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BY JOHN THOMAS HORNSBY M. A. (Edin.) a THESIS SUBMITTED TO

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BY JOHN THOMAS HORNSBY M. A. (Edin.) a THESIS SUBMITTED TO JOHN GLAS (1695-1775) BY JOHN THOMAS HORNSBY M. A. (Edin.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OP DIVINITY OP EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OP DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 1936 -ii- CONTENTS FOREWORD pp. iv-vi 1-92 PART I : LIFE AND LABOURS Section 1 Ancestry and Early Life 1-4- 2 Ministry at Tealing - The Rise of the Controversy on the Covenants 5-19- The Progress of the Controversy 20-27. The Process against Glas to his Deposition by the Synod of Angus and Mearns in 1?28 28-50. The Final Stages of the Process in the Church Courts ending in his Deposition by the Commission of Assembly in 1?5° ^1-65. 6 The Period of Glas's Later Ministry 66-82. 7 The Character of John Glas: 85-92 • (a) The Preacher (b) The Scholar (c) The Man PART II ; THE TEACHING OF GLAS 95-168. 1. Christian Salvation : 95-113- (a) The Extent of the ^-tenement 95-97- (b) On Justification 98-101. (c) The Nature of Saving Faith 102-105. (d) The Effects of Faith 106-109. (e) On Assurance 109-113. 2. The Church : 114-157. (a) Its Constitution 114-120. (b) Church and State 120-127. (c) The Ministry (d) The Sacraments 13-32. (e) Social Worship (f) Discipline 14,9-154- (g) Separation 3- Christian Practice : 158-168. (a) Christian Liberality 158-162. (b) Abstinence from Blood-eating 162-164. (c) Citizenship 165-167. (d) Social Diversions 167-168. PART III ; THE EXTENSION OF THE MOVEMENT 169-225 1. In England : 168-200. (a) London 172-183. (b) Yorkshire and the North-west Counties 18^-195. (c) Other Centres 196-200. -iii- PART III : THE EXTENSION OF THE MOVEMENT (continued) 2. In Wales 201-207. 3. In America 208-225. PART IV ; EVALUATION OF THE MOVEMENT 226-2)4.9. APPENDIX : INFLUENCE ON OTHER BODIES 250-332. 1. The 'Scotch' Baptists 250-267. 2. The Old Scots Independents 26b-280. J. The Inghamltes 281-289. 4. The Haldaneites 290-305. 5. The Walkerites 306-317. 6. The 'Disciples 1 318-332. BIBLIOGRAPHY : 1. The Works of John Glas 2. Authorities Consulted -iv- FOREWORD The following study is an attempt to delineate tbe life and work of John Glas (1695-1775), and to trace the origins, early development, and effects of the religious movement which he initiated. As far as is known to the present writer, no extended treatment of Glas's career, teaching, and movement, has hitherto been offered. The fullest account of Glas consists of a series of six articles which first appeared in "The Theo­ logical Repository" (Liverpool), N.S., Vol. Ill (1807), the writer of which was probably William Jones, the editor of that periodical. With the exception of the last article, this material was substantially reproduced in the Memoirs prefixed respectively to an edition (1813) of Glas's "The Testimony of the King of Martyrs", and to the second edition (1828) of his "The Rise and Progress of the Controversy about the National Covenants". In recent times interesting outlines have been contributed to the "Dictionary of National Biography" by the Rev. Alexander Gordon, and to the "Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics" and the "Encyclopaedia Brittanica" (llth edition) by the Rev. Dugald Macfadyen, but these are necessarily limited in their scope. One reason why more attention has not been given to the Glasite movement is that the Glasites, acting on their principle of avoiding publicity, have maintained an attitude of reserve respecting their own history. The present writer, however, has gratefully to acknowledge much valuable help and personal kind- -V- ness from Elders, members, and adherents of the Glasite connection. He has visited the four remaining aiasite or Sandemanian churches in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and London, as well as the homes of Glasite friends in these cities, Dundee, Perth, and elsewhere. Many manuscripts and letters, including several in the hand-writing of Glas, Sandeman, and other leaders in Britain and America, have been carefully preserved. These have been readily placed at the writer's service and have provided invaluable material for a re­ consideration of the personality and influence of John Glas. The method of treatment adopted is as follows:- Part I. covers the period of Glas's life and labours, with special attention to the origin of the controversy in which he was involved; the process against Glas in the Church Courts, re­ sulting in his deposition from the ministry of the Church of Scotland; and his later ministry among the churches which arose from his teaching and witness. An attempt is also made to sum­ marise the character of Glas as preacher, scholar, and man. Part II. deals with the distinctive teaching of Glas in re­ lation to Christian Salvation, the Nature and Constitution of the Church, and to Christian Practice. Part III. seeks to show the causes and effects of Glas's move­ ment in its extension beyond Scotland, particularly in England, Wales, and America. Part IV. contains a brief evaluation of the Glasite movement, indicating its relation to the times, its influence on contempor­ ary thought, its theological limitations, and the reasons of its decline. -vi- The Appendix contains a review of the influence of Glas's teaching and movement upon other religious bodies which, though having no direct connection with his Communion, absorbed various elements of his theology and preserved certain features of the Glasite church order. The churches which sprang directly from Glas's movement are sometimes denominated "Glasite 11 and at other times "Sande- manian". By some writers these names have been assumed to re­ present two related but distinct bodies. S^ch is not the case. In Scotland, where the movement originated, the sect has usually been known as "the Glasites", but in England, Wales, and America, where it spread as the result of the writings and labours of Robert Sandeman, the name commonly used has been that of "Sande- manians". The terms are interchangeable, especially with refer­ ence to the movement beyond Scotland. NOTE :- Unless otherwise stated, quotations from Glas's writings are taken from the Second Collected Edition of his Works in Five Volumes (Perth, 1782-1783). The principal abbreviations used are:- 'Narrative' s 'A Narrative of the Rise and Progress of the Controversy about the National Covenants ! . ! Cont. Narr. f = 'A Continuation of Mr. Glas's Narrative 1 . 'Letters in Correspondence 1 'Letters in Correspondence by Robert Sandeman, John Glas, and their Contemporaries 1 . ! Supp. Letters 1 = 'Supplementary Volume of Letters of John Glas, Robert Sandeman 1 , etc. PART I THE LIFE AND LABOURS OF GLAS -1- I ; LIFE AND LABOURS SECTION 1 ; ANCESTRY AND EARLY LIFE John Glas belonged to an old Scottish family whose name frequently occurs in the Royal Scoto-Irish genealogies. He was descended from Alexander Glas of Pittintian in Strathearn, Perthshire. By a charter (2) given under the Privy Seal (May 21st l^i^-O) the estate of Pittintian had been granted in equal shares to Sir Thomas Glas, chaplain of Dun- keld, and his brother Alexander. For several generations the Glas family had close ties with the Reformed Church of Scotland to which it gave many of its sons. "Pew families", says the late Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon, "have a longer or more widely spread con- (2) nection with the Ghurch than that of Glas of Pittintian 11 . John Glas, the subject of this study, was the fifth son in an unbroken clerical succession. The first clerical ancestor of John Glas was William, a younger son of the Laird of Pittintian. The Glas family enjoyed the favour of King James VI who took a personal interest in some of its members. A graduate of St. Andrews, William in 1583 was presented by the King to the vicariate of Little Dunkeld . The conflict between Crown and Kirk was now well-advanced, and in the year following William Glas f s settlement the passing of the Black Acts dealt a severe blow at (W Presbytery. These Acts, which made illegal all ecclesiastical assemblies not sanctioned by the Crown, placed the appointment of bishops in the hands of the King. In the same year Glas became Treasurer to the bishop of the diocese, which seems to indicate that he was in favour (1) J.C.Gibson, "The Baronies and Owners of Sauchie and Bannockburn" U93W, 32. (2) Ibid. (3) Quoted by Gibson, ibid, 33. Cf. George Turnbull's "Diary" in "Miscellany of the Scottish History Society", I, 309.' (k) D.Galderwood, "Hist. Kirk of Scotland", IV, 63-64. -2- with the dominant party in the Kirk. Two years later he received the living of Dowallie, and in 1589 was nominated a member of the Com­ mission charged with "the preservation of true religion" within the sheriff doms of Perth, Stormont, and Dunkeld. In January 1607 he de­ clined a position as constant Moderator of his presbytery. Sometime later, without relinquishing his charges at Little Dunkeld and Dow­ allie, he became minister of Dunkeld. Of his seven children, two sons, William and Thomas, entered the ministry. William Glas, Junior, second son of the foregoing was educated at St. Andrews, He was minister, first at Moulin, and afterwards at Dun- (2) keld, where he succeeded his father. He married Jean, daughter of John Cunyson of Ardgie, who was descended from the old Earls of Atholl. Alexander, the second son of this marriage, became Laird of Sauchie (5) in Stirlingshire, and founder of an influential family. Thomas, the eldest son of William and Jean Grlas, was born (prob­ ably at Dunkeld) in 1620. After graduating at St.
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