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Labor, Automation Innovation and Human Capital

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Labor, Automation Innovation and Human Capital Labor, Automation Innovation and Human Capital Carsten Peter Feuerbaum Kumulative Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaften Doktor rerum politicarum (Dr. rer. pol.) an der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Katholischen Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt vorgelegt von Carsten Peter Feuerbaum aus München Ingolstadt, den 31. März 2020 Erstgutachter: Prof. Alexander Danzer, Ph.D. Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dietmar Harhoff, Ph.D. i Acknowledgements First and foremost, I am deeply thankful to my supervisor Alexander Danzer for his guidance, insightful suggestions, the productive cooperation on joint projects and his extraordinary strong support throughout all the stages of this thesis. I will miss our fruitful discussions during our countless car rides to Ingolstadt. Moreover, I am deeply grateful to my second advisor Dietmar Harhoff for inviting me to the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition as well as for his continuous support, motivation, honest advice and critical comments that sharpened my research ideas. Another big thank goes to Simon Wieder- hold for completing my dissertation committee and for giving me valuable feedback on my research. I am truly grateful to my co-author and friend Fabian Gaessler for his helpfulness and mentoring throughout my master’s degree und my PhD-studies. Furthermore, I would like to especially thank my co-authors Ludger Woessmann and Marc Piopiunik for the pleasant and productive collaboration from which I learned a lot. The doctoral program Evidence-Based-Economics has provided me with cutting edge training and a supportive research environment. Within this context, a special thanks goes to Florian Englmaier and Joachim Winter. Besides, I am grateful for financial support from the Elite Network of Bavaria. In addition, I would like to thank Stefan Pabst for providing me with archival documents from the Federal Employment Agency which helped me to construct a novel dataset of German guest workers. A word of thank also goes to the European Economic Association, the Royal Economic Society, the German Academic Exchange Service, the Verein for Socialpolitik and proFOR for financial support which enabled me to present parts of this thesis at numerous international workshops and conferences. This thesis has greatly benefited from the comments received. At KU Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition and the Evidence-Based-Economics Program, I have been lucky to be surrounded by many wonderful colleagues and friends who have enriched my life. I wish I had the space here to thank each by name. Among other things, I will miss the stimulating and cooperative atmosphere, the insightful lunches at Due and Oberbayern, the cheerful gatherings at the bridge, the relaxing dinners in Ingolstadt and the refreshment in the Eisbach. A word of gratitude goes to Svenja Friess, David Heller, Zhaoxin Pu and Cristina Rujan for their help with reviewing parts of this thesis. Last but not least, I am utmost grateful to my family for their support and love. This thesis is dedicated to my mother and late father. Carsten Feuerbaum March 2020 ii Statement of own Contribution Chapter 2 "Labor Supply and Automation Innovation" (joint with Alexander M. Danzer and Fabian Gaessler) is based on a research idea of mine. The conception of the chapter, the literature work and the writing were a joint task. Data acquisition, data preparation and empirical analyses were largely carried out by me and partly by Fabian Gaessler. Chapter 3 "Labor Recruitment and (Non-)Automation Innovation" is single-authored by the author of this dissertation. Chapter 4 "Growing up in Ethnic Enclaves: Language Proficiency and Educational At- tainment of Immigrant Children" (joint with Alexander M. Danzer, Marc Piopiunik and Ludger Woessmann) is based on a research idea by Alexander Danzer. The conception of the chapter, the literature work and the writing were a joint task. Data acquisition, data preparation and empirical analyses were largely carried out by the author of this dissertation. I presented both Chapter 2 and Chapter 4 at numerous workshops and conferences. For this purpose, I raised several external travel funds (2* DAAD Travel Grants, 1 * EEA Travel Grant). Table of Contents 1 Preface 1 2 Labor Supply and Automation Innovation 8 2.1 Introduction . 8 2.2 Institutional Background: Germany’s Migration Placement Policy . 11 2.3 Data . 13 2.3.1 Automation Innovation . 14 2.3.2 Ethnic German Inflows and Other Regional Data . 16 2.3.3 Descriptive Statistics . 17 2.4 Empirical Framwork . 18 2.5 Results . 19 2.5.1 Main Results . 19 2.5.2 Discussion of Mechanism . 22 2.6 Robustness Analyses . 27 2.6.1 Accounting for Patent Value . 27 2.6.2 Alternative Measures of Automation Innovation . 28 2.6.3 Alternative Estimation Model: Poisson Regression . 28 2.6.4 Separate Analyses for Pre- vs. Post-Binding-Allocation Periods . 28 2.6.5 Alternative Samples . 30 2.7 Discussion and Conclusion . 31 3 Labor Recruitment and (Non-)Automation Innovation 68 3.1 Introduction . 68 3.2 The German Guest Worker Program . 72 3.3 Data . 74 3.3.1 Guest Worker Data . 74 3.3.2 (Non-)Automation Innovation . 75 3.3.3 Regional Data on the Size of the Manufacturing Sector . 77 3.3.4 Unemployment . 77 3.3.5 Summary Statistics . 77 3.4 Empirical Model . 78 3.5 The Association between Labor Recruitment and (Non-)Automation Innovation . 79 3.5.1 Main Results . 79 3.5.2 Dynamics of the Associations . 80 3.5.3 Associations by Regional Labor Market Size . 80 3.5.4 Results by Technology Area . 81 3.6 Robustness Checks . 82 3.6.1 Accounting for Pre-Existing Unemployment Rates . 82 3.6.2 Excluding Specific Regions . 82 TABLE OF CONTENTS iv 3.6.3 Overlapping Observations Model . 83 3.7 Conclusion . 83 4 Growing up in Ethnic Enclaves: Language Proficiency and Educational Attainment of Immigrant Children 101 4.1 Introduction . 101 4.2 Institutional Background on the German Guest-Worker Program . 105 4.3 Data . 107 4.3.1 Survey Data on Guest Workers and their Children . 107 4.3.2 Ethnic Concentration . 109 4.4 Empirical Model . 111 4.4.1 Model Setup with Region and Ethnicity Fixed Effects . 111 4.4.2 Balancing Test by Degree of Ethnic Concentration . 112 4.5 The Effect of Ethnic Concentration on Immigrant Children’s Language Pro- ficiency and Educational Attainment . 114 4.5.1 Main Results . 114 4.5.2 Subgroup Analysis . 115 4.6 Mediating Factors . 116 4.6.1 Parental Proficiency in the Host-Country Language . 116 4.6.2 Inter-Ethnic Contacts with Natives and Economic Conditions . 118 4.7 Robustness . 119 4.7.1 Measuring Ethnic Concentration by Ethnic Shares . 119 4.7.2 Instrumenting Ethnic Concentration in 1985 by Ethnic Concentration in 1975 . 120 4.7.3 Measuring Ethnic Concentration with Census Data . 120 4.7.4 Measuring Ethnic Concentration at the County Level . 121 4.7.5 Accounting for Interview Mode . 122 4.7.6 Investigating Return Migration . 122 4.7.7 Investigating Regional Migration within Germany . 123 4.7.8 Investigating Family Size . 123 4.8 Conclusion . 123 Bibliography 152 List of Figures 2.1 West German states with allocation policy . 13 2.2 Event study: the effect of the ethnic inflow rate on the level of patents . 21 2.3 Effect on automation innovation by different originators . 25 2A-4 Ethnic German inflows by arrival year . 41 2A-5 Occupations and demographics of incoming ethnic Germans . 42 2A-6 Automation innovation across technology areas . 43 2A-7 Automation keywords across technology areas . 44 2A-8 The level of automation patents and non-automation patents . 45 2A-9 The share of automation patents by technology area . 45 2A-10 The number of low-skilled workers by technology area . 46 2A-11 Share of automation patents across German regions . 47 2A-12 Distance between focal patent and citing patent . 48 3.1 Foreign workers in West Germany . 88 3.2 Foreign workers in West Germany by occupation . 91 3.3 West German labor office districts . 92 3.4 Automation innovation across technology areas . 93 3.5 Level of non-automation patents across regions . 94 3.6 Level of automation patents across regions . 95 3.7 The level of (non-)automation patents . 96 3.8 Geographical overlap between labor office districts and counties . 97 3.9 Association between labor recruitment and non-automation innovation - al- ternative lag structure . 98 3.10 Association between labor recruitment and automation innovation - alter- native lag structure . 99 3.11 Association between labor recruitment and non-automation innovation across technology areas . 100 4.1 Ethnic concentrations across West Germany, 1985 . 125 4A-1 Ethnic concentrations across West Germany: census 1987 . 135 4A-2 County-level ethnic concentrations across West Germany: census 1987 . 136 List of Tables 2.1 Summary statistics . 33 2.2 The effect of the ethnic German Inflows on the share of automation innovation 34 2.3 The effect of the ethnic German inflows on the level of (non-)automation innovation . 35 2.4 The effect of the ethnic German inflows on automation innovation - alter- native lag structure . 36 2.5 Effect on automation innovation across technology areas . 37 2.6 Heterogeneous effects on automation innovation by labor market tightness . 38 2.7 Effect of ethnic German inflows on automation innovation – process and non-process innovation . 39 2.8 Effect of ethnic German inflows on automation innovation – by labor market size 1991 . 40 2A-9 Analysis sample . 49 2A-10 Regional characteristics . 50 2A-11 The effect of the ethnic German inflows on the level of non-automation innovation - alternative lag structure . 51 2A-12 Effect of ethnic German inflows on automation innovation – by firm size .
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