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The Gridlock Illusion WQ IS DEMOCRACY THE WILSON QUARTERLY SURVEYING THE WORLD OF IDEAS WORTH IT? THE GRIDLOCK ILLUSION WINTER 2013 THE WILSON QUARTERLY WINTER 2013 W SURVEYING THE WORLD OF IDEAS V. 37, NUMBER 1 Q PUBLISHED BY THE WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS COVER STORY FEATURES IS DEMOCRACY WORTH IT? THE GRIDLOCK ILLUSION by R. SHEP MELNICK The Arab Spring’s aftermath brings fresh reminders Arguments that our political system that transitions to democracy are not painless. is bedeviled by gridlock overlook They bring instability and uncertainty. Some fail. its capacity for major policy change. Our authors weigh the risks and rewards in countries From its strong response to the around the world. financial crisis to the passage of health care reform, Washington has chalked up more accomplishments than most people realize. EDITOR’S COMMENT FINDINGS IN ESSENCE Our survey of notable articles from other journals and magazines 1. WHY WAIT FOR DEMOCRACY? CURRENT BOOKS by LARRY DIAMOND Reviews of new and noteworthy nonfiction 2. VOTING AGAINST FREEDOM by JOSHUA KUCERA LETTERS 3. AFGHANISTAN IN THREE VOICES ABOUT US by NORWAN, MARIAM, AND NASIMA 4. AFRICA’S LONG SPRING The views expressed herein are not necessarily those of the Woodrow Wilson by STEVE McDONALD International Center for Scholars. ON THE COVER: A woman waits to cast her vote in ABOVE: In the notorious Port-au-Prince slum of Cité Soleil, the Senegalese presidential election of 2007, in which voters cast their ballots in Haiti’s 2006 national elections. President Abdoulaye Wade won a second term. Photograph: Charles Eckert / Redux Photograph: Finbarr O’Reilly / Reuters / Corbis EDITOR’S COMMENT STEVEN LAGERFELD is the editor of The Wilson THE ANSWER IS YES Quarterly. Before joining the magazine’s staff in the Almost since the “Third Wave” of global 1980s, he worked at The democratization began in the 1970s, tran- Public Interest and the Insti- sitions to democracy have been a major fo- tute for Educational Affairs. cus of the Woodrow Wilson Center. Our His articles and reviews have appeared in The Atlantic, cover “cluster” of essays in this issue is the Harper’s, The New Republic, latest product of a commitment grounded The Wall Street Journal, and in the Center’s landmark Transitions From other publications. Authoritarian Rule (1986), a four-volume compendium of articles growing out of conferences, seminars, and other pro- the relatively affluent societies that made grams held at the Center in previous years. the transition in the past. And while the In April, Johns Hopkins University Press Internet and social media help the dem- will reissue the series’ capstone volume, ocratic cause in many ways, they speed Transitions From Authoritarian Rule: Ten- up the pace of decision making, abet the tative Conclusions About Uncertain Democ- spread of rumor and misinformation, and racies, with a new prologue by Abraham add further complexity to political life. F. Lowenthal and Cynthia J. Arnson. At least one concern has remained con- The authors—Lowenthal was head stant since the Third Wave began: Hard of the Center’s Latin American pro- as it is to establish electoral democracy, it gram when the Transitions project was may be even harder to establish true de- launched, and Arnson holds that position mocracy. Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez and today—make interesting points about the Iran’s Mahmoud Ahmadinejad are elect- differences between then and now. In 1986 ed leaders, for example, but their com- there was optimism aplenty, but also much patriots do not enjoy what we think of as worry about the pitfalls facing democra- democratic citizenship. It is because there tizing countries. Today there is somewhat are so many ways the quest for democra- less optimism, and a host of new chal- cy can go astray that we ask in this issue, lenges have arisen. Many of the countries “Is democracy worth it?” Despite all the now leaving authoritarianism behind have perils and new challenges, I myself can- little or no historical experience with de- not imagine any other answer but yes. mocracy. Most are also much poorer than — Steven Lagerfeld THE WILSON QUARTERLY WINTER 2013 FINDINGS BRIEF NOTES OF INTEREST ON ALL TOPICS 1. 4. Prague’s No Spin Zone Open Covenants, Havel meets the press—on his terms Secretly Arrived At When Václav Havel spoke, Western... Fourteen Points’ false promise In 1918, enunciating the list of guide- lines for the postwar world that would... 5. Wilde’s Women Constance and inconstancy Beyond plays and bons mots, Oscar Wilde may be best remembered for... 2. Prohibition Class The ’20s didn’t roar for all Xenophobia-tinged class warfare helped... 3. Death Watch Newsroom countdown Insurance actuaries aren’t the only... 6. Distant Laughter Humor’s calculus Comedy is tragedy plus time. Whoever said that—the line has been attributed... THE WILSON QUARTERLY WINTER 2013 FINDINGS PRAGUE’S was “an international icon of integrity” NO SPIN ZONE (The New York Times), a “genuine hero” (Newsweek), a “secular saint” (Toronto Havel meets the press—on his terms Globe and Mail), and “a moral giant in When Václav Havel spoke, Western jour- an era of pygmies” (Der Spiegel). nalists didn’t just listen—they genuflected. Not that the accolades were unde- The dissident-turned-Czech-president served. A playwright, essayist, and poet, Havel spent most of his adult life standing up to Czechoslovakia’s com- munist regime. Security forces followed, wire- tapped, harassed, inter- rogated, and jailed him, once for a four-year term. After the Berlin Wall came down in No- vember 1989, Havel— just six months out of prison—helped lead protests that attracted hundreds of thousands of Czechs. The gov- ernment didn’t put up much of a fight. In late December, the federal assembly unanimously elected Havel president, a choice ratified by voters in June 1990. Except for one six-month period, BETTMANN / CORBIS Substance over style: When he addressed the U.S. Congress in 1990, Václav Havel, the newly elected president of Czechoslovakia, rebuffed the advice of a speech coach. Congress gave him a rapturous response anyway. THE WILSON QUARTERLY WINTER 2013 FINDINGS he served as president until 2003, first of 2007, after his final term as president, Czechoslovakia and then of the Czech Havel responded in his play “Leaving.” Republic. He died in 2011. When reporters arrive to interview a To Western ears, “everything he chancellor at the end of his term, he ex- said sounded beautiful,” Yale histori- pects questions about his political leg- an Marci Shore observed by e-mail. acy. Instead, they care only about sex “He didn’t sound like a politician, and and scandal. that was part of our enchantment.” In But Havel’s wariness of the press— The Taste of Ashes: The Afterlife of Total- Western as well as Czech—began long itarianism in Eastern Europe (Crown), before his second marriage. From the Shore quotes an American journalist outset of his presidency, some journal- on Havel’s speech to a joint session of ists found him “a difficult customer,” -ac the U.S. Congress in 1990: “If I could cording to Michael Zantovsky, Havel’s talk like that, I would run for God.” press secretary in the early 1990s and Yet the press’s relationship with Havel currently the Czech ambassador to the was more complicated than it seemed. United Kingdom. Although coverage in Western news During the communist era, Czecho- media remained largely positive, much slovakia’s official media routinely dis- of the Czech media grew critical during torted Havel’s statements, Zantovsky Havel’s reign. At first purely political, the said at a conference in Prague last criticism ultimately became personal as October. In 1977, for instance, Havel well, according to Paul Wilson, Havel’s pledged not to engage in “criminal ac- friend and the English-language trans- tivities” in exchange for a promise that lator of many of his works. In particular, he be released from prison. Rudé Právo, Wilson said in an interview, the Czech the Communist Party’s official newspa- press and public revered Havel’s wife, per, falsely claimed that he had pledged Olga, who had worked alongside him to avoid “all political activities.” Some during his dissident years. Following a of his supporters felt betrayed, and long illness, she died in 1997. Less than Havel was devastated. He developed a a year later, Havel married an actress, deep-seated distrust of the press, and it Dagmar Veskrnova. Some of the Czech stayed with him. press stepped up their attacks on the In addition, Havel was a meticulous president by going after his new wife. In wordsmith. “By vocation, he was a THE WILSON QUARTERLY WINTER 2013 FINDINGS writer—and as a writer, he did not only ters conducted the first American TV think about the content of the mes- interview with Havel that same year. sage, but also about the shape of the Asked by e-mail if the reporter might message,” Zantovsky said. “He simply have been Walters, Zantovsky respond- hated it when journalists would try to ed, “It might.”) edit him, interpret him, rephrase him, Others tried to refine Havel’s pub- because he felt that the original phrase lic-speaking style. Before he addressed was the right one.” Congress in 1990, an American advis- Havel’s demeanor in television inter- er—Prague-born Madeleine Albright, views posed challenges, too. In 1990, a the future secretary of state—arranged prominent TV reporter from the Unit- for him to meet with a speech coach. In ed States—Zantovsky declined to name Zantovsky’s account, it was the TV in- her—interviewed Havel in Prague. He terview all over again: The expert told answered her first questions while gaz- Havel to look up while speaking, and ing at the floor.
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