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Impact of Air Pollution on the Health of the Population in Parts of The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Impact of Air Pollution on the Health of the y Population in Parts of the Czech Republic Radim J. Sram Faculty of Health and Social Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; [email protected]; Tel.: +420-724-185-002; Fax: +420-241-062-785 This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr Blanka Binkova and Dr Joellen Lewtas who provided inspiration y and guidance for this project. Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 3 September 2020; Published: 4 September 2020 Abstract: Thirty years ago, Northern Bohemia in the Czech Republic was one of the most air polluted areas in Europe. After political changes, the Czech government put forward a research program to determine if air pollution is really affecting human health. This program, later called the “Teplice Program”, was initiated in collaboration with scientists from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). This cooperation made possible the use of methods on the contemporary level. The very high concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter of 10 micrometers or less (PM10), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in the air showed, for the first time, the impact of air pollutants on the health of the population in mining districts: adverse pregnancy outcomes, the impact of air pollution on sperm morphology, learning disabilities in children, and respiratory morbidity in preschool children. A surprising result came from the distribution of the sources of pollution: 70% of PM10 pollution came from local heating and not from power plants as expected. Thanks to this result, the Czech government supported changes in local heating from brown coal to natural gas. This change substantially decreased SO2 and PM10 pollution and affected mortality, especially cardiovascular mortality. Keywords: air pollution; SO2; PAHs; PM2.5; DNA adducts; pregnancy outcome; sperm abnormalities; neurobehavioral changes; mortality 1. Introduction Mining districts in Northern Bohemia, the northern region in the Czech Republic, were in the late 1980s one of the most air polluted regions in Europe. Northern Bohemia is a highly industrialized coal basin. Brown coal containing 1–5% sulphur was used for power plants, industry, and local heating. Geographically, this area is a valley sandwiched between the Ore Mountains approximately 1000 m above sea level to the north and the Middle Bohemia Highlands, approximately 800 m above sea level to the south. The geographic location and prevailing winds from the northwest and southwest give rise to frequent inversions. The average concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the years 1982–1990 was 103 µg/m3, and that of total suspended particles (TSP) was 102 µg/m3 [1]. Air pollution from these sources caused extensive deforestation of conifers in the Ore Mountains. Air pollution significantly affected human health. Kotesovec et al. [2] observed that increased daily mortality was related to air pollution for total mortality, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality, and significant shortening of life expectancy by 2 years for males and females. Sram [3] studied the impact of air pollution on pregnancy outcomes, diagnosed as congenital anomalies (CGA) or lower birth weight (LBW) in medical records of maternity hospitals between the years 1982 and 1986. In the district of Usti nad Labem, 7644 pregnancies were diagnosed with 9.8% CGA. In the district of Teplice, 7190 pregnancies were diagnosed with 8.2% CGA. This was approximately 4–5 times higher in this Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6454; doi:10.3390/ijerph17186454 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6454 2 of 13 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6454 2 of 13 in this region than in other parts of the Czech Republic, according to official records. Similarly, in the same districts, more children were born with birth weights lower than 2500 g (LBW, 7.5–9.2% vs. cca region4.5% nationwide than in other). Morbidity parts of the of Czech children Republic, in the according mining districts to official of records. Northern Similarly, Bohemia in thediffered same districts,significantly more from children the morbidity were born nationwide with birth as weights follow lowers [4]: than 2500 g (LBW, 7.5–9.2% vs. cca 4.5% nationwide). Morbidity of children in the mining districts of Northern Bohemia differed significantly for children 0–6 years old: from the morbidity nationwide as follows [4]: respiratory diseases: 2.90 vs. 0.54 nationwide (No. of cases/100), for children 0–6 years old: mental illness: 1.06 vs. 0.53 nationwide (No. of cases/100); respiratory diseases: 2.90 vs. 0.54 nationwide (No. of cases/100), for children 7–15 years old: mental illness: 1.06 vs. 0.53 nationwide (No. of cases/100); respiratory diseases: 1.40 vs. 0.45 nationwide (No. of cases/100), for children 7–15 years old: mental illness: 4.09 vs.2.00 nationwide (No. of cases/100). respiratory diseases: 1.40 vs. 0.45 nationwide (No. of cases/100), The health consequences of environmental pollution became one of the major concerns of the mental illness: 4.09 vs.2.00 nationwide (No. of cases/100). Czech government after political changes in 1989. At the end of 1990, the government put forward an interdisciplinaryThe health consequences project later of environmentalcalled the Teplice pollution Program became in order one to of theanalyze major the concerns impact ofof theair Czechpollution government on human after health political in the changes mining in districts 1989. At [ the5]. endThe ofmining 1990, thedistrict government of Teplice put in forward Northern an interdisciplinaryBohemia was used project as the later polluted called thedistrict Teplice for Program this program. in order The to analyzedistrict theof Prachatice impact of airin Southern pollution onBohemia human had health some in of the the mining cleanest districts air in [the5]. Czech The mining Republic district and ofwas Teplice used inas Northernthe control Bohemia district was(Figure used 1) as. The the distance polluted between district for those this two program. districts The is district240 km. of The Prachatice Teplice in district Southern had Bohemia 127,500 hadinhabitants some of and the an cleanest area of air469 in km the2, of Czech which Republic a large part and had was been used devastated as the control by the district strip- (Figuremining1 of). Thecoal distanceand associated between industrializa those two districtstion. The is d 240istrict km. of The Prachatice Teplice districthad 51, had500 127,500inhabitants inhabitants and an andarea anof 2 area1375 ofkm 4692, of km which, of which 52% was a large woodlands part had. beenIn 1993 devastated, the average by the PM10 strip-mining concentrations of coal in and Teplice associated were 2 industrialization.76 vs. 38 µg/m3 in ThePrachatice district. Similarly, of Prachatice PM2.5 had concentrations 51,500 inhabitants were and 64 vs. an 32 area µg of/m 13753, respe kmctively,, of which and 3 52%benzo[a]pyrene was woodlands. (B[a]P In) 3.7 1993, vs. 2.5 the ng average/m3 [6,7 PM10]. concentrations in Teplice were 76 vs. 38 µg/m in Prachatice. Similarly, PM2.5 concentrations were 64 vs. 32 µg/m3, respectively, and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) 3.7 vs. 2.5 ng/m3 [6,7]. Figure 1. Map of the Czech Republic with the locations of studied districts. The TepliceFigure Program 1. Map was of initiated the Czech by Republic the Czech with Ministry the locations of Environment. of studied districts The research. program was prepared in collaboration with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and includedThe Teplice air pollution Program monitoring, was initiated human by the exposure, Czech Ministry biomarker of Environment studies, and. T healthhe research effects program studies. Conclusionswas prepared from in collaboration the Teplice Program with the are U alsonited relevant States Environmental today because thereProtection are many Agency countries (US EPA) that stilland relyincluded on burning air pollution coal for homemonitoring, heating. human exposure, biomarker studies, and health effects studies. Conclusions from the Teplice Program are also relevant today because there are many 2.countries Teplice that Program still rely on burning coal for home heating. 2.1.2. Teplice Air Quality Program Monitoring Pinto et al. [8] collected aerosol samples from Teplice in February–March and May–July 1992, and2.1. Air from Quality Teplice Monitoring and Prachatice during three periods: January–March 1993, May–August 1993, and NovemberPinto et 1993–March al. [8] collected 1994. aerosol Ambient samples aerosol from andacidic Teplice gas in samples February were–March collected and May by the–July versatile 1992, airand pollution from Teplice sampler and (VAPS).Prachatice The during samples three were periods analyzed: January for three–March indicators 1993, May of– airAugust pollution: 1993, SOand2, PM2.5November and B[a]P;1993–March not all 1994. samples Ambient were analyzed aerosol and for allacidic indicators. gas samples These were findings collected are shown by the in versatile Table1. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6454 3 of 13 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6454 3 of 13 air pollution sampler (VAPS). The samples were analyzed for three indicators of air pollution: SO2, PM2.5 and B[a]P; not all samples were analyzed for all indicators. These findings are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Concentrations
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