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4. Lietuvos Didieji Kunigaikščiai Gediminaičiai Gediminaičių Valdymo Laikotarpiu (4) LDK Teritorija Labai Išsiplėtė

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4. Lietuvos Didieji Kunigaikščiai Gediminaičiai Gediminaičių Valdymo Laikotarpiu (4) LDK Teritorija Labai Išsiplėtė 4. Lietuvos didieji kunigaikščiai Gediminaičiai 5. Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė XIV a. pabaigoje – XV a. 7. Vytauto Didžiojo valdymas (1392–1430 m.) VALSTYBĖS DAUGUMA IŠKILUSIŲ SRIČIŲ LIETUVOJE ĖMĖ FORMUOTIS Volg Gotlando s. LIETUVOS DIDŽIOJI KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖ a VALDOVAS VALDYMO XIV A. PABAIGOJE_XV A. CENTRALIZAVIMAS. VALDOVŲ BUVO IŠ LDK DIDIKŲ SLUOKSNIS. A Pskovas R A R ė U METAI t BRANDUOLIO – PAČIOS Ū J a v S Rusų žemėse jis šalino neklusnius Al­ Jam atsirasti įtakos turėjo 1387 m. Jo­ J Ve o l V i L I k e Ryga Ų a n j S a t N LIETUVOS. a Tverė O V O K 1. Butigeidis 1285–1292 m. J L I D girdaičius ir centralizavo valdymą. gailos privilegija bajorams ir Vytauto I a u U T g L Mū u S š a v M N A a O Maskva Nuo didžiojo kunigaikščio priklau­ B Klaipėda L I dovanos už karo tarnybą (dovanotos s i Ž E G ž Polockas va E N 2. Butvydas (Pukuveras) 1292–1294 m. ė u g M S v u A e a Ė K a santys nauji asmenys, nesusiję di­ D k N O O Nemunas I žemės ir valdiniai). Taip iškilo visoje N Kernavė K e Vitebskas ras Karaliaučius r niep U gra 3. Vytenis 1294–1316 m. Kaunas is D Smolenskas Š nastijos ryšiais su Gediminaičiais, Vilnius T Marienburgas I Ų šalyje įtakingos didikų giminės: Kęs­ Č Trakai O KUN AU OK Y U S KŠTUPOS I A S Ž N IGAIKŠT negalėjo pretenduoti į didžiojo kuni­ R Y I Gardinas as K D n T gailos, Radvilos, Goštautai ir kitos, R B 4. Gediminas 1316–1341 m. O mu IO i e Ė N a YS r e TĖS Naugardukas z S gaikščio titulą ar nepaisyti jo valdžios. in Ė Brianskas V a kurios sudarė Lietuvos didžiojo kuni­ ys l K D a L 5. Jaunutis 1341–1345 m. n ie N a p n r a s E Pinskas s e gaikščio artimiausią aplinką, padėjo Brestas D L E 6. Algirdas 1345–1377 m. A P ri P p e Černigovas jam priimti svarbius sprendimus. Liublinas tė N K 7. Jogaila 1377–1381 m., Vladimiras la I sk sla K Luckas J or Krokuva Vy E Kijevas V V O Ė STENGĖSI VYKDYTI VYTAUTAS IR JO 1382–1392 m. V Ž E M I O Lvovas L U I N Ė J SAVARANKIŠKĄ UŽSIENIO SĄJUNGININKAI PRALAIMĖJO D ni 8. Kęstutis 1381–1382 m. es A tr as POLITIKĄ. TOTORIAMS 1399 M. PODOLĖ P ie tų D B VORSKLOS KAUTYNĖSE. 9. Vytautas 1392–1430 m. n ug Vytautas sutartis sudarydavo ne V ie a Tis st s E a P ra S r s N u A M t T a a is G O A Vytautui nepavyko įgyvendinti siekio s T L s N Jogailos, o savo vardu. Pvz., 1398 m. R D ra 10. Švitrigaila 1430–1432 m. A p A V e I K i H U I J n C N O D J I G Jasai S O įsitvirtinti pietinėse Rusios žemėse ir A M Salyno sutartyje, kuria Vytautas A I K Y RA Š Ū T Chadžybejus R J 11. Žygimantas Kęstutaitis 1432–1440 m. Y K O S V T JUODOJI O kontroliuoti pietų prekybos kelią palei Ė Z ordinui dovanojo Žemaitiją, jis JŪRA 12. Kazimieras 1440–1492 m. Gediminaičių paveldėta valstybė Vytauto prijungtos žemės 1392_1430 m. tituluojamas Lietuvos didžiuoju Dniepro upę. Žemės, priklausiusios LDK įtakai, Žemės, pakaitomis priklausiusios LDK ir _ kunigaikščiu. 13. Aleksandras 1492–1506 m. galutinai Vytenio prijungtos 1286 1316 m. kaimyninėms valstybėms Gedimino prijungtos žemės 1316_1341 m. LDK ir kitų valstybių sienos 1430 m. 14. Žygimantas Senasis 1506–1548 m. Žemės, priklausiusios Gedimino įtakai, Valstybių sostinės galutinai prijungtos 1345_1377 m. Rusios kunigaikštysčių centrai Kitos Algirdo prijungtos žemės KARTU SU LENKIJOS 15. Žygimantas Augustas 1544–1572 m. Rusios kunigaikštysčių centrai, užimti Lietuvos KARALIUMI JOGAILA 1410 M. LAIMĖJO ŽALGIRIO MŪŠĮ. Gediminaičių valdymo laikotarpiu (4) LDK teritorija labai išsiplėtė (5, 6). Valstybės teritorija dažniausiai buvo didinama karinėmis priemonėmis ir vedybomis. 6. LDK užsienio politika Gedimino, Algirdo ir Kęstučio valdymo laikotarpiais GEDIMINO LAIKAI ALGIRDO IR KĘSTUČIO LAIKAI Gedimino valdymas pasižymėjo stiprėjančia Lietuvos Prie Lietuvos buvo prijungtas Smolenskas (1356–1359 m. įtaka Vakarų Rusioje. Gediminas kontroliavo Poloc­ jis pripažino LDK valdžią), Kijevas (prijungtas 1362 m., ką, Vitebską, Naugarduką, Gardiną, puolė Kijevą. Jo nugalėjus totorius prie Mėlynųjų Vandenų), Podolė (čia patikėtiniu tapo Pskovo kunigaikštis, miesto karo įsitvirtino Algirdo sūnūs Karijotaičiai), Černigovo, Seve­ vadas, o politinė ir dinastijos sąjunga su Tverės ku­ rianų Naugardo žemės. Tokią sėkmę lėmė lietuvių kari­ 1413 M. KARTU SU JOGAILA MĖGINIMAS KARŪNUOTIS TOLIAU PLĖTĖ LDK nigaikščiu sustiprino Gedimino ambicijas užvaldyti niai sugebėjimai, didžiojo kunigaikščio vykdyta vedybų APKRIKŠTIJO ŽEMAITIJĄ. LIE TUVOS KARALIUMI. TERITORIJĄ, Rusios žemes. Gedimino valdymo laikotarpiu itin politika (pats Algirdas apie 1350 m. sudarė paliaubas su 1429 m. įvykusiame Lucko suvažia­ kuri Vytauto valdymo laikotarpiu svarbus liko Dauguvos–Nemuno prekybos kelias, Maskva vesdamas Maskvos didžiojo kunigaikščio svainę vime Jogailos akivaizdoje Šventosios buvo pati didžiausia per visą Lietuvos einantis iš šiaurės ir iš rytų. Vakaruose Nemunas ir Tverės kunigaikštytę Julijoną), religinė tolerancija, prisi­ Romos imperijos imperatorius Zig­ istoriją, jos siena pietuose ribojosi su Žemaitija dar nebuvo pritaikyti aktyviai LDK ekono­ taikymas prie skirtingų kultūrų ir politinių sąlygų. Antra mantas Liuksemburgas pasiūlė Vy­ Juodąja jūra. mikos politikai – ten vyko dažni karai su Kryžiuočių vertus, LDK kariuomenei nepavyko nukariauti Maskvos. tautui karūnuotis Lietuvos karaliumi. ordinu. Tad normaliai ekonomikos raidai, kuri vyko 1368 m., 1370 m. ir 1372 m. Algirdas surengė net tris Karūnavimas turėjo įvykti 1430 m. XV a., buvo visokeriopai kliudoma. Vis dėlto Lietuvos žygius į Maskvą. Jo kariuomenė nužygiavo iki kremliaus, rugsėjo 8 dieną. Tuo tikslu imperato­ teritorija gerokai išsiplėtė. bet Maskva atsilaikė. riaus pasiuntiniai vežė į Lietuvą karū­ ną, tačiau buvo sulaikyti Lenkijoje. 30 • EUROPA IR LDK VISUOMENĖS FORMAVIMASIS (IKI XV A. PAB.) EUROPA IR LDK VISUOMENĖS FORMAVIMASIS (IKI XV A. PAB.) • 31 1. Žymiausi mokslo revoliucijos laimėjimai 4 METAI MOKSLININKAS NUOPELNAS MOKSLUI 1764 Džeimsas Hargrivzas (Hargreaves) Išrado verpimo mašiną. LIETUVOS VISUOMENĖ EUROPOS IR PASAULIO POKYČIŲ 1769 Džeimsas Vatas (Watt) Sukonstravo garo mašiną. XIX A. – XX A. PR. APLINKOJE 1784 Edmundas Kartraitas (Cartwright) Išrado audimo stakles. 1807 Robertas Fultonas (Fulton) Sukonstravo garlaivį. 4.1–4.2. PRAMONĖS PERVERSMO ESMĖ IR RAIDA. PRAMONĖS PERVERSMO SUKELTI GAMYBOS 1825 Džordžas Stefensonas (Stephenson) Sukūrė praktiškai naudoti pritaikytą garvežį pirmajai gele- ORGANIZAVIMO POKYČIAI. NAUJŲ TRANSPORTO IR KOMUNIKAVIMO PRIEMONIŲ ATSIRADIMAS. žinkelio linijai. PRAMONĖS PERVERSMO NULEMTI VISUOMENĖS STRUKTŪROS PASIKEITIMAI, 1837 Samuelis Morzė (Morse) Išrado telegrafo siųstuvą ir imtuvą, po metų – ir specialią GYVENTOJŲ SKAIČIAUS AUGIMAS, URBANIZACIJA. abėcėlę (vadinamąją Morzės abėcėlę). 1859 Čarlzas Darvinas (Darwin) Išleido knygą „Rūšių kilmė“. Nuo šiol žmogaus kilmės evo- — SĄVOKŲ ŽODYNĖLIS — liucijos teorija, besiremianti natūraliąja atranka, įgavo tvirtų mokslinių argumentų. Industrializacija – stambiosios mašininės gamybos pramonės kūrimas (dar vartojama vietoj pramonės perversmo sąvokos). 1869 Dmitrijus Mendelejevas Atrado periodinį cheminių elementų dėsnį ir sudarė perio- Puritonizmas – kalvinizmo išpažintojų puritonų, kuriems būdingas asketizmas, taupumas, darbštumas, dinę elementų sistemą (šiais laikais žinomą kaip D. Mende- pažiūros ir drausmė. lejevo periodinė lentelė). 1876 Aleksandras Greihamas Belas (Bell) Išrado telefono aparatą. 1879 Tomas Alva Edisonas (Edison) Išrado elektros lemputę. XVIII a. antrojoje pusėje Didžiojoje Britanijoje prasidėjo dideli pokyčiai: sparčiai plėtota pramonė, nyko manufaktūros, vietoj jų kilo fabrikai. Rankų darbą pakeitė mašinos, jos gamino kokybiškiau ir daugiau pro- 1885 Karlas Frydrichas Bencas (Benz) Išrado triratį automobilį su benzininiu varikliu. dukcijos. Šie pokyčiai pradėti vadinti pramonės revoliucija, arba pramonės perversmu. 1886 Gotlybas Daimleris (Daimler) Išrado keturratį automobilį su benzininiu varikliu. Didžiosios Britanijos pramonės perversmą lėmė keletas priežasčių: 1892 Henris Fordas (Ford) Sukūrė pirmąjį automobilį JAV. 1) Visų pirma ši šalis turėjo daug žaliavų, svarbiausia – akmens anglių, kurios buvo naudojamos garo ma- šinų ir kitų įrenginių kurui, ir geležies, iš kurios buvo gaminami įvairūs įrenginiai. 1895 Aleksandras Popovas Išrado radiją. 2) Taip pat jai priklausė daug užjūrio kolonijų, iš kurių buvo galima gana pigiai atsivežti įvairiausių žaliavų. 1903 Vilberis ir Orvilis Raitai (Wright) Sukūrė pirmuosius lėktuvus. Didžiosios Britanijos pranašumas buvo didelis prekybos laivynas ir senos prekybos tradicijos. 1905 Albertas Einšteinas (Einstein) Paskelbė reliatyvumo teoriją. 3) Augant miestams didėjo maisto produktų ir vartojimo prekių paklausa, plėtėsi vidaus rinka. Anksti pa- naikinus luominius apribojimus įvairūs visuomenės sluoksniai (Didžiojoje Britanijoje, kitaip nei Europoje, prekyba ir verslu vertėsi ir aristokratija) iš prekybos, laivininkystės, žemės ūkio, taip pat plėšdami kolonijas 3) Per perversmą įvyko didelių socialinių pokyčių: smarkiai sumažėjo dirbančiųjų žemės ūkyje, luominę pradėjo kaupti kapitalą, kurį galėjo panaudoti pramonei plėtoti. Veikė kreditų ir draudimo sistema. XVIII a. visuomenę pakeitė moderni lygių galimybių visuomenė. pabaigoje šalyje jau buvo susiformavęs gausus vidurinis sluoksnis. 4) Plėtojantis pramonei XIX a. smarkiai pakito vyro ir moters padėtis šeimoje. Pramonės plėtra moterims 4) Akstiną pramonės perversmui suteikė mokslo ir technikos išradimai bei jų taikymas gamyboje (1); pa- suteikė daugiau profesinių galimybių. Moters padėties pagerėjimui didelę įtaką turėjo atsiradę moterų visuo- vyzdžiui, išradus garvežį geležinkeliai pagyvino ekonomiką, sumažino transporto
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