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DEPART1v1ENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STA1~Ef GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

M:ETAM()RPHIC MAP ()F THE APPALACHI;\NS By

Benjamin A. Mor~an

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PUBLISHED BY THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WASHINGTON. D.C. 20242 1972 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP 1-724 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

METAMORPHIC MAP OF THE APPALACHIANS By Benjamin A. Morgan

INTRODUCTION and Gulf Coastal Plain. In areas where a continuous This map depicts the major metamorphic belts of gradation between greenschist and unmetamorphosed the Appalachian mountain system within the United rocks exists, a subgreenschist or transitional facies States. Degree of metamorphism is expressed in of metamorphism has been recognized. The two terms of isograds, mineral facies, and mineral facies principal areas designated as subgreenschist facies series. are northern Maine and Cambrian-Ordovician units The isograds on the accompanying map are defined within the Great Valley and the eastern part of the by the first prograde appearance of an index mineral Ridge and V ~lley provinces in the central and southern without regard to a specific chemical reaction and Appalachians. · The subgreenschist facies in northern without rigor as to the chemical composition of the Maine is the area designated as a subchlorite zone by index mineral or chemistry of the total system. Hussey and others (1967). Coombs, Horodyski, and Wherever possible, isograds are shown in rocks of Naylor (1970) have reported the occurrence of a approximately similar total composition.. A more prehnite-pumpellyite facies within a part of this area. rigorous definition and use of an isograd was not Formations within the Great Valley and the Valley and practicable, owing to the necessity of compiling Ridge provinces may or may not be regarded as meta information from a wide variety of reports and broad morphosed (see for example Ray and Gault, 1961; extrapolation in many areas. The isograds used for Maxwell, 1962; Drake, 1969) depending on the defini rocks of pelitic composition are biotite, garnet, tions used. Although A. A. Drake, Jr. (ora] commun., andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite, and sillimanite 1970) has evidence that much of the Martinsburg For orthoclase. The complete set of isograds is used mation in the Great Valley province of eastern Penn only in New England and New York; insufficient sylvania is metamorphosed to the greenschist facies, information for the occurrence of biotite and kyanite the western boundary of the subgreenschist facies is prevented depiction of these isograds throughout the arbitrarily taken as the western contact of the Martins southeastern Appalachians. burg Formation within eastern Pennsylvania and the Mineral facies and mineral facies series, as used here, western boundary of Cambrian-Ordovician. rocks are defined on the basis of the isograd data and are at east of the Pulaski fault in Virginia and Tennessee and some variance with definitions proposed. by several southeast of the Rome fault in Georgia. !he occur writers (Fyfe and Turner, 1966; Winkler, 1967). rence of pumpellyite at Bunker Hills, Pa. (Z€m, 1971), The facies of metamorphism are mineral facies based and prehnite in the greenstones of the Catoctin For on key minerals from pelitic rocks rather than en mation near Luray, Va. (W. G. Melson, oral commun., .sembles of mineral assemblages from specific localities 1969), indicates a possibility of a widespread prehnite (Thompson, 1957). The granulite facies is defined pumpellyite metamorphic facies within these rocks by the assemblage quartz-sillimanite-orthoclase in heretofore undetected because of the limited number rocks of pelitic composition. The epidote-amphibolite of investigations and the limited occurrence of rocks and almandine amphibolite facies have been combined of the prerequisite chemical composition. as the amphibolite facies and are delimited by the Laumontite-quartz-albite assemblages have been garnet and sillimanite-orthoclase isograds. The described in arkoses in the Connecticut Triassic basin greenschist facies includes all masses of rock of (Heald, 1956). These rocks may be in a zeolite pelitic composition that do not contain garnet. facies, but this metamorphism is clearly post-Paleozoic The lower limit of greenschist metamorphism and and not related to other metamorphic episodes shown the boundary between metamorphism and diagenesis on the map. The laumontite-quartz-albite assemblages are nut defined. This poses no problems in map are not transitional into areas of prehnite-pumpellyite compilation along the entire eastern and southern or greenschist metamorphic facies. These rocks are margins of the Appalachians where the greenschist indicated on the map by the letter z. and amphibolite facies rocks are unconformably Two facies series have been recognized in the overlain by unmetamorphosed rocks of the Atlantic Appalachians: a low pressure/temperature (P/T)

1 facies series in the northern part of New England and North Carolina and Virginia which had not been .an intermediate PIT facies series in the remainder of previously described. the Appalachians. These facies series are defined by Although the degree of Precambrian metamorphism the polymorphic transitions of andalusite to sillimanite is variable within the polymetamorphic belt, the and kyanite to sillimanite, respectively. There are greenschist facies is absent throughout. Relict no occurrences of glaucophane, metamorphic orthopyroxene and sillimanite in quartzo-feldspathic aragonite, jadeite, or lawsonite in the eastern. United rocks are present i.n a \:vide area from the Hudson States to define a high PIT facies series. highlands of New York southward to about the North Carolina-Virginia boundary. Retrograde rocks simi PRECAMBRIAN METAMORPHIC. BELTS lar to charnockites have been described in the core of The areas shown in shades of brown represent the the Blue Ridge anticlinorium (Bloomer and Werner, oldest rocks known in the Appalachians. The 1955). Relict orthopyroxene (dotted overprint) Adirondack massif was metamorphosed during the survives only in the western part of the older Pre Precambrian but not by subsequent Paleozoic meta cambrian belt where the Paleozoic metamorphic morphic events. The Adirondack massif, flanked overprint is in the lower greenschist facies (an im by unmetamorphosed Paleozoic rocks, is a part of portant exception being the Wilmington complex the Precambrian basement of Grenville age that. may described by· Ward, 1959). Consequently ·it is underlie the unmetamorphosed fold belt along the difficult to depict . the earlier distribution of the west flank of the Appalachian mountain system. In granulite facies of metamorphism. The prevalence the area of the Adirondack. massif, this basement of a granulite mineral facies and the general radio has not been extensively modified by Paleozoic meta metric age bracket for these rocks suggest that they morphism except for cataclastic shearing and local are broadly correlative with rocks of the New Jersey retrogression along the eastern and southeastern highlands and the Adirondacks in New York. margins. The greater part of the Adirondacks is considered to be in the granulite facies (Buddington, PALEOZOIC METAMORPHIC ·BELTS 1963; Waard, 1965) defined by an orthopyroxene InN ew England and in the southeastern Appalach clinopyroxene-hornblende isograd (h) in rocks of •ans, three major longitudinal axes. of higher basaltic composition and the widespread occurrence grade metamorphism (amphibolite and granulite of the assemblage quartz-sillimanite-orthoclase in mineral facies) of Paleozoic age are separated by areas rocks of appropriate composition. In the nc;>rth of lower grade metamorphism (green,schist facies western Adirondacks, the regional metamorphism and garnet zone of amphibolite facies). In New is in the amphibolite facies; sillimanite is abundant, England, these three belts include an. O\]ter or north cordierite is present, kyanite is absent. The pro western belt extending from the Manhattan prong gressive metamorphism from amphibolite to granulite northward through the core of the Green Mountain facies described by Engel and Engel (1958, 1960) is anticlinorium, a central belt compnsmg central probably typical of a low PIT facies series. Connecticut and Massachusetts, New Hampshire, The darker brown areas represent the Precambrian and western Maine, and finally a .southeastern belt, infrastructure within the Appalachian system. These including Rhode Island, eastern Massachusetts, and areas are polymetamorphic and have been meta the southern tip of Maine. Analogous belts in the morphosed 1.1 to 0.8 b.y. B. P. and again during the southeastern Appalachians are a western belt in the PaleozoiC approximately 0.50 to 0.23 b.y. B. P. These Blue Ridge anticlinorium of North Carolina and rocks are unconformably overlain by sedimentary and Georgia, a central belt or Inner Piedmont extending volcanic rocks which have a metamorphic history from Alabama northeast through central Virginia to restricted to the Paleozoic. The distribution of older, southeastern Pennsylvania, and a poorly exposed polymetamorphic Precambrian rocks in New England southeastern belt extending from Macon, Ga., through and in the central Appalachians is moderately well Columbia, S. C., to eastern North Carolina and known. One problematic area is southeastern east-central Virginia. Massachusetts where Rb-Sr whole rock ages on The persistence· of metamorphic axes along linear granites are n~ar a 540 m.~·. isochrori (Fairbairn and belts within the Appalachians over great distances others, 1965). Although these rocks are shown on poses important problems in interpretation. Are the map as Paleozoic granites, further work in this the patterns principally related to thermal distributions area may conclusively determine a Precambrian age. during the Paleozoic Era or are they a result of The distribution of Precambrian rocks in the region structural deformation after regional metamorphism south of the Potomac may more accurately reflect over the entire area? If the linear belts were of thermal the extent of geologic mapping and radiometric age rather than of mechanical origin in terms of their determinations rather than the true distribution of pres.ent outcrop pattern, were the belts formed older Precambrian rocks. Recent mapping by simultaneously or as a result of successive thermal Espenshade and Rankin (1970) revealed a large area migrations in time? At present there seems to be no of Precambrian rocks within the Inner Piedmont of clear answer to these questions. In New England,

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3 However, a much better correlation between plutonic Precambrian crystalline rocks in. the Sauratown activity and metamorphism is observed for a few Mountains anticlinorium, a major structural feature specific areas. As pointed out by Thompson and in the Piedmont of North Carolina [abs.]: Geol. Norton (1968) the New Hampshire Plutonic Series Soc. America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 2, no. 3, defined by Billings (1937, 1956) crops out within p. 207. areas of higher metamorphic grade. In northern Evans, B. W., and Guidotti, C. V., 1966, The sillimanite Vermont the sillimanite isograd is deflected around potash feldspar isograd in western Maine, U.S.A.: small plutonic bodies in a pattern more characteristic Contr. Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 12, no. 1, of contact rather than regional metamorphism. In p. 25-62. North Carolina the Raleigh area is underlain by a Fairbairn, H. W., Moorbath, S., Ramo, A., Pinson, large batholithic complex which is also enclosed by H. W., and Hurley, P. M., 1965, Rb-Sr whole rock kyanite and garnet isograds (Parker, 1968). isotopic analyses and the Cambrian-Precambrian Ultramafic bodies are not shown. Outcrops of problem in southeastern Massachusetts [abs.]: these rocks have been compiled by Larrabee (1966). Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 46, no. 1, p. 173. It is interesting to note that the great majority of Faul, Henry, Stern, T. W., Thomas, H. H., and Elmore, ultramafic bodies are associated with the westernmost P. L. D., 1963, Ages of intrusion and metamorphism metamorphic culmination both in New England and in the northern Appalachians: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 261, in the southeastern Appalachians in or near a terrane no. 1, p. 1-19. underlain by a Precambrian continental crust. Fyfe, W. S., and Turner, F. J., 1966, Reappraisal of the concept of metamorphic facies: Contr. Mineralogy REFERENCES CITED and Petrology, v. 12, no. 4, p. 354-364. · Billings, M. P., 1937, Regional metamorphism of the Hadley, J. B., 1964, . Correlation of isotopic ages, Littleton-Moosilauke area, New Hampshire: Geol. crustal heating and sedimentation in the Appalachian Soc. America, v. 48, no. 4, p. 463-566. region, in Tectonics of the southern Appalachians: ___...L956, The geology of New Hampshire; Part Virginia Polytech. Inst., Dept. Geol. Sci. Mem. 1, II, Bedrock geology: Concord, N.H., State Plan. p. 33-44. Devel. Comm., 203 p. Heald, M. T., 1956, Cementation of Triassic arkoses Bloomer, R. 0., and Werner, H. J., 1955, Geology of in Connecticut and Massachusetts: Geol. Soc. the Blue Ridge region in central Virginia: Geol. America Bull., v. 67, no. 9, p. 1133-1154. Soc. America Bull., v. 66, no. 5, p. 579-606. Hurley, P. M., Fairbairn, H. W., Pinson, W. H., and Buddington, A. F., 1963, Isograds and the role of Faure, G., 1960, K-Ar arid Rb-Sr minimum ages H20 in metamorphic facies of orthogneisses of the for the Pennsylvanian section in Narragansett northwest Adirondack area, New York: Geol. Soc. Basin: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, v. 18, America Bull., v. 74, no. 9, p. 1155-1181. nos.3-4,p.247-248. Clark, G. S., and Kulp, J. L., 1968, Isotopic age study Hussey, A. M., Chapman, C. A., Doyle; R. G., of metamorphism and intrusion in western Osberg, P. H., Pavlides, Louis, and Warner, Connecticut and southeastern New York: Am. Jeffrey, comps., 1967, Preliminary geologic map Jour. Sci., v. 266, no. 10, p. 865-894. of Maine: Augusta, Me., Maine Geol. Survey, Coombs, D. S., Horodyski, R. J., and Naylor, R. A., scale 1:500,000. 1970, Occurrence of prehnite-pumpellyite facies Kulp, J. L., and Eckelmann, F. D., 196i, Potassium metamorphism in northern Maine: Am. Jour. argon isotopic ages on micas from the southern Sci., v. 268, no. 2, p. 142-156. Appalachians, in Geochronology of rock systems: Drake, A. A., Jr., 1969, Precambrian and lower New York Acad.· Sci. Annals, v. 9.1, art. 2, p. 408- Paleozoic geology of the Delaware Valley, New 419. Jersey-Pennsylvania, in Subitzky, Seymour, ed., Larrabee, D. M., 1966, Map -showing distribution of Geology of selected areas in New Jersey and eastern ultramafic and intrusive rocks from northern New Pennsylvania and guidebook of excursions: New Jersey to eastern Alabama: U.S. Geol. Survey Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers Univ. Press, p. 51-131. Misc. Geol. Inv. Map I-476, scale 1:500,000. Engel, A. E. J., and Engel, C. G., 1958, Progressive Long, L. E., Kulp, J. L., and Eckelmann, F. D., 1969, metamorphism and granitization of the major Chronology of major metamorphic events in the paragneiss, northwest Adirondack Mountains, New southeastern United States: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 257, York; Part I, Total rock: Geol. Soc. America Bull., no. 8, p. 585-603. v.69,no. 11,p. 1369-1414. Lundgren, L. W., 1966, Muscovite reactions and ___...L960, Progressive metamorphism and· gran partial melting in southeastern Connecticut: Jour. itization of the major paragneiss, northwest Petrology, v. 7, no. 3, p. 421-453. Adirondack Mountains, New York; Part II, Maxwell, J. C., 1962, Origin of sl~l.ty and fracture Mineralogy: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, no. 1, cleavage in the Delaware Water Gap area, New p. 1-57. Jersey and Pennsylvania, in Petrologic studies-A Espenshade, G. H., and Rankin, D. W., 1970, Probable volume in honor of A. F. Buddington: New York,

4 Geol. Soc. America, p. 281-311. compilations and excellent summary papers are Miyashiro, Akiho, 1961, Evolution of metamorphic available for New England and New York. However, belts: Jour. Petrology, v. 2, no. 3, p. 277-311. in the southeastern Appalachians, few such papers Parker, J. M., 1968, Structure of easternmost North have been written, and the reference list is correspond Carolina Piedmont: Southeastern Geology, v. 9, ingly longer for such areas. no. 3, p. 117-132. Ray, Satyabrata, and Gault, H. R., 1961, Mineralogy GENERAL of Jacksonburg (Middle Ordovician) formation in Reed, J. C., Jr., 1970, Tectonic map of the central and eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey: Am. southern Appalachians: in Fisher, G. W., and Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, no. 1, others, eds., Studies of Appalachian geology p. 39-50. central and southern: New York, Interscience Salotti, C. A., and Fouts, J. A., 1967, An occurrence of Publishers. cordierite-garnet gneiss in Georgia: Am. Mineral U.S. Geological Survey and American Association of ogist,v.52, nos. 7-8,p. 1240-1243. Petroleum Geologists, 1961, Tectonic map of the Thompson, J. B., Jr., 1957, The graphical analysis United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: of mineral assemblages in pelitic schists: Am. Washington, D.C., U.S. Geol. Survey, 2 sheets, Mineralogist, v. 42, nos. 11-12, p. 842-858. scale 1:2,500,000. Thompson, J. B., Jr., and Norton, S. A., 1968, Paleozoic White, W. S., 1968, Generalized geologic map of the regional metamorphism in New England and northern Appalachian region, in Zen, E-an, and adjacent areas, in Zen, E-an, and others, eds., others, eds., Studies of Appalachian geology Studies of Appalachian geology-northern and northern and maritime: New York, Interscience maritime: New York, Interscience Publishers, · Publishers. p. 319-327. Thompson, J. B., Jr., Robinson, Peter, Clifford, T. N., NEW ENGLAND and Trask, N. J., 1968, Nappes and gneiss domes in Billings, M.P., 1956, The geology of New Hampshire; west-central New England, ·in Zen, E-an and others, Part II, Bedrock geology: Concord, N.H., State eds., Studies of Appalachian geology-northern Plan. Devel. Comm., 203 p. and maritime: New York, Interscience Publishers, Coombs, D. S., Horodyski, R. J., and Naylor, R. S., p. 203-218. 1969, Occurrence of prehnite-pumpellyite facies Waard, D. de, 1965, The occurrence of garnet in the metamorphism in northern Maine: Am. Jour. granulite-facies terrane of the Adirondack highlands: Sci., v. 268; no. 2, p.142-156. Jour. Petrology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 165-191. Doll, C. G., Cady, W. M., Thompson, J. B., Jr., and Ward, R. F., 1959, Petrology and metamorphism of Billings, M. P., comps. and eds., 1961, Centennial the Wilmington complex, Delaware, Pennsylvania, geologic map of Vermont: Montpelier, Vt., Vermont and Maryland: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 70, Geol. Survey, scale 1:250,000. no. 11,p. 1425-1458. Goldsmith, Richard, 1964, Geologic map of New Winkler, H. G. F., 1967, Petrogenesis of metamorphic England-metamorphic zones: U.S. Geol. Survey rocks: 2d ed. rev., New York, Springer-Verlag, open-file map, scale 1:1,000,000. 237 p. Heald, M. T., 1956, Cementation of Triassic arkoses Zartman, Robert, Snyder, George, Stern, T. W., in Connecticut and Massachusetts: Geol. Soc. Marvin, R. F., and Bucknam, R. C., 1965, Impli America Bull., v. 67, no. 9, p. 1133-1154. cations of new radiometric ages in eastern Connecticut Hussey, A. M., Chapman, C. A., Doyle, R. G., and Massachusetts: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper Osberg, P. H., Pavlides, Louis, and Warner, 525-D, p. D1-D10. Jeffrey, comps., 1967, Preliminary geologic map of Zen, E-an, 1971, Pumpellyite-bearing metamorphic Maine: Augusta, Me., Maine Geol. Survey, scale rocks from the west side of the northern Appalachian 1:500,000. region [abs.): Geol. Soc. America, Abstracts with Thompson, J. B., and Norton, S. A., 1968, Paleozoic Programs, v. 3, no. 1, p. 64-65. regional metamorphism in New England and Zwart, H. J., 1967, The duality of orogenic belts: adjacent areas, in Zen, E-an, and others, eds., Geol. en Minjbouw, v. 46, no. _8, p. 283-309. Studies of Appalachian geology-northern and maritime: New York, Interscience Publishers, p. PHINCIPAL SOUHCES OF INFOHMATION 319-327. USED IN COMPILATION The principal sources for data used in the compil NEW YORK ation are listed by area below. The compilations by Barth, T. F. W., 1936, Structural and petrologic studies Goldsmith (1964) and Thompson and Norton (1968) in Dutchess County, New York; Part II, Petrology of Paleozoic metamorphism in New England have and metamorphism of the Paleozoic rocks: Geol. been an invaluable aid, and the author wishes to make Soc. America Bull., v. 47, no. 6, p. 775-850. a special acknowledgment of these papers. Several Buddington, A. F., 1963, Isograds and the role of 5 HzO in metamorphic facies of orthogneisses of. the GeoL Survey Prof. Paper 287, 162 p. northwest Adirondack area: Geol. · Soc. America · Stose, A. J:, and Stose, G. W., 1944, Geology. of the Bull., v. 74, no. 9, p. 1155-1182. Hanover-York district: U.S. Geol. Survey· Prof. Buddington, A. F., and Leonard, B. R., 1962, Regional Paper 204, 84 p. geology of the St. Lawrence County magnetite Weiss, Judith, 1949, Wissahickon Schist at Philadelphia: district, northwest Adirondacks, New York: U.S. Geol. Soc. America Bull., V; ·60, no. 10, p. 1689- Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 376, 145 p. 1726.· Engel, A. E. J., and Engel, C. G., 1958, Progressive Wherry, E. T., 1918, Pre-Cambrian sedimentary rocks metamorphism and granitization of the major in the highlands of eastern Pennsylvania: Geol. paragneiss, northwest Adirondack Mountains·, Soc. America Bull., v. 29, p. 375-392. New York; Part I, Total rock: Geol. Soc: America Bull., v. 69, no. 11, p. 1369-1414. MARYLAND-DELAWARE _____._960, Progressive metamorphism and gran Broedel, C. H., 1937, The structure of the gneiss domes itization of the major paragneiss, northwest near Baltimore Maryland: Maryland. Geol. Survey Adirondack Mountains, New York; Part II, [Rept.], v. 13, p. 149-187. . Mineralogy: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, no. 1, Cleaves, E. T., Edwards, Jo.nathan, and Glaser, J. D., p. 1-57. comps. and eds., 1968, Geologic map of Maryland: New York State Museum and Science Service, Baltimore, Md., Maryland Geol. Survey, scale Geological Survey, 1962, Geologic map of New 1:250,000. York, 1961: New York State Mus. and Sci. Service, Cloos, Ernst, and Hietanen, Anna, 1941, Geology of Geol. Survey Map and Chart Ser., no. 5, 5 map the "Martie overthrust"' and the Glenarm Series in sheets; text: The geology of New York State, by Pennsylvania and Maryland: Geol. Soc. America J. G. Broughton, D. W. Fisher,· Y. W. Isachsen, Spec. Paper 35, 207 p. and L. V. Rickard, 42 p. Cloos, Ernst, Hopson, C. A., and· Fisher, G. W ., 1964, Waard, D. de, 1965, The occurrence of garnet in the The geology of Howard and Montgomery Counties: granulite-facies terrane of the Adirondack highlands: Baltimore, Md., Maryland Geol. Survey, 373 p. Jour. Petrology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 165-191. Cohen, C. J., 1937, Structure of the metamorphosed gabbro complex at Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland NEW J·ERSEY-PENNSYLVANIA Geol. Survey [Rept.], v. 13, p. 215-236. Agron, S. L., 1950, Structure and petrology of the Fisher, G. W ., 1963·, The petrology and structure of Peach Bottom slate, Pennsylvania and Maryland, the crystalline rocks along the Potomac River, near and its environment: Geol. Soc. America Bull., Washington, D.C.: Baltimore, Md., Johris Hopkins v.61,no. 11~p. 1265-1306. Univ., Ph.D. dissertation. Bayley, W. S., 1941, Pre-Cambrian geology and Herz, Norman, 1951, Petrology of the ~altimore mineral resources of the Delaware Water Gap and Gabbro, Maryland: Geol. Soc. America Bull., Easton quadrangles, New Jersey-Pennsylvania: v.62,no.9,p.979-1016. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 920, 98 p. Southwick, David, 1969, Crystalline rocks of Hadord Cloos, Ernst, and Hietanen, A. M., 1941, Geology of County, in Geology of Harford County, Maryland: the "Martie overthrust" and the Glenarm Series Baltimore, Md., Maryland Geol. Survey, p. 1-76. in Pennsylvania and Maryland: Geol. Soc. Stose, A. J., and Stose, G. W., 1946, Physical features America Spec. Paper 35, 207 p. of Carroll and Frederick Counties: Baltimore , Md., Hague, J. M., Baum, J. L., Herrmann, L. A., and Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines . and Water Pickering, R. J., 1956, Geology and structure of the Resources, 312 p. Franklin-Sterling area, New Jersey: Geol. Soc. Ward, R. F., 1959, Petrology and metamorphism of the America Bull., v. 67, no. 4, p. 435-473. Wilmington complex, Delaware, Pennsylvania,· and Hotz, P. E., 1952, Magnetite deposits of the Sterling Maryland: Geol. Soc. America, v. 70, no. 11, p. Lake, New York-Ringwood, New Jersey, area: U.S. 1425-1458. Geol. Survey Bull. 982-F, p. 153-244. McKinstry, H. E., 1949, Mineral isograds in south VIRGINIA eastern Pennsylvania: Am. Mineralogist, v. 34, nos. Allen, R. M.,}r., 1963, Geology and mineral resources 11-12, p. 874-892. of Gre'ene and Madison Counties: Virginia Div. _____._961, Structure of the Glenarm Series in Mineral Resources Bull. 78, 102 p. Chester County, Pennsylvania: Geol. Soc. America Bloomer, R. 0., and Werner, H. J., 1955, Geology of Bull., v. 72, no. 4, p. 557-577. the Blue Ridge r:egion in central Virginia: Geol. Sims, P. K., 1953, Geology of the Dover magnetite Soc. America Bull., v. 66, no. 5, p. 579-606. district, Morris County, New Jersey: U.S. Geol. Brown, W. R., 1958, Geology and mineral resources Survey Bull. 982-G, p. 245-305. of the Lynchburg quadrangle, Virginia: Virginia _____._958, Geology and magnetite deposits of Div. Mineral Resources Bull. 7 4, 99 p. Dover district, Morris County, New Jersey: U.S. Conley, J. F., and Toewe, E. C., 1968, Geology of the

6 Martinsville West quadrangle, Virginia: Virginia southwestern Virginia, Geol. Soc. America il)iw. M:inera'l !Resources Rept. Inv. 16, 44 p. Southeastern Sec., Ann. Mtg., 1963: Virginia DietriCh, !R. V., 1959, Geology and minerai resources Polyte·ch. Inst., Eng. Ext. Ser., Geol. Guidebook 2, of !Floyd 'County of ,tJhe Blue !Ridge Up'land, south p. 77-99. western Virginia: Virginia Polytech. Inst., Eng. Reed, J. C., Jr., 1955, Catoctin formation near Luray; EX:J!)t. :Sta. !BulL, Ser.. no. l.34, 160 p. Virginia: Geol. Soc. ·America Bull., v. 66, no. 7, !Ern, !E. !H., !t968, ·Geology of the Buckingham quad p. 871-896. rangle, Virg:in'ia: Virginia Div. Mineral Resources Ross, C. S., 1941, Occurrence and origin of the titanium Rept. [nw. 15, 45 .p. deposits of Nelson and Amherst Counties, Virginia: Espenshade, G. H., 1:954, Geology and mineral deposits U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 198, 59 p. of the .fames River-Roanoke River manganese Smith, J. W ., Milici, R. C., and Greenberg, S. 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7 Triassic basin, North Carolina: Southeastern ---~917, The geology and ore deposits of the Geology, v. 6, no. 3, p. 117-138. Virgilina district of Virginia and North Carolina: Eckelrriann, F. D., and Kulp, J. 'L., 1956, The sedimen North Carolina Geol. Survey Bull. 26, 176 p.; also tary· origin and stratigraphic equivalence of the so pub. as Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 14. called Cranberry and Henderson granites in Overstreet, W. C., and Griffitts, W. R., 1955, Inner western North Carolina: Am. Jour. Sci:, v 254, no. 5, Piedmont belt, in Russell, · R. J., ed., Guides to p. 288-315. southeastern geology: New York, Geol. Soc. Espenshade, G. H., 1947, Tungsten deposits of Vance America, p. 549-577. County, North Carolina, and Mecklenburg County, Overstreet, W. C., Yates, R. G., and Griffitts, W. R., Virginia: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 948-A, 17 p. 1963, Geology of the Shelby quadrangle, North ---~ 967, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Yadkin Valley region, North Carolina: U.S. Geol. Map I-384. Survey, open-file map, 2 sheets. · Parker, J. M., 3d, 1964, The mile-long section of Espenshade, G. H., and Potter, D. B., 1960, · Kyanite, metamorphic rocks at Roanoke Rapids, North sillimanite, and andalusite deposits of the south Carolina [abs.]: Elisha Mitchell Soc. Jour., v. 80, eastern States: ·u.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 336, no. 2, p. 164. 121 p. ---~968, Structure of easternmost North Furbish, W. J., 1967, Chloritoid from Orange County, Carolina Piedmont: Southeastern Geology, v. 9, North Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 8, no. 2, no. 3, p. 117-132: p. 53-66. Parker, J. M., and Broadhurst, S. D., 1959, Guidebook Hadley, J. B., 1949, Preliminary report on corundum for Piedmont field trip, featuring metamorphic deposits in the Buck Creek peridotite, Clay County, facies in the Raleigh area, North Carolina, April 16, North Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 948-E, 1959: GeoL Soc. America, Southeastern Sec., 24 p. p. 103-128. Rankin, D. W ., 1970, Stratigraphy and structure of Hadley, J. B., and Goldsmith, Richard, 1963, Geology Precambrian rocks in northwestern North Carolina, of the eastern Great Smoky Mountains, North in Fisher, G. W ., and others, eds., Studies of Carolina and Tennessee: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Appalachian geology-central and southern: Paper 349-B, 118 p. New York, Interscience Publishers, p. 227-245. Hadley, J. B., and Nelson, A., 1971, Geologic map of Reed, J. C., Jr., 1964, Geology of the Linville Falls the Knoxville quadrangle, North Carolina, Tennessee, quadrangle, North Carolina: U.S.' Geot.· Survey and South Carolina: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Bull. 1161-B, 53 p. Inv. Map I-654. Stromquist, A. A., and Sundelius, H. ·W ., 1969, Hadley, J. B., King, P. B., Neuman, R. B., and Stratigraphy of the Albemarle Group of the Goldsmith, Richard, 1955, Outline of the geology · Carolina slate belt in central North Carolina: U.S. of the Great Smoky Mountains area, Tennessee Geol. Survey Bull. 1274-B, 22 p. and North Carolina, in Russell, R. J., ed., Guides Stuckey, J. 1., 1926, Chloritoid from the Deep River to southeastern geology: New York, Geol. Soc. region, North Carolina: Am. Mineralogist, v. 11, America, p. 390-427. no. 7, p. 186-188. Hunter, C. E., and White, W. A., 1946, Occurrences Tobisch, 0. T., and Glover, Lynn, 1969, Metamorphic of sillimanite in North Carolina: North Carolina changes across part of the Carolina slate belt Div. Mineral Resources Inf. Circ. 4, 13 p. Charlotte belt boundary, North Carolina and Griffitts, W. R., and Overstreet, W. C., 1952, Granitic Virginia: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 650-C, rocks of the western Carolina Piedmont: Am. Jour. p. C1-C7. Sci., v. 250. no. 11, p. 777-789. Van Horn, E. C., 1948, Talc deposits of the Murphy Kesler, T. L., 1955, The Kings Mountain area, in marble belt: North Carolina Div. Mineral Russell, R. J., ed., Guides to southeastern geology: Resources Bull. 56, 54 p. New York, Geol. Soc. America, p. 37 4-387. Wilcox, R. E., and Poldervaart, Arie, 1958, Meta King, P. B., 1955, A geologic section across the southern dolerite dike swarm in Bakersville-Roan Mountain Appalachians; an outline· of the geology in the seg area, North Carolina: Geol. Soc. America Bull., ment in Tennessee, ·North Carolina, and South v.69,no.11,p. 1323-1367. Carolina, in Russell, R. J., ed., Guides to south Zen, E-an, 1961, Mineralogy and petrology of the

eastern geology: New York, Geol. Soc. America, system Al20 3-Si02-H 20 in some pyrophyllite p. 332-373. deposits of North Carolina: Am. Mineralogist, Kulp, J. L., and Poldervaart, Arie, 1956, The meta v.46,nos. 1-2,p.52-66. morphic history of the Spruce Pine district: Am. Jour.Sci.,v.254,no.7,p.393-403. SOUTH CAROL IN A Laney, F. B., 1910, The ·Gold Hill mining district of Brown, C. Q., 1966, Sillimanite in Pickens County, North Carolina: North Carolina Geol. Survey South Carolina: South Carolina Div. Geology Bull. 21, 137 p. Geol. Notes, v. 10, no. 1, p. 4-7.

8 Brown, C. Q., and Cazeau, C. J., 1964, Geology of the Survey Bull. 59, 99 p. Clemson quadrangle, South Carolina: South Cofer, H. E., 1958, Structural relations of the granites Carolina Div. Geology Map Ser. MS-9. and associated rocks of south Fulton County, Butler, J. R., and Siple, G. E., 1966, Geology and Georgia [abs.]: Dissert. Abs. v. 18, no. 5, p. 1768- mineral resources of York County, South Carolina: 1769. South Carolina Div. Geology Bull. 33, 65 p. Crawford, J. J., Hurst, V. J., and Ramspott, L. D., 1966, Cazeau, C. J., 1966, Geology of the La France quad- Extrusive volcanic rocks and associated dike swarms rangle, South Carolina: South Carolina Div. in central-east Georgia-Geol. Soc. America, South Geology Map Ser. MS-10. eastern Sec., Field Trip no. 2, 1966, Guidebook: ____..967, Geology and mineral resources of Athens, Ga., Univ. Georgia Dept. Geology, 53 p. Oconee County, South Carolina: South Carolina Crickmay, G. W ., 1935a, Kyanite in Fulton County: Div. Geology Bull. 34, 38 p. Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 46, p. 36-37. Cazeau, C. J., and Brown, C. Q., 1963, Guide to the ____..935b, Kyanite in Talbot and Upson geology of Pickens and Oconee Counties, South Counties: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 46, p. 32-36. Carolina: South Carolina Div. Geology, Geol. ____._936, Status of the Talladega series in Notes, v. 7, p. 31-40. southern Appalachian stratigraphy: Geol. Soc. Clarke, J. W., 1957, Contact metamorphism in Laurens America Bull., v. 37, no. 9, p. 1371-1392. County, South Carolina: South Carolina Div. ____.&.952, Geology of the crystalline rocks of Geology . Mineral Industries Lab. Monthly Bull., Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 58, 54 p. v. 1, no. 4, p. 2-7. Eckel, E. C., 1903, Gold and pyrite deposits of the Fries, Carl, Jr., 1942, Topaz deposits near the Brewer Dahlonega district, Georgia: U.S. Geol. Survey mine, Chesterfield County, South Carolina: U.S. Bull. 213, p. 57-63. Geol. Survey Bull. 936-C, p. 59-78. Fairley, W. 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9 Prof . .Paper 224, 97 p. geology, 2d Annual Field Trip, December 1964, LaForge, Laurence, and Phalen, W. C., 1913, Descrip Guidebook: University, Ala., Alabama Geol. Soc., tion of the Ellijay quadrangle [Georgia, North 64 p. Carolina, and Tennessee]: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Bergquist, H. R.,1960, Petrographic study of the crystal Atlas, Folio 187. line rocks from the Opelika quadrangle, Alabama: McCollum, M. J., 1966, Ground-water resources and Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 69, 44 p. geology of Rockdale County, Georgia: Georgia Geol. Brown, J. S., 1925, Graphite deposits of Ashland, Survey Inf. Circ. 33, 17 p. Alabama: Econ. Geology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 208-248. Medlin, J. H., and Hurst, V. J., 1967, Geology and Carrington, T. J., and Wigley, Perry, 1967, Redefini mineral resources of the Bethesda Church area, ·tion of the. Hillabee Schist, Alabama: Southeastern Greene County, Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Inf. Gwlugy, v. 8, no. 1, p. 19-32. Circ. 35, 29 p. Gault, H. R., 1945, Petrography, structures and petro Ramspott, L. D., 1964, The Elberton batholith: South fabrics of the Pinckneyville quartz diorite, Alabama: eastern Geology, v. 5, no. 4, p. 223-230. Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 56, no. 2, p. 181-246. Salisbury, J. W., 1961, Geology and mineral resources Griffin, R. H., 1951, Structure and petrography of the of the northwest quarter of the Cohutta Mountain Hillabee sill and metamorphics of Alabama: quadrangle: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 71, 61 p. Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 63, 74 p. Salotti, C. A., and Fouts, J. A., 1967, An occurrence of Heinrich, E. W ., and Olson, J. C., 1953, Mica deposits cordierite-garnet gneiss in Georgia: Am. Mineralogist, of the southeastern Piedmont. Part 11, Alabama v. 52, nos. 7-8, p .. 1240-1243. district: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 248-G, Sever, C. W., 1964, Geology and ground-water resources p. 401-462. of crystalline rocks, Dawson County, Georg-ia: Hunter, F. R., 1944, Geology of the Alabama tin belt: Georgia Geol. Survey Inf. Circ. 30, 32 p. Alabama Geol. Survey Bull., v. 54, 61 p. Smith, J. W., 1969, Isotopic dating and metamorphic Neathery, T. L., 1967, Paragenesis of the Turkey Heaven isograds of the crystalline rocks of Georgia, in. Pre Mountain kyanite deposits, Cleburn County, cambrian-Paleozoic Appalachian problems: Georgia Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey Circ. 41, 56 p. Geol. Survey Bull. 80, p. 121-139. ____...968, Talc and anthophyllite asbestos deposits Webb, J. E., 1958, Reconnaissance geologic survey of in Tallapoosa an·d . Chambers Counties, Alaqama: parts of Polk and Haralson Counties: Georgia Mineral Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 90, 98 p. · Newsh~tter, v. 11, no. 1, p. 19-24. Neathery, T. L., LeVan, H. P., Ahrenholz, H. W., and O'Neill, J. F., 1967, Talc and asbestos at Dadeville, ALABAMA Alabama: U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 7045,57 p. Adams, G. I., 1926, Geology of Alabama; The crystal Prou.ty, W. F., 1916, Preliminary report on the crystal line rocks: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 14, line and other marbles of Alabama: Alabama Geol. . p. 25-40. Survey Bull. 18, 212 p . _____..933, General geology of the crystallines of _____..923, Geology and mineral resources of Clay Alabama: Jour. Geology, v. 41, no. 2, p. 159-173. County, Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey County Alabama Geological Society, 1964 Alabama Piedmont Rept. no. 1, 190 p.