Fra Paramilitarisme Til Parlament

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Fra Paramilitarisme Til Parlament View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Fra paramilitarisme til parlament NSDAP i Dessau 1924-1932 Lasse Helland Masteroppgave i historie Det humanistiske fakultetet Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Høsten 2014 1 2 Forord Jeg ønsker å benytte dette forordet til å takke alle de som har hjulpet meg med masteroppgaven. Først vil jeg takke personalet ved følgende institusjoner: Bundesarchiv Berlin, Landeshauptarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt avdeling Dessau og Bauhaus Archiv Berlin. Videre vil jeg takke Institutt for Arkeologi, Konservering og Historie for økonomisk støtte i forbindelse med studiereiser til Berlin og Dessau. Jeg vil også takke Rainer W. Speth for kyndig språkhjelp der dette har vært nødvendig. Videre vil jeg rette en stor takk til Dr. Bernd Gerhard Ulbrich. Hans imøtekommenhet og interesse for oppgaven har vært en særlig tilfredsstillelse. Jeg ønsker også å takke min tidligere medstudent Vegar Lillejordet for kyndig teknisk bistand, og mye konstruktiv kritikk. Videre vil jeg også takke Bjørnar Storeng Ones, som med skarpt blikk har gjennomgått oppgaven. Til slutt ønsker jeg å rette en stor takk til min veileder Anders Granås Kjøstvedt. Hans hjelpsomhet, dyktighet og tålmodighet har vært avgjørende for denne oppgaven. Eventuelle feil og unøyaktigheter i oppgaven er ene og alene mitt ansvar. Lasse Helland Jar, 27. november 2014. 3 4 Innhold Forord ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.0 Innledning, kilder og litteratur ............................................................................................. 9 1.1 Innledning .................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Problemstilling ............................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Hvorfor Dessau? ............................................................................................................. 11 1.4 Kilder .............................................................................................................................. 13 1.4.1 Litteratur/Historiografi: ............................................................................................... 15 1.5 Volksgemeinschaft ......................................................................................................... 20 1.5.1 Opprinnelse og mangfoldig bruk: ........................................................................... 21 1.5.2 Volksgemeinschaft som politisk begrep i Dessau: .................................................. 25 1.5.3 Det nasjonalsosialistiske Volksgemeinschaft: ........................................................ 30 1.6 Oppgavens oppbygging .................................................................................................. 34 2.0 De tidlige årene, 1924-1930 ............................................................................................... 37 2.1 Innledning: ..................................................................................................................... 37 2.1.1 Dessau på 1920-tallet: ............................................................................................. 37 2.1.2 Bauhaus Dessau: ..................................................................................................... 38 2.2 NSDAP Dessau: ............................................................................................................. 41 2.3 NSDAPs agitasjon i Dessau: .......................................................................................... 43 2.3.1 Agitasjon i de tidlige årene 1924-30: ...................................................................... 43 2.3.2 Valgkampen i 1928: ................................................................................................ 45 2.3.3 1929, økt oppslutning og stor depresjon: ................................................................ 47 2.4 Oppsummering: .............................................................................................................. 47 3.0 1930-1932: Kampen mot SPD og marxismen. ................................................................... 49 3.1 Innledning: ..................................................................................................................... 49 3.2 Agitasjon mot SPD og «systemet» ................................................................................. 50 3.3 SPD og marxisme ........................................................................................................... 54 5 3.4 Agitasjon mot Peus, Weber, og «Pest»-Seger ................................................................ 56 3.5 Agitasjon mot KPD ........................................................................................................ 60 3.6 NSDAPs løsninger ......................................................................................................... 63 3.6.1 NSDAP Dessaus fremstilling som arbeiderparti ..................................................... 64 3.6.2 NSDAPs sosialisme – Ikke klassekamp, men Volksgemeinschaft .......................... 66 3.7 Oppsummering ............................................................................................................... 68 4.0 Kampen mot Bauhaus ........................................................................................................ 71 4.1 Innledning ....................................................................................................................... 71 4.2 Gemeindenratswahlkampf 1931 – Et vendepunkt .......................................................... 73 4.3 Bauhaus og tysk kunst .................................................................................................... 74 4.4 Bauhaus og «systemet» .................................................................................................. 77 4.5 Bauhaus og jødene ......................................................................................................... 80 4.6 NSDAPs forståelse av «tysk» kunst ............................................................................... 83 4.6.1 Hitler, kunst og kultur ............................................................................................. 83 4.6.2 NSDAP Dessau og kulturpolitikk ........................................................................... 84 4.7 NSDAP, Bauhaus og det moderne ................................................................................. 86 4.8 Konklusjon/oppsummering ............................................................................................ 89 5.0 Antisemittismen ................................................................................................................. 91 5.1 Innledning ....................................................................................................................... 91 5.2 Jødenes posisjon i Dessau .............................................................................................. 92 5.3 Antisemittismens rolle i NSDAPs ideologi .................................................................... 95 5.4 Hvilken rolle spilte antisemittismen i NSDAP Dessaus’ agitasjon? .............................. 97 5.5 Oppsummering ............................................................................................................... 99 6.0 Oppsummering og konklusjon ......................................................................................... 101 6.1 Innledning ..................................................................................................................... 101 6.2 Hvilke ideologiske spørsmål valgte NSDAP Dessau å fokusere på i sin agitasjon? ... 101 6.2.1 Venstrepartiene ...................................................................................................... 101 6 6.2.2 Bauhaus ..................................................................................................................... 102 6.2.3 Antisemittismen .................................................................................................... 103 6.3 I hvilken grad presenterte nazistene i Dessau et alternativt samfunn i form av et Volksgemeinschaft? ............................................................................................................ 103 6.4 Videre forskning? ......................................................................................................... 104 Referanser ............................................................................................................................... 107 Kilder .................................................................................................................................. 107 Litteratur ............................................................................................................................. 108 7 8 1 1.0 Innledning, kilder og litteratur 1.1 Innledning Denne oppgaven tar for seg Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) som politisk bevegelse i byen Dessau i perioden 1924-1932. Hovedfokuset vil være på ideologien som partiet står for, og hvordan den ble presentert. Jeg vil på bakgrunn av primærkilder forsøke å tegne et bilde av hvilke politiske saker NSDAP fokuserte på, hvilke synspunkter som ble fremmet,
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