactive - aimed at evacuating residents to safety and stopping the blazes from spreading.

Australia relies on hundreds of thousands of volunteer firefighters, who have been working around the clock to try and bring the fires under control for months.

The armed forces have now also been deployed to fight the fires and evacuate residents and the United States, Canada and New Zealand have also sent resources including firefighters to help stem the blazes.

But in the long term, experts have said that there should be a review of building standards in bushfire zones to create resilient homes and larger buffer zones between the bush and properties.

There have also been calls for emphasis on traditional fire management techniques used by Indigenous communities and a paid fire service less reliant on volunteers.

Why has Australia’s government been criticised for its response?

The country’s government and conservative Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, have been widely denounced for their response to the crisis - particularly the insistence that fires are nothing new and climate change is irrelevant.

At the end of last year the Deputy Prime Minister, Michael McCormack, said “raving inner-city lefties” were stoking concerns about the climate and that fires had existed in the country “since time began.” And Mr Morrison decided to take a family holiday to Hawaii in December despite the infernos.

Domestically, the government also has a poor record tackling climate - for instance the administration repealed a successful carbon tax in 2014, which had contributed to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by about 1.4 per cent over two years.

And on the international stage, Mr Morrison’s delegation to the recent UN summit on climate change were accused of thwarting negotiations to agree on plans to cut carbon emissions globally.

i. How many homes and lives have been lost to the 2019 wildfires? ______

ii. Explain why the fires have been particularly bad this year. ______

iii. Look at Figure 1. How has the temperature changed in Australia since 1910? Write 3 facts from the graph. ______

iv. What have the responses been to the wildfire? ______

Extension task:

Key term: Glacier: a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the gathering and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.

The Facts 1. Why are climbers’ bodies being found on ? 2. How many mountaineers have died on Mount Everest? 3. How many people have climbed Mount Everest? 4. What percentage of climbers have died? (you’re going to need to calculate this!) 5. Why are glaciers melting on Mount Everest? 6. What do the Expedition Operators Association of Nepal (EOAN) bring down from Mount Everest this climbing season? 7. What is the name of the glacier where a body became exposed in 2017? 8. Why did Nepal's army drain the Imja Lake near ? 9. What is ‘’? What is the importance of ‘green boots’? 10. How much does it cost to bring a body down from Mount Everest? The next level

 How will melting glaciers in the Himalayas affect people downstream?

Above and beyond

 Build a model to show the main features of a glacier or upland glacial area. You can use any materials you like.

Mount Everest: Melting glaciers expose dead bodies

Expedition operators are concerned at the number of climbers' bodies that are becoming exposed on Mount Everest as its glaciers melt.

Nearly 300 mountaineers have died on the since the first ascent attempt and two-thirds of bodies are thought still to be buried in the snow and ice.

Bodies are being removed on the Chinese side of the mountain, to the north, as the spring climbing season starts.

More than 4,800 climbers have scaled the highest peak on Earth.

"Because of global warming, the ice sheet and glaciers are fast melting and the dead bodies that remained buried all these years are now becoming exposed," said Ang Tshering Sherpa, former president of Nepal Mountaineering Association.

"We have brought down dead bodies of some mountaineers who died in recent years, but the old ones that remained buried are now coming out."

And a government officer who worked as a liaison officer on Everest added: "I myself have retrieved around 10 dead bodies in recent years from different locations on Everest and clearly more and more of them are emerging now."

They point at Nepal's law that requires government agencies' involvement when dealing with bodies and said that was a challenge.

"This issue needs to be prioritised by both the government and the mountaineering industry," said Dambar Parajuli, president of EOAN.

"If they can do it on the Tibet side of Everest, we can do it here as well."

Expedition operators said they deployed professional climbers of the Sherpa community to move the body.

The same year, another body appeared on the surface of the .

Also known as the , this is where most dead bodies have been surfacing in recent years, mountaineers say.

Another place that has been seeing dead bodies becoming exposed is the Camp 4 area, also called , which is relatively flat.

"Hands and legs of dead bodies have appeared at the base camp as well in the last few years," said an official with a non-government organisation active in the region.

"We have noticed that the ice level at and around the base camp has been going down, and that is why the bodies are becoming exposed."

A study in 2015 revealed that ponds on the Khumbu Glacier - that climbers need to cross to scale the mighty peak - were expanding and joining up because of the accelerated melting.

Nepal's army drained the Imja Lake near Mount Everest in 2016 after its water from rapid glacial-melt had reached dangerous levels.

Another team of researchers, including members from Leeds and Aberystwyth universities in the UK, last year drilled the Khumbu Glacier and found the ice to be warmer than expected.

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The ice recorded a minimum temperature of only −3.3C, with even the coldest ice being a full 2C warmer than the mean annual air temperature.

Not all dead bodies emerging from under the ice, however, are because of rapid glacial meltdown.

Some of them get exposed also because of the movement of the Khumbu Glacier, mountaineers say.

"Because of the movement of the Khumbu Glacier, we do get to see dead bodies from time to time," said Tshering Pandey Bhote, vice president of Nepal National Mountain Guides Association.

"But most climbers are mentally prepared to come across such a sight."

One such waypoint had been the "green boots" near the summit.

They were a reference to a climber who died under an overhanging rock. His green boots, still on his feet, faced the climbing route.

Some climbing experts said the body was later removed while Nepal's tourism officials said they had no information on whether the remains are still visible.

Recovering and removing bodies from the higher camps can be both expensive and difficult.

Experts say it costs $40,000 to $80,000 to bring down dead bodies.

"One of the most challenging recoveries was from the height of 8,700m, near the summit," said Ang Tshering Sherpa, the former president of NMA.

"The body was totally frozen and weighed 150kg and it had to be recovered from a difficult place at that altitude."

Experts say any decision over what to do with a dead body on the mountain is also a very personal issue.

"Most climbers like to be left on the mountains if they died," said Alan Arnette, a noted mountaineer who also writes on mountaineering.

"So it would be deemed disrespectful to just remove them unless they need to be moved from the climbing route or their families want them."