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The Many Faces of Christ. the Thousand-Year Story of the Survival and Influence of the Lost Gospels

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The Many Faces of Christ. the Thousand-Year Story of the Survival and Influence of the Lost Gospels THE MANY FACES OF CHRIST 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd i 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd iiii 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM THE MANY FACES OF CHRIST The Thousand-Year Story of the Survival and Influence of the Lost Gospels Philip Jenkins A Member of the Perseus Books Group New York 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd iiiiii 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM Copyright © 201 5 by Philip Jenkins Published by Basic Books A Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Basic Books, 250 West 57th Street, New York, NY 10107. Books published by Basic Books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail [email protected]. Designed by Pauline Brown Typeset in 11.5 point Adobe Caslon Pro Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jenkins, Philip, 1952– author. Th e many faces of Christ : the thousand-year story of the survival and infl uence of the lost gospels / Philip Jenkins. ages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-465-06692-6 (hardback)—ISBN 978-0-465-06161-7 (e-book) 1. Apocryphal Gospels. 2. Christianity—Origin. I. Title. BS2851.J464 2015 229’.8—dc23 2015028753 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd iviv 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM To Byron Johnson With thanks and appreciation 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd v 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd vivi 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM CONTENTS Note on Terminology ix 1. Gospel Truths: 1 Th e Myth of the Lost Gospels 2. Christ’s Many Faces: 27 Th e Survival of the Old Gospels in a Wider Christian World 3. Th e Isles of the West: 55 How Irish and British Churches Kept Ancient Christian Cultures Alive 4. Old Gospels Never Die: 73 Ancient Gospels Th at Gave the Medieval Church Its Best-Known Images of Christ 5. Two Marys: 95 How Alternative Gospels Continued to Present the Feminine Face of God 6. Th e New Old Testament: 125 Tales of Patriarchs and Prophets Th at Became Christian Gospels 7. Out of the Past: 157 Th e Heretical Sects Th at Preserved Ancient Alternative Scriptures for a Th ousand Years vii 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd viivii 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM viii CONTENTS 8. Beyond the Horizon: 191 Muslim and Jewish Versions of the Earliest Christian Traditions 9. After Darkness, Light: 217 How the Reformation Era Drove the Ancient Gospels from the Churches 10. Scriptures Unlimited? 241 Th e Place of Alternative Scriptures in Christianity Glossary 255 Acknowledgments 257 Notes 259 Index 309 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd viiiviii 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY Historians vary in their presentation of dates. Th e tradi- tional system of bc/ad has a Christian bias, as it explicitly refers not just to Christ but “the Lord,” and many writers prefer the term “Common Era,” ce, instead of ad. Yet the basis for Common Era dating is still the supposed date for Christ’s birth. As it is still the most familiar usage, this book will use bc and ad. Also problematic is the term “Old Testament,” the Christian term for what Jews call simply the Bible or the Tanakh. Although a neutral term should properly be used, none is easily available. “Hebrew Bible” is unsatisfactory because of the importance of some Greek versions of particular books. In this work, there are special reasons for using the “Old Testament” label, because I will often refer to alternative scriptures attributed to patriarchs and prophets such as Enoch and Ezra. Most modern scholars classify such works under the title “Old Testament pseudepigrapha.” With due aware- ness of the issues, then, I use “Old Testament” throughout. Th ere is one other unwieldy term for which it is diffi cult to fi nd an alternative. Th roughout Christian history, there have been mul- tiple churches, some of which rejected the Christian credentials of others. I often mention the mainstream institution of the ancient and medieval world that was allied with the Roman Empire and had its great centers at Rome and Constantinople. When I refer to that church before the later split between the Eastern and Western traditions, I call it “Orthodox/Catholic.” ix 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd ixix 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd x 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM 1 Gospel Truths The Myth of the Lost Gospels What all disciples of heresy and of the heretics and schismatics, whose names we have scarcely preserved, have taught or compiled, we acknowledge is to be not merely rejected but eliminated from the whole Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church, and with their authors, and the followers of its authors, to be damned in the inex- tricable shackles of anathema forever. Gelasian Decree, sixth century Around the year 380 in the desert of southern Egypt, a small party carried a collection of precious contraband to a secret hiding place. Th e group took at least thirteen large books, or codices, and packed them in clay jars for safekeeping before burying them. Th e contents included dozens of scriptures, gospels, and other sacred writings. After this collection was rediscovered in 1945, the so-called Nag Hammadi library would have an immense impact on popular conceptions of early Christian history. For a world used to speaking of “gospel truth,” what could be more enthralling than the rediscov- ery of ancient lost gospels?1 But why were these texts concealed in the fi rst place? Presum- ably, the works deviated so sharply from what was then defi ned as 1 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd 1 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM 2 THE MANY FACES OF CHRIST Christian orthodoxy that they had to be saved from destruction by angry fanatics. Th ey were concealed until it was once again safe to explore such ideas. Just possibly, the people burying the docu- ments were themselves members of a mystical or Gnostic sect that was now deemed heretical, the last pathetic adherents of a dying creed. More likely, they were Christian monks forced to come to terms with new restraints on what they could legitimately read and own. Whatever the reality, the fact that the texts remained hidden for 1,600 years means that the people who concealed them never felt that such a time of safety and tolerance arrived in their lifetimes.2 Interpretations of faith were in fl ux in the centuries immedi- ately following Jesus’s lifetime, with diff erent schools drawing on their own scriptures. Christians used and produced a great many texts that were loosely called gospels—hundreds at least. Modern- day readers are fascinated by these alternative scriptures with their intoxicating and often bizarre ideas. Th ey love to explore what a historian of esoteric thought once termed “Fragments of a Faith Forgotten.”3 For some writers, these might-have-been texts have become an alternative canon that refl ects the early Christian message at least as authentically as the “real” New Testament that we have known for centuries. Th ey propose that these writings represent various roads not taken by the Christian movement, usually with the suggestion that those paths would have resulted in much better historical out- comes for the faith. We think of Elaine Pagels’s infl uential 1979 book, Th e Gnostic Gospels, and subsequent work by Karen King, Marvin Meyer, and others. To borrow the title of a book by Bart Ehrman, these lost gospels provided a foundation for various “Lost Christianities.” Millions who have no acquaintance with scholarly Christian history still know something about the concept from Dan Brown’s novel Th e Da Vinci Code.4 99780465066926-text.indd780465066926-text.indd 2 77/24/15/24/15 111:411:41 AAMM GOSPEL TRUTHS 3 Box 1.1 Some “Lost” Gospels I present these texts in their very rough order of composition. Dating is diffi cult, especially as the individual texts have gone through multiple stages of composition and editing. Gospel of the Hebrews (early second century?). Known from citations in ancient writers; full text still not available. Not a Gnostic text, this gospel refl ects the views of Jewish Christians who believed in observing the Mosaic Law. Other works in this tradition include the gospels of the Nazoreans and of the Ebionites. Gospel of Th omas (c. 140?). Full text found at Nag Hammadi. Presents Jesus as a mystical teacher who utters wise and perplexing sayings. Th e gospel off ers no hint of the doctrines of the Crucifi xion and Resurrection, or a Virgin Birth. For its advocates, Th omas may represent the closest approximation we are likely to fi nd to Jesus’s actual words and teachings. Gospel of Truth (c. 160). Found at Nag Hammadi. Description of the Gnostic mythological scheme. Despite its “gospel” name, the work contains nothing about Christ’s earthly life or career.
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