DOCSLIB.ORG

Estudio Sobre El Sector Transporte Y Sus Condiciones De Competencia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Estudio Sobre El Sector Transporte Y Sus Condiciones De Competencia Estudio sobre el Sector Transporte y sus Condiciones de Competencia en El Salvador CÓDIGO DE ACTIVIDAD: ES.1.1. Enero 2006. Documento de trabajo para fines de discusión. Agradecemos comentarios. NO DEBE SER UTILIZADO DE REFERENCIA P R O G R A M A C O M P A L Proyecto para El Salvador ESTUDIO SOBRE EL SECTOR TRANSPORTE Y SUS CONDICIONES DE COMPETENCIA CÓDIGO DE ACTIVIDAD: ES.1.1. INFORME FINAL MIRIAN CRUZ CONSULTORA NACIONAL SAN SALVADOR, ENERO DE 2006. 2 Documento de trabajo para fines de discusión. Agradecemos comentarios. NO DEBE SER UTILIZADO DE REFERENCIA CONTENIDO RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ......................................................................................................... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 6 Lista de abreviaciones utilizadas con frecuencia en el texto ................................................... 8 CAPÍTULO I. Descripción del sector .................................................................................. 9 1.1. Caracterización general ................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Precios de los servicios ......................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Evolución de la demanda por servicios en los últimos años. ................................. 15 1.3. Marco Regulatorio .......................................................................................................... 22 1.3.1. Regulación en El Salvador ................................................................................... 22 1.3.2. Acuerdos de los países Centroamericanos ........................................................... 25 1.3.3. El transporte de carga en los tratados de libre comercio ..................................... 26 1.4. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................ 32 1.5. Aspectos de Política y desarrollo reciente del sector. .................................................... 33 CAPÍTULO II. Determinación del mercado relevante ........................................................ 35 2.1. Mercados relevantes de transporte terrestre de carga ................................................... 35 2.2. Sustitución de la demanda ............................................................................................. 41 2.3. Sustitución por el lado de la Oferta ................................................................................ 45 2.4. Barreras a la entrada en mercados especializados ........................................................ 45 2.5. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................. 46 2.6. Aspectos de Política ...................................................................................................... 47 CAPÍTULO III. Medición de las cuotas del mercado ......................................................... 48 3.1. Identificación y clasificación de empresas por sector ..................................................... 48 3.2. Estimación de las distribución de equipo de transporte de las empresas de transporte terrestre identificadas como mas importantes ....................................................................... 51 3.3. Estimación de las participaciones de mercado de carga de maquila y contenedores que procede de las empresas navieras ....................................................................................... 52 3.4. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................. 54 CAPÍTULO IV. Identificación de posibles prácticas comerciales restrictivas ................ 56 4.1. Determinación de la existencia de convenios entre competidores ................................. 57 4.2. Identificación de posibles abusos de dominio de los agentes económicos con posición dominante y elevada participación de mercado. (Artículos 26 y 30 de la LCES) .................. 63 4.3. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................. 72 CAPÍTULO V. Estimación del impacto y/o daño de tales prácticas a los consumidores, competidores y al desarrollo del sector. ........................................................................... 75 CAPÍTULO VI. Recomendaciones de política pública ..................................................... 76 REFERENCIAS .................................................................................................................... 78 ANEXOS .............................................................................................................................. 80 ANEXO 1. Entrevistas realizadas a empresas ...................................................................... 81 ANEXO 2. Índices de concentración ..................................................................................... 83 3 Documento de trabajo para fines de discusión. Agradecemos comentarios. NO DEBE SER UTILIZADO DE REFERENCIA 43 . RESUMEN EJECUTIVO El presente estudio está referido al sector transporte terrestre de carga en El Salvador y su objetivo es determinar los indicios de prácticas anticompetitivas en ese sector. La investigación se realizó por medio de entrevistas a los principales agentes económicos del sector, con el objeto de identificar posibles conductas monopólicas, así como para determinar las participaciones de mercado de las principales empresas y la delimitación de los mercados relevantes (MR) del sector. Se buscó contrastar la hipótesis de que en el funcionamiento del mercado se presentan conductas anticompetitivas tanto en lo que se refiere a acuerdos entre competidores como en abusos de posición dominante y que el marco regulatorio facilita dichas conductas. En los siguientes párrafos se presentan los resultados de la investigación. Una fuente fundamental de la demanda de los servicios de transporte en los años recientes, ha sido la evolución del comercio internacional y el sector se ha adaptado al importante proceso de modernización y diversificación de ese comercio. Además, el entorno regulatorio ha facilitado la entrada de empresas ya que no impone restricciones excesivas para la entrada y la operación. Asimismo, en lo referente a la circulación por carretera entre países de Centro América, los acuerdos entre estos países establecen plena libertad de tránsito a través de sus territorios para las mercancías destinadas a cualquiera de los otros países miembros o procedentes de ellos, y se garantiza la libre competencia para la contratación de transporte sin perjuicio del país de origen o destino entre los países centroamericanos. No obstante lo anterior, la contratación de servicios de carga con origen y destino dentro de un país queda reservada a los transportistas nacionales. En relación a las cuotas de mercado, las empresas de transporte terrestre entrevistadas forman parte del grupo de las más representativas en función de su tamaño. De este grupo de empresas, se distinguen cuatro con 310 cabezales de un total de 420 identificados con un 73.8% de participación y si se considera el equipo total (cabezales y remolques) estas empresas representan el 76.1% del total del grupo de empresas mas importantes. Sin embargo, debido a la falta de información de la totalidad de las empresas que operan en el mercado, no fue posible estimar su participación total en el mercado. Por otra parte, las participaciones de las empresas más importantes están referidas a la variedad de equipos que se utilizan en los distintos mercados relevantes por lo que no se deben considerar como elementos de una posición dominante. Como se observará adelante, la concentración en el MR no es factor suficiente para que se den abusos de posición dominante, ya que depende también de las barreras a la entrada económicas y regulatorias. En lo referente a convenios entre competidores, las entrevistas realizadas a usuarios, así como a la Dirección de Protección al Consumidor (DPC) del Ministerio de Economía no mostraron indicios de convenios de precios o división de mercados por parte de las empresas de transporte terrestre, ni por las empresas navieras que adquieren sus servicios en el comercio internacional. Asimismo, en entrevista realizada al Viceministerio de Transporte (VMT) no se encontraron elementos en la regulación vigente que faciliten o 4 Documento de trabajo para fines de discusión. Agradecemos comentarios. NO DEBE SER UTILIZADO DE REFERENCIA representen acuerdos entre competidores, ni tampoco se identificaron iniciativas de regulaciones propuestas por transportistas que establezcan acuerdos de precios, restricciones de oferta o división de mercados En relación a conductas entre no competidores sustentadas en el abuso de posición dominante, en entrevistas iniciales se identificaron contratos exclusivos en el transporte de gas LP y en un caso por el transporte de Fuel Oil. En el primer caso, dichos contratos fueron investigados en mayor detalle y se determinó que las empresas participantes no presentan una posición dominante en el mercado relevante por lo que no hay elementos para que se consideren anticompetitivos. En el mismo caso se encuentra el contrato exclusivo celebrado por una empresa para transportar Fuel Oil a la empresa usuaria UNP,1 que fue asignado de manera competitiva a la empresa que mejor cumplió con el
Load more

Recommended publications
  • El Salvador 2019 Crime & Safety Report
    El Salvador 2019 Crime & Safety Report This is an annual report produced in conjunction with the Regional Security Office at the U.S. Embassy in San Salvador, El Salvador. The current U.S. Department of State Travel Advisory at the date of this report’s publication assesses El Salvador at Level 3, indicating travelers should reconsider travel to the country due to crime. Overall Crime and Safety Situation The U.S. Embassy in San Salvador does not assume responsibility for the professional ability or integrity of the persons or firms appearing in this report. The American Citizens’ Services unit (ACS) cannot recommend a particular individual or location, and assumes no responsibility for the quality of service provided. Review OSAC’s El Salvador-specific page for original OSAC reporting, consular messages, and contact information, some of which may be available only to private-sector representatives with an OSAC password. Crime Threats There is serious risk from crime in San Salvador. El Salvador is the most densely populated country in Central America, with more than six million people living in an area the size of Massachusetts, high unemployment and generally low wages, and comparatively high housing costs. Some of these factors push families in lower economic status into marginal housing zones. These zones, located throughout urban areas, including in upscale neighborhoods, provide a point of origin and safe haven for criminals. Crime can run the gamut from credit card skimming to homicide, and is characterized by violence directed against known targeted victims and targets of opportunity. No information suggests that criminals specifically target U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Rickert, Tom. 2003-02
    34103_MAHCvr 2/3/03 2:12 PM Page 1 CESS AC PROMOTING and PLANNING TRANSPORT FOR ALL A Publication of Access Access Exchange International Exchange International 34103_MAHText 2/3/03 11:25 AM Page 1 Making Access Happen – A guide for advocates and planners – HOW TO PROMOTE AND PLAN ACCESS for DISABLED PERSONS and ELDERS to BUSES, TRAINS, TAXIS and OTHER MODES OF TRANSPORT Prepared by Tom Rickert Executive Director Access Exchange International This guide is a follow-up to Mobility for All: Accessible Transportation Around the World 34103_MAHText 2/3/03 11:25 AM Page 2 CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 • WHO BENEFITS FROM ACCESSIBLE TRANSPORT? ............. 2 • PROMOTING ACCESSIBLE TRANSPORT ................................. 3 Effective promotion: When?..................................................... 4 Effective promotion: Who? ...................................................... 5 Effective promotion: How? ..................................................... 6 • PLANNING ACCESSIBLE TRANSPORT .................................... 16 Effective planning: Who? ......................................................... 16 Effective planning: How? ........................................................ 19 • RESOURCES ..................................................................................... 26 34103_MAHText 2/3/03 11:25 AM Page 3 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this guide is to assist people lation differ from one country to another, caus- and agencies around the
    [Show full text]
  • From El Salvador to Australia
    FROM EL SALVADOR TO AUSTRALIA: A 20TH CENTURY EXODUS TO A PROMISED LAND Submitted by: Beatriz Santos B.A.; Dip. Rel. Sci.; M. Soc. Sci. (Family Studies) A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Arts and Sciences Faculty of Arts and Sciences Australian Catholic University Research Services Locked Bag 4115 Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia 2006 i TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. V DECLARATION ................................................................................................................... VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................ VIII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................1 AIMS OF THE THESIS .........................................................................................................7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THESIS........................................................................................9 LIMITATIONS OF THE THESIS........................................................................................10 PART I: THE HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF EL SALVADOR....................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • ANNEX I Explanatory Notes 1
    A change to heading 72.14 from any other heading, except heading 72.13. ANNEX I Explanatory Notes 1. The Schedule of a Party to this Annex sets out, pursuant to Articles 10.13 (Non Conforming Measures) and 11.6 (Non-Conforming Measures), a Party’s existing measures that are not subject to some or all of the obligations imposed by: (a) Articles 10.3 (National Treatment) or 11.2 (National Treatment); (b) Articles 10.4 (Most-Favored-Nation Treatment) or 11.3 (Most-Favored-Nation Treatment); (c) Article 11.5 (Local Presence); (d) Article 10.9 (Performance Requirements); (e) Article 10.10 (Senior Management and Boards of Directors); or (f) Article 11.4 (Market Access). 2. Each Schedule entry sets out the following elements: (a) Sector refers to the sector for which the entry is made; (b) Obligations Concerned specifies the obligation(s) referred to in paragraph 1 that, pursuant to Articles 10.13 (Non-Conforming Measures) and 11.6 (Non- Conforming Measures), do not apply to the listed measure(s); (c) Level of Government indicates the level of government maintaining the listed measure(s); (d) Measures identifies the laws, regulations, or other measures for which the entry is made. A measure cited in the Measures element: (i) means the measure as amended, continued, or renewed as of the date of entry into force of this Agreement, and (ii) includes any subordinate measure adopted or maintained under the authority of and consistent with the measure; and (e) Description sets out commitments, if any, for liberalization on the date of entry into force of the Agreement, and the remaining non-conforming aspects of the existing measures for which the entry is made.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaster Mitigation and Vulnerability Reduction: an Outsider's View*
    DISASTER MITIGATION AND VULNERABILITY REDUCTION: AN OUTSIDER'S VIEW* James Smyle Regional Unit for Technical Assistance, World Bank San José, Costa Rica Abstract On 24 October 1998, Atlantic Tropical Storm Mitch was upgraded to a hurricane that developed into one of the strongest and most damaging storm to ever hit the Caribbean and Central America. At its height on 26 and 27 October, the hurricane had sustained winds of 290+ kph and dumped heavy rains over Central America. Although the winds diminished as Hurricane Mitch travelled inland over Honduras on 30 October, the storm continued to produce torrential rains, reaching rates of more than 100 mm per hour. Catastrophic floods and landslides occurred throughout the region. When it was over, some 9 200 people had died; almost 270 000 homes were lost; 21 325 miles of roads and 335 bridges were destroyed. Immediately after the storm, some two million Central Americans were pushed out of their homes. Agricultural losses were staggering. Mitch’s impact on watersheds, human lives and the economies of the affected countries will be felt for at least eight to ten years, assuming that another storm of such magnitude does not return. International experts in disaster mitigation and vulnerability reduction rushed to Central America to assist in diagnosing what had happened and what needed to be done. Perhaps, not surprisingly, the majority of their recommendations consisted of things which natural resource and civil engineering professionals have been recommending on a daily basis as being good practice, many being things for which vetiver grass technology is very well suited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Armed Forces in Public Security in El
    AP Photo – Salvador Meléndez THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES IN PUBLIC SECURITY IN EL SALVADOR Assessing the Limitation of the Role of the Armed Forces in Public Security Activities OCTOBER 2020 | SERIES 1 University Institute for Public Opinion José Simeón Cañas Central American University Research Coordinator Laura Andrade Primary Researcher Laura Andrade Research Assistant Catherine Márquez Editing Carmen Guevara Cover: AP Photo – Salvador Meléndez First edition: October 2020 San Salvador, El Salvador October 2020 | Series 1 The researcher and WOLA are exclusively responsible for the opinions expressed in this document, which do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the sponsors of this publication. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 KEY FINDINGS 6 THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES IN PUBLIC SECURITY IN EL SALVADOR: ASSESSING THE LIMITATION OF THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES IN PUBLIC SECURITY ACTIVITIES 8 Organization of the Salvadoran Armed Forces 8 Military Personnel 10 Military Operations 11 Budget of the Armed Forces 11 THE ARMED FORCES’ INTERVENTION IN PUBLIC SECURITY 14 PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN THE ARMED FORCES 29 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL OVERSIGHT OF MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES 31 ANNEXES 36 NOTES 37 STRENGTHENING POLICE FORCES IN EL SALVADOR OCTOBER 2020 | 3 INTRODUCTION In the last decade, the problem of insecurity THE CENTRAL AMERICA MONITOR and impunity has deeply affected the people of Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, The Central America Monitor is based on the making this region (known as the Northernpremise that accurate, objective, and complete Triangle of Central America) one of the mostdata and information are necessary to reduce violent in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Ing El Salvador
    Economic Benefits of Air Transport in El Salvador Economic Benefits of Air Transport in El Salvador Acknowledgements Oxford Economics acknowledges the assistance from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in the preparation of this report. Oxford Economics 2018 2 THE IMPORTANCE OF AIR TRANSPORT TO EL SALVADOR The air transport sector makes a major contribution to the economy of El Salvador 116,000 DIRECT, SUPPLY CHAIN, TOURISM JOBS & EMPLOYEE SPENDING SUPPORTED BY THE AIR TRANSPORT SECTOR $1.1 BILLION GROSS VALUE ADDED CONTRIBUTION TO GDP 60,300 JOBS 55,800 JOBS 4% GDP SUPPORTED BY AIR TRANSPORT & FOREIGN TOURISTS ARRIVING BY AIR US $480 US $623 MILLION GROSS VALUE ADDED It creates jobs... are subsequently spent on tourists supports a further consumer goods and services. $623 million gross value added Airlines, airport operators, contribution to the country’s GDP. airport on-site enterprises Foreign tourists arriving by air (restaurants and retail), to El Salvador, who spend their This means that 4 percent of aircraft manufacturers, and air money in the local economy, the country’s GDP is in some navigation service providers are estimated to support an way dependent on the air employ 5,500 people in El additional 55,800 jobs. transport sector and foreign Salvador.1 In addition, by buying tourists arriving by air. goods and services from local ...and generates wealth suppliers the sector supports another 29,000 jobs. On top The air transport industry is of this, the sector is estimated estimated to support a $480 to support a further 25,800 million gross value added jobs by paying wages to its contribution to GDP in El Salvador employees, some or all of which annually.
    [Show full text]
  • Situational Prevention and Public Transport Crime in El Salvador
    Natarajan et al. Crime Sci (2015) 4:29 DOI 10.1186/s40163-015-0043-4 RESEARCH Open Access Situational prevention and public transport crime in El Salvador Mangai Natarajan1*, Ronald Clarke2, Carlos Carcach3, Carlos Ponce4, Margarita Beneke de Sanfeliú5, Dolores Escobar Polanco5, Mario Chávez5 and Mauricio Shi5 Abstract By any standard, there is a serious problem of crime on the public transport system in El Salvador. Guided by crime opportunity theory, this study undertook a rapid assessment of the problem consisting of a systematic observa- tion of public transport in El Salvador and focus group discussions with passengers, bus operators, police and bus company owners/managers. The purposes were (1) to describe the main forms of crime and disorder afflicting the system, (2) to identify features of the system that contribute to the high levels of crime and disorder, and (3) to identify preventive measures, consistent with international experience. A program of situational crime prevention measures was identified which consisted of two main kinds: (1) measures relating to the operations of the bus system as a whole, intended to help to create a more orderly and secure transport environment and, (2) more specific measures designed to reduce opportunities for crimes occurring on buses or at bus stops, such as homicides, robberies, and sexual assaults on women. Future research and implementation of the preventive measures are discussed. Keywords: Public transport, Rapid assessment, Crime opportunity theory, Situational crime prevention Background and operated by private bus companies that are author- Crime and public transport in El Salvador ized by the Vice-Ministry of Transport (VMT) to pro- El Salvador is a Central American country with a popula- vide service on specific routes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Forgotten El Salvador: a Study of the Emergence and Downfall of the “Bright Spot” of Central America, 1948-1978
    The Forgotten El Salvador: A Study of the Emergence and Downfall of the “Bright Spot” of Central America, 1948-1978 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Pedro F Quijada IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Patrick McNamara Adviser May 2021 ©Pedro F. Quijada Acknowledgements I have been able to conduct this study thanks to the invaluable support of my adviser, Dr. Patrick McNamara, who has given me encouragement, guidance, and the independence necessary for this kind of research. In addition to being open minded about this project, he has also invested his time reading, correcting, and providing suggestions that have improved significantly the quality of this dissertation. I also want to thank him because, besides his academic assistance, he has treated me as a friend and provided his supporting company in difficult as well as in good times. He has believed in my potential as scholar and educator, and has nurtured my aspirations with advice, moral support, and patience. I want to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Sarah Chambers, Dr. Elaine Tyler May, Dr. MJ Maynes, and Dr. David Orique. Thank you for helping me to improve my dissertation and also for the valuable lessons I learned in your courses and that I believe are reflected in this study. Throughout this process I have always kept in mind Dr. Chambers’ standards of excellence, and I feel that this has helped me to document my statements carefully and to keep them as objective as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Asylum-Seekers from El Salvador
    Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Asylum-Seekers from El Salvador United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) March 2016 HCR/EG/SLV/16/01 NOTE UNHCR Eligibility Guidelines are issued by the Office to assist decision-makers, including UNHCR staff, Governments and private practitioners, in assessing the international protection needs of asylum-seekers. They are legal interpretations of the refugee criteria in respect of specific profiles on the basis of social, economic, security, human rights and humanitarian conditions in the country/territory of origin concerned. The pertinent international protection needs are analysed in detail, and recommendations made as to how the applications in question relate to the relevant principles and criteria of international refugee law as per, notably, the UNHCR Statute, the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, and relevant regional instruments such as the Cartagena Declaration, the 1969 OAU Convention and the EU Qualification Directive. The recommendations may also touch upon, as relevant, complementary or subsidiary protection regimes. UNHCR issues Eligibility Guidelines to promote the accurate interpretation and application of the abovementioned refugee criteria in line with its supervisory responsibility as contained in paragraph 8 of its Statute in conjunction with Article 35 of the 1951 Convention and Article II of its 1967 Protocol and based on the expertise it has developed over the years in matters related to eligibility and refugee status determination. It is hoped that the guidance and information contained in the Guidelines will be considered carefully by the authorities and the judiciary in reaching decisions on asylum applications. The Guidelines are based on in-depth research, information provided by UNHCR’s global network of field offices and material from independent country specialists, researchers and other sources, rigorously reviewed for reliability.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Assessment of the Health Systems Vitalization Project Usaid/El Salvador
    MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH SYSTEMS VITALIZATION PROJECT USAID/EL SALVADOR MAY 1986 MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH SYSTEMS VITALIZATION PROJECT USAID/EL SALVADOR A Report Prepared By: JIM KELLY, (PRITECH) LARS KLASSEN THOMAS TOTINO DAVID ADAMS GEORGE VECCHIFTTI During The Period: MAY, 1986 TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE (PRITECH) PROJECT Supported By The: U.S. Agency For International Development AID/DPE-5927-C-00-3083-00 AUTHORIZATION: AID/S&T/HEA: 9/15/86 ASSGN. NO: SS 130 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. Executive Summary ................................. 1 II. Introduction ...................................... 3 III. Background ................. ,,,, ... ,,.,.,,. 4 A. Working Environment in El Salvador .,.,,,,,,,, 4 B. VISISA Project Description ......... ,,,..,, 5 C. Project Chronicle .............,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6 IV, Analysis and Conclusions ,,,,,,,, ,,........... 10 A. General Finding of Assessment Team .. ..... 10 B. Project Design Issues ....................... 11 1. Commodity Drop or Institutional Development ,. .... .. ,. .... ... 11 2. Hurried PP Design ......................... 12 3. Discussions with Congress ................. 13 4. Seeds of Future Controversy ............... 14 5. Conclusions on Design Issues ........ ,..... 15 C. Project Implementation Issues ................. 15 1. Critical Project Event ............. 15 2. Project Monitoring Systems Breakdown ...... 16 3. Siege Mentality .......................... 17 4. Commodity Procurement Strategy .......... 19 5. Contracting for Technical Advice .....
    [Show full text]
  • El Salvador Schedule
    ANNEX I Schedule of El Salvador Sector: All Sectors Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.3) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 10.4) Level of Government: Central Measures: Constitución de la República de El Salvador, Arts. 95 y 109 Description: Investment Rural land may not be owned by a foreign person, including a branch of a foreign person, if the person is a national of a country or is organized under the law of a country that does not permit Salvadoran persons to own rural land, except in the case of land to be used for industrial plants. An enterprise organized under Salvadoran law, a majority of whose capital is owned by foreign persons, or a majority of whose partners are foreign persons, is subject to the preceding paragraph. I-ES-1 ANNEX I, Schedule of El Salvador Sector: All Sectors Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.3) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 10.4) Level of Government: Central Measures: Constitución de la República de El Salvador, Arts. 95 y 115 Ley de Inversiones, Decreto 732, Art. 7 Código de Comercio, Art. 6 Description: Investment Only the following persons may engage in small scale commerce, industry, and the supply of services in El Salvador: (a) Salvadoran nationals born in El Salvador; and (b) nationals of Central American Parties. An enterprise organized under Salvadoran law, a majority of whose capital is owned by foreign persons, or a majority of whose partners are foreign persons, may not establish a small scale enterprise to engage in small scale commerce, industry, and the supply of services (“small scale enterprise”).
    [Show full text]