GETTYSBURG, VICKSBURG AND CHATTANOOGA By: Dickie Fairbanks The Battle of Vicksburg

• The Beginning of Battle

• Strategy

• Battle Tactics

• Individual Battle

• Final Siege The Beginning of the Battle of Vicksburg

¨ Union General, Ulysses S. Grant, was unsuccessful in his many attempts to raid Vicksburg in the winter of 1863. ¤ Swampy bogs north of the city. ¤ 200-foot-high bluffs west of the city.

¨ Confederates in Vicksburg boastfully celebrated the victories with a cotillion. th ¨ The first attack on Vicksburg started on April 16 , 1863. Union Strategy

¨ Ulysses. S. Grant derived a bold plan to siege the city. ¤ Major General Sherman’s troops landed north of Vicksburg in the previous December and awaited orders. ¤ Grant ordered his corps to march south of Vicksburg, west of the Mississippi River. ¤ Sent Admiral David D. Porter's gunboat fleet to rendezvous with his troops waiting down river. ¤ The fleet was greeted with Vicksburg’s batteries, but only one of three transports sank and none of the gunboats. Union Strategy (cont.)

¨ Once the gunboat fleet arrived up river, they transported the awaiting troops across.

¨ Cavalry raids under the command of Benjamin Grierson were used to divert Confederate Lieutenant General John Pemberton from challenging the crossing. ¤ Swept through Mississippi in 16 days ¤ Destroyed fifty miles of supply lines ¤ Killed 100 rebels and captured 500 more ¤ Only suffered 12 casualties Union Strategy (cont.)

¨ The capture of Vicksburg played a large roll in Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan”

¨ Vicksburg sat directly on the Mississippi River.

¨ If the Union controlled Vicksburg, they controlled what went up and down the River.

¨ They could prevent any supply ships from reaching any Confederate forces. Battle Tactics

¨ Grant and 24,000 troops pushed their way through 6,000 rebel infantryman at Port Gibson. ¤ Union troops began to cross the Mississippi River unopposed from April 30th-May 1st. th ¨ May 9 , Joseph Johnston was given overall command of the Confederate defenses in Mississippi. ¨ He attempted to reconstruct an army at Jackson, Mississippi. ¨ Major General Sherman’s and Major General McPherson’s 25,000 men corps confronted them. Battle Tactics (cont.)

¨ As Sherman’s forces marauded and burned Jackson, Johnston plead with Pemberton to send reinforcements.

¨ Pemberton denied because he was under the order to keep Vicksburg no matter what.

¨ Before the two came to an agreement, Union troops began to attack confederate forces at Champion’s Hill. Champion’s Hill

th ¨ May 16 , McPherson and McClernand led 29,000 Union troops against 20,000 Confederates. ¤ The Union suffered 2,400 casualties while the Confederates suffered 3,800.

¨ They rebels fled to the Big Black River where they made their last stand. th ¨ May 17 , McClernand’s forces further pushed the rebels back all the way to Vicksburg. Final Siege

th ¨ On May 19 , Union troops flooded the northern landward side of Vicksburg.

¨ They were met with a barrage of bullets and resistance. nd ¨ Grant Planned another attack on May 22 under the cover of artillery and gunboat bombardments.

¨ After recuperating from the repulsions, Grant sent for reinforcements from Memphis. ¤ He now had an army of 70,000 versus Johnston’s 30,000. Final Siege (cont.)

¨ Continual Union artillery and gunboat fire drove the civilians into man-made caves.

¨ Rations in Vicksburg had run dangerously low. ¤ Mule and rat meat were sold on the market. ¤ Half of the troops were put on the sick list.

¨ As Confederate morale and forces ran thin, Johnston was pressured to make a move.

¨ Johnston had retreat in mind but Pemberton had wanted to surrender instead. Final Siege (cont.)

th st ¨ June 25 and July 1 , Union soldiers dug mines beneath rebels forces and exploded them to create holes. ¤ On July 6th, a larger mine was to be exploded followed by a full out assault. th ¨ June 28 , the soldiers addressed Pemberton that “if [he] can’t feed [them], [he] better surrender….” th ¨ July 4 , 1863, the Confederates surrendered Vicksburg to the Union. The Battle of Port Hudson and Tullahoma

• Siege and Surrender of Port Hudson

• Battle of Tullahoma The Siege of Port Hudson

¨ As Ulysses S. Grant attacked Vicksburg, Union Major General Nathaniel P. Banks’s army assaulted the Confederate stronghold at Port Hudson. th ¨ On May 27 , after their initial assaults were repulsed, the Union settled into a siege which lasted for 48 days. th ¨ Banks continued his assaults on June 14 but the defenders successfully fought them off. th ¨ On July 9 , 1863, after hearing of the fall of Vicksburg, the Confederates of Port Hudson surrendered ¨ Enforcing the Anaconda Plan by opening the Mississippi River to Union navigation from its source to New Orleans. The Battle of Tullahoma

th ¨ The battle was fought between June 24 and July 3rd, 1863.

¨ Commanded by Major General William Rosecrans, the Union outmaneuvered the Confederate Army in Tennessee commanded by General Braxton Bragg

¨ There were very few casualties on either side. Battle of Gettysburg

• General Information

• Battle

• Season of Uncertainty General Information

¨ The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war. st rd ¨ was fought July 1 through the 3 , 1863

¨ It was in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

¨ Lee led his army for the second Northern invasion after his victory at Chancellorsville. Battle of Gettysburg

st ¨ The two armies collided at Gettysburg on July 1 , 1863

¨ Lee concentrated his forces there and his objective was to engage the Union army and destroy it.

¨ Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended by a Union cavalry under Brigadier General John Buford. ¤ soon reinforced with two corps of Union infantry. Battle of Gettysburg (cont.)

¨ On the second day, most of both armies had reassembled.

¨ The Union line was shaped in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook. nd ¨ In the afternoon of July 2 , Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank.

¨ All across the battlefield, despite many losses, the Union defenders managed to hold their lines. Battle of Gettysburg (cont.)

¨ On the third day, fighting resumed, and cavalry battles raged to the east and south.

¨ However the main skirmish was a dramatic infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates against the center of the Union line. ¤ Known as Pickett's Charge ¤ The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire. ¤ Confederates suffered great losses. Battle of Gettysburg (cont.)

¨ Lee retreated his army back to Virginia.

¨ Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers died in the three-day battle.

¨ On November 19, President Lincoln honored the fallen Union soldiers with the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery. ¤ Wrote the Gettysburg Address. Season of Uncertainty

¨ After key victories in both the North and South, there was no definite path to take next.

¨ Unsure of what to and what not to siege next.

¨ The North may have wanted to move East and West, however they were stuck on where to actually go. Battle of Chattanooga

• Siege of Chattanooga Battle of Chattanooga

¨ It was a series of maneuvers and battles in both October and November of1863.

¨ General Braxton Bragg besieged Rosecrans and his men. ¤ They occupied key terrain around Chattanooga, Tennessee.

¨ Major General Ulysses S. Grant was given command of Union forces in the West and reinforcements. Battle of Chattanooga (cont.)

rd ¨ On November 23 , the Army under Major General George H. Thomas advanced from the fortifications around Chattanooga. ¨ While Major General William T. Sherman maneuvered to launch a surprise attack against Bragg's right flank. ¨ On November 24, Eastern Theater troops under Major General Joseph Hooker defeated the Confederates in the Battle of Lookout Mountain ¨ Bragg's defeat eliminated the last Confederate control of Tennessee ¤ It opened the door to an invasion of the Deep South. Bibliography

¨ "Anaconda Plan – The Scott’s Great Snake Plan to Block the South." Totally History Anaconda Plan Comments. Totally History, 2012. Web. 26 Sept. 2014.

¨ "Gettysburg." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, 2014. Web. 23 Sept. 2014.

¨ McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford UP, 1988. Print.

¨ "Port Hudson." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2014.

¨ “The American Civil War Overview, Chapter X, The Western Theater: The Tullahoma Campaign." The American Civil War Overview, Chapter X, The Western Theater: The Tullahoma Campaign. N.p., 11 Mar. 2003. Web. 26 Sept. 2014.

¨ "Vicksburg." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, 2014. Web. 23 Sept. 2014.