DOCSLIB.ORG

BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY Patricia N

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY Patricia N CHAPTER FIVE BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY Patricia N. Manley, Jo Ann A. Fites- Kaufman, Michael G. Barbour, Matthew D. Schlesinger, and David M. Rizzo ©1999 J.T. Ravizé. All rights reserved. CHAPTER FIVE BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY Patricia N. Manley, Jo Ann A. Fites-Kaufman, Michael G. Barbour, Matthew D. Schlesinger, and David M. Rizzo Introduction elements of biological integrity and ecological “As the wind howled outside my window, sustainability (Angermeier and Karr 1994; Hunsaker heralding the onset of winter, the local band of et al. in preparation). Biological diversity refers to the coyotes sang their evening chorus as they roamed variety of living organisms in an area, encompassing the rich hunting grounds where the wet meadow and a hierarchy of biological organization—genes, forest meet in the backyards of my neighbors. populations, species, communities, ecosystems, and Drifting off into a cozy slumber, pleased with myself biomes (Angermeier and Karr 1994; Noss and for living in a place where I can experience the pulse Cooperrider 1994). We can view biological diversity of the natural world, where coyotes and bears visit as building blocks and natural processes as architects my backyard, I bolted out of bed, realizing I had and engineers determining how the blocks are forgotten to bring my cat inside for the night!” shaped and arranged, together resulting in biological So says a long-time Lake Tahoe resident. integrity. The Tahoe basin offers many natural splendors to its Approaches to the conservation of residents and visitors, several of which appear in the biological integrity focus both on the needs of opening quote. Natural experiences in the basin are individual species and on conserving entire defined not only by characteristic landscape features, ecosystems and their fundamental processes. As the such as Lake Tahoe and the majestic mountain science of conservation matures, it is increasingly ranges surrounding the basin, but also by less recognized that both approaches not only have merit dominant features, such as frequent sightings of but that attention to communities and ecosystems, as wildlife from one’s doorstep, the ability to enjoy well as to species and populations, is important to beautiful forests and meadows, and the sound of the success of large-scale conservation efforts (Noss coyotes howling in the night. Even the fact that 1990), such as the conservation of biological integrity coyotes occasionally prey on domestic cats left in the Lake Tahoe basin. Our assessment addresses outside at night is something that most residents both levels of biological organization. accept as part of living in an ecosystem that still The biological integrity of ecosystems in the supports a diversity of living creatures. Many of the basin has been altered and perhaps permanently natural features that have come to be expected as compromised by human land use over the past 150 part of the “Tahoe experience” are a reflection of years (see Chapter 2). Three facets of biological and depend on the biological integrity of ecosystems integrity have experienced substantial changes over in the basin. the past 150 years, and they form the central topics Biological integrity is “the capability of a of this assessment of biological integrity: community landscape or ecosystem to support and maintain a structure and composition, fire as an ecosystem balanced, integrated, adaptive community of process, and species composition and population organisms comparable to that of natural habitat of characteristics. The topics addressed in this chapter the region” (Karr and Dudley 1981). Biological do not constitute a comprehensive treatment of the diversity and the ecological and evolutionary considerations in conserving and restoring biological processes inherent in natural systems are essential integrity; rather, they are a combination of points of Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment 403 Chapter 5 greatest concern and factors significantly affecting fire represents a combination of wildfire and biological diversity and integrity in the basin. prescribed burning conducted by the Washoe tribe Communities are composed of species that to manage vegetation, similar to many other Native occur together in space and time, whereas American tribes (Anderson and Moratto 1996). ecosystems include interactions of biological Characteristics of species and populations components (plants, animals, and fungi) with all the are considered primary attributes of biological physical and chemical components of the immediate diversity (Noss 1990). Although it is generally environment (Begon et al. 1990). Although we can accepted that biological diversity in the basin has define communities conceptually, in practice they are been altered in the past 150 years, the degree of difficult to identify and classify. Communities are alteration and its implications for species persistence dynamic collections of species in which each species have not been described previously. Populations responds independently to environmental variation typically are described by their distribution, species (Whittaker 1975; Krebs 1978; Levin 1992). However, frequency of occurrence, and abundance (Noss classification schemes facilitate taking stock of the 1990). Species can be described further in terms of quantity, quality, location, and diversity of their life history characteristics, habitat associations, communities. Common descriptors of communities and exotic or endemic status. include species richness, disturbance regimes, and the composition, age, and physical structure of the Factors Influencing Biological Integrity in the community. The distribution, abundance, and Basin diversity of community types are also informative Factors influencing biological integrity descriptors. Aquatic ecosystems usually are become relevant when attempting to understand its differentiated by both their physical and biological current condition, how this condition came to pass, features and include a wide variety of flowing and and how it may change in the future. The primary standing water systems (Moyle and Ellison 1991). factors influencing biota are divided into physical Physical features of aquatic ecosystems commonly and biological factors and are discussed below. include their size, shape, depth, volume, gradient, shade cover, temperature, water chemistry, and Physical Factors substrates. A myriad of physical factors affect species, Fire is recognized as a keystone process in communities, and ecosystems. Some of the most Sierra Nevada ecosystems. Fire is a natural part of influential physical factors include such major the Sierran environment, and it significantly environmental gradients as elevation, precipitation, influences the distribution and abundance of native and latitude (Schluter and Ricklefs 1993). All of plant and animal species, as well as the physical these gradients affect the productivity of an area and structure of vegetation communities. The arid have been shown in numerous studies to have summers typical of Mediterranean-type climates, significant relationships with biological diversity and such as California’s, cause dead plant material on the the distributions of species and communities ground to dry rapidly. Lightning strikes frequently in (Rosenzweig 1995). In the basin, elevation and late summer and fall. If these events are not followed precipitation vary greatly for such a small geographic by rain, if there is sufficient dry fuel on the ground area and may exert a stronger influence than to carry flame, if the air is dry enough, and if wind expected. Variation in precipitation is largely a conditions are right, then a surface fire results. In the function of basin’s location in a transition zone Lake Tahoe basin, sediment cores from Lake Tahoe between Mediterranean and continental climates. (Davis 1997) and nearby Osgood Swamp (Adams The Sierra Nevada and Carson Range crests, which 1967) show that charcoal was continually deposited flank Lake Tahoe west and east and create its basin, in the Lake Tahoe basin and vicinity in the past, and provide the elevational variation that demarcates indicating frequent fires. This historical pattern of 404 Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment Chapter 5 the transition between the two very different climatic 100 years (Graber 1996), and the basin is no regimes. exception. Losses of large predators, such as the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), change the food chain Biological Factors dynamics within communities significantly. The loss Innumerable biological factors influence of top predators may affect many other species along biological diversity and integrity in most systems. It the food chain (e.g., “trophic cascades”; Paine 1980; is difficult, and perhaps inappropriate, to attempt to Power et al. 1985; Power 1990). In addition, many identify a few key factors that shape biological exotic species now occur in the basin, and some are systems. Here, we discuss a limited set of biological aggressive competitors that can outcompete native factors that are of interest in the basin and are species. Finally, as discussed above, fire suppression known to significantly influence biological diversity activities have influenced environmental conditions and integrity: fire and succession, interspecies and shifted the competitive advantage among conifer interactions, and biogeographic dynamics. tree species. Fire and Succession—Paleoecologists such as Biogeographic Dynamics—The basin is in a Axelrod (1986) believe that a fire-prone climate has transition zone between
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lake Tahoe Geographic Response Plan
    Lake Tahoe Geographic Response Plan El Dorado and Placer Counties, California and Douglas and Washoe Counties, and Carson City, Nevada September 2007 Prepared by: Lake Tahoe Response Plan Area Committee (LTRPAC) Lake Tahoe Geographic Response Plan September 2007 If this is an Emergency… …Involving a release or threatened release of hazardous materials, petroleum products, or other contaminants impacting public health and/or the environment Most important – Protect yourself and others! Then: 1) Turn to the Immediate Action Guide (Yellow Tab) for initial steps taken in a hazardous material, petroleum product, or other contaminant emergency. First On-Scene (Fire, Law, EMS, Public, etc.) will notify local Dispatch (via 911 or radio) A complete list of Dispatch Centers can be found beginning on page R-2 of this plan Dispatch will make the following Mandatory Notifications California State Warning Center (OES) (800) 852-7550 or (916) 845-8911 Nevada Division of Emergency Management (775) 687-0300 or (775) 687-0400 National Response Center (800) 424-8802 Dispatch will also consider notifying the following Affected or Adjacent Agencies: County Environmental Health Local OES - County Emergency Management Truckee River Water Master (775) 742-9289 Local Drinking Water Agencies 2) After the Mandatory Notifications are made, use Notification (Red Tab) to implement the notification procedures described in the Immediate Action Guide. 3) Use the Lake Tahoe Basin Maps (Green Tab) to pinpoint the location and surrounding geography of the incident site. 4) Use the Lake and River Response Strategies (Blue Tab) to develop a mitigation plan. 5) Review the Supporting Documentation (White Tabs) for additional information needed during the response.
    [Show full text]
  • Botany Biological Evaluation
    APPENDIX I Botany Biological Evaluation Biological Evaluation for Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive Plants and Fungi Page 1 of 35 for the Upper Truckee River Sunset Stables Restoration Project November 2009 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE – FOREST SERVICE LAKE TAHOE BASIN MANAGEMENT UNIT Upper Truckee River Sunset Stables Restoration Project El Dorado County, CA Biological Evaluation for Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive Plants and Fungi PREPARED BY: ENTRIX, Inc. DATE: November 2009 APPROVED BY: DATE: _____________ Name, Forest Botanist, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit SUMMARY OF EFFECTS DETERMINATION AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND/OR REQUIREMENTS One population of a special-status bryophyte, three-ranked hump-moss (Meesia triquetra), was observed in the survey area during surveys on June 30, 2008 and August 28, 2008. The proposed action will not affect the moss because the population is located outside the project area where no action is planned. The following species of invasive or noxious weeds were identified during surveys of the Project area: cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum); bullthistle (Cirsium vulgare); Klamathweed (Hypericum perforatum); oxe-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare); and common mullein (Verbascum Thapsus). The threat posed by these weed populations would not increase if the proposed action is implemented. An inventory and assessment of invasive and noxious weeds in the survey area is presented in the Noxious Weed Risk Assessment for the Upper Truckee River Sunset Stables Restoration Project (ENTRIX 2009). Based on the description of the proposed action and the evaluation contained herein, we have determined the following: There would be no significant effect to plant species listed as threatened, endangered, proposed for listing, or candidates under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA), administered by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Storm Water Resource Plan | May 2018 Final
    AMERICAN RIVER BASIN Storm Water Resource Plan | May 2018 Final Funding for this project has been provided in full or in part through an agreement with the State Water Resources Control Board using funds from Proposition 1. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the foregoing, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. American River Basin Storm Water Resource Plan – Final Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Intent and Content ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Goals and Objectives ............................................................................................................. 2 2.0 WATERSHED IDENTIFICATION ............................................................................................... 3 2.1 Watershed Boundaries (IRWMP Section 2.1) ..................................................................... 3 2.2 Internal Boundaries (IRWMP Sections 2.2, 2.8, & 2.9) ...................................................... 5 2.3 Water and Environmental Resources (IRWMP Sections 2.6.2, 2.6.3, & 2.8) ................. 11 2.4 Natural Watershed Processes (IRWMP Sections 2.6.1, 2.6.2, & 2.6.3) ........................... 13 2.5 Watershed Issues and Priorities (IRWMP Sections 2.6.2, 2.7 to 2.9, & Apdx. B) .........
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Biological Integrity in Running Waters a Method and Its Rationale
    Assessing Biological Integrity in Running Waters A Method and Its Rationale James R. Karr Kurt D. Fausch Paul L. Angermeier Philip R. Yant Isaac J. Schlosser Jordan Creek ---------------- ] Excellent !:: ~~~~~~~~~;~~;~~ ~ :: ,. JPoor --------------- 111 1C tE 2A 28 20 3A SO 3E 4A 48 4C 40 4E Station Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 5 September 1986 Printed by authority of the State of Illinois Illinois Natural History Survey 172 Natural Resources Building 607 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 The Illinois Natural History Survey is pleased to publish this report and make it available to a wide variety of potential users. The Survey endorses the concepts from which the Index of Biotic Integrity was developed but cautions, as the authors are careful to indicate, that details must be tailored to lit the geographic region in which the Index is to be used. Glen C. Sanderson, Chair, Publications Committee, Illinois Natural History Survey R. Weldon Larimore of the Illinois Natural History Survey took the cover photos, which show two reaches ofJordan Creek in east-central Illinois-an undisturbed site and a site that shows the effects of grazing and agricultural activity. Current affiliations of the authors are listed below: James R. Karr, Deputy Director, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama Kurt D. Fausch, Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Paul L. Angermeier, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Philip R. Yant, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Isaac J. Schlosser, Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks VDP-1-3M-9-86 ISSN 0888-9546 Assessing Biological Integrity in Running Waters A Method and Its Rationale James R.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Areas Have Ecological Integrity(3-8)
    Can urban areas have ecological integrity? Reed F. Noss INTRODUCTION The question of whether urban areas can offer a habitat and wildlife within and around urban areas, semblance of the natural world – a vestige (at least) where most people live. But, if we embark on this of ecological integrity – is an important one to many venture, how do we know if we are succeeding? people who live in these areas. As more and more of There are both social and biological measures of the world becomes urbanized, this question becomes success. The social measures include increased highly relevant to the broader mission of maintain- awareness of and appreciation for native wildlife ing the Earth’s biological diversity. and healthy ecosystems. The biological measures are Most people, especially when young, are attracted the subject of my talk this morning; I will focus on to the natural world and living things, Ed Wilson adaptation of the ecological integrity concept to called this attraction “biophilia.” And entire books urban and suburban areas and the role of connectiv- have been written about it – one, for example, by ity (i.e. wildlife corridors) in promoting ecological Steve Kellert, who also appears in this morning’s integrity. program. Personally, I share Wilson’s speculation that biophilia has a genetic basis. Some people are Urban Ecological Integrity biophilic than others. This tendency is very likely Ecological integrity is what we might call an heritable, although it certainly is influenced by the “umbrella concept,” embracing all that is good and environment, particularly by early experiences. My right in ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Novelties of Gasteroid Fungi, Earthstars and Puffballs, from The
    Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid ISSN: 0211-1322 [email protected] Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas España da Silva Alfredo, Dönis; de Oliveira Sousa, Julieth; Jacinto de Souza, Elielson; Nunes Conrado, Luana Mayra; Goulart Baseia, Iuri Novelties of gasteroid fungi, earthstars and puffballs, from the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid, vol. 73, núm. 2, 2016, pp. 1-10 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=55649047009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 73(2): e045 2016. ISSN: 0211-1322. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2422 Novelties of gasteroid fungi, earthstars and puffballs, from the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest Dönis da Silva Alfredo1*, Julieth de Oliveira Sousa1, Elielson Jacinto de Souza2, Luana Mayra Nunes Conrado2 & Iuri Goulart Baseia3 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Centro de Biociências, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil; [email protected] 2Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil 3Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil Recibido: 24-VI-2015; Aceptado: 13-V-2016; Publicado on line: 23-XII-2016 Abstract Resumen Alfredo, D.S., Sousa, J.O., Souza, E.J., Conrado, L.M.N.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.0 Managing Native Mesic Forest Remnants
    2.0 MANAGING NATIVE MESIC FOREST REMNANTS Photo by Amy Tsuneyoshi 2.1 RESTORATION CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES The word restore means “to bring back…into a former or original state” (Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary 1977). For the purposes of this book, forest restoration assumes that some semblance of a native forest remains and the restoration process is one of removing the causes for that degradation and returning the forest back to a former intact native state. More formally, restoration is defined as: The return of an ecosystem to its historical trajectory by removing or modifying a specific disturbance, and thereby allowing ecological processes to bring about an independent recovery (Society for Ecological Restoration International Science and Policy Working Group 2004). The term native integrity used throughout this book refers to this continuum of intactness. An area very high in native integrity is fully intact. James Karr (1996) defines biological integrity as: The ability to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive biological system having the full range of elements (genes, species, and assemblages) and processes (mutation, demography, biotic interactions, nutrient and energy dynamics, and metapopulation processes) expected in the natural habitat of a region. This standard of biological integrity is admittedly beyond the reach of many restoration projects given some of the irreversible effects of invasive plants and animals as well as a lack of knowledge of how an ecosystem worked in the first place. Nonetheless, the goal of a restoration effort should be a restored native area that is healthy, viable, and self-sustaining requiring a minimum amount of active management in the long-term.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Calvatia Nodulata, a New Gasteroid Fungus from Brazilian Semiarid Region
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Mycology Volume 2014, Article ID 697602, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/697602 Research Article Calvatia nodulata, a New Gasteroid Fungus from Brazilian Semiarid Region Dônis da Silva Alfredo,1 Ana Clarissa Moura Rodrigues,1 and Iuri Goulart Baseia2 1 Programa de Pos-Graduac´ ¸ao˜ em Sistematica´ e Evoluc¸ao,˜ Centro de Biociencias,ˆ Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario,´ 59072−970 Natal, RN, Brazil 2 Departamento Botanicaˆ e Zoologia, Centro de Biociencias,ˆ Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario,´ CEP 59072–970 Natal, RN, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Donisˆ da Silva Alfredo; [email protected] Received 6 May 2014; Accepted 30 June 2014; Published 21 July 2014 Academic Editor: Terezinha Inez Estivalet Svidzinski Copyright © 2014 Donisˆ da Silva Alfredo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Studies carried out in tropical rain forest enclaves in semiarid region of Brazil revealed a new species of Calvatia. The basidiomata were collected during the rainy season of 2009 and 2012 in two states of Northeast Brazil. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were based on dried basidiomata with the aid of light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Calvatia nodulata is recognized by its pyriform to turbinate basidiomata, exoperidium granulose to pilose and not persistent, subgleba becoming hollow at maturity, nodulose capillitium, and punctate basidiospores (3–5 m). Detailed description, taxonomic comments, and illustrations with photographs and drawings are provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Terr–3 Special-Status Plant Populations
    TERR–3 SPECIAL-STATUS PLANT POPULATIONS 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY During 2001 and 2002, the review of existing information, agency consultation, vegetation community mapping, and focused special-status plant surveys were completed. Based on California Native Plant Society’s (CNPS) Electronic Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California (CNPS 2001a), CDFG’s Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB; CDFG 2003), USDA-FS Regional Forester’s List of Sensitive Plant and Animal Species for Region 5 (USDA-FS 1998), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species List (USFWS 2003), and Sierra National Forest (SNF) Sensitive Plant List (Clines 2002), there were 100 special-status plant species initially identified as potentially occurring within the Study Area. Known occurrences of these species were mapped. Vegetation communities were evaluated to locate areas that could potentially support special-status plant species. Each community was determined to have the potential to support at least one special-status plant species. During the spring and summer of 2002, special-status plant surveys were conducted. For each special-status plant species or population identified, a CNDDB form was completed, and photographs were taken. The locations were mapped and incorporated into a confidential GIS database. Vascular plant species observed during surveys were recorded. No state or federally listed special-status plant species were identified during special- status plant surveys. Seven special-status plant species, totaling 60 populations, were identified during surveys. There were 22 populations of Mono Hot Springs evening-primrose (Camissonia sierrae ssp. alticola) identified. Two populations are located near Mammoth Pool, one at Bear Forebay, and the rest are in the Florence Lake area.
    [Show full text]
  • Status Species Occurrences
    S U G A R L O A F M OUNTAIN T RAIL Biological Resources Report Prepared for: Bear-Yuba Land Trust (BYLT) ATTN: Bill Haire 12183 South Auburn Road Grass Valley, CA 95949 Ph: (530) 272-5994 and City of Nevada City ATTN: Amy Wolfson 317 Broad Street Nevada City, CA 95959 Ph: (530) 265-2496 Prepared by: Chainey-Davis Biological Consulting ATTN: Carolyn Chainey-Davis 182 Grove Street Nevada City, CA 95959 Ph: (530) 205-6218 August 2018 Sugarloaf Mountain Trail — Biological Inventory C h a i n e y - Davis Biological Consulting SUMMARY This Biological Resources Report (BRR) includes an inventory and analysis of potential impacts to biological resources resulting from the construction and operation of the Sugarloaf Mountain Trail, a proposed 1.5-mile public recreational trail in Nevada City, California, on a 30-acre open space preserve owned by the City of Nevada City (APN 036-020-026). The trail would be constructed, managed, and maintained by the Bear-Yuba Land Trust, a private non-profit organization. The project would expand an existing small, primitive trail and construct a new segment of trail on Sugarloaf Mountain, just north of Nevada City. The trail begins near the intersection of State Route 49 and North Bloomfield Road and terminates on Sugarloaf Mountain. The proposed trail includes a quarter-mile segment on an easement through private land. The project drawings are provided in Appendix A. Trail tread width will vary from 36 to 48 inches, depending on location and physical constraints, and constructed using a mini excavator, chainsaws, and a variety of hand tools.
    [Show full text]
  • Arizona Gasteroid Fungi I: Lycoperdaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)
    Fungal Diversity Arizona gasteroid fungi I: Lycoperdaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) Bates, S.T.1*, Roberson, R.W.1 and Desjardin, D.E.2 1School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA 2Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, California 94132, USA Bates, S.T., Roberson, R.W. and Desjardin, D.E. (2009). Arizona gasteroid fungi I: Lycoperdaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota). Fungal Diversity 37: 153-207. Twenty-eight species in the family Lycoperdaceae, commonly called ‘puffballs’, are reported from Arizona, USA. In addition to widely distributed species, understudied species (e.g., Calvatia cf. leiospora and Holocotylon brandegeeanum) are treated. Taxonomic descriptions and illustrations, which include microscopic characters, are given for each species, and a dichotomous key is presented to facilitate identification. Basidiospore morphology was also examined ultrastructurally using scanning electron microscopy, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out on nrRNA gene sequences (ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S) from 42 species within (or closely allied to) the Lycoperdaceae. Key words: Agaricales, euagarics, fungal taxonomy, gasteroid fungi, gasteromycete, Lycoperdaceae, puffballs. Article Information Received 22 August 2008 Accepted 25 November 2008 Published online 1 August 2009 *Corresponding author: Scott T. Bates; e-mail: [email protected] Introduction Agaricales, Boletales, and Russulales. Accordingly, a vigorous debate concerning the Lycoperdaceae Chevall.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 6 Biological Report (PDF)
    Biological Constraints Analysis Tahoe Donner 5-Year Trail Implementation Plan Truckee, Nevada County, CA Nevada County File Number ___ Prepared for: Tahoe Donner Association Forrest Huisman, Director of Capital Projects 11509 Northwoods Boulevard Truckee, California 96161 530-587-9487 Prepared by: Micki Kelly Kelly Biological Consulting PO Box 1625 Truckee, CA 96160 530-582-9713 June 2015, Revised December 2015 Biological Constraints Report, Tahoe Donner Trails 5-Year Implementation Plan December 2015 Table of Contents 1.0 INFORMATION SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 PROJECT AND PROPERTY DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 SITE OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.2.1 Special-Status Species ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Wetlands and Waters of the U.S. ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Waters of the State .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]