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A Review on Biological and Chemical Diversity in Berberis (Berberidaceae)

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A Review on Biological and Chemical Diversity in Berberis (Berberidaceae) EXCLI Journal 2015;14:247-267 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: June 03, 2014, accepted: November 10, 2014, published: February 20, 2015 Review article: A REVIEW ON BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL DIVERSITY IN BERBERIS (BERBERIDACEAE) Sharad Srivastava*, Manjoosha Srivastava, Ankita Misra, Garima Pandey, AKS Rawat Pharmacognosy and Ethno pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +91 522 2297818; Fax: +91 522 2207219 http://dx.doi.org/10.17179/excli2014-399 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ABSTRACT Berberis is an important genus and well known in the Indian as well as European systems of traditional medi- cine. It is used since ancient times for curing eye disease, fever, jaundice, rheumatism, vomiting during pregnan- cy, kidney and gall balder stones and various other ailments due to the presence of biologically active alkaloid berberine. Action of the root extracts of few species are believed to be as powerful as quinine in the treatment of malarial fever. A plethora of literature pertaining to the taxonomy, biology, chemistry, traditional and ethnic uses of Berberis in different countries and indigenous cultures was collected by both offline (library, journals, textbooks etc.) and online mode (electronic search of available databases). In addition to this, books on traditional medicine and eth- no pharmacological knowledge were also referred to extract ancient uses of Berberis in different traditional med- icine systems. Most of the folklore, traditional and ethno botanical claims about Berberis species were validated by broad spectrum in vitro and vivo pharmacological studies. The present article summarizes its usage in eye and liver disorder, fever, kidney and gall stones along with anticancer activity. This comprehensive review will not only help researchers for further evaluation but also provide substantial in- formation for future exploitation of species to develop novel herbal formulations. Keywords: Berberis, berberine, pharmacology, ethno botany INTRODUCTION incorporated for its successful use in the treatment of oriental sore. The genus Berberis has an important The roots of Berberis species are em- place in various traditional systems of medi- ployed as an anti-periodic, diaphoretic and cine worldwide for their efficacious medici- antipyretic, and its action was believed to be nal properties. The ancient Ayurvedic litera- as powerful as quinine. The bark is used as a ture of India records uses of Rasaut (Ras = tonic and anti-periodic. This plant is also well juice; out = frothing and foaming when boil- proven for cardio vascular, hepato-protective, ing; hence Rasaut means concentrated juice), antimicrobial and anti-cancerous activities. an extract of either stem or root of Berberis Hence, a review of genus Berberis has been sp. The specific uses of Rasaut for curing eye done to put all its activities, ethno botanical diseases and indolent ulcers earned a great claims, pharmacological action along with fame. In the British Pharmacopoeia, the alka- chemistry. The scientific information com- loid berberine- the active principle in several piled in this review is gathered by extensive species of Berberis and Mahonia, has been 247 EXCLI Journal 2015;14:247-267 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: June 03, 2014, accepted: November 10, 2014, published: February 20, 2015 search of several electronic databases viz. First taxonomic account of the family SCOPUS, Google scholar, NOPR, Pub med, Berberidaceae for the Indian subcontinent Elsevier, ACs, Medline plus, Web of science, (Hooker and Thomson, 1875) included six etc. Additionally, the library search and an- genera and 17 species. A revision of the ge- cient medicinal treatises/text books were also nus Berberis was made by Schneider during referred for gathering information on the tra- 1905 and 1908 and recorded 13 new species ditional uses of Berberis. The review of Ber- and one variety from Indian region. Subse- beris was also done with an end in view of quently (Schneider, 1942) a monograph of identifying the knowledge gaps in traditional section Wallichianae was published in which uses, pharmacological studies, toxicity he recognized 71 species in 8 subsections. profiling, clinical trials and other relevant re- Chatterjee (1953) included 68 species of search in this medicinally important genus. Berberis, 11 species of Mahonia, one species Previous reviews on individual species of of Epimedium and two species of Podophyl- Berberis are available, but a comprehensive lum. In a survey (Ahrendt, 1941/45) the Ber- update on the entire genus is still lacking. beris spp. from Bhutan, Assam, South Tibet, This review will help researchers to identify Upper Burma and Northwest Yunnan and the latent and patent potentials of Berberis later (Ahrendt, 1961) published a detailed re- and explore further studies on the biological vision of Berberis and Mahonia species. He and chemical properties of various species of included 52 species with 43 infra specific this genus. categories under Berberis and 11 species un- der Mahonia from the Indian region. It was TAXONOMIC HISTORY OF BERBERIS again revised by including one new species (B. victoriana) from the Indian region Berberis belongs to the family Berberida- (Chamberlain and Hu, 1985). Jafri (1975) ceae, which was first established by A.L. Jus- while dealing with the Berberidaceae for the sieu in 1789 as ‘Berberides’ and was consid- Flora of West Pakistan included only one ered one of the most primitive families of species of Mahonia and 15 species of Berber- Angiosperms having a high number of dis- is from Kashmir region. In a more recent junction or discontinuous genera. There is a study (Rao and Hajra, 1993) while revising general agreement among botanists (Ku- the family for the Flora of India included 54 mazawa, 1938; Hutchinson, 1959; Airy species of Berberis, one species of Epimedi- Shaw, 1966; Takhtajan, 1969; Meacham, um and 13 species of Mahonia from the pre- 1980; Nowicke and Skvarla; 1981) that the sent political boundaries of India. genera of Berberidaceae are not closely relat- Singh et al. (1974, 1978) discussed the ed but are separable into 4 distinct families, significance of epidermal structure and leaf namely Lardizabalaceae (Decaisnea, architecture in the taxonomy of Berberida- Holboellia, Parvatia), Nandinaceae (Nandi- ceae. They have studied hardly 5-6 species of na), Podophyllaceae (Podophyllum) and Ber- the family. Palynologically only five species beridaceae (Berberis, Mahonia, Epimedium). of Berberis have been studied (Nair, 1965) Berberidaceae was placed in the order and chromosome numbers in only nine spe- Ranales (Bentham and Hooker, 1862). Sever- cies with five infraspecific categories of Ber- al other works (Takhtajan, 1969; Cronquist, beris and three species of Mahonia 1968) placed it in the order Ranunculales, have been while one worker (Hutchinson, 1959) includ- reported (Kumar and Subramaniam, 1986). ed this family under a separate order Ber- Some commercially important Berberis spp. beridales. from Indian region is shown in Figure 1. 248 EXCLI Journal 2015;14:247-267 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: June 03, 2014, accepted: November 10, 2014, published: February 20, 2015 B. aristata B. asiatica B. lycium B. chitria Figure 1: Some important species of genus Berberis collected from India ETHNOBOTANICAL AND done by Srivastava et al., 2001, 2004, 2006, TRADITIONAL USES 2010; Singh et al., 2009, 2012; Srivastava and Rawat, 2013, 2014. The ethno botanical There has been an increasing interest to- uses of Berberis by different tribal communi- wards the scientific study of human-plant in- ties in India and some other countries are teraction in the natural environment among provided in Table 1. the botanists, social scientists, anthropolo- gists, practitioners of indigenous systems of medicine. Jain (1981) undertook intensive PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES field study among tribes of central India and OF BERBERIS SPECIES devised methodology for ethno- botany, par- Berberis has diverse pharmacological po- ticularly in the Indian context. Different spe- tential. Various pharmacological activities of cies of genus Berberis are used ethno botani- the Berberis species make them an important cally and medicinally by various tribes and in part of polyherbal formulations for the treat- different traditional medical systems. A de- ment of several diseases and disorders (Fig- tailed pharmacognostic study of some com- ure 2, Table 2). mon Himalayan Berberis species has been 249 EXCLI Journal 2015;14:247-267 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: June 03, 2014, accepted: November 10, 2014, published: February 20, 2015 Table 1: Ethno botanical uses of different species of Berberis Species Ethno botanical Information References In Raithal locality of Uttarkashi (Uttaranchal), India, Kirtikar and Basu, 1935; Rasaut- a popular medicine prepared for eye disor- Anonymous, 1948; ders from the roots of B. aristata Hayashi, 1950; Küpeli et al., 2002; Uniyal, 1964 In Kumaon region of India, the decoction of root bark Shah and Joshi, 1971 from B. aristata and B. asiatica is used for curing eye troubles and boils. A sauce is also prepared from its acidic flower buds B. aristata The decoction of the root of B. aristata is used in Chauhan et al., 1978/79 piles, gastric disorders and other allied complaints by Tibetan people and the plant is known there as Kershuen Local inhabitants of DehraDun district of Uttaranchal, Jain and Suri, 1979/80 India use B. aristata as fish poison Used in snake and scorpion bite by the tribal’s in Mittre, 1981 Uttaranchal, India Inhabitants of Assam, India, use root extract with but- Bhattacharjee et al., ter for the treatment of bleeding piles. About 2 ml of 1980 B. asiatica the extract of its root is taken with butter daily for two weeks In Lahul province of HP, India, B. lycium and B. Koetz and Walter, 1979 pachyacantha fruit is used medicinally for stomach- ache. Roots yield a yellow dye for textiles. The twigs are important in ceremonials of Priests and Lamas. In the Burial ceremony, barberry nails are used.
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