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Diptera: Chironomidae) in the High Se-78 Concentrations and High Ph of Fountain Creek Watershed, Colorado, USA

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Diptera: Chironomidae) in the High Se-78 Concentrations and High Ph of Fountain Creek Watershed, Colorado, USA Western North American Naturalist Volume 78 Number 1 Article 5 4-17-2018 Occurrence of chironomid species (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the high Se-78 concentrations and high pH of Fountain Creek Watershed, Colorado, USA Del Wayne R. Nimmo Department of Biology, Colorado State University–Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, [email protected] Scott J. Herrmann Department of Biology, Colorado State University–Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, [email protected] James E. Sublette Igor V. Melnykov Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Mathematics, Colorado State University–Pueblo, [email protected] Lisa K. Helland Department of Biology, Colorado State University–Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, [email protected] FSeeollow next this page and for additional additional works authors at: https:/ /scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan Recommended Citation Nimmo, Del Wayne R.; Herrmann, Scott J.; Sublette, James E.; Melnykov, Igor V.; Helland, Lisa K.; Romine, John A.; Carsella, James S.; Herrmann-Hoesing, Lynn M.; Turner, Jason A.; and Vanden Heuvel, Brian D. (2018) "Occurrence of chironomid species (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the high Se-78 concentrations and high pH of Fountain Creek Watershed, Colorado, USA," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 78 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol78/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Occurrence of chironomid species (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the high Se-78 concentrations and high pH of Fountain Creek Watershed, Colorado, USA Authors Del Wayne R. Nimmo, Scott J. Herrmann, James E. Sublette, Igor V. Melnykov, Lisa K. Helland, John A. Romine, James S. Carsella, Lynn M. Herrmann-Hoesing, Jason A. Turner, and Brian D. Vanden Heuvel This article is available in Western North American Naturalist: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol78/iss1/5 Western North American Naturalist 78(1), © 2018, pp. 39–64 Occurrence of chironomid species (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the high Se-78 concentrations and high pH of Fountain Creek Watershed, Colorado, USA DEL WAYNE R. N IMMO 1,* , S COTT J. H ERRMANN 1, J AMES E. S UBLETTE †, IGOR V. M ELNYKOV 2, L ISA K. H ELLAND 1, J OHN A. R OMINE 1, J AMES S. C ARSELLA 1, LYNN M. H ERRMANN -H OESING 3, J ASON A. T URNER †, AND BRIAN D. V ANDEN HEUVEL 1 1Department of Biology, Colorado State University–Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001 2Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan; Department of Mathematics, Colorado State University–Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001 3Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 ABSTRACT .— High selenium (Se) in watersheds can cause detrimental effects to many vertebrate species, but less is known regarding its effects on invertebrates comprising the basis of the food chain. This study addressed the response of a natural community of chironomid (midge) species to Se in 2 high-gradient streams that join to form a sandy-bottom front-range stream known to contain increasing downstream concentrations of Se. We identified a total of 151 species of adult male midges ( n = 714) collected in 2007 and 2008 from 14 sites in the Fountain Creek Watershed, Colorado, USA. In the initial analysis, the midge community was assessed for possible effects of Se and pH by using binary sets of 25 variables by means of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) procedures. Further computations revealed significant relationships between the presence of midges and spring total Se ( P = 0.0006, unfiltered water), dissolved Se ( P = 0.0006, filtered water), and pore water Se ( P = 0.0034, interstitial water in coarse and fine gravels) in the spring season. In the fall, the community showed a significant response to total Se ( P = 0.0500), a strong association with dissolved Se (P = 0.0044), and a weaker yet significant association with pore water Se ( P = 0.1266). We have not found reports indicat - ing either positive or negative responses of midges to increasing Se in field studies. Although there were no significant associations of midges with lower pH during the spring in any fraction of the water ( P = 0.7367, 0.7367, and 0.7469, respectively), there were significant associations to higher pH during the fall in all fractions ( P ≤ 0.0100). Mean concentra - tions of dissolved Se in lower-elevation sites ranged from 2.05 to 9.69 mg/L in the spring and from 2.67 to 18.59 mg/L in the fall; mean pH ranged from 7.5 to 7.8 in the spring and from 8.0 to 8.1 in the fall (2007). The association of silt/clay particles with the occurrence of midges was not significant in any of the waters in the spring or fall. Since some chironomid midges have a tendency to be found in areas exhibiting increasing Se in a downstream gradient in Fountain Creek, would they be found in similar water quality profiles in other watersheds? This possibility warrants serious study in other streams, particularly in the western United States where Se has been entering aquatic food chains of fish, birds, and mammals. RESUMEN .—El alto contenido de selenio en las cuencas hidrográficas puede causar efectos perjudiciales en muchas especies de vertebrados. Sin embargo, se sabe menos sobre los invertebrados que constituyen la base de la cadena alimenticia. Este estudio evaluó la respuesta de una comunidad natural de especies de quironómidos en dos corrientes de pendiente elevada, que se unen para formar una corriente frontal de fondo arenoso, conocida por tener concentra - ciones altas de selenio. Un total de 151 especies de mosquitos adultos machos ( n = 714) colectados en 14 sitios entre 2007–2008, fueron identificados a nivel de la especie, en la cuenca Fountain Creek en Colorado, Estados Unidos. En un análisis inicial, se evaluó la comunidad de insectos para detectar posibles efectos utilizando conjuntos binarios de 25 variables mediante el Análisis de Correspondencia Canónica (CCA, por sus siglas en inglés). Cálculos posteriores reve - laron una relación significativa entre la presencia de mosquitos y el selenio total, selenio disuelto y selenio en agua capi - lar, durante la primavera ( P = 0.0006, P = 0.0006 y P = 0.0034 respectivamente). La comunidad mostró una respuesta significativa a la fracción total de selenio en el otoño ( P = 0.0500), una fuerte relación con el selenio disuelto ( P = 0.0044) y una relación débil, pero significativa, con el selenio en agua capilar ( P = 0.1266). En los estudios de campo, no encontramos evidencia que indique respuestas positivas o negativas de los mosquitos al aumento de selenio. Aunque, no se encontró relación significativa con valores bajos de pH en la primavera, en ninguna fracción de agua ( P = 0.7367, 0.7367 y 0.7469, respectivamente), sí se encontraron relaciones significativas con valores altos de pH, durante el otoño en todas *Corresponding author: [email protected] †Deceased DRN orcid.org/0000-0002-3606-4247 SJH orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-7097 IVM orcid.org/0000-0003-1502-9706 BDV orcid.org/0000-0002-0481-439X 39 40 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST (2018), VOL. 78 NO. 1, PAGES 39–64 las fracciones de agua (P ≤ 0.0100). Las concentraciones promedio de selenio disueltas en sitios de menor elevación oscilaron entre 2.05 y 9.69 mg/L en la primavera del 2007 y entre 2.67 a 18.59 mg/L en el otoño; el pH promedio varió de 7.5 a 7.8 en la primavera y de 8.0 a 8.1 en el otoño. La relación entre las partículas de limo/arcilla y la presencia de mosquitos no fue significativa en ninguna de las fracciones de agua durante la primavera o el otoño. Si los mosquitos quironómidos tienden a encontrarse en áreas de selenio incrementando con el gradiente de elevación en Fountain Creek, ¿podríamos encontrarlos en otras cuencas hidrográficas con perfiles de calidad de agua similares? Esta posibili- dad justifica el estudio en otras corrientes, particularmente en el oeste de los Estados Unidos, donde el selenio se ha incorporado a las cadenas alimentarias acuáticas de peces, aves y mamíferos. Selenium (Se) is an essential element for rock substrates. The Arkansas River Valley in life that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. Colorado and Kansas has long been known However, under some circumstances Se for its agriculture and extensive irrigation. becomes toxic, especially in aquatic ecosys- However, other land uses, such as increased tems. Chapman (2010) summarized several urbanization, are recognized as affecting water activities that are sources of Se contamination. quality within a watershed. Industrial sources included agricultural irriga- Due to the growth of Colorado Springs in tion, animal husbandry, erosion from mono- El Paso County, Colorado, water quality in culture, and mining of hard rock, phosphate, the Fountain Creek Watershed has become a and coal. Chapman (2010) mentioned that Se concern. For example, Salazar (2006) wrote is found in organic-rich shales that are source that “fixing the problems” of the Fountain rocks for the activities mentioned above. Creek Watershed includes 2 broad issues, Lemly (2002) noted that Se is a worldwide “flood control and water quality,” and that pollution problem stemming from “coal and “additional problems” include nonpoint source combustion” activities; further, the most serious pollution, high water volumes, flash floods, impacts
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