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Newsletter No. 48 Issue No. 48 December, 2001 The International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP): A Study of Global Change www.igbp.kva.se IGBP is sponsored by the International Council for Science (ICSU) Year of Mountains Discussion Forum 2002 is the Inter- With this final edition of national Year of Global Change for 2001 Mountains and it we have introduced a new is fitting that we section called “Discussion start the Science Forum” to promote dialogue Features section about global change issues. with an article on In this edition we kick off with an article by Joao mountains and Morais on the continuing need to ensure good partici- global change by pation of developing country scientists in the IGBP Mel Reasoner and network. Participation was strong at the Open Sci- co-authors. ence Conference in Amsterdam but many ask “where Another product of to from here?” We hope that “Discussion Forum” will the OSC, the article provides a good overview of the become a lively space for new ideas and perspectives parallel session on mountain regions. and welcome your contributions and feedback. page 2 page 31 More Science Features Contents From the OSC, Science Features Sandra Lavorel et Global Change and Mountain Regions.................. 2 al give a global perspective on fire Fires in the Earth System ...................................... 7 and on page 11 Viktor Gorshkov Biological Theory and and others Global Change Science....................................... 11 challenge some of the fundamental Water, carbon and nutrient assumptions in cycles on the Australian continent ....................... 15 global change science. Michael Student Poster Awards ........................................ 16 Raupach and colleagues share their latest work on the effect of climate gradients and land use changes on Past ecosystem processes and water, carbon and nutrient cycles in Australia (page 15) human-environment interactions ......................... 23 and Isabelle Larocque presents the fascinating work of PAGES Focus 5 on past ecosystem processes and Extending atmospheric aerosol human interactions (page 23). Finally, Robert Charle- measurements to the global scale....................... 26 son emphasises the need for satellite measurements Discussion Forum of atmospheric aerosols to be fully integrated with in situ measurements and modelling - the key to making Building capacity for science and effective use of satellite data in the future. human progress at global scales......................... 31 The centrefold shows off the work of the final 4 winners of the student poster prize awarded at the OSC in July. People and events IGBP and Related Meetings................................ 35 Science Features threaten the future ability of Global Change and Mountain Regions: mountain regions to provide The need for an integrated approach goods and services we now take for granted. This session also by M. Reasoner, A. Becker, H. Bugmann, L. Graumlich, hosted the scientific debut for W. Haeberli, S. Lütkemeier and B. Messerli the Mountain Research Initiative (MRI), a multidisciplinary scien- tific initiative aimed at address- Mountain regions occupy about one-fourth of the Earth’s sur- ing global change issues in mountain regions and their con- face, they are home to approximately one tenth of the world’s sequences for the development population and provide goods and services such as water, of sustainable land, water and forest products, refugia for biodiversity, storage of carbon and resource management in moun- soil nutrients, and unspoiled recreation areas to more than half tain regions around the globe of humanity. Accordingly, they received particular attention in (Box 1). “Agenda 21” (Chapter 13, Managing Fragile Ecosystems), a programme for sustainable development into the 21st century Scientific rationale adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment for a focus on and Development (UNCED) in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, mountains and more recently by the UN declaration for the year 2002 as the “International Year of Mountains”. In recognition of the From a scientific point of view, sensitivity of mountain environments, and the consequences the strong altitudinal gradients that changes in these environments might have for humanity, in mountain regions often pro- the scientific community has responded in recent years with a vide the best and sometimes more focussed interest in global change research in mountain even unique opportunities to detect and analyse global regions. Regional, national, and even global research initia- change processes and phenom- tives are now concentrating their attention on mountain areas ena, because and are, in many cases, initiating cooperative efforts. 1) meteorological, hydrologi- Mountains at the from the natural and the human cal, cryospheric and eco- logical conditions change OSC in Amsterdam sciences, and highlighted the potential for interdisciplinary strongly over relatively The recent intensification of cooperation, for the interest in global change development of synergies “We are rapidly approaching research in mountain regions between different important crossroads that was highlighted by a special disciplines and for the mountain session during the spatial and temporal require significant choices to be Global Change Open Science coordination of individ- made. Business as usual is no Conference (OSC) “Challenges ual research projects. The longer an option for much of of a Changing Earth” of IGBP, OSC mountain session the world’s environments, and the International Human provided an overview of Dimensions Programme on research across different mountain regions are not an Global Environmental Change mountain ranges of the exception.” (IHDP) and the World Climate Earth and specific infor- Research Programme (WCRP) in mation for stakeholders Amsterdam on July 12, 2001. on possible development short distances. Accord- The mountain session included paths over the next few decades, ingly, biodiversity tends to an evening discussion forum taking into account globalisation be high, and characteristic that clearly revealed the breadth processes and related cumula- sequences of ecosystems of interest in mountain research, tive and systemic environmental and cryospheric systems which spans various disciplines changes which may significantly are found along mountain 2 that mountain environments are essential to the survival of the global ecosystem and that many of them are experiencing degradation in terms of acceler- ated soil erosion, landslides, and rapid loss of habitat and genetic diversity. The seriousness and magnitude of these environ- mental problems in mountain regions have not abated over the last decade, and in many cases, they have been exacer- bated by compounding issues. Figure 1. Photograph of the Morteratsch Glacier in the region of Ber- Consequently, the statements nina (Grisons, Eastern Swiss Alps) showing the retreat of the made at the 1992 United Nations snout over the last 150 years. The ‘1850’ trimline is clearly vis- ible on the right-hand side of the glacier. Since ca. 1850 this Earth Summit in Rio are, unfor- glacier has lost approximately 15 percent of its area and 25 tunately, just as valid today as percent of its former length. The yearly measurements of the they were a decade ago. The tra- length changes started in 1878. The overall retreat from 1878 to 1998 - interrupted only by 4 years with minor readvances ditional perception that moun- - accounts for a total of 2 km with a mean annual retreat rate tains represent pristine systems of approximately 17 m/y. This long-term average was mark- completely isolated from human edly surpassed in recent years. The glacier receded by 38.9 m and 29. 6 m in 1999 and 2000 respectively. Photo by Max impact and only marginally con- Maisch. nected to economic, political and cultural centers of influence is rapidly becoming outdated. For slopes. The boundaries analyse the regional differ- example, the massive and wide- between these systems entiation of environmental spread retreat of alpine glaciers (e.g. ecotones, snowline, change processes. highlights the impact of global glacier boundaries, etc.) Related to the changing environ- climate change at high eleva- are often climatically sen- mental conditions along moun- tions and the consequences for sitive and may experience tain slopes, changes also occur lowland agriculture, hydroelec- rapid shifts due to envi- in socio-economic conditions, tric power, mitigation of natural ronmental change and land-use and land-management hazards and ecotourism (Figure thus can be used as indica- practices, resource exploitation 1). Similarly, greater physical, tors; and the appeal of mountain administrative and market inte- 2) the higher parts of many regions for tourism. Unsustain- gration of mountain and upland mountain ranges are not able management practices may agriculture with mainstream affected by direct human lead to the deterioration of systems has fundamentally activities and may serve the living conditions to the altered local resource man- as locations where the point where migration processes agement strategies leading to environmental impacts of are intensified; some mountain resource use intensification and climate change alone, areas become depopulated, overexploitation. Threatened by including changes in whereas others become over- the increasingly global scale of atmospheric chemistry, populated. Such processes have both systemic (impact environ- can be studied; a number of strong and mostly
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