DOCSLIB.ORG

European Trade on the Far East and the Mercantile Relationship with Vietnam from the 16Th to 19Th Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European Trade on the Far East and the Mercantile Relationship with Vietnam from the 16Th to 19Th Century European Trade on the Far East and the Mercantile Relationship with Vietnam from the 16th to 19th Century NGUYEN Thi Ha Thanh The 16th century witnessed a signifi cant start for European maritime trade on the Far East, triggering by the pioneer Portuguese. Though being not a great market as compared with China, Japan, Indonesia in the Far East, Vietnam still attracted many European empires by an abundant quantity of merchandise as well as a strategic position on the international trade route. The Portuguese, Dutch, British and French respectively represented themselves in Vietnam, with somewhat different interests, paying much attempts to establish a stronghold for trade there. Nonetheless, their trade in Vietnam had become feeble since the end of 17th century. That was explained by several reasons. Keywords: The Far East, Vietnam, European maritime trade, about-turn, 16th-19th centuries I. Introduction It was the time Vasco de Gama found the India by eastward doubling the South Africa (1498) to boom European maritime trade in the Orient. The advantage was immediately in hands of the Iberian to explore India and the Far East1), a region the Portuguese praised as: “the fi nest regions in the world. For they contain all the riches, precious stones, mundane merchandise, spices and many and great kingdoms and empires”2). Not only broke a monopoly of Venetian spice trade in the West Indies throughout the 13th-15th centuries, they also operated a history time of exploring, conquering and yielding much profi t from the Oriental trade for the Europeans. From the 16th to the 19th century, the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, British and French were the fi ve European empires contributed most for the maritime trade with and within the Far Eastern countries. They step on step occupied all important ports in the Asian water by commercial treaty, or conquest. On further way to the Far Eastern water, the Portuguese discovered Vietnam in 1516. They spent several years thenceforth to loiter around this country before they could set up the offi cial trade here in 1540. Actually, 1) Far East was the term of Western people to refer the countries of East Asia (China, Japan,…), then including the countries of Southeast Asia and Russian Far East. In this paper, the Far East is mainly used to refer the countries of Southeast Asia, China (containing Macao, Hong Kong, Taiwan) and Japan. 2) C.R.Boxer, Portuguese conquest and commerce in Southern Asia 1500-1750, Variorum Reprints, 1985, p.123 353 東アジア文化交渉研究 第 2 号 among Far Eastern cargoes, Indonesian pepper, Moluccas cloves, nutmeg and mace, Chinese silk, porcelain and tea, Japanese copper and silver, etc were the most popular in Europeans junks. In comparing, Vietnamese merchandise was neither much widely well-known nor prevalent. Otherwise, if Malacca, Manila, and then Singapore were the constant stations for many eastward cargoes and in return, Vietnam – in the middle of the Far East – is far from any fi rst contact from the West. Nonetheless, as the Portuguese, the Dutch, British and surely the French, indeed, paid much effort to set a fi rm foothold here during the 16th - 19th century, even under the hostilities of native rulers. It is wondering whether natural resources, specifi c products or any else attracting them? Notably, though gaining profi ts from European trade, Vietnamese authorities found it hard to keep their enthusiasm with this trade, particularly since the end of the 17th century. What were the real reasons? A desire of fi nding out the answers for these confusing matters was the start for this paper. The research was implemented basing on several historical documents, books, and atlas, including original materials. By giving an overview of European trade on the Far East, then focus on Vietnamese foreign trade, this paper aims to point out a strategic position of Vietnam for European empires in the Far Eastern trade, as well as the context of diminishing foreign trade here during the 16th to 19th century. II. European trade on the Far East Locating on the tropical and equatorial zone, the South and Southeast Asia are home of various special spices, like: pepper, cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, which is rare at that time in Europe. Spice, at fi rst, was the main purpose of any ambitious European empires to crave for the Far East. Needless to say, thank to the honorable success of their explorer Vasco de Gama, the Portuguese made them “the pioneers of Western imperialism in the Far East”3). Particularly after winning the Tordesillas in 1494 and then the Saragossa Treaty in 1529 with the Spanish, they held a full opportunity to monopoly explore almost the Far East (except for Philippine), and enjoyed this privilege until the late 16th century. They quickly possessed many important bases in the Far East: Malacca (1511) – a major spice market, a gate for main eastward cargoes fl ow from Europe to the Far East; Ambon (1537), Ternate (1530) and Tidore (1578) of the Spice Islands4); Macao (1557) of China, from which they established a profi table route Macao-Japan for a time. By totally “more than fi fty forts and factories, in a tenuous string from Sofala [a port in the southeast coast of Africa] to Nagasaki”5), the Portuguese established a mercantile network for supplying and distributing merchandise not only between the East and the West but also among Asian countries. The incorporation of the Portugal with the Spain in 1580, nonetheless, restrained their fl ourishing time of domination and trade in the Far East, but giving a big chance for 3) Joseph Buttinger, The smaller dragon, Frederick a. Praeger, Inc. Publishers, 1958, p.198 4) Spice Islands or Maluku Islands, Moluccas Islands, historically used by the Chinese and Europeans, constituting of an archipelago of Indoneisa 5) Geoffrey Barradough (edited), The time atlas of world history, Times books limited, 1984, p.158 354 European Trade on the Far East and the Mercantile Relationship with Vietnam from the 16th to 19th Century（ NGUYEN） Figure 1. Trading ports in the Far East; (Original map of CIA-the world facebook) the Dutch to represent here throughout the next century. The furthest Asian area that the Spanish merchants could stretch their foot was Philippines. Their big prize was Manila, where they established a fort in 1565, and able to secure it from many threats during the next three centuries. Only the British could interrupt their time in Manila for just 3 years (1762-1764). Several westbound and eastbound fl ows were churned out here. The trade route between Manila and China, Manila and Japan were also created. In 1898, their trading base in Philippines was lost in hands of the American, and the Spanish empire no longer existed. It happened in the end of 16th century, when the Dutch was embargoed in trade with the Portuguese, who used to frequently contribute spices from the Asian water for them. They, hence, decided to fi nd a way accessing to spice trade directly in the Far East themselves. Their failure in attempt to fi nd the northeastward to the Orient proved that the shortest and easiest maritime way to the Far East at that time, eventually, was the way Vasco de Gama discovered. The vigorous time in the Far East of the Dutch, attached with the success of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which was found in 1602. They soon became the very rival of the Portuguese in the Far Eastern market, by their strong naval power, and also a so-call ruthless competition. Possessing almost the main ports in the Malay Archipelago including Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes and Flores, plus many other ports in the South of Malaysia and Singapore, the Dutch held an enormous source of Far Eastern merchandise, controlling most of gates to the Southeast Asian water: Malacca and Sunda Straits. Playing the monopoly intermediate role 355 東アジア文化交渉研究 第 2 号 for Japanese silver and copper export as well as silk import at Nagasaki, the Dutch did produce an enviable profi t throughout the valid time of the national isolation policy “sakoku”6). Thereby, coinciding with the coming of the 17th century, the Oriental trade was mostly in hands of the Dutch, who even left far from their companion British at that time. Nevertheless, attaching with several failures in politic, the Dutch faced a big storm of colony decline and military expedition increase. With the dawn of the 18th century, after all, the Dutch lost their stronghold in the Far East. The Dutch East India Company eventually expired in 1795. For the next period time, the British became their most successors. The British merchants launched the Far East in the end of 16th century with an unfortunate begin. They found the East India Company in 1600, two years earlier than the VOC. They, with the join-stock company, once succeeded in building a chain of factories in Bantam (1602), where it became their ‘main offi ce’ for the next 50 years, as well as Ayuthia, Patani (the main ports of Thailand) and Hirado (Japan) by the 1610s. However, as a belated and less power, the British had found it hard to neither fortify their foothold in the Far East nor gain the real peace trade from the Dutch, regardless of their “the live-and-let-live base treaty” in 16197). After a withdrawal storm of their factories in Ayuthia, Patani and Hirado8), then the “Ambon massacre”9) in 1623, the company gave up their attempt in the East Indies. Not until 1660s, the British reached the Far East again. The East India Company intended to trade with Japanese and Chinese indirectly through Formosa and Tonkin (Vietnam)10).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Memoirs of Pierre Poivre: the Thai Port of Mergui in 1745
    MEMOIRS OF PIERRE POIVRE: THE THAI PORT OF MERGUI IN 1745 Kennon Breazeale Adventures of Pierre Poivre (1719–86) When historians mention Pierre Poivre, they draw attention to his contribu- tions to horticulture. He made numerous attempts in the 1750s to acquire plants from the eastern islands of the Indonesian archipelago and cultivate them at Port Louis on the island of Mauritius—a French colony in the western part of the Indian Ocean known in his time as the Île de France. He made two voyages from Port Louis to the archipelago and succeeded at the second attempt in bringing back seeds and seedlings of clove and nutmeg trees, which the Dutch East India Company had long jealously guarded, to maintain a monopoly in the spice trade to Europe. Poivre’s hope was to demonstrate that the plants could be grown outside the islands of their origin and to introduce them into various French possessions for commercial cultivation, as a means of developing the colonial island economies. His early efforts did not succeed. All the plants brought to Port Louis in 1754 died, and Poivre was thwarted by formidable opponents. He had a long-running feud with a local expert, who was responsible for the botanical gardens, and the governor who arrived in 1755 was opposed to these schemes. Poivre thus returned to France in 1757 and took up the life of a gentleman farmer on his estate outside Lyon, where he occupied himself with the study of botany and especially plants that had potential for commercial development. A decade later, he was called upon to serve as the Intendant of the French colony.
    [Show full text]
  • OFFICIAL and UNOFFICIAL BOTANICAL GARDENS on ILE DE FRANCE and ILE DE BOURBON UNDER the FRENCH REGIME, 1735-18 10 by Stewart John Muir
    ECONOMIC BOTANY IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: OFFICIAL AND UNOFFICIAL BOTANICAL GARDENS ON ILE DE FRANCE AND ILE DE BOURBON UNDER THE FRENCH REGIME, 1735-18 10 by Stewart John Muir A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1994 © Stewart John Muir, 1994 ____________________ ____________________________ In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without written permission. my (Signature) Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date /y7 ECONOMIC BOTANY IN THE INDIAN OCEAN Page ii ABSTRACT France was late to enter the European race for empire in Asia, but it was the earliest nation to employ colonial research gardens to organize the push eastward. The French botanical vanguard settled on the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean where, beginning in the 1730s, a series of gardens contributed to France’s imperial fortunes and provided a model for later plant research networks in other European empires. In spite of past interpretations of French colonial science, there emergences a compelling argument that a dynamic interest in practical applications of scientific knowledge was present in the Indian Ocean region during this period.
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Spices of Life!
    The Many Spices of Life! With salt used excessively to give all sorts of concoctions a spark of taste, we have been advised to find spices that can impart intriguing taste to food. Salt is important: we can’t live without it given that our species evolved from the wide salty sea. Heart, lungs, nerves, muscles – all our body parts require salt, but just a soupcon, not heaps! The distinction between what is an herb and what is a spice is academic and of little concern to gardeners and cooks who use fresh basil minced over sliced tomatoes and mozzarella in September and in December sprinkle it from a jar. One prodigiously edible family is the umbelliferae identified by their umbrella-like flowering. This carrot family includes angelica, caraway, chervil, celery, cumin, dill, and parsley. Many of these plant parts are available dried: some, such as cilantro, parsley and dill are found in produce sections in packets of fresh leaves. Others you can nurture year-round on a sunny windowsill. For a quick fix stores offer blends of various seasonings in jars, but it would be more fun and less expensive to concoct your own to suit your family’s taste. For Italian flavor you can mix basil, oregano, and thyme in 6,2,1 proportions. Garlic, the indispensable, is a vegetable, not part of this discussion. For Indian cooking, one choice is curry powder, a blend of turmeric, coriander, cumin, ginger, cardamom and others. Curry powder, I’m told is integrated into the recipe at the sautéing- of-the-onion stage, not used as an add-on.
    [Show full text]
  • Shipwrecks, Slavery, and the Challenge of Global Comparison: from Fiction to Archive in the Colonial Indian Ocean
    2012 ACLA PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS FranÇoise Lionnet Shipwrecks, Slavery, and the Challenge of Global Comparison: From Fiction to Archive in the Colonial Indian Ocean HE Indian Ocean has always been the most “global” of all oceans. It is T the oldest in human history and has enabled contact among travelers, schol- ars, and merchants of the most diverse origins for more than 5000 years. It fig- ures in a sizable corpus of travel narratives and other literary genres that have influenced the direction of European literary movements from the eighteenth century to the present. Yet it remains, among U.S.-based humanists, the least studied of the large bodies of water that link continents, archipelagos, and their inhabitants. Historian Michael Pearson has suggested that a better name for the Indian Ocean might have been the “Afrasian Sea.” More apt geographically, this designation is more inclusive. It removes the implication that one area, India, is privileged and refocuses attention on the African, Middle Eastern, Arabian, and other Asian elements of the whole region. In addition, the rival interests of war- ring European empires led them to lay claim to islands and continental littoral areas, ensuring their continued presence as “Indian Ocean Rim” nations.1 For the This essay differs somewhat from the multimedia Presidential Address given on 30 March 2012 at the ACLA meeting. I am focusing here on the literary elements that are more appropriate for Comparative Literature. I thank the journal and our Association for this opportunity to share a small aspect of the literary history of my country of origin, Mauritius, the Ile de France of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre’s time.
    [Show full text]
  • Your Cruise Secret Seychelles Islands
    Secret Seychelles islands From 3/24/2023 From Victoria, Mahé Ship: LE JACQUES CARTIER to 4/5/2023 to Victoria, Mahé Embark with PONANT on anexpedition cruise to discover the most beautiful islands of the Seychelles. This 13-day itinerary aboard Le Jacques- Cartier will be an opportunity to discover little-known places of breathtaking natural beauty and an original fauna and flora. Leaving from Victoria, the archipelago’s capital, fall under the spell of the idyllic landscapes, with their exceptional flora and fauna. On Curieuse Island, reputed for its red earth and for the Aldabra giant tortoises that have taken up residence there, take an excursion to the heart of the mangrove. Then, you will discoverthe island of Aride, an unspoiled delight of the Indian Ocean, home to thousands of birds including some endemic species. In Praslin, do not miss the chance to visit the Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve. There you will find sea coconuts, gigantic fruits with a very evocative shape, nicknamed the “love nut”. During your cruise, you will have many opportunities to dive or snorkel, notably in Poivre as well as on the sublimeSaint-François atoll and the uninhabited and unspoilt Bijoutier Island. Another highlight of your trip will be the port of call Cosmoledoat . This magnificent atoll owes its nickname, the Galapagos of the Indian Ocean, to the beauty of its unique underwater world. Diving in this paradise lagoon becomes an extraordinary experience. You will call at Astove Atoll. Renowned for the beauty and diversity of its underwater world, it is home to a large population of tortoises and sea turtles.
    [Show full text]
  • Phelsuma 16.Indd
    NOTES Anon. 1821. Letters written during the late voyage of discovery in the Western Arctic Sea by an officer of the expedition. Sir Richard Phillips & Co., London Bissoondoyal, B. 1968. The truth about Mauritius. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay. Carié, P. 1904. Ornis 12: 121-128. Cheke, AS. 1987. In: Diamond, AW. (ed.) Studies of Mascarene Island birds. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Darnton, I. 1975. Jungle journeys in Ceylon. Galaxy Books, Lavenham, Suffolk Dewar, D. 1925. Indian bird life. Bodley Head, London Feare, CJ. & Mungroo, Y. 1990. Biol. Conserv. 51: 63-70. Grimmett, R, Inskipp, C & Inskipp, T 1999. A guide to the birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives.A& C Black, London. Henry, GM. 1971. A guide to the birds of Ceylon. 2nd ed. Oxford Univ. Press, London. La Fay, H. 1972. The Vikings. National Geographic Society, Washington. Legge, V. 1880. A history of the birds of Ceylon. Tisara Prakasakayo, Dehiwala, Sri Lanka [1983 reprint] 4 vols. Lever, C. 2005. Naturalised birds of the world. 2nd ed, revised & expanded. A&C Black (Croom Helm), London Long, JL. 1981. Introduced birds of the world. AH&AW Reed, Sydney & David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK. Madge, S. & Burn H. 2001. Crows & jays. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton. Meinertzhagen, R. 1912. Ibis (9) 6: 82-108. Meininger, PL., Mullié, WC. & Bruun, B. 1984. Gerfaut 70: 245-250. Oates, EW. 1889. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Vol.1. Taylor & Francis, London. Rountree, FRG. et al. 1952. Bull. Mauritius Inst. 3: 155-217. Ryall, C. 1994.
    [Show full text]
  • Dorit Brixius, European University Institute Florence, Italy
    A Pepper acquiring Nutmeg: Pierre Poivre, The French Spice Quest and the Role of Mediators in Southeast Asia, 1740s to 1770s Dorit Brixius, European University Institute Florence, Italy “One of these rare men, who reflect about things which are really useful, and who does not abandon a project until it is finished, had decided to bring wealth to France, his homeland, with the help of fine spice trees. This man was M. Poivre.” ‘Epiceries’, Encyclopédie méthodique: Agriculture1 What a hero, this Poivre, one might think! This paper, however, seeks to dismantle this heroic story. Narratives about Poivre’s apparent success of the spice project largely undermine the interplay and importance of his networks to conduct such a project. Focusing on these networks and go-betweens2 my paper is dedicated to the role of mediators who facilitated the French spice project. Indeed, in 1748, the young adventurer Pierre Poivre (1719-1786) proposed to the Compagnie des Indes Orientales (hereafter CIO) to collect spices in different parts of the world. Poivre, who later became the intendant of the Mascarene Islands (1767-1772), consisting of Isle de France (present-day Mauritius), Bourbon (present-day La Réunion) and Rodrigues, strove to smuggle clove and nutmeg from the Dutch-possessed Moluccas (or Maluku Islands of the Malay Archipelago) and introduce these spices in the Isle de France with the aim to turn the island into a cultivating ground for the French spice trade. Even though Isle de France remained marginal and vulnerable under the French office, it was to become an island of strength, particularly after the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), which had become a disaster for France This paper was partly written at the MPIWG Berlin and the KITVL Leiden in September 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Du Nouveau Sur Jeanne Barret Aux Archives Nationales De L'île Maurice
    Bulletin de la Société Historique et Archéologique du Périgord – Tome CXLVII – Année 2020 Du nouveau sur Jeanne Barret aux Archives nationales de l’île Maurice par Sophie MIQUEL et Nicolle MAGUET Notre Bulletin s’était fait l’écho en 2017 du début d’une enquête sur Jeanne Barret (1740-1807), collaboratrice du naturaliste Philibert de Commerson, pendant la célèbre expédition de Bougainville autour du monde. La poursuite de cette minutieuse enquête aux Archives nationales de l’île Maurice permet de suivre pas à pas la vie de cette femme depuis le moment où elle a quitté l’expédition de Bougainville, jusqu’à son mariage avec un Périgourdin à Port-Louis (île Maurice) et son installation en Dordogne, en éclairant des zones d’ombre et en supprimant quelques légendes. Voilà 250 ans, Louis XV arme la Boudeuse et l’Étoile 1. Les deux navires de l’expédition autour du monde commandée par Bougainville 2 reviennent en Europe en 1769, sans le naturaliste de l’expédition Philibert de Commerson (1727-1773). Son voyage s’interrompt à l’Isle de France (actuelle île Maurice) 3 avec sa compagne Jeanne Barret (1740-1805), déguisé en 1. La Boudeuse appareille en 1766 et l’Étoile en 1767. 2. BOUGAINVILLE, 1771. 3. Colonie française de 1715 à 1810. 191 Bulletin de la Société Historique et Archéologique du Périgord – Tome CXLVII – Année 2020 valet 4. L’étude de Taillemite 5 est incontournable sur ce périple, reprenant les journaux de voyage de Bougainville et de ses compagnons. Commerson décède le 13 mars 1773. Jeanne, la Bourguignonne, se marie en 1774, à Port-Louis, avec un soldat, tambour-major de la légion Isle de France, Jean Dubernat (1735-1817), originaire de Saint-Antoine-de- Breuilh, en Périgord.
    [Show full text]
  • Accès Aux Lettres De Jean-Nicolas Céré
    ARCHIVES D ’A NGERS - LETTRES DE J E AN -N ICOLAS CERE Lettres de Jean-Nicolas Céré à Jean-Marie Galles et Quelques autres ======== Le manuscrit 612 de la Bibliothèque municipale d’Angers est composé de 172 feuillets de formats divers adressés à Monsieur Legalles qui regroupent 80 lettres ou extraits écrits par Jean Nicolas Céré entre décembre 1767 et novembre 1802. L’ensemble est hétéroclite : - 51 originaux dont 40 lettres de la main de Céré, la plupart adressées à son ami, M. Galles - 11 lettres à caractère privé de membres de sa famille - De nombreuses lettres, copies de courriers officiels. Nous ne reproduisons ici qu’un extrait de ce manuscrit. Quelques transcriptions ont été empruntées à Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane et à Catherine Piques. Il nous a semblé intéressant de publier en même temps les quelques rares extraits de lettres de Jean-Marie Galles à Jean-Nicolas Céré dont nous avons connaissance. Ces documents proviennent des archives de Céré « Lettres du Jardin de l’Isle de France du Mauritius Institute, cités par M. Ly-Tio-Fane. Pour cet emprunt à Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane et pour bien d’autres, je l’en remercie bien chaleureusement. * Jean-Nicolas Céré est un colon de l’Isle de France, propriétaire exploitant du domaine de Belle-Eau , au quartier des Pamplemousses. Cette habitation est mitoyenne de Monplaisir la propriété de Poivre, ami intime de Céré. Au départ de Poivre en 1772, Monplaisir est annexé au Domaine sous le nom de Jardin du Roi , et, en 1775, Céré en devient le directeur ; c’est à lui en particulier qu’est confié le sort de la culture des épices introduites par les expéditions aux Moluques.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seychelles in the Mascarene Slave Trade, 1770-1830
    Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Nicholls, Peter A. (2018) 'The Door to the Coast of Africa': The Seychelles in the Mascarene Slave Trade, 1770-1830. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/67029/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html ‘The Door to the Coast of Africa’: The Seychelles in the Mascarene Slave Trade, 1770-1830 Peter A. Nicholls PhD History Submitted to the University of Kent, January 2018 78,000 words Abstract Rejecting the customary scholarly distinction between legal and illegal slave trades, this research explores the relationship between the Seychelles islands and the south- western Indian Ocean‘s slave trade to the Mascarenes from the time of the Seychelles‘ colonisation in 1770 to the demise of the slave trade in c.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanjukta Banerjee
    TRANSLATING MEDIATION IN TRAVEL WRITING: INDIA IN PIERRE SONNERAT’S VOYAGE AUX INDES ORIENTALES ET A LA CHINE (1782) SANJUKTA BANERJEE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HUMANITIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO January 2021 © Sanjukta Banerjee, 2021 ii Abstract In recent decades, a growing number of studies have focused on the parallels and interconnections between travel writing and translation to examine the ways in which both practices can be understood to represent the foreign, particularly in colonial contexts. Scholarship on non-Anglophone European accounts of India, however, has remained indifferent to this nexus. This dissertation addresses this gap through an exploration of the discursive strategies of representation at play in eighteenth-century French travel writing on India, a mostly neglected body of work in translation studies. Approaching early colonial India as a triangular colonial space and a site of pliable, competing colonialisms between France and Britain, I examine the plurality of mediations readable in a specific account, to underscore translation not only as an interlingual process but an entire problematic. To this end, I provide an annotated English translation of excerpts from French naturalist traveller Pierre Sonnerat’s Voyage aux Indes orientales et à la Chine (1782), an example of interlingual travel notable for its ethnographic account of India. My focus is on the assumptions and mechanisms at play in translating difference into commensurability, particularly in relation to the traveller’s located understanding of language and its entwining with other categories of knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanic Gardens and Scientific Organizations to 18701
    Pacific Science (1998), vol. 52, no. 4: 276-286 © 1998 by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved Tropical Biology and Research Institutions in South and Southeast Asia since 1500: Botanic Gardens and Scientific Organizations to 18701 DAVID G. FRODIN 2 ABSTRACT: Tropical biological stations have become in the last half-century a well-established phenomenon. They are, however, but a modem manifesta­ tion of a long tradition ofinstitutionalized study oftropical biological diversity, an approach gradually adopted by Europeans as one response to the needs and challenges of a new environment. This paper describes the growth of early in­ stitutions in South and Southeast Asia (and Mauritius), particularly botanic gardens, learned societies, and scientific surveys, and examines their relative successes and failures in relation to their geographical and political circum­ stances. The interaction among the Dutch, French, and British spheres is ex­ amined in relation to the appearance ofnew ideas. It is concluded that although all these powers were from time to time innovative, the British and Dutch, though in different ways, became the most successful in their lasting influence on pure and applied tropical science. The British network, internally strong and effectively worldwide by the nineteenth century, was notable for its breadth but featured less autonomy for individual units; the Dutch, fortunately situated in Indonesia and heir to an autonomous biological tradition, established in Bogor the beginnings of what became after 1870 a major biological (and, indeed, academic) center. TROPICAL BIOLOGY IS now fashionable. Trop­ Trelease and McLean (1919), Hill et al. ical biological stations have become numer­ (1925), and Treub (in Dammerman 1945: 59).
    [Show full text]