DOCSLIB.ORG

Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road PA R T F O U R Planning and Management 134 Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Silk Road in Kyrgyzstan Ludmila Akmatova and Jumamedel Imankulov Abstract: On the central Asian portion of the Silk Road, a On the central Asian portion of the Silk Road, a number number of historic and cultural monuments have attracted of historic and cultural monuments have attracted interest interest from people throughout the world. Kyrgyzstan (the from people throughout the world. Although Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Republic) has not received much of this attention, how- (the Kyrgyz Republic) has not received much of this atten- ever. This paper addresses the current situation in Kyrgyzstan tion, it possesses important cultural heritage sites that are regarding the state of preservation and restoration of these now gradually becoming better known internationally. This sites, many of which are located in the north in the Chui River paper addresses the current situation in Kyrgyzstan regard- valley and the Lake Issyk-Kul basin. Because of the increasing ing the state of preservation and restoration of its cultural number of tourists to these sites, several measures have been heritage sites along the Silk Road. taken by the government to preserve them. Researchers have studied a number of sites throughout Kyrgyzstan. Some of The Silk Road in Kyrgyzstan these are already open to the public, and state agencies are in place that formally control tourist flow. In addition, private Starting in the second century c.e.,1 transcontinental trade tourism companies have been established. routes crossed the Tian Shan and Pamir Mountain ranges of Despite these accomplishments, unresolved problems southern Kyrgyzstan (Bernstam 1952), connecting the coun- remain. Heritage sites are under exclusive state ownership tries of the Mediterranean Sea with the Yellow and Yangtze and lack defined buffer zones and legal registration. Also, River basins in China (fig. 1). The principal Silk Road routes there is a lack of coordination among government bodies con- passed through the Chui (or Chuy) River valley of northern cerned with the preservation of heritage sites. A number of Kyrgyzstan into the Lake Issyk-Kul basin,2 then via the Bedel archaeological sites that are potentially attractive to visitors pass into Xinjiang in China. Another route led from the Lake and have undergone extensive research have not received state Issyk-Kul basin, through the Kegen (Santash) pass, and into financing or undergone exploratory surveys. Siberia and Mongolia. This route was traversed between 629 With regard to tourism, the major problem is the lack and 645 c.e. by Xuan Zang,3 in part by John of Plan Carpin of adequately trained personnel and the absence of policies between 1245 and 1247,4 and by William of Rubruck between governing tourist flow. In addition, Kyrgyzstan does not cur- 1252 and 1256.5 rently have an educational institution that can provide spe- These extensions of the Silk Road not only connected cialized training in the protection of cultural heritage sites. countries and peoples commercially; they also became a Importantly, the lack of trained personnel extends to special- bridge between the cultures of many different civilizations. ists in preservation and restoration and, to a lesser degree, As such, they contributed to the intensive development of researchers. Krygyzstan’s territory, culture, and economy and strength- ened international relations. The influence of different civi- lizations on the cultural heritage of Kyrgyzstan is vividly 135 136 Akmatova and Imankulov FIGURE 1 Principal Silk Road routes through Kyrgyzstan. represented in the ancient monuments associated with the (Vinnik 1974). The basin’s cultural heritage was influenced Silk Road, most of which are concentrated in the Lake Issyk- by the natural environment, as well as the primary needs of Kul basin in the northeast and in the Chui River valley in the ancient inhabitants and their responses to interlinking the north. social, economic, administrative, and religious conditions. The Lake Issyk-Kul basin, which was nominated to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2004, is a single geocultural Lake Issyk-Kul Basin region with distinctive cultural elements and, as such, falls The Lake Issyk-Kul basin is a unique combination of his- within the UNESCO category of a cultural landscape. The torical, cultural, and natural features (fig. 2). Among its physical boundaries of this cultural landscape are defined by archaeological attractions are petroglyphs, earthen rampart the shoreline of Lake Issyk-Kul and by the Terskey Ala-Too walls from medieval settlements, large barrows made by Mountain range to the south and the Kungey Ala-Too range early nomads, epigraphic memorials, and ancient canals to the north. FIGURE 2 Historical and cultural sites of the Issyk-Kul basin. Courtesy Scientific Research Institute “Kyrgyzrestoration” Conservation of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Silk Road in Kyrgyzstan 137 Issyk-Kul State Historical-Cultural Museum-Reserve, which consists of 100 hectares (1 km2) set aside to house a museum and to protect outdoor immovable cultural heritage (e.g., the petroglyphs of Cholpon-Ata, Kara-Oi, Sary-Oi, and Chon- Sary-Oi, as well as the Karool-Debe ancient settlements). The Museum Association supervises both the museum collections and the immovable cultural heritage. Existing data on the Lake Issyk-Kul basin identify it as one of the world’s unique natural and cultural regions. Studies also reveal the alarming fact that the region’s cul- tural sites are in danger of disappearing, despite their signifi- cance. Urgent measures are needed to safeguard them and to enhance public awareness of both their importance and their vulnerability. FIGURE 3 Important cultural and natural sites in the Issyk- Kul basin. Chui River Valley The Chui River valley is the most advanced region in Kyrgyzstan and includes the country’s capital, Bishkek. Figure 3 shows some of the many remarkable sites in During the early Middle Ages, the area was a major trade, the Lake Issyk-Kul basin. Sites include Jeti-Oguz, a pictur- economic, and ethnocultural crossroads of Eurasia. esque canyon around the town of Karakol; Tamga-Tash, a Archaeological excavations conducted in the Chui rock carved with ancient Tibetan Buddhist inscriptions at River valley between 1940 and 2000 identified cities and the Tamga River gorge; Toru-Aighyr, a small village east monumental architectural constructions dating from the of Balykchy, near where eleventh- to twelfth-century baths fifth through seventh centuries c.e. (Kyzlasov 1959; Ziablin were discovered; Ak-Chunkur, a prehistoric cave near the 1961). Researchers were able to trace cultural and artistic Sary-Jazz River; and Cholpon-Ata, a resort center with petro- influences from Byzantium to the west, Iran to the south, glyphs of animals and hunting scenes dating from 500 b.c.e. and China to the east that were left by the peoples who had to 100 c.e. Many of these sites have been strongly influenced inhabited the territory. The culture and art of the Chui River by religious, artistic, and cultural associations with the natu- valley’s Semirechie (Seven Rivers) region from this period ral world and therefore fall within the UNESCO category of are most vividly in evidence at the ancient settlements of associative cultural landscape. Krasnaya Rechka, Ak-Beshim, and Burana, known in antiq- The Issyk-Kul cultural landscape formed from the uity as Navikat, Suyab, and Balasagun, respectively. These interaction between humans and nature over many millen- ancient settlements, as well as Bishkek, are situated on a nia. Examples of this interaction are the barrows left by branch of the ancient Silk Road that led to Lake Issyk-Kul early cultures (e.g., Sak and Usun), the large stones bear- and then to China. ing petroglyphs found among human settlements and on Krasnaya Rechka, Ak-Beshim, and Burana became foothill terraces, and the ruins of ancient settlements in the unique centers of symbiosis where various cultures came form of earthen mounds. Scientific research has confirmed together. The settlements maintained a link with these civi- the authenticity of these archaeological sites, whose integ- lizations by means of the Silk Road, through which passed rity has been preserved in the contemporary landscape and Buddhist pilgrims and Syrian monks, Sogdian merchants, which are viewed by the Kyrgyz people as an integral part of Turkic tribal leaders, and ambassadors from Byzantium, their habitat. Most of the region’s cultural sites still serve as Iran, India, China, and Xinjiang. sanctuaries and places of worship (mazars) for pilgrims, not Of special interest at the ancient settlements of Krasnaya only from the Lake Issyk-Kul basin but from other regions of Rechka, Ak-Beshim, and Burana—referred to as the Golden Kyrgyzstan as well. Triangle—are examples of early medieval temple architec- In 2002, by resolution of the Issyk-Kul State Adminis- ture reflecting Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and tration, the Museum Association was established within the Islam. These monuments are among the finest achievements 138 Akmatova and Imankulov of art and material culture to be found in the East, and per- architecture and archaeology, known as a museum-reserve, haps in the world. and its valuable collections make Burana the center of the historical cities constituting the Golden Triangle. Preservation Activities At Ak-Beshim, the important conservation need is At Krasnaya Rechka (Navikat), the remains of the second presentation and interpretation for visitors of a room in a Buddhist temple are of particular archaeological interest Christian cult center in what was the ancient settlement of (fig. 4).6 The conservation and preparation for visitors of this Suyab (fig. 5). The construction of a shelter made of modern monument, currently under way, will transform it into one materials for protection against atmospheric influences has of the most important sites not only at this ancient town, but been proposed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eastern and Western Look at the History of the Silk Road
    Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 9, 2020 EASTERN AND WESTERN LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF THE SILK ROAD Kobzeva Olga1, Siddikov Ravshan2, Doroshenko Tatyana3, Atadjanova Sayora4, Ktaybekov Salamat5 1Professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 2Docent, Candidate of historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 3Docent, Candidate of Historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 4Docent, Candidate of Historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 5Lecturer at the History faculty, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] Received: 17.03.2020 Revised: 02.04.2020 Accepted: 11.05.2020 Abstract This article discusses the eastern and western views of the Great Silk Road as well as the works of scientists who studied the Great Silk Road. The main direction goes to the historiography of the Great Silk Road of 19-21 centuries. Keywords: Great Silk Road, Silk, East, West, China, Historiography, Zhang Qian, Sogdians, Trade and etc. © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.17 INTRODUCTION another temple in Suzhou, sacrifices are offered so-called to the The historiography of the Great Silk Road has thousands of “Yellow Emperor”, who according to a legend, with the help of 12 articles, monographs, essays, and other kinds of investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Religions and Religious Movements
    ISBN 978-92-3-103654-5 Introduction 2 RELIGIONS AND RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS H.-J. Klimkeit, R. Meserve, E. E. Karimov and C. Shackle Contents Introduction ....................................... 62 RELIGIONS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN ENVIRONMENT ............. 67 Turkic and Mongol beliefs, the Tibetan Bon religion and shamanism ......... 67 Religion among the Uighurs, Kyrgyz, Kitan ...................... 69 MANICHAEISM AND NESTORIAN CHRISTIANITY ............... 71 Manichaeism ...................................... 71 Nestorian Christianity .................................. 75 Zoroastrianism ..................................... 78 Hinduism ........................................ 82 THE ADVENT OF ISLAM: EXTENT AND IMPACT ................ 83 NON-ISLAMIC MYSTIC MOVEMENTS IN HINDU SOCIETY .......... 88 The Hatha-yoga movement ............................... 89 The bhakti movement .................................. 90 Birth of the Sikh religion ................................ 91 Introduction (H.-J. Klimkeit) Although cultural and religious life along the Central Asian Silk Route was determined both by various indigenous traditions, including Zoroastrianism, and by the world 62 ISBN 978-92-3-103654-5 Introduction religions that expanded into this area from India and China as well as from Syria and Per- sia, we can detect certain basic patterns that recur in different areas and situations.1 Here we mainly wish to illustrate that there were often similar geopolitical and social conditions in various oasis towns. The duality of such towns and the surrounding deserts, steppes and mountains is characteristic of the basic situation. Nomads dwelling in the steppes had their own social structures and their own understanding of life, which was determined by tra- ditions that spoke of forefathers and heroes of the past who had created a state with its own divine orders and laws. The Old Turkic inscriptions on the Orkhon river in Mongolia are a good case in point.
    [Show full text]
  • The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities Along the Great Silk Road in the Territory of Kazakhstan
    CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture ISSN 1481-4374 Purdue University Press ©Purdue University Volume 20 (2018) Issue 2 Article 5 The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities along the Great Silk Road in the territory of Kazakhstan Ainura Kurmanaliyeva Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Nurlykhan Aljanova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Mira Manassova Karaganda Economic University KazPotrebsoyuz Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb Part of the Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons Dedicated to the dissemination of scholarly and professional information, Purdue University Press selects, develops, and distributes quality resources in several key subject areas for which its parent university is famous, including business, technology, health, veterinary medicine, and other selected disciplines in the humanities and sciences. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access learned journal in the humanities and social sciences, publishes new scholarship following tenets of the discipline of comparative literature and the field of cultural studies designated as "comparative cultural studies." Publications in the journal are indexed in the Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (Chadwyck-Healey), the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Thomson Reuters ISI), the Humanities Index (Wilson), Humanities International Complete (EBSCO), the International Bibliography of the Modern Language Association of America, and Scopus (Elsevier). The journal is affiliated with the Purdue University Press monograph series of Books in Comparative Cultural Studies. Contact: <[email protected]> Recommended Citation Kurmanaliyeva, Ainura; Aljanova, Nurlykhan; and Manassova, Mira. "The Marginocentric Cultural Features of Cities along the Great Silk Road in the territory of Kazakhstan." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 20.2 (2018): <https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.3236> This text has been double-blind peer reviewed by 2+1 experts in the field.
    [Show full text]
  • The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study
    The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 The Silk Roads An ICOMOS Thematic Study by Tim Williams on behalf of ICOMOS 2014 International Council of Monuments and Sites 11 rue du Séminaire de Conflans 94220 Charenton-le-Pont FRANCE ISBN 978-2-918086-12-3 © ICOMOS All rights reserved Contents STATES PARTIES COVERED BY THIS STUDY ......................................................................... X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... XI 1 CONTEXT FOR THIS THEMATIC STUDY ........................................................................ 1 1.1 The purpose of the study ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to this study ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Global Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Cultural routes ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.3 Serial transnational World Heritage nominations of the Silk Roads .................................................. 3 1.2.4 Ittingen expert meeting 2010 ........................................................................................................... 3 2 THE SILK ROADS: BACKGROUND, DEFINITIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia in a Reconnecting Eurasia Kyrgyzstan’S Evolving Foreign Economic and Security Interests
    JUNE 2015 1616 Rhode Island Avenue NW Washington, DC 20036 202-887-0200 | www.csis.org Lanham • Boulder • New York • London 4501 Forbes Boulevard Lanham, MD 20706 301- 459- 3366 | www.rowman.com Central Asia in a Reconnecting Eurasia Kyrgyzstan’s Evolving Foreign Economic and Security Interests AUTHORS Andrew C. Kuchins Jeffrey Mankoff Oliver Backes A Report of the CSIS Russia and Eurasia Program ISBN 978-1-4422-4100-8 Ë|xHSLEOCy241008z v*:+:!:+:! Cover photo: Labusova Olga, Shutterstock.com. Blank Central Asia in a Reconnecting Eurasia Kyrgyzstan’s Evolving Foreign Economic and Security Interests AUTHORS Andrew C. Kuchins Jeffrey Mankoff Oliver Backes A Report of the CSIS Rus sia and Eurasia Program June 2015 Lanham • Boulder • New York • London 594-61689_ch00_3P.indd 1 5/7/15 10:33 AM hn hk io il sy SY eh ek About CSIS hn hk io il sy SY eh ek For over 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has worked to hn hk io il sy SY eh ek develop solutions to the world’s greatest policy challenges. ­Today, CSIS scholars are hn hk io il sy SY eh ek providing strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart hn hk io il sy SY eh ek a course toward a better world. hn hk io il sy SY eh ek CSIS is a nonprofit or ga ni za tion headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full- time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analy sis and hn hk io il sy SY eh ek develop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change.
    [Show full text]
  • C:\Documents and Settings\Owner\My Documents\Sounds of Silk Booklet.Php
    Sounds of Silk an exhibit of Instruments and Textiles from Silk Road Cultures The Silk Road passed through Central Asia, linking China in the east to Iran and the Mediterranean to the west. Connecting pathways went north to Russia and south to India and Afghanistan. Central Asia was inhabited by nomadic and settled peoples whose lives revolved economically around the Silk Road. They also absorbed new ideas and influences through contact with incoming traders, travelers and conquerors. In this exhibition of Central Asian arts, you can see the legacy of the Silk Road in the blending of these foreign ideas with the existing cultural patterns of both nomadic and settled peoples. Funded in part by Utah Humanities Council, Utah Arts Council, and Salt Lake County Zoo Arts and Parks Program. Utah Humanities Council promotes understanding of human traditions, Studies reveal that it was monks who first brought cocoons to Byzantium from China in the year 555 A.D.; the cocoon trade spread from Byzantium to Greece and from there to Italy, Spain and France from the 7th Century onward. The caravans of merchants either followed the road leading to the Caspian Sea by passing through the Afghan valleys, or climbed the Karakorum Mountains and arrived in Anatolia via Iran. From Anatolia, the caravans proceeded to Europe either by sea or by the Silk Road that passed through the Thrace Region. During the time of the Mongols with Ghengiz Khan in the 13th and 14th centuries Marco Polo took the Silk Road to reach China. Even today, the Silk Road offers an extraordinary variety of historic and cultural riches.
    [Show full text]
  • WAIPA-Annual-Report-2004.Pdf
    Note The WAIPA Annual Report 2004 has been produced by WAIPA, in cooperation with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). This report was prepared by Vladimir Pankov. Beatrice Abel provided editorial assistance. Teresita Sabico and Farida Negreche provided assistance in formatting the report. WAIPA would like to thank all those who have been involved in the preparation of this report for their various contributions. For further information on WAIPA, please contact the WAIPA Secretariat at the following address: WAIPA Secretariat Palais des Nations, Room E-10061 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Tel: (41-22) 907 46 43 Fax: (41-22) 907 01 97 Homepage: http://www.waipa.org UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/2005/3 Copyright @ United Nations, 2005 All rights reserved 2 Table of Contents Page Note 2 Table of Contents 3 Acknowledgements 4 Facts about WAIPA 5 WAIPA Map 8 Letter from the President 9 Message from UNCTAD 10 Message from FIAS 11 Overview of Activities 13 The Study Tour Programme 24 WAIPA Elected Office Bearers 25 WAIPA Consultative Committee 27 List of Participants: WAIPA Executive Meeting, Ninth Annual WAIPA Conference and WAIPA Training Workshops 29 Statement of Income and Expenses - 2004 51 WAIPA Directory 55 ANNEX: WAIPA Statute 101 3 Acknowledgements WAIPA would like to thank Ernst & Young – International Location Advisory Services (E&Y–ILAS); IBM Business Consulting Services – Plant Location International (IBM Business Consulting Services – PLI); and OCO Consulting for contributing their time and expertise to the WAIPA Training Programme. Ernst & Young – ILAS IBM Business Consulting Services – PLI OCO Consulting 4 Facts about WAIPA What is WAIPA? The World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies (WAIPA) was established in 1995 and is registered as a non-governmental organization (NGO) in Geneva, Switzerland.
    [Show full text]
  • Uzbekistaninitiative
    uzbekistaninitiative Uzbekistan Initiative Papers No. 9 February 2014 Seeking Divine Harmony: Uzbek Artisans and their Spaces Gül Berna Özcan Royal Holloway, University of London, UK Key Points - • DespiteCentral Asia.extensive Soviet purges and the state monopoly in manufacturing, Uz bekistan today still remains home to the most fascinating artisanal traditions in • Forinto morepottery. than a millennium, great masters and their disciples have expressed their virtuosity in weaving silk, shaping metals, carving wood, and turning mud - • The most fascinating region, rich with such traditions, is the Fergana Valley where, dotted along a stretch of the ancient Silk Road, numerous small towns are special ized in particular crafts. • Throughlivelihood. tireless repetition of time-honored practices, many artisans and families have managed to maintain their crafts as rituals, as well as a source of identity and- • The social fabric of the community is nested in craft production, cottage indus tries and barter trade. Neighbors and relatives frequently cooperate and perform additional tasks. Extensive networks of relatives and friends help with buying and selling. The opinions expressed here are • Uzbek Government praise artisans as symbols of Uzbek national authenticity, those of the author only and do not represent the Uzbekistan sources of pride and generators of jobs. But, there seems to be no real will and Initiative. structure in place to improve the working conditions of artisans. Moreover, trade restrictions, arbitrary customs rules and corruption suffocate small enterprises. IntroductionUzbekistan Initiative Papers No. 9, February 2014 repeatedly shown vocal opposition to external power domination, as seen during the Basmachi The Fergana Valley is the cultural and spiritual- revolts in the 1920s against Soviet expansion and heart of Central Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Tarihi Türk Sehri Balasagun Hakkinda Yeni Incelemeler
    TARİHİ TÜRK SEHRİ BALASAGUN HAKKİNDA YENİ İNCELEMELER VARİ S ABDURRAHMAN* Tarihi Türk şehri Balasagun Karahanlılar Devleti'nin başkentlerinden biri olup, eskiden beri Türk tarihindeki önemi itibariyle Türk kültürü araştırıcılarımn ilgisini çekmektedir. Ancak Balasagun hakkında yeterli bilgi veren orijinal kaynakların eksik olması, söz konusu şehir üzerine farklı görüşlerin ortaya atılmasına sebep olmuştur. Biz, elde mevcut yerli ve yabancı kaynaklardaki bilgilerin ışığında şimdiye kadar konuyla ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmaları da dikkate alarak, Balasagun şehrinin menşei, kuruluş tarihi, kurucuları ve sair hakkında yaptığım çalışmalar sonucu tespit ettiğimiz bazı hususları ortaya koymak istiyoruz. Balasagun şehrinin yerinin tespiti, Balasagun'la ilgili çalışmalardaki en önemli meselelerin biridir. Bu konuda yazılı kaynaklarda bazı ipuçları verilmiş ise de bir kısım araştırmacılar Arkeoloji ilminin eski şehirlerin tespiti konusunda sağladığı imkanlardanda, yararlanarak Balasagun'un ye- rini tespit etmeye çalıştı. Bunların başında meşhur Rus Türkolog W.Barthold gelmektedir. O, 20.yüzplın başında Orta Asya'daki Çu ve Talas Nehirleri kıyısında yaptığı çal ışmalar sonucu, söz konusu şehrin Ak-Beşim (Ak-Peşin) Harabelerinde kurulduğunu iddia ederek, Burana'nın Arapça- 'daki Manara'nın bozuk telaffuzu olduğunu savunuyor'. 1953-1955 yılları arasında Tokmak eski şehrinin Burana Harabesinde incelemelerde bulu- nan A.N.Bernştam, Ak-Beşim (Suyab) Kalesi'nin Balasagun olduğunu or- taya koyar2. P.N. Kojemyakov, Ak-Beşim Kalesi'nin haritasını çizdikten sonra Burana'nın IX.yüzyıla ait bir medeni yadigarlık olduğunu iddia eder. Kırgızistan ilimler Akademisi'nden W.D.Goryaçiva ise Burana'nın Balasagun olduğunu savunmaktadır3. Çinli araştırmacı Chang Kuang-ta da * Dr. Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü Öğretim Görevlisi. 1 W. Barthold, Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Hakkında Dersler (Çince Tercümesi), Pekin, 1984, s.83.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    INDEX Aodayixike Qingzhensi Baisha, 683–684 Abacus Museum (Linhai), (Ordaisnki Mosque; Baishui Tai (White Water 507 Kashgar), 334 Terraces), 692–693 Abakh Hoja Mosque (Xiang- Aolinpike Gongyuan (Olym- Baita (Chowan), 775 fei Mu; Kashgar), 333 pic Park; Beijing), 133–134 Bai Ta (White Dagoba) Abercrombie & Kent, 70 Apricot Altar (Xing Tan; Beijing, 134 Academic Travel Abroad, 67 Qufu), 380 Yangzhou, 414 Access America, 51 Aqua Spirit (Hong Kong), 601 Baiyang Gou (White Poplar Accommodations, 75–77 Arch Angel Antiques (Hong Gully), 325 best, 10–11 Kong), 596 Baiyun Guan (White Cloud Acrobatics Architecture, 27–29 Temple; Beijing), 132 Beijing, 144–145 Area and country codes, 806 Bama, 10, 632–638 Guilin, 622 The arts, 25–27 Bama Chang Shou Bo Wu Shanghai, 478 ATMs (automated teller Guan (Longevity Museum), Adventure and Wellness machines), 60, 74 634 Trips, 68 Bamboo Museum and Adventure Center, 70 Gardens (Anji), 491 AIDS, 63 ack Lakes, The (Shicha Hai; Bamboo Temple (Qiongzhu Air pollution, 31 B Beijing), 91 Si; Kunming), 658 Air travel, 51–54 accommodations, 106–108 Bangchui Dao (Dalian), 190 Aitiga’er Qingzhen Si (Idkah bars, 147 Banpo Bowuguan (Banpo Mosque; Kashgar), 333 restaurants, 117–120 Neolithic Village; Xi’an), Ali (Shiquan He), 331 walking tour, 137–140 279 Alien Travel Permit (ATP), 780 Ba Da Guan (Eight Passes; Baoding Shan (Dazu), 727, Altitude sickness, 63, 761 Qingdao), 389 728 Amchog (A’muquhu), 297 Bagua Ting (Pavilion of the Baofeng Hu (Baofeng Lake), American Express, emergency Eight Trigrams; Chengdu), 754 check
    [Show full text]
  • Urbanization in Central Asia: Challenges, Issues and Prospects
    Analytical Report 2013/03 Urbanization in Central Asia: Challenges, Issues and Prospects Tashkent 2013 This report reflects opinions and views of the working group, which may not coincide with the official point of Center for Economic Research, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and United Nations Development Programme. © Center for Economic Research, 2013 Any presentation of this report or use of its parts can only be done with the written permission; reference to the source is a must. With regard to the questions about copying, translation or acquisition of the printed versions, please refer to the following address: Center for Economic Research, Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100070, Shota Rustaveli Str., alley 1, building 5. Urbanization in Central Asia: challenges, issues, and prospects Authors and Acknowledgments This report was prepared by the Center for Economic Research under the direction of Bakhodur Eshonov (Director) and Ildus Kamilov (Deputy Direc- tor). The project leaders and main authors were Bakhtiyor Ergashev (Research Coordinator) and Bunyod Avliyokulov (Team Leader). The authors include an international consultant, Ivan Safranchuk (Russia), and 14 national consultants in four Central Asian countries: Uzbekistan team: Abdulla Hashimov, Izzatilla Pathiddinov. Kazakhstan team: Meruert Makhmutova, Aytjan Akhmetova, Botagoz Raki- sheva, Kanat Berentaev. Kyrgyzstan team: Liudmila Torgasheva, Murat Suyunbaev, Aina Mamytova, Temir Burzhubaev. Tajikistan team: Mavzuna Karimova, Bakhodir Khabibov, Rakhmatillo Zoyirov, Masudjon Sobirov. Their statistical, reference and analytical materials have formed an important basis on which the regional report has been built. Many colleagues at the CER provided input for the research concept and its drafts during peer-review sessions, including Nishanbay Sirajiddinov (Deputy Director), senior coordinators Talat Shadybaev, Janna Fattakhova, coordina- tors Khusnia Muradova, Orzimurad Gaybullaev, Kamila Muhamedhanova, and others.
    [Show full text]
  • Early-Holocene Monsoon Instability and Climatic Optimum Recorded By
    HOL0010.1177/0959683619831433The HoloceneYang et al. 831433research-article2019 Research Paper The Holocene 2019, Vol. 29(6) 1059 –1067 Early-Holocene monsoon instability and © The Author(s) 2019 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions climatic optimum recorded by Chinese DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619831433 10.1177/0959683619831433 stalagmites journals.sagepub.com/home/hol Xunlin Yang,1 Hong Yang,1,2 Baoyan Wang,1 Li-Jung Huang,3,4 Chuan-Chou Shen,3,4 R Lawrence Edwards5 and Hai Cheng5,6 Abstract The timing and duration of the Holocene East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) maximum and the interpretation of Chinese stalagmite δ18O records have long been disputed. Notably, interpretations of Holocene EASM variations are frequently based on a single record or study area and are often contradictory. In this study, we conducted stable isotope analyses of four Holocene stalagmites from Chongqing, southwest China. The results reveal differences in the timing of the Holocene EASM maximum and to try to resolve the inconsistency we analyzed and statistically integrated a total of 16 18 18 Holocene stalagmite records from 14 caves in the EASM region. The resulting synthesized Holocene stalagmite δ O (δ Osyn) record is in agreement with other EASM records and confirms that stalagmite δ18O records are a valid indicator of EASM intensity, rather of local precipitation amount. The 18 δ Osyn record shows that the EASM intensified rapidly from the onset of the early Holocene; notably, however, there were distinct EASM oscillations in the early Holocene, consisting of three abrupt millennial-scale events. This indicates that, contrary to several previous interpretations, the early Holocene EASM was unstable.
    [Show full text]