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Tesio-Ryan2019.Pdf This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Reassessing Karen Blixen’sGengældelsens Veje/ The Angelic Avengers: A Novel Challenging Gender, Totalitarianism and Colonial Practices Barbara Tesio-Ryan PhD Scandinavian Studies University of Edinburgh 2019 Declaration This thesis has been composed by the undersigned student, Barbara Tesio-Ryan, and is the student’s own work. The work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Barbara Tesio-Ryan Abstract The aim of this thesis is to challenge Gengældelsens Veje/The Angelic Avengers’ (GV/AA) marginalisation in Karen Blixen’s work, by offering a comprehensive and multidimensional reassessment of this text. The thesis explores the novel's conception, reception and context, analyses the novel as a Gothic text, and traces some of its intertextual connections to Blixen's other work. As opposed to the traditional critical reception of this novel as a minor text in Blixen’s production, this thesis argues that GV/AA was a text that, by allegorically problematizing the Nazi occupation of Denmark, also expressed some of Blixen’s most outspoken concerns regarding totalitarianism, colonial practices and gender. This thesis advances recent efforts made in Blixen scholarship (Stecher 2014, Kastbjerg 2013, Bunch 2017) to re-evaluate Blixen’s less canonical works – such as her essays, GV/AA and some of her posthumously published writings. By contrast to previous analysis of this novel, this thesis emphasizes the connections between GV/AA and Blixen’s other work, as well as providing an inclusive study of GV/AA which considers it as a text inextricably connected to the historical context in which it was written. Chapter 1 explores the existing scholarship on GV/AA in order to establish developments in the critical assessment of the novel. Chapter 2 examines the historical context of production of the novel, as well as its publication history in Denmark, United Kingdom and United States, drawing from largely unpublished archival materials, and questioning the assumption of it as a minor text in Blixen’s authorship. In Chapter 3 a study of GV/AA’s immediate reception aims to answer the questions of why and how this text was so specifically linked to the occupation and post-war circumstances and culture. Chapter 4 traces Blixen’s familiar storytelling techniques, examining both the similarities with and departures from Blixen’s habitual storytelling style. By contrast, in Chapter 5, by comparing GV/AA to some of Blixen’s other texts, this thesis will provide an unprecedented examination of how GV/AA re- elaborates some of Blixen’s usual themes, as well as giving voice to some of her most outspoken concerns on the great themes of her century. Finally, in Chapter 6, the close reading of the novel as a gothic text will demonstrate how gothic is the genre that best translates Blixen’s conception of life as a dynamic interplay, as opposed to a social system of binary oppositions. Lay Summary The aim of this thesis is to challenge Gengældelsens Veje/The Angelic Avengers’ (GV/AA) marginalisation in Karen Blixen’s work by offering a detailed reassessment of this text. This thesis explores the novel’s conception, reception and context; analyses the novel as a Gothic text; and traces selected connections to Blixen’s other work. As opposed to the traditional critical reception of this novel as a minor text in Blixen’s production, this thesis argues that GV/AA was a text that, by allegorically problematising the Nazi occupation of Denmark, also expressed some of Blixen’s most outspoken concerns regarding the most challenging social and historical happenings of her century. This thesis advances recent efforts made in Blixen scholarship to re-evaluate Blixen’s less canonical works – such as her essays, GV/AA and some of her posthumously published writings. In contrast with previous analysis of this novel, this thesis emphasizes the connections between GV/AA and Blixen’s other works, as well as providing an inclusive study of GV/AA which considers it as a text inextricably connected to the historical context in which it was written. Chapter 1 explores the existing scholarship on GV/AA in order to establish developments in the critical assessment of the novel. Chapter 2 examines the historical context of production of the novel, as well as its publication history in Denmark, the United Kingdom and the United States, drawing from largely unpublished archival materials and by questioning the assumption that it as a minor text in Blixen’s authorship. In Chapter 3 a study of GV/AA’s immediate reception aims to answer the questions of why and how this text was so specifically linked to the occupation and post-war circumstances and culture. Chapter 4 traces Blixen’s familiar storytelling techniques, examining both the similarities with and departures from Blixen’s habitual storytelling style. Chapter 5 subsequently compares GV/AA to a selection of Blixen’s other texts. This thesis serves as an unprecedented examination of how GV/AA re- elaborates some of Blixen’s common themes, as well as giving a voice to some of her most open concerns on the great themes of her century. Finally, in Chapter 6, a close reading of the novel as a gothic text demonstrates how gothic is the genre that best translates Blixen’s conception of life as a dynamic interplay, as opposed to a social system of binary oppositions. To my parents, and to Ciaràn. With love and gratitude. […] Leggere racconti significa fare un gioco attraverso il quale si impara a dar senso alla immensità delle cose che sono accadute e accadono e accadranno nel mondo reale. Leggendo romanzi sfuggiamo all’angoscia che ci coglie quando cerchiamo di dire qualcosa di vero sul mondo reale. Questa è la funzione terapeutica della narrativa e la ragione per cui gli uomini, dagli inizi dell’umanità, raccontano storie. Che è poi la funzione dei miti: dar forma al disordine dell’esperienza. [Reading stories means to play a game through which we learn to give meaning to the immensity of the things that have happened, are happening, and will happen in the real world. While reading novels we escape the anxiety that strikes us when we attempt to say something true about the real world. This is the therapeutic function of narrative and the reason why men, since the start of humanity, tell stories. Which is then the function of myths: to give shape to the chaos of existence].1 1 Eco, Umberto, Sei passeggiate nei boschi narrativi (Milano: Bompiani, 2011), p. 107, my translation. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND GENGÆLDELSENS VEJE/THE ANGELIC AVENGERS PLOT SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 13 INTRODUCTION: THE CASE FOR PIERRE ANDRÉZEL, OR WHY IT MATTERS TO REASSESS GENGÆLDENSENS VEJE/THE ANGELIC AVENGERS .................................... 17 WHAT IS GENGÆLDELSENS VEJE/THE ANGELIC AVENGERS? .................................................... 18 THESIS STRUCTURE AND CRITICAL APPROACHES .......................................................................... 19 THE PLACE OF GENGÆLDELSENS VEJE/THE ANGELIC AVENGERS IN BLIXEN’S SCHOLARSHIP 22 EXPLORING THE CONTEXT OF PRODUCTION................................................................................ 23 THE IMMEDIATE RECEPTION OF GENGÆLDELSENS VEJE/THE ANGELIC AVENGERS .............. 24 ISAK VERSUS PIERRE ....................................................................................................................... 25 CONTEXTUALISING GENGÆLDELSENS VEJE/THE ANGELIC AVENGERS IN BLIXEN’S WORK .... 26 READING GENGÆLDELSENS VEJE/THE ANGELIC AVENGERS AS GOTHIC .................................. 26 CHAPTER 1: SITUATING GENGÆLDELSENS VEJE/ THE ANGELIC AVENGERS IN BLIXEN’S SCHOLARSHIP: A DEBATE ON LITERARY QUALITY ....................................... 29 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 29 KAREN BLIXEN’S ILLEGITIMATE CHILD ........................................................................................ 30 HANS BRIX, EARLY SUBVERTER OF THE BLIXENIAN CANON ....................................................... 33 GENGÆLDELSENS VEJE, GENRE AND POPULAR CULTURE ............................................................ 34 FEMINIST APPROACHES .................................................................................................................. 39 CONCLUDING REMARKS ................................................................................................................
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