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Revista De Glaciares Y Ecosistemas De Montaña ISSN 2519-7649 Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña Año 2, Número 2 – Junio 2017 INAIGEM Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña Huaraz, Ancash, Perú Instituto Nacional de Ministerio PERÚ Investigación en Glaciares del Ambiente y Ecosistemas de Montaña Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña INAIGEM Presidente Ejecutivo Ing. Benjamín Morales Arnao Secretario General Sr. Jorge Rojas Fernández Editor Mag. Steven A. Wegner Comité Editorial Ing. Ricardo Villanueva Ramírez Ing. Marco Zapata Luyo Ing. David Ocaña Vidal Dr. José Dancé Caballero Bibl. Giber García Álamo Comité Consultivo Dr. Lonnie Thompson (School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, EE.UU.) Dr. Cedomir Marangunic Damianovic (Geoestudios, Santiago, Chile) Dr. Bernard Francou (LTHE - Laboratoire d’étude des Transferts en Hidrologie et Environnement, Grenoble, Francia) Prof. Dr. Wilfried Haeberli (Geographisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Suiza) Ing. Zaniel Novoa Goicochea (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima) Dr. Jeffrey S. Kargel (Department of Hydrology & Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, EE.UU.) Dr. Enrique Flores Mariazza (Laboratorio de Utilización de Pastizales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima) Dr. Hildegardo Córdova Aguilar (Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima) Dr. Bryan G. Mark (Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, EE.UU.) La Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña es una publicación científica de periodicidad semestral (junio y diciembre). Tiene como objetivo difundir los resultados de trabajos de investigación en glaciares y ecosistemas de montaña desarrollados en los Andes, especialmente en el Perú, pero también en otros países andinos. La Revista publica artículos científicos originales e inéditos especialmente en las áreas de glaciología y ecología de ecosistemas de montaña, así como disciplinas afines de ciencias de la tierra, ciencias biológicas y ciencias sociales. Los trabajos recibidos son evaluados por árbitros externos según criterios de calidad. La Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña no está indizada todavía, pero nuestra meta es cumplir con las pautas para serlo, cuyo trámite se iniciará después de la publicación del tercer número. ISSN 2519-7649 Editado por: Copyright © 2017. Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña (INAIGEM) Jr. Juan Bautista Mejía 887, Huaraz, Ancash, Perú Teléfono: (51) 043-22-1766 / 043-45-6234 Correo electrónico: [email protected] El contenido de cada artículo es de responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no expresa, necesariamente, la opinión de la Revista o del INAIGEM. Es permitido realizar la reproducción parcial o total de los artículos publicados en esta revista con la obligación de indicar el nombre del autor y la fuente. La revista está disponible a texto completo en: http://www.inaigem.gob.pe/biblioteca/publicaciones/compilado Hecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú No 2016-17526 Diagramación: Soluciones Gráficas Impreso en: Pincel de Oro E.I.R.L. Jr. Simón Bolívar 733, Huaraz, Ancash, Perú Octubre 2017 Tiraje: 500 ejemplares Fotos de la portada: (arriba) Nevado Huantsán, desde la Pampa de Lampas, Cátac, Recuay, Ancash (R. Villanueva); (derecha) Árbol de queñua (Polylepis sp.), Quebrada Llaca, Huaraz, Ancash (D. Ocaña); (abajo) Cactus “waquru” (Opuntia floccosa), Pampa de Lampas, Cátac, Recuay, Ancash (R. Villanueva); (izquierda) Ibis negro de la puna “yanavico” (Plegadis ridgwayi), Laguna Tapara, Cátac, Recuay, Ancash (R. Villanueva). Foto de la contraportada: Vista de cerca de la inflorescencia de laPuya raimondii, Carpa, Cátac, Recuay, Ancash (Ó. Vilca). Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña INAIGEM Año 2, Número 2, Junio 2017 CONTENIDO Editorial……………………………………………………………………………..…………...........…… 7 1. La unidad norte de la Cordillera Blanca y el cambio climático The north unit of the Cordillera Blanca and climate change Benjamín Morales Arnao y Alexzander Santiago Martel ………………………..….……..……… 9 2. Glaciares de Argentina: Resultados preliminares del Inventario Nacional de Glaciares Glaciers of Argentina: Preliminary results of the National Inventory of Glaciers Laura Zalazar, Lidia Ferri, Mariano Castro, Hernán Gargantini, Melisa Giménez, Piere Pitte, Lucas Ruiz, Mariano Masiokas y Ricardo Villalba ..…………………………...……............…..... 13 3. Monitoreo de la dinámica del glaciar Pastoruri empleando tecnología RPA Monitoring the dynamics of the Pastoruri glacier using RPA technology Alexzander Santiago Martel, Edwin Loarte Cadenas y Ricardo Villanueva Ramírez …………..… 23 4. A qualitative assessment of contemporary glacier loss in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, using repeat photography Una evaluación cualitativa de la pérdida actual de glaciares en la Cordillera Blanca, Perú, usando la fotografía repetitiva Alton C. Byers …………….………………………………………………………….……….…… 31 5. Water, silt and dams: Prehispanic geological storage in the Cordillera Negra, north-central Andes, Peru Agua, limo y represas: Almacenaje geológico prehispánico en la Cordillera Negra, los Andes nor-centrales, Perú Kevin Lane ………………………………………………………………………………………… 41 6. Legado de los programas de desarrollo ambiental participativo (PDAP) en los Andes: Lecciones aprendidas The legacy of participative environmental development programs (PDAP) in the Andes: Lessons learned Charles B. Kenny-Jordan ...………………………………………………...……………………… 51 7. Políticas públicas y educación rural en la sierra del Perú: Identificando el problema (1ra parte) - La calidad del sistema educativo peruano en el área rural andina y su incidencia en los ecosistemas de montaña Public policies and rural education in the highlands of Peru: Identifying the problem (Part 1) – The quality of the Peruvian educational system in the rural Andes and its incidence in mountain ecosystems Antonio Guerrero Villar y Rosa Paz Soldán Villarreal ...…………………………………….......... 65 8. Conteo de individuos de Puya raimondii mediante técnicas geomáticas en territorio de la comunidad campesina Cajamarquilla, Ancash Counting individuals of Puya raimondii using geomatic techniques in the territory of the rural community of Cajamarquilla, Ancash Helder E. Mallqui Meza ..…………………………………….…………………………………… 79 9. Breve historia de la ornitología en los Altos Andes del norte del Perú y su importancia para la conservación A brief history of ornithology in the High Andes of northern Peru and its importance for conservation C. Steven Sevillano Ríos …………………..………………………………………........………… 87 5 10. El tarugo (Hippocamelus antisensis, Cervidae): Mitos, creencias y prácticas en la Cordillera Blanca del Perú The tarugo (Hippocamelus antisensis, Cervidae): Myths, beliefs and practices in the Cordillera Blanca of Peru Doris Walter ………………………………..…………………………………………..….............. 103 11. El Pabellón de las Montañas del Foro Internacional de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña, Huaraz, 2016 The Mountain Pavilion of the International Forum on Glaciers and Mountain Ecosystems, Huaraz, 2016 Christine Giraud ..…………………………….………………………………………….............… 115 Guía para Autores ……………………………………………………………………………………….... 119 6 EDITORIAL Experimentando el Cambio Climático El presente número de la Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña ofrece a nuestros lectores una variedad de artículos abordando temas especializados vinculados a los glaciares y ecosistemas de montaña en el Perú y otras partes de Sudamérica. Varios se refieren directa o indirectamente al cambio climático, sus efectos y consecuencias, evidenciados en drásticos cambios en los paisajes montañosos en los últimos meses, años y décadas. Estos cambios tienen un impacto significativo en la flora y fauna nativas, tales como en los cultivos, el ganado doméstico y las poblaciones humanas que son dependientes de todos ellos, aunque el público en general, especialmente de las concentraciones urbanas, apenas conoce el impacto de estos cambios o percibe sus efectos como meramente temporales, en vez de algo permanente que puede modificar su estilo de vida sustancialmente en las próximas generaciones. El fenómeno del cambio climático se manifiesta en diversas maneras, algunas de las cuales son el aumento de la temperatura global, el calentamiento de los océanos, el encogimiento de los campos de hielo polares, la reducción de los glaciares continentales, el aumento del nivel del mar, la acidificación de los océanos, la alteración de los padrones de circulación atmosférica y el aumento de eventos climáticos extremos (como olas de calor o frío, ciclones tropicales, fenómeno El Niño, etc.). La temperatura de la atmósfera es la clave de muchos de los otros efectos: recientemente, la Universidad de Washington presentó los resultados de una investigación donde indica que la temperatura mundial puede aumentar entre 2 y 5 °C para el año 2100 (véase https://phys.org/ news/2017-07-earth-degrees-century.html). Otro fenómeno notable de los últimos años es el desprendimiento de grandes masas de hielo del casquete polar de la Antártida. En junio de este año, una sección de 5800 km2 de hielo se separó de la barrera de hielo Larsen en el lado este de la península Antártida (véase https://www.nasa. gov/feature/goddard/2017/massive-iceberg-breaks-off-from-antarctica). Aunque algunos expertos sostienen que este desprendimiento no está vinculado a un calentamiento climático, la ausencia de la barrera permitiría una descarga más rápida de glaciares
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