Intro to Protozoa 2017
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Balantidium Coli
GLOBAL WATER PATHOGEN PROJECT PART THREE. SPECIFIC EXCRETED PATHOGENS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGY ASPECTS BALANTIDIUM COLI Francisco Ponce-Gordo Complutense University Madrid, Spain Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre, ASCR, v.v.i. Budweis, Czech Republic Copyright: This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/openaccess/terms-use-ccbysa-en). Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Citation: Ponce-Gordo, F., Jirků-Pomajbíková, K. 2017. Balantidium coli. In: J.B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros, (eds) Global Water Pathogens Project. http://www.waterpathogens.org (R. Fayer and W. Jakubowski, (eds) Part 3 Protists) http://www.waterpathogens.org/book/balantidium-coli Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO. Acknowledgements: K.R.L. Young, Project Design editor; Website Design (http://www.agroknow.com) Published: January 15, 2015, 11:50 am, Updated: October 18, 2017, 5:43 pm Balantidium coli Summary 1.1.1 Global distribution Balantidium coli is reported worldwide although it is To date, Balantidium coli is the only ciliate protozoan more common in temperate and tropical regions (Areán and reported to infect the gastrointestinal track of humans. -
New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to refl ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD defi nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses). -
The Intestinal Protozoa
The Intestinal Protozoa A. Introduction 1. The Phylum Protozoa is classified into four major subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion and reproduction. a. The amoebae (Superclass Sarcodina, Class Rhizopodea move by means of pseudopodia and reproduce exclusively by asexual binary division. b. The flagellates (Superclass Mastigophora, Class Zoomasitgophorea) typically move by long, whiplike flagella and reproduce by binary fission. c. The ciliates (Subphylum Ciliophora, Class Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. d. The sporozoans (Subphylum Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility but have a unique type of life cycle, alternating between sexual and asexual reproductive cycles (alternation of generations). e. Number of species - there are about 45,000 protozoan species; around 8000 are parasitic, and around 25 species are important to humans. 2. Diagnosis - must learn to differentiate between the harmless and the medically important. This is most often based upon the morphology of respective organisms. 3. Transmission - mostly person-to-person, via fecal-oral route; fecally contaminated food or water important (organisms remain viable for around 30 days in cool moist environment with few bacteria; other means of transmission include sexual, insects, animals (zoonoses). B. Structures 1. trophozoite - the motile vegetative stage; multiplies via binary fission; colonizes host. 2. cyst - the inactive, non-motile, infective stage; survives the environment due to the presence of a cyst wall. 3. nuclear structure - important in the identification of organisms and species differentiation. 4. diagnostic features a. size - helpful in identifying organisms; must have calibrated objectives on the microscope in order to measure accurately. -
A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa
Protist, Vol. 162, 545–570, October 2011 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 28 July 2011 PROTIST NEWS A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa) Introduction together constitute the amoebozoan subphy- lum Lobosa, which never have cilia or flagella, Molecular evidence and an associated reevaluation whereas Variosea (as here revised) together with of morphology have recently considerably revised Mycetozoa and Archamoebea are now grouped our views on relationships among the higher-level as the subphylum Conosa, whose constituent groups of amoebae. First of all, establishing the lineages either have cilia or flagella or have lost phylum Amoebozoa grouped all lobose amoe- them secondarily (Cavalier-Smith 1998, 2009). boid protists, whether naked or testate, aerobic Figure 1 is a schematic tree showing amoebozoan or anaerobic, with the Mycetozoa and Archamoe- relationships deduced from both morphology and bea (Cavalier-Smith 1998), and separated them DNA sequences. from both the heterolobosean amoebae (Page and The first attempt to construct a congruent molec- Blanton 1985), now belonging in the phylum Per- ular and morphological system of Amoebozoa by colozoa - Cavalier-Smith and Nikolaev (2008), and Cavalier-Smith et al. (2004) was limited by the the filose amoebae that belong in other phyla lack of molecular data for many amoeboid taxa, (notably Cercozoa: Bass et al. 2009a; Howe et al. which were therefore classified solely on morpho- 2011). logical evidence. Smirnov et al. (2005) suggested The phylum Amoebozoa consists of naked and another system for naked lobose amoebae only; testate lobose amoebae (e.g. Amoeba, Vannella, this left taxa with no molecular data incertae sedis, Hartmannella, Acanthamoeba, Arcella, Difflugia), which limited its utility. -
Experimental Listeria–Tetrahymena–Amoeba Food Chain Functioning Depends on Bacterial Virulence Traits Valentina I
Pushkareva et al. BMC Ecol (2019) 19:47 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-019-0265-5 BMC Ecology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Experimental Listeria–Tetrahymena–Amoeba food chain functioning depends on bacterial virulence traits Valentina I. Pushkareva1, Julia I. Podlipaeva2, Andrew V. Goodkov2 and Svetlana A. Ermolaeva1,3* Abstract Background: Some pathogenic bacteria have been developing as a part of terrestrial and aquatic microbial eco- systems. Bacteria are consumed by bacteriovorous protists which are readily consumed by larger organisms. Being natural predators, protozoa are also an instrument for selection of virulence traits in bacteria. Moreover, protozoa serve as a “Trojan horse” that deliver pathogens to the human body. Here, we suggested that carnivorous amoebas feeding on smaller bacteriovorous protists might serve as “Troy” themselves when pathogens are delivered to them with their preys. A dual role might be suggested for protozoa in the development of traits required for bacterial passage along the food chain. Results: A model food chain was developed. Pathogenic bacteria L. monocytogenes or related saprophytic bacteria L. innocua constituted the base of the food chain, bacteriovorous ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis was an intermedi- ate consumer, and carnivorous amoeba Amoeba proteus was a consumer of the highest order. The population of A. proteus demonstrated variations in behaviour depending on whether saprophytic or virulent Listeria was used to feed the intermediate consumer, T. pyriformis. Feeding of A. proteus with T. pyriformis that grazed on saprophytic bacteria caused prevalence of pseudopodia-possessing hungry amoebas. Statistically signifcant prevalence of amoebas with spherical morphology typical for fed amoebas was observed when pathogenic L. -
Wda 2016 Conference Proceedi
The 65th International Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association July 31 August 5, 2016 Cortland, New York Sustainable Wildlife: Health Matters! Hosted by at Greek Peak Mountain Resort Cortland, New York, USA 4 Wildlife Disease Association Table of Contents Welcome from the Conference Committee 6 Conference Committee Members 7 WDA Officers 8 Plenary Speakers 9 The 2016 Carlton Herman Fund Speaker 11 Sponsors 12 Events & Meetings 15 Pre-conference Workshops 17 Program 21 Poster Sessions 34 Abstracts 40 Exhibitors 249 Index 256 65th Annual International Conference 5 Welcome from the Conference Committee Welcome to beautiful central New York, the 65th International Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association, and the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians. We have planned an exciting scientific program and have lots of networking and learning opportunities in store this week. There will be a break mid-week to allow time to socialize with new and old friends and take in some of the adventures the area has to offer. global challenges and opportunities in managing wildlife health issues with our excellent slate of plenary speakers. In addition, we have three special sessions: How Risk Communication Research in Wildlife Disease Management Contributes to Wildlife Trust Administration, Chelonian Diseases and Conservation, and Vaccines for Conservation. This meeting would not have been possible without the contributions of numerous people and institutions. We are grateful to Cornell University for in-kind and financial support for this event. The Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, and Lab of Ornithology have all been integral parts of making this meeting a success. -
CH28 PROTISTS.Pptx
9/29/14 Biosc 41 Announcements 9/29 Review: History of Life v Quick review followed by lecture quiz (history & v How long ago is Earth thought to have formed? phylogeny) v What is thought to have been the first genetic material? v Lecture: Protists v Are we tetrapods? v Lab: Protozoa (animal-like protists) v Most atmospheric oxygen comes from photosynthesis v Lab exam 1 is Wed! (does not cover today’s lab) § Since many of the first organisms were photosynthetic (i.e. cyanobacteria), a LOT of excess oxygen accumulated (O2 revolution) § Some organisms adapted to use it (aerobic respiration) Review: History of Life Review: Phylogeny v Which organelles are thought to have originated as v Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry endosymbionts? v Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution v During what event did fossils resembling modern taxa suddenly appear en masse? v A valid clade is monophyletic, meaning it consists of the ancestor taxon and all its descendants v How many mass extinctions seem to have occurred during v A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species and Earth’s history? Describe one? some, but not all, of the descendants v When is adaptive radiation likely to occur? v A polyphyletic grouping includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor v Maximum parsimony assumes the tree requiring the fewest evolutionary events is most likely Quiz 3 (History and Phylogeny) BIOSC 041 1. How long ago is Earth thought to have formed? 2. Why might many organisms have evolved to use aerobic respiration? PROTISTS! Reference: Chapter 28 3. -
Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: a Public Health Perspective
Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: a Public Health Perspective Stephanie M. Fletcher,a Damien Stark,b,c John Harkness,b,c and John Ellisa,b The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australiaa; School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australiab; and St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Division of Microbiology, SydPath, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australiac INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................420 Distribution in Developed Countries .....................................................................................................................421 EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT ..........................................................................................................421 Cryptosporidium Species..................................................................................................................................421 Dientamoeba fragilis ......................................................................................................................................427 Entamoeba Species.......................................................................................................................................427 Giardia intestinalis.........................................................................................................................................429 Cyclospora cayetanensis...................................................................................................................................430 -
A PRELIMINARY NOTE on TETRAMITUS, a STAGE in the LIFE CYCLE of a COPROZOIC AMOEBA by MARTHA BUNTING
294 Z6OL6G Y.- M. BUNTING PROC. N. A. S. A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON TETRAMITUS, A STAGE IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A COPROZOIC AMOEBA By MARTHA BUNTING DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Communicated July 24, 1922 In 1920 a study of the Entamoeba of the rat was begun and in a culture on artificial medium a number of Coprozoic amoeba appeared, one of which exhibited a flagellate phase which seems to be identical with Tetramitus rostratus Perty.1 The appearance of flagellate phases in cultures of Coprozoic amoeba (Whitmore,2 etc.) as well as of soil amoeba (Kofoid,1 Wilson,4 etc.) has been recorded a number of times, but the flagellates which appeared were relatively simple in organization and very transitory in occurrence. Fur- thermore, some of the simpler flagellates have been observed (Pascher5) to lose their flagella and become amoeboid. In the case here described, however, there is a transformation of a simple amoeba into a relatively complex flagellate which multiplies for several days then returns to the amoeboid condition and becomes encysted. Tetramitus rostratus has been studied by a number of investigators since its discovery in 1852, by Perty,' yet no one has given a full account of its life history. The lack of cysts in previous accounts, mentioned by Dobell and O'Connor,6 is explained by the transformation into an amoeba before encystment. It is believed that this animal presents the extreme in transformations of this sort and serves to emphasize the close relationship between amoebae and flagellates, and the need for careful studies of life cycles, in pure cultures where possible, in investigations of coprozoic and other Protozoa. -
Brown Algae and 4) the Oomycetes (Water Molds)
Protista Classification Excavata The kingdom Protista (in the five kingdom system) contains mostly unicellular eukaryotes. This taxonomic grouping is polyphyletic and based only Alveolates on cellular structure and life styles not on any molecular evidence. Using molecular biology and detailed comparison of cell structure, scientists are now beginning to see evolutionary SAR Stramenopila history in the protists. The ongoing changes in the protest phylogeny are rapidly changing with each new piece of evidence. The following classification suggests 4 “supergroups” within the Rhizaria original Protista kingdom and the taxonomy is still being worked out. This lab is looking at one current hypothesis shown on the right. Some of the organisms are grouped together because Archaeplastida of very strong support and others are controversial. It is important to focus on the characteristics of each clade which explains why they are grouped together. This lab will only look at the groups that Amoebozoans were once included in the Protista kingdom and the other groups (higher plants, fungi, and animals) will be Unikonta examined in future labs. Opisthokonts Protista Classification Excavata Starting with the four “Supergroups”, we will divide the rest into different levels called clades. A Clade is defined as a group of Alveolates biological taxa (as species) that includes all descendants of one common ancestor. Too simplify this process, we have included a cladogram we will be using throughout the SAR Stramenopila course. We will divide or expand parts of the cladogram to emphasize evolutionary relationships. For the protists, we will divide Rhizaria the supergroups into smaller clades assigning them artificial numbers (clade1, clade2, clade3) to establish a grouping at a specific level. -
Unicellular Associative Conditioning: an Interspecies Analysis
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.19.346007; this version posted October 21, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Unicellular associative conditioning: an interspecies analysis Jose Carrasco-Pujante1,2*, Carlos Bringas2*, Iker Malaina3, Maria Fedetz4, Luis Martínez2,5, Gorka Pérez-Yarza2, María Dolores Boyano2, Mariia Berdieva6, Andrew Goodkov6, José I. López7, Shira Knafo1,8,9# & Ildefonso M. De la Fuente3,10# 1. Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel. 2. Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain. 3. Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain. 4. Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, CSIC, Granada 18016, Spain. 5. Basque Center of Applied Mathematics (BCAM) Bilbao 48009, Spain. 6. Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Science St. Petersburg 194064, Russia. 7. Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain. 8. Biophysics Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Campus, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain. 9. Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain. 10. Department of Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC Institute, Espinardo University Campus, Murcia 30100, Spain. * Equal contribution # Corresponding Authors: Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Shira Knafo or Ildefonso M. -
Catalogue of Protozoan Parasites Recorded in Australia Peter J. O
1 CATALOGUE OF PROTOZOAN PARASITES RECORDED IN AUSTRALIA PETER J. O’DONOGHUE & ROBERT D. ADLARD O’Donoghue, P.J. & Adlard, R.D. 2000 02 29: Catalogue of protozoan parasites recorded in Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 45(1):1-164. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835. Published reports of protozoan species from Australian animals have been compiled into a host- parasite checklist, a parasite-host checklist and a cross-referenced bibliography. Protozoa listed include parasites, commensals and symbionts but free-living species have been excluded. Over 590 protozoan species are listed including amoebae, flagellates, ciliates and ‘sporozoa’ (the latter comprising apicomplexans, microsporans, myxozoans, haplosporidians and paramyxeans). Organisms are recorded in association with some 520 hosts including mammals, marsupials, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. Information has been abstracted from over 1,270 scientific publications predating 1999 and all records include taxonomic authorities, synonyms, common names, sites of infection within hosts and geographic locations. Protozoa, parasite checklist, host checklist, bibliography, Australia. Peter J. O’Donoghue, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia; Robert D. Adlard, Protozoa Section, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia; 31 January 2000. CONTENTS the literature for reports relevant to contemporary studies. Such problems could be avoided if all previous HOST-PARASITE CHECKLIST 5 records were consolidated into a single database. Most Mammals 5 researchers currently avail themselves of various Reptiles 21 electronic database and abstracting services but none Amphibians 26 include literature published earlier than 1985 and not all Birds 34 journal titles are covered in their databases. Fish 44 Invertebrates 54 Several catalogues of parasites in Australian PARASITE-HOST CHECKLIST 63 hosts have previously been published.