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Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis / Getachew Metaferia

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Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis / Getachew Metaferia ETHIOPIA AND TH E UNIT E D STAT es ETHIOPIA AND TH E UNIT E D STAT es HI S TORY , DIPLOMACY , AND ANALY S I S Getachew Metaferia Algora Publishing New York © 2009 by Algora Publishing. All Rights Reserved www.algora.com No portion of this book (beyond what is permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the United States Copyright Act of 1976) may be reproduced by any process, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, without the express written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data — Getachew Metaferia. Ethiopia and the United States: history, diplomacy, and analysis / Getachew Metaferia. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-87586-645-1 (trade paper: alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-87586-646-8 (hard cover: alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-87586-647-5 (ebook) 1. United States—Foreign relations—Ethiopia. 2. Ethiopia—Foreign relations—United States. I. Title. E183.8.E8G47 2009 327.73063—dc22 2009002127 Front Cover: “Obelisk at Axum and the Washington Monument,” by Helina Getachew Metaferia, 2008. Printed in the United States To those, living or dead, who have been victimized by flaws in foreign policy and human shortcomings, intended or otherwise. Ethiopia has always held a special place in my own imagination and the prospect of visiting Ethiopia attracted me more strongly than a trip to France, England, and America combined. I felt I would be visiting my own genesis, unearthing the roots of what made me an African. Meeting the emperor himself would be like shaking hands with history. — Nelson Mandela. From Long Walk to Freedom: The Autography of Nelson Mandela ACKNOWL E DG E M E NT I wish to acknowledge Ethiopians and Americans who have been involved in building relations between an old and a new nation through formal diplomatic channels and informal people-to-people public diplomacy efforts. Government officials and functionaries, as well as private citizens, have served as their respective countries’ official and unofficial ambassadors. American citizens who have worked in Ethiopia and loved it have been bridge builders between peoples. Ethiopians who have lived in the US and loved it have cultivated solid relationships with Americans and have fostered a positive image of their country. They have all played significant roles in bringing the two countries closer, be it at state or at public levels. I wish also to acknowledge the following persons and organizations for their particular contributions: My wife, Dr. Maigenet Shifferraw, for her unfailing support and her critical comment on the manuscript, and my daughters Tigist and Helina, son Kaleb and niece Messeret Taye, and my brother-in-law, the late Matiwos Shifferraw, who was supportive of my scholarship. Helina’s imaginative work on the cover picture depicts the 1700-year-old obelisk at Axum, northern Ethiopia, and the 224-year-old Washington Monument. I am grateful to my family for their support of all my professional endeavors and in the consummation of this book; The librarians at the Carter Presidential Library in Atlanta, Georgia and at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland; Fantahun Tiruneh, reference librarian, the Library of Congress, Tewodros Abebe, Assistant Archivist, Howard University, and Theodros Dagne, Specialist in African Affairs, US Congressional Research Service, for their assistance in my queries and research; Morgan State University for providing me with funds to conduct research at the Carter Presidential Library; Dr. Max Hilaire, Chair of Department of Political Science at Morgan State University, for his continuous support; and Many respected individuals and friends provided me with documents, gave interviews, commented on this work, and extended their support. The list could be longer, but space allows me to mention the following only: Catherine E. Byme, former Director for African Affairs at the National Security Council; Professors Mario D. Fenyo of Bowie State University; the late Dejazmach Zewde Gabre-Sellassie; member of Ethiopian Parliament and professor at Addis Ababa University, Dr. Merera Gudina; Dr. Tekola W. Hagos, formerly advisor to Ethiopia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs; Ato Abate Kassa; Ambassador Kassa Kebede; Ato Mulugeta Lule; Ambassador Ayalew Mandefro; Professor Dr. Tesfatsion Medhanie of the University of Bremen, Germany; Dr. Birhanu Nega, elect mayor of Addis Ababa in 2005; my former teacher, colleague, and friend, Professor Sulayman S. Nyang of Howard University; member of Ethiopian Parliament and professor at Addis Ababa University, Dr. Beyene Petros; former Minister of Information, and currently Ph.D. candidate, Dima Noggo Sarbo; former US Ambassador to Ethiopia David H. Shinn; Gayle Smith, former Special Assistant to President Clinton; Professor Theodore M. Vestal of Oklahoma State University and Ato Gebeyehu Woldemariam, chair of Association of Former Ethiopian Airlines Employees in North America (AFEAENA); Professor John and Bonnie Ward of Topeka, Kansas, for being my host family when I first arrived in the US; Jo McFarlane for editing this work and Camille Acker for providing constructive suggestions; Amha Merse Hazen for providing me with his computer expertise; and The editors and staff of Algora Publishing for their continued support and for bringing this book to fruition. Getachew Metaferia ACRONYM S ARDUF Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front ACRI African Crisis Response Initiative AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act AU African Union AFS American Field Service AAEJ American Association of Ethiopian Jewry AFEAENA Assoc. Former Ethiopian Airlines Employees in North America CIA Central Intelligence Agency CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists CUD Coalition for Unity and Democracy DFLSG Democratic Front for the Liberation of Setit and Gash DFLS Democratic Front for the Liberation of Somalia DoD US Department of Defense DV Diversity Visa EALG Ethio-American Lobby Group EAL Ethiopian Airlines EACF Ethiopian-American Constituency Foundation ECA Economic Commission for Africa EDU Ethiopian Democratic Union EHRCO Ethiopian Human Rights Council ELF Eritrean Liberation Front EPDA Ethiopian Patriotic Democratic Alliance EPDM Ethiopian People’s Democratic Movement EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EPMG Ethiopian Provisional Military Government EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Forces EPRP Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party EWPD Ethiopian Women for Peace and Development EU European Union HOA Horn of Africa IANSA International Action Network on Small Arms ILO International Labor Union IMF International Monetary Fund IUC Islamic Union Court MAAG Military Assistance Advisory Group MDA Magen David Adom MFN Most Favored Nation NACEJ North American Conference on Ethiopian Jewry NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCP National Congress Party NDA National Democratic Alliance NFD Northern Frontier District NIF National Islamic Front NMRC National Medical Research Center NSC National Security Council OAU Organization of African Unity OALF Oromo Abo Liberation Front ODM Orange Democratic Movement OLF Oromo Liberation Front ORH Operation Restore Hope SNF Somali National Front SPLA Sudan People’s Liberation Army PCV Peace Corps Volunteer PFDJ People’s Front for Democracy and Justice PMGE Provisional Military Government of Ethiopia SSDF Somali Salvation Democratic Front SAP Structural Adjustment Program TFG Transitional Federal Government of Somalia TGE Transitional Government of Ethiopia TPLF Tigre People’s Liberation Front TWA Trans World Airlines UDEF United Ethiopian Democratic Forces UIC Union of Islamic Court UN United Nations UNMEE United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea USAID United States Agency for International Development USIA United States Information Agency WPE Workers Party of Ethiopia WSLF Western Somali Liberation Front WTO World Trade Organization GLO ss ARY Abyssinia The ancient name of Ethiopia Abune Bishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church ranking below the Patriarch Agazi A special military force of Ethiopia Amharic Ethiopia’s national language Bete Israel “House of Israel,” Ethiopian Jews; also used to be known as Falasha Blata A learned person (also means “youth”) Blatengeta A title bestowed on a learned person, higher than blata, usually reserved for government officials Derg Provisional Military Committee. Derg means “committee” in Amharic. Dejazmach A civilian title for a field commander: Commander of the Gate Ferenji Foreigner, European Kebele District Kelbash Amharic term for a revisionist, a counter-revolutionary Kentiba Mayor Kilil Ethnic-based delineated region under EPRDF government Lij Title for sons of the royal family and nobility (also means “child”) Madrasa Islamic religious seminary Nakfa Eritrean currency, named for a place in Eritrea Negadras Head merchant, a financial officer Ras A high-ranking government official (also means “head”), equivalent to a British duke Selfi natsenat A Tigrigna term for independence movement Schema Ethiopian traditional dress Woizero Amharic term for married women, “lady” The Horn of Africa (HOA) TABL E OF CONT E NT S ACRONYM S XV GLO ss ARY XVI I PR E FAC E 1 CHAPT E R 1. INTROD U CTION 3 CHAPT E R 2. ETHIOPIA AND TH E WORLD : A HI S TORICAL PE R S P E CTIV E 9 CHAPT E R 3. UNIT E D STAT es CONTACT WITH ETHIOPIA (1903–1919) 13 Ethiopia and the US: Architects of a Nascent Diplomacy 18 CHAPT E R 4. CONC E RN S B E TW ee N ETHIOPIA AND TH E US (1919–1936) 25 Ethiopians and Racism in the United States 25 The US and the Politics of Constructing a Dam 28 Ethiopia’s Interest in Receiving US-made Weapons 31 CHAPT E R 5. TH E ITALIAN INVA S ION OF ETHIOPIA (1936–1941) AND TH E US Res PON se 35 Ethiopia and US Relations after the Italian Occupation 38 Ethio–US Relationship during the Cold War 40 CHAPT E R 6. TH E US AND ETHIOPIA U ND E R EMP E ROR HAIL E SE LA ss I E 45 Ethiopia and US Foreign Policy Establishments 48 Ethiopia and the US State Department 48 Ethiopia and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 49 Ethiopia and the Department of Defense (DoD) 50 Ethiopia and the United States CHAPT E R 7.
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