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The forthcoming Summit of the Group of Eight (or G8 to it’s enemies), to be held in the Scottish golf resort of Gleneagles between July 6th and 8th, has stimulated opposition in a number of political areas. This article looks at the what’s in store for the world’s leaders this summer.

First, what exactly is the G8? The G8 large indigenous left or alternative culture. consists of 8 of the most powerful nation Opposition and protests have followed the states in the world. It has been in existence G8 wherever it has met. These protests for over 30 years and its job is to be a forum appeared to have reached both their height for policy discussion for the ruling class. It and their lowest point when, at the infamous is, however, primarily symbolic and an 2001 Genoa events, the police killed the opportunity to do good PR with the media activist Carlo Giuliani and beat and tortured and lobbyists. The real decisions are made Indymedia and other oppositional in other places outside the glare of the journalists. Since then, however, there has media and beyond the protests of the been massive opposition at the G8 summit opposition. at Evian, France in June 2003 and this year’s summit is far from going unopposed. Anyone for… golf? Gleneagles itself is an excellent choice for The opposition the state as it is suitably isolated and Who, then, is leading the opposition to the situated in a rural area with little local G8 and why? The organised and mobilising political radicalism. The nearest cities are opposition can be divided into three Perth and Stirling, neither of which have a currents. The largest of these is the Make Poverty History coalition. Other than supporting the Make Poverty many activists committed to direct action as History march, the G8Alt is organising a well as discussion might gather. Dissent Make Poverty History - Jesuits, union counter-summit in Edinburgh featuring the has also taken legal support, medical bureaucrats and the Boys Brigade? great and the good of the anti-globalisation/ support and international activist training When the G8 last came to Britain, in anti-imperialist movements at the bargain seriously. This has lead sections of the Birmingham in 1998, the main mobilisation price of £15 entrance fee. It is supporting a media in Scotland to paint Dissent as the was by those calling for debt relief. In this, demonstration outside the Dungavel likely organisers of a fearsome anarchist Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Detention centre in solidarity with asylum Black Bloc of professional rioters. There are charities and church groups were at the seekers and refugees and it is supporting a certainly some on the left aping these forefront and the left had a minimal profile. blockade of Faslane nuclear submarine tactics. Though in Britain at this time groups such as base called by Scottish CND and Trident Reclaim the Streets were regularly Ploughshares. It is also sponsoring a day of The good, the bad and the Black Bloc organising creative protests and street ‘direct action’ at Gleneagles itself. This day Relations between G8Alt and the Dissent parties,the international ‘anti-globalisation’ of direct action so far consists of a no more network are cool but Dissent supporters and ‘anti-capitalist’ movements were yet to than a traditional march and demonstration, have attended the open G8Alt organising play a significant role. The descendants of which they calculate will be about 20,000 meetings and have suggested that the that mobilisation today are the Make strong. This demonstration, scheduled for mobilisations organised by G8Alt and Poverty History coalition. This coalition, Wednesday 7th July, coincides with the day Dissent may complement each other and which makes no pretence of being anti- of action around Climate Change called by successfully argued that the state must not capitalist, wishes to pressurise world leaders People’s Global Action. This day of action is be allowed to paint one group of protesters into cancelling the debt of the ‘developing’ being supported by the third oppositional ‘good’ and the other ‘bad’ in a divide and world. Make Poverty History span the entire current, the Dissent Network of resistance rule tactic. Whether this level of unity in spectrum of lobbying politics and unite the against the G8. diversity holds is another question. The Baptist Union with the Jesuits, Islamic Relief security for the G8 events will affect local with Comic Relief, the TUC and the Boys Dissent: a network of resistance? residents considerably and it is likely that Brigade. It is holding a march in Edinburgh The Dissent network, formed in the Autumn people in nearby Auchterarder will be virtual on the Saturday before the G8 comes to of 2003, is an informal network of broadly prisoners in their own village. Local Scotland, a march which will possibly be the libertarian local groups, including London’s activists, including CND in Stirling have been largest the country has ever seen. It is at WOMBLES, Cardiff Anarchist Network, subject to low-level police harassment for this march that the authorities fear an several social centres and specific ‘working several months. ‘anarchist’ bloc, bent on wreaking havoc and groups’. It describes itself as “ a destruction, will emerge. But more on mechanism for communication between Media hysteria media myths later. The main ‘radical’ and local groups and working groups involved in Sections of the media have attempted to ostensibly anti-capitalist mobilisation takes building resistance to the G8 and capitalism whip up a low-level hysteria that focuses the form of G8 Alternatives (G8Alt), a in general. It hopes to exist long after the upon the possibility of ‘anarchist’ violence coalition involving The Scottish Socialist world leaders have returned home…” and the spectre of the ‘Black bloc’. Water Party, Scottish CND, Friends of the Earth, (Dissent statement in ‘Days of Dissent’ cannon and tear gas are expected to be World Development Movement, Muslim pamphlet October 2004. The network is deployed if confrontation does take place Association of Britain and others. open to anyone accepting the hallmarks of and threats of live ammunition being used Peoples’ Global action, itself a network, have been leaked to the press in an obvious SWP front? formed in 1998, international in scope and attempt to intimidate people wanting to G8Alt has been dismissed as a front for the involving a diverse range of anti- take direct action. One of the problems with Socialist Workers Party. The truth is globalisation groups and social movements the Dissent network is the lack of grassroots somewhat more complex. Rather, the SWP including the Zapatistas, the Brazilian organisation in communities and has managed to dominate the coalition landless peasants movement and European workplaces in Scotland. Many (though not from the beginning and maintained control ‘autonomists’. The PGA’s hallmarks commit all) of the English based Dissent activists are through frenetic activity and paying careful it to a rejection of capitalism, patriarchy, highly mobile, perhaps only intermittently attention to the appearances of open and religious fundamentalism and racism and to involved in local struggles. They are the democratic organisation. Being, in embrace a “confrontational attitude” calling infamous summit-hoppers, heading off to Scotland, no more than a Platform (i.e. a for “direct action and civil disobedience” and where the perceived ‘action’ is. In Dissent fraction) within the Scottish Socialist Party, an organisational philosophy based on publications there is much talk of anti- it has done this through the branches it “decentralisation and autonomy” (from PGA capitalist movement but little focus on dominates and its front organisations such Hallmarks). So the PGA is an implicitly where the dynamic for such a movement as Globalise Resistance. The rest of the libertarian organisation, though not one in might come from. The Dissent network Scottish Socialist Party has been too busy the tradition of class struggle anarchism seems to rarely look beyond the activist with other campaigns, notably the General Dissent are mobilising for the pre-G8 march, milieu of which it is a part. Although it talks Election, to prioritise the G8 and has been for the Faslane action (Trident Ploughshares of leaving behind a stronger ant-capitalist willing to allow the legwork to be done by are participating in both G8Alt and Dissent) movement following the G8 protests, it isn’t the SWP, despite the unease this may bring. as well as for the Climate Change day of clear how this might come about. The SWP have thrown themselves in with an action. To this end they are planning various So, come July the stage is set for massive eye to recruitment and the building of a innovative and creative ways to blockade the protest, considerable hot air and some power base in Scotland, which up to now summit and disrupt the free-flow of hot air creative direct action. Anarchist has eluded them. The other groups which therein. These tactics may include communists from all over Europe and have affiliated have likewise allowed the approaches to the Gleneagles area via the beyond will be there, part of a class struggle SWP to dominate, or have been too small local hills with an army of revolutionary red and black contingent (not bloc!) and and marginal to affect changes. The ramblers. A People’s Golfing Action network supporting effective direct action. But, more Scottish Trade Union Congress, despite the of “anarchist golfers” may appear, importantly perhaps, they must be there moderation of the G8Alt proposals, has complimenting the Clandestine Insurgent when the circus has left town and the day to declined to come on board, though a small Rebel Army planned. Beyond these day effects that the likes of the G8 create number of individual union branches have humorous and media-friendly approaches remain to be fought. Less media-friendly, affiliated. the Dissent network has been trying to probably less exciting but ultimately more establish a Convergence Space somewhere important. So what are the G8Alt planning? in rural Perthshire or Stirlingshire, where the For more info see www.dissent.org.uk 6 a look at the libertarian mobilisation against the g8 in evian France, June 2003. Evian, a small middle class town in the foothills of the Alps, welcomes the G8, the summit of the most powerful in the world. Scotland, July 2005, the G8 meets again.

were organised around alternative experiences of struggle around the world and that offered the opportunity to have a collective reflection on the state of society in which capitalism and the State produce nothing but perpetual war, inequality and misery. We hoped that this initiative would bring people together who are living and/or thinking of how to create a real alternative to capitalism. We used the calendar of the summits of the powerful to create a moment of anti- capitalist political demonstrations and to construct a project that showed the possibility of an alternative society. For this, it is necessary that libertarians and their ideas are visible and distinctive from the professionals of the ‘citizen’ and Leftist movements who simply find capitalism too savage for their taste and do not question the fundamental basis of the system. It is for this reason that we chose to have these two initiatives, the CLAAAC and the VAAAG, as the focus of the anarchist movement.

What was the VAAAG? This village, the idea of which was launched by No Pasaran (an anti-fascist group), was organised by a number of local collectives his article revisits the libertarian globalisation’. The aim was therefore to around most everywhere in France and also mobilisation in France in Evian against make anarchist political ideas and practices in Germany by people who are active in the Tthe G8 summit by examining the visible at the G8 events by using a new way French Anarchist Federation, No Pasaran, actions of two collectives, the CLAAAC of presenting ourselves. We wanted to syndicalists and trade unionists, people (Collective of Anti-authoritarian and Anti- created a clear pole of resistance that was attached to the autonomous movement and capitalist struggles) and the VAAAG (Anti- anti-capitalist yet at the same time involved individuals without a label. These collectives capitalist, anti-war, alternative village) that organising an experiment in self- worked for five months to think about and took place between May 27th and June 3rd. organisation that we would be open to put into practice the VAAAG, from the everyone and where everyone would find logistics (material for marquees and tents, Why did the mobilisation take these his/her place. This project was realised mobilisation of other necessary resources forms? through the organisation of a village that and skills, food, getting the land) to the The motivations for the libertarian was not only a camp site but that was also a elaboration of the Charter of the village (that mobilisation are numerous. First of all, we social and political space, where self- would guide the self-managed functioning). were not satisfied by a confrontation with management was put into practice as much All of this was down collectively, though the police and a unitary demonstration in the preparations as in the few days of its regular meetings. The collectives also set up where the political message is superfluous life. canteens that were to be the central points and where it is difficult to see why (with The village also gave us the opportunity to of every neighbourhood in the future village. what political project) we are coming see a variety of alternative forms of struggle, The VAAAG was self-financed through fund- together. In this case anarchists are found imagined or already existing, against the raising, forbidding any commercial activities united with leftists, ‘citizen’ groups, NGOs capitalist system. This was possible thanks in the village. Participants could stay and and reformists under the umbrella of ‘anti- to the discussions and presentations that eat for free with only modest drink prices. The village was then constructed at independent political and syndicalist pole, Annemasse, near Evian, and opened for the which was anti-capitalist, anti-authoritarian, week of mobilisations against the G8 anti-patriarchal and revolutionary, within the Back issues summit. reformist anti-globalisation movement of Back issues of Organise! are still The VAAAG consisted of thousands of people NGOs and others who just want to make available from the London address. participating in routines of a collective, capitalism more humane. The They cost 20p each + SAE. demonstration is likely to have remained in libertarian life based on solidarity and Alternatively, send us a fiver and we’ll the heads of many of those who participated equality that were self-organised through send you one of everything plus daily assemblies where everyone could in this important event. whatever else we can find lying participate in decisions and share out tasks. In terms of political action, there were of All of this took place in the ‘barrios’ or course blockades and joint actions with the around. neighbourhoods that were organised around Swiss demonstrators. The link between the Issue 19: The poll tax rebellion. the canteens. At the centre of VAAAG was a VAAAG and the CLAAAC facilitated the Issue 27: LA riots; Yugoslavia; bakery, a radio, medical post etc as well as organisation of direct action, blockades of Malcomn X. a space for bars and concerts. The political the routes into Evian and political actions Issue 29: Debate on the unions; Italian content of the village, apart from the such as the impromptu protest against the workers organise. Socialist Party. These actions were debates and discussions, consisted of Issue 37: Pornography; Booze, cigs undertaken by those who wanted to, various stands and booths with newspapers, and dope; Moral panics. pamphlets, books and magazines, where respecting those who did not participate in Issue 40: Work, work, work; Art as a people could learn more about the ideas the context of excessive security put into and practices of the anarchist movement. place by the French State, which meant that weapon. These activities gave people from diverse the level of violence and repression became Issue 46: Lorenzo Kom’boa Ervin; backgrounds to both clarify and reflect on more of a focus than we would have liked. Syndicalism. what they had in common. It is this that is This event, this mobilisation against the G8, Issue 48: French unemployed; Haillie interesting- to meet, to exchange ideas, to was a moment of direct communication and Selassie; Revolutionary unions? create and to live a constructive and positive of creativity that reinforced the anarchist Issue 50: GM foods; Who owns the movement. We were able to develop federal experience. land; War in Kosovo; Ireland - the structures on a common political platform This was the occasion to actually realise our ‘peace‘ process. political idea of self-organisation, which is with common objectives. Through our Issue 51: War in Kosovo; Roots of our often evoked but unfortunately ignored. It actions, both in VAAAG and in CLAAAC, we was not only political militants that were were able to show that not only are we a movement; Land and freedom; East involved but also those who only had a little force to be reckoned with but we also offer a Timor. political experience. It also permitted us to social alternative based on self- Issue 52: Mass direct action; East reach the ‘man and woman in the street’ of management. We have made progress in Timor; Youth resistance to the nazis; Annemasse who are watching the TV and envisaging and putting into practice our Workplace notes. fearing the advance of the anti-globalisation ideals of self-organisation and autonomy in Issue 54: Civil war in Colombia; our struggles, functioning and practices. The ‘hordes’ arriving in their precious town. They Humans and animals; Giving up power of the libertarian movement lies in came and they saw, and began to activism; Dissent. understand and appreciate our manner of our capacity to go from resistance to the Issue 55: Land and ecology; functioning and our values; another creation of social alternatives. This is what possibility is finally being sketched out. We was brought into being during those days in Kropotkin and tribal society; Mental were able to use this village experiment to May-June 2003. Struggle, resist, create! health. make the idea of a self-managed and anti- Issue 56: Anti capitalism; Riots in capitalist alternative seem credible. *This article was written for Organise! by Oldham; Anarchist culture. We can actually talk of a real experiment in Sophie, a comrade from the French Issue 57: The war against terror; Class self-management and organisation and it Anarchist Federation in Chambery. It has war in Argentina; ADD; Primitivism. been translated from the French as literally was a success. It succeeded thanks to the Issue 58: Argentina: growing as possible in order to retain the meaning. preparatory work done by around a hundred resistance; Paganism; Immigrant people, both practical and political, and As a result, it may read a little awkwardly labour; Angola 3; US anarchist poets; because of the way that the participants took control of the village during the week of Yellow House mobilisation and made it work by accepting Issue 59: Anarchism and Sex; Class the charter and making the village come to Organise! Struggle in China; Arditi del Popolo; life. These were the elements that permitted Scottish nationalism; Prison Industry; this experiment to succeed: organisation, Zazous in Vichy France; Ito Noe. both in the preparation and spontaneously, comment Issue 60: Iraq War; Argentina; White on the basis of communality and solidarity In other articles in this issue of Organise!, Boys in Ireland; Fatherhood; that had been clearly defined together. we have taken more of a critical look at anti- Yelenski’s fable; Senna Hoy. G8 mobilisations. This contribution shows Issue 61: Anti-war action; Argentina And the action of CLAAAC? how these events can be extremely positive. The CLAAAC federated organisations such However, the mobilisation should not so autonomous movement; New as the French Anarchist Federation, the much be judged in terms of how effective it Economy; Airline strike; Punk Rock; Organisation of Libertarian Communists, No is in actually stopping the G8 summit or in Paris Commune; Prison Human Pasaran amongst others, associations, how many battles with the police took place. Rights. unions such as the CNT and anarchist Rather, it should be judged in terms of how Issue 62: Participatory economics; organisations from abroad, around a effective we have been in spreading Anarchist movement in Argentina; common political platform against the G8. anarchist ideas and practices. In addition, as Camille Pissarro; International or The whole libertarian movement, united in a Sophie argues, a key aspect of the Anarchist Federations. ‘red and black’ block of around 5-7000 mobilisations should be showing both Issue 63: Anarchist movement in people for the demonstration on June 1st, ourselves and others that it is possible to showed that the anarchist movement is a organise and live differently, without relying Argentina - part two; Nanotechnology; significant force in the current political and on hierarchal structures and leaders, Resistance in Iraq; School strikes. social landscape. This block allowed for an whether formal or informal. 8 social centres & the g8: boxer or benjamin?

positive outcomes. But can social centres How do radical social centres view the G8 become the seeds of a more permanent and focussed ‘unity of ideas’ and purpose which mobilisation and the relationship of mass could really challenge the ruling class, our political elites? How far can they go to form protest to their own, local campaigns? The AF a new society in the carcass of the old, or to help overthrow capitalism? After all, there attempted to find out are dozens of local ‘social forums’ around In this edition we hoped to bring you a full the country, places where people come survey of responses from social centres and together to debate issues, raise awareness related groups across Britain to the G8 and plan campaigns and actions without the Summit, their views of the current condition added burden of creating and maintaining a of the anti-globalisation movement and how (semi-) permanent physical place that is worldwide movements and ideas impact on ours and which acts as a focus for local actions and campaigns. It proved discontent. Given that the social centres tougher than we thought so this article, provide a more stable base for reaching based on just five out of thirteen possible their local communities, and collective replies and some comments by individuals, activity in general, might those people at the is by its nature subjective and incomplete. heart of this movement have different Nevertheless, we hope some insight will perspectives on the G8 mobilisation and come out of it. protests like it compared to individual Social centres are places where individual activists? activists can come together to develop The survey attempted to probe whether common aims and agendas, to co-operate there was any kind of developing consensus around issues and campaigns of common on the role of protest. Or whether the interest, trying to build local critical masses lessons we learned from such protest could that can challenge local elites and politics. be applied locally, amplifying the ability of As collective and organisational anarchists the social centre to challenge capitalism we believe that temporary and conditional and the state, or if such events changed or co-operation by individualists and focussed local agendas in particular ways. autonomists, such as may be found in single The answers we got were thought provoking. issue campaigning or temporary The first and most striking response was the autonomous zones, are important and have view that some social centres did not have a consensus view of such questions. How social centres should respond to the G8 and the relationship of symbolic or ritualised protest to the ethos and functioning of social centres provoked a mixed response. This lack of any unified view was echoed in the different opinions expressed about social centres as a whole. One activist said her/his local social centre “is simply an extension or continuation of what is always happening” and went on to say “it would be impossible, or a waste of time at best, to try to get some kind of consensus answer to such questions”. Stated categorically, the fact that a social centre exists does not create any collective consciousness or joint activity arising from that consciousness. This is one extreme. Of course diversity and inclusiveness is a pre-condition for the creation and operation of social centres and autonomists see it as a strength, based on their own experience and of the new activist movements they have observed. As a result, though, some social centres - but not all - remain simply spaces that individuals or campaigning groups create and use without them being anything more, a place where a co-operative and consensual society is developing, for instance. Are social centres, then, merely reactive, taking up the issues work. It is my work” and advocated purposeful solidarity, merely association. and campaigns of people who walk through “undermining the global economic system Some people do some stuff together and the door but not having any longer-term [by] personal actions such as non-financial some people don’t or do other things. perspective or developing a programme exchange, own grown food, buying locally or The social centres and their network are intended to confront the state in a coherent fairtrade”. The personal is political, the local important, of course, it’s why we keep trying way? can indeed be global. One centre had moved to set more and more up! They develop the The second was the extent to which some closer to its ‘community’ and as a result had organisational and practical skills of people social centres appeared to be dominated by begun “hosting meetings to fight post office who pass through, broadening political ‘activist-ism’ and were difficult to sustain. and swimming pool closures, local anti- discourses and developing association and That same activist said, “I see very little on- fascist meetings, becoming a space for food some solidarity. There can be support and going hard slog local work or campaigning hygiene courses and gardening workshops auxiliaries to on-going campaigns, or as most people seem to skip from one for disadvantaged schools in the area where initiators and focus points of new exciting thing to the next. Ongoing projects the centre is based, providing a cheap bar campaigns. Their strength lies in their always seem to suffer from low energy and and café where you can encounter local and permanence; when they are. When levels of involvement while people start yet more national radical literature, catering on local mobilization fall, people or issues move on, new things; always re-inventing and demos, collection point for food for asylum- the social centres carry on, providing a duplicating”. Our own knowledge of, say, the seekers” and so on. It’s a picture that closely continuity of knowledge, experience, Bradford 1 in 12 Club or the now-closed Red resembles the sindicos of the Spanish networks, association and just plain people. & Black Centre in Sheffield would confirm anarchists (which had a revolutionary This enables them to survive but does it this. Yet if we look in detail at, say, the potential) but also many community and enable us to prosper, as a movement? Sumac Centre in Nottingham, Kebele in trade union centres (which are primarily The Spanish anarchists developed Bristol, the Autonomous Centre of Edinburgh welfarist and reformist). perspectives and a manifesto that struck or RISC in Reading the reverse is the case, What G8 protest meant locally displayed a chords with sections of the working class. with strong on-going campaigns and similar pattern of divergent responses. For They then used their trade unions, political services underpinning single-issue some their response to G8 was ritualistic groups, newspapers, town, village and campaigning or short-term actions and and logistical; it was about getting there, neighbourhood meetings and their sindicos protests, with much intermingling of people doing what had to be done and coming to spread that agenda amongst any who and exchanges of ideas. home again. For some it was a ‘distraction’, would listen, developing centres and Thirdly, and happily, social centres take the for others re-energising but with the danger cultures of resistance organically but above injunction ‘think global, act local’ very much of deflation longer-term, for still more a all coherently and connectedly, making to heart. Virtually all saw a definite link means to build closer networks and maximum use of the benefits of association between the issues we will be taking to the relationships. But many did think they would and solidarity. This enabled them to push G8 and those that affect us all locally: return stronger in terms of their local forward with their political agenda and gave privatisation and casualisation, anti-war, campaigns or community work, that such them resilience under pressure. But many climate change and so on. These issues protest was a necessary extension of local social centres today don’t have any unifying were empowering and provided a coherent action even if its effects were chiefly in the vision, merely aggregates of people, co- bundle of ideas around which to come here and now and longer-term impacts on operating or not, agreeing or disagreeing. together, co-operate and mobilise. We did policy less difficult to predict. One activist did say “we have to know what not ask a question like “To what extent are Some social centres do have common long- alternative system we want and try to live such issues important to the people you live term political aims that provide common it”. Living the alternative [if we can] can and work amongst?” since that wasn’t the purpose and a unifying spirit. Others simply offer individual and group solutions but point of the survey. We were seeking instead ‘enable’ political and campaigning work to never a solution to the problem of our social the view of social centre activists of the occur but without themselves possessing an relationship to capitalism. More important is relevance of symbolic protest to what they agenda which is consciously pursued. We’re the idea that we focus on that ‘alternative do. At an extreme, one activist expressed aware, of course, of centres that have system’, a system that offers global the fear that we could be nothing more than collapsed or closed precisely because the solutions to war, destruction of the planet, “middle-class white kids playing at core or founding group felt they were being oppression and exploitation rather than revolutionaries while actually doing little overworked by ‘the movement’, people who simple protest and opposition. Until such a more than pissing, smug in our ‘party and did the exciting stuff but not the ‘shit work’. politics becomes universal and until we protest’ ghetto”. Happily, more responses And because they can be sometimes merely develop unity around a common set of were at the other end of the spectrum. One ‘spaces’ or ‘zones’ where things happen (or alternative systems we may continue to said such protest was “integrated to my own don’t), there is very little practical or protest but struggle to progress.

organising? on corporate or governmental Social centre survey 7. Does the opportunity for protest elites? and the profile it gives our 11. Do you think there are movement and issues significantly alternatives to such focussed benefit local work and protest or direct action? If so, campaigning or is it a distraction what are they? from local work? 1. Name of your local centre For instance challenging world 8. Are you planning local actions Social Centres and related groups 2. As a social centre do you elites, raising awareness of the or activities to coincide with the that were sent questionnaires participate in national or issues, solidarity with other G8 Summit? If so, what kinds of included Kebele, Bristol; international protest actions or protesters etc. action/activity? rampArts, London; A-Spire, gatherings e.g. Stop The War, Anti 5. To what extent does mass 9. What are the main issues Leeds; RISC, Reading, 1in12, G8, European Social Forum etc? protest at such events challenge or activists will be putting forward in Bradford; Emmas, London; ACE, 3. What positive benefits are there change agendas or affect the pace opposition to the G8 that have a Edinburgh; Schnews, Brighton; in participating in such events and or direction of change? local importance or significance? 56a Infoshop, London; Sumac, protests? 6. What is the connection, if any, 10. Do you think our protests at Nottingham; Okasional Café, 4. If you participate, what between participation in such such summits and gatherings are Manchester as well as the London priorities do you take with you? events and your local work and having a bigger or smaller impact ARC. 10 national id on the cards parties but even from anti-ID card The threat of introduction of a National Identity campaigns like Liberty’s. What we find is an ongoing and consistent commitment to Card Scheme is still an ongoing UK government enforced citizenship, which appears to be the real meaning behind the rhetoric. hot potato and almost an obsession for New In the private sector, especially in retail, market research technology has provided Labour. But why? the means to help companies ‘understand “Anarchism … stands for direct action, the their customers better’ thanks to huge open defiance of, and resistance to, all laws databases created from transactions using and restrictions, economic, social and debit and credit cards and from store loyalty moral.” - Emma Goldman. cards, enabling them to target their marketing campaigns and in-store product This article tries to wade through the mud of lines. Soon we’ll have widespread use of post-Sept 11th paranoia and to counter the Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags fear-mongering coming not only through the that will help them track goods and clothes electioneering twaddle of the political we are wearing inside and outside of the store with much more sophistication than is currently possible with bar-codes, and even photograph us when we pick up products. For consumer goods then, Big Brother is surely here already (see separate article on RFID in this issue). On the other hand, the public sector has struggled to keep up in ‘understanding its citizens’. To push this forwards the Labour party has actively pursued the idea of e- Government and has attempted to create and computerise a number of systems such as the Inland Revenue and Criminal Records Bureau at great cost with varying degrees of success - the Passport Service and Child Support Agency systems being notable disasters in recent memory. But in spite of the setbacks and huge expense, Labour seems to have the will to see through a multi-billion pound National ID Card Scheme as a semi-public/semi-private initiative via the Whitehall and Industry Group (WIG) who have held events to attract a host of telecoms, security and other hi-tech companies, along with credit-checking agencies and information management consultants (see www.corporatewatch.org). This is all happening while the supposed reasons for needing ID cards are being promoted by the government, and campaigns are up and running to oppose

everyone as that generation aged - put you in touch): Armagh & of the introduction of ID cards and one estimate is 50% of the Down; Bolton; Bradford; could involve all kinds of Fact file population within 20 years. Plus, Brighton; Bristol; Cambridge; campaigning methods. The best mandatory fingerprinting as well Cheshire; Glasgow; Guilford; way to get involved is to contact as facial scanning for all passport Herts (South East); Leeds; your nearest group. If there is not The Identity Cards Bill was and travel documents is looking Leicester; Lincoln; Liverpool; one in your area perhaps you passed by MPs at its third reading more likely within the EU. The London (Barnet/Brent); London should think of forming one. in February by 224 votes to 64 time to fight is now, and even if (Hackney); London (Haringey); However, the idea is not and is now headed for the House the Bill goes through it’s not over. Manchester; Norwich; necessarily that groups would be of Lords. Labour looks determined The Poll Tax came in and was still Nottingham; Preston; Sheffield; formed specifically to protest to get compulsory cards in place defeated here, and ID cards were Stoke on Trent; Worthing. against the identity card scheme, by 2008, starting by biometrically defeated in Australia and but also that existing groups could updating passports and driving elsewhere. From the Defy-ID website: join the Defy-ID network. Such a licenses and introducing a To get involved with Defy-ID, “Defy-ID is not a national group might, for example, be a voluntary card. Even if they don’t there are many local groups who membership organisation, it is a community group, anti-fascist, go all the way in that timescale, would love to hear from you network of groups from around environmental, animal rights, the Children’s Bill amendment (contact details on www.defy- the UK. Local groups form the tenants association or asylum could easily turn into ID cards for id.org.uk or write to us and we’ll basis for resistance to every stage seekers support group.” them. The picture is quite confusing with a agenda, but rather to market their plans without even issuing cards. Blunkett had host of arguments coming from both sides using media-friendly sound-bites. By also spoken of linking the ID database to of the ‘debate’, and even within the same concentrating on this divisive catalogue of the forthcoming NHS one for electronic political parties. Lest we forget, Tories political issues (that drop so easily out of the patient records. Furthermore, a database for Michael Howard and Peter Lilley failed to focus-group kinds of methods which are all children under 18 (to include their school introduce ID cards during the Major popular for gauging support or otherwise for achievements, health visits, DSS and police government. Now as opposition leader schemes that affect voting populations), records) was proposed last year for addition Howard is still in favour but Lilley has taken Liberty’s campaign misses the point about to the Children’s Bill following the Lord a more right-wing libertarian position. For Labour’s long term agenda which is all Laming report into the death of Victoria anarchists, being against loss of personal about social control. Climbié, which according to minister freedoms could be seen as a given but, as So how can we really understand Labour’s Margaret Hodge could ‘also be used to we will see, some of the tactics of anti-ID love of ID cards and work out how to oppose support service planning and delivery’ (see card campaigning leave a lot to be desired, them effectively and not at the expense of Direct Action, No.32). so it is perhaps worth a closer look. unwarranted fearmongering? According to the Regulatory Impact Reading through the ‘Fiction and Fact’ mini- As pointed out by the altogether more Assessment published alongside the current booklet response to ID cards from the civil sensible Defy-ID campaign (see www.defy- Bill, a ‘terrorist’ would need an ID card to liberties group Liberty you can just imagine id.org.uk), Labour’s ID card bill could rightly ‘stay in a hotel, rent accommodation, hire their discussions with a social research be called the ‘National Identity Register Bill’ cars and generally carry out their activities’. consultant. What do the stupid Daily Mail since it is more about establishing a As Defy-ID astutely brings to our attention, reading public care about? Oh yes: national ID database than issuing cards. The this implies we’d all need to have an ID card Terrorism, Crime, Illegal Immigration, database, as currently intended, will contain to do these things! This smacks most clearly Benefit Cheats, security of their personal not just your current name and address and of Labour’s original idea of the entitlement information, and having to pay for the Card, ‘biometric’ fingerprint or iris scan, but will card that Blunkett tried to get through in Feb so let’s organise our anti-ID campaign track and record any address (or name) 2002 on an anti-fraud ticket well before the around the issues and tell them it won’t changes and include your photo, National terror scare really hit the UK, which gives a work. Tell them how terrorists, bank robbers, Insurance number, driving licence number, much clearer picture of the real purpose of a rapists and muggers won’t be deterred, passport number, immigration number, and national database. Feasibility of entitlement street crime is just as bad in countries that the number of ‘any designated document cards was heavily criticised at the time*, but have cards, people smugglers will just forge not covered by the above’. The database still fits well with Labour’s social control them, 90% of benefit frauds involve the would be open not only to the Immigration agenda since they came to power which, cheat’s own identity. Some of these may be service and Police but to public and private with a good dose of religious work-ethic quite true, but talk about playing to people’s sector organisations. These could be the tax thrown in, has seen the imposition of fears and forgetting about any kind of social office, employers, banks and credit workfare schemes through the New Deal solidarity! When Blunkett or Clarke go on organisations (including student loans), and the more recent persecution of long- about organised crime, terrorists and failed utility companies, libraries, dentists etc. term unemployed on incapacity benefit. If asylum seekers, they are not interested in Such a database could be set up quietly retirement age goes up any further it looks helping people understand their real without further input from individuals and like many more of us will be working until spychips - already at a supermarket near you

Radio-frequency identification danger will come when these tagging, or RFID, is a technology become small enough to remain that started off in stock control, as part of the clothing after sale. motorway tollgates, fancy key- A proposed European Union fobs and pet ‘collars’. Now it’s “Intellectual Property on individual items in Enforcement Directive” would supermarkets for anti-theft and actually forbid removal of tracking shopping behaviours. embedded tags. Permanent Each tag includes an aerial and tagging is being encouraged by an electronic chip that sends out the EU for limiting global to see what happens so it’s are embedded credit cards and a code when it is excited by a movement of products, similar worth having a go, even if mobile phones - these can of transmitter in the shop. Both to regionning of DVDs, although boycotting of one supermarket course be linked directly to your ASDA/Walmart and Tesco tried this has been criticised by free- has its limits when they are all personal identity and location. them out a while back on marketeers. at it to some extent! There have also been a few “smart shelves” displaying There may still be time to act. Not surprisingly, the state is (over-hyped) reports of under- highly nickable Gillette razor Gillette and the supermarkets interested in the level of control the-skin tagging, such as staff in blade packs, taking your photo suffered from bad press when offered by RFID. The U.S. the Mexican Attorney General’s when pick one up. Marks & they tried out RFID in razor Department of Homeland office and punters at a Spanish Spencer is now tagging 3.5 packs, forcing a temporary Security is testing “Visitor and nightclub. If you are worried million food trays, and Tesco is withdrawal in some stores, and Immigrant Status Indicator about ID-cards and other forms selling tagged DVDs in some many privacy organisations are Technology” (US-VISIT) for of control, it’s vital to keep a stores and is massively fighting RFID expansion. Various tracking when and where people close eye on RFID expanding its RFID use. Tagged groups are supporting a cross borders. RFID tagging is developments. clothes, another big product worldwide boycott of Tesco to being installed in Ohio State’s More info on the web, in area for RFID, could potentially test the water in the latest fight prison system to track its addition to numerous IndyMedia be tracked outside the shop against “spychips”. Minimum 44,000 inmates, and some reports: although the cheaply made tags action is shopping less at schools are already trying RFID- http://www.boycottTesco.com in common use are fairly large Tescos. Other retailers, with an badges on students. http://www.notags.co.uk and not very durable. The real eye on their profits, are waiting Other examples of RFID creep http://www.rfidgazette.org 12 what is it that anarchists want? defeat of the Anti-Fascist militias and the Someone said to me in the midst of an altercation rise of Franco, anarchism has had little over what anarchism “represented”: “what really international acclaim to speak of with awe. Skeptics of anarchism could see this as a bothers me about anarchism is that anyone can “be theoretical problem; that anarchism is simply not strong enough to withstand the one” and say or do “anything they like”. new demands and pressures of a globalised world. In part it may be true. But the reason for this isn’t because we lack theoretical If you look at the history of anarchism and conviction, but that we appear to be more how and why it came to be in the 19th divided than we actually are. Century and then compare that with the In terms of class struggle what have we activities of anarchists around the world achieved since Spain? Hungary 1956 when today, you can begin to see that there is anarchist principles were adopted to some truth in this statement. This article struggle against the Soviet Union or the tries to look at where the anarchist Kwangju uprising in South Korea where movement is going and whether we’re going students fought violently with over twenty in the right direction. thousand riot police and soldiers who raped If we look at the achievements of the and murdered hundreds of people. Paris, anarchist movement in the second half of May 1968 was one instance, an exciting and the twentieth century we can see that our inspiring instance of tension between successes have been insignificant compared students, the working class and the to those of the first. The Spanish revolution institutions of the state. From 40 students was a vindication of anarchist principles. who went on strike to demand an end to the The Aragon and Catalan collectives worked, police spies frequenting their faculty to ten and they worked well. Workplaces, services million striking workers who fought back; and factories were collectivized with workers armed with libertarian principles and controlling the organisation of them. common interests they demanded and won, According to Eddie Conlon’s pamphlet through defiance and conflict, huge production increased to such an extent that concessions. It was the largest class “In June 1937 a plenum of Regional upheaval in an industrial country ever. Federations of Peasants was held. Its aim Compared even to the Miners Strike 1984- was the formation of a national federation 85 or Argentina 2002-5, the Paris Uprising “for the co-ordination and extension of the remains a shining example of working class collectivist movement and also to ensure an resistance. equitable distribution of the produce of the All this however, ended in a return to land, not only between the collectives but for reformism. The workers went back to work the whole country””; this was a huge and the students went back to their success and although ultimately the universities. A revolutionary spark had been revolution was lost our theory won it’s battle lost, this time through a combination of against those who held it up as nothing acceptance and betrayal rather than military more than an utopian idea. defeat. Much like the Miners Strike, After the collapse of the Aragon front, the Argentina, Hungary and Kwangju, although

money or denies them taxes, but other community-based ID cards from previous page they are an inevitable part of a campaigns. At the hard end of capitalist society that values campaigning like-minded only work and profit. activists have rescued asylum we drop dead. And Labour other examples in New Zealand Anarchists, who are not stuck in prisoners and seen off bailiffs. despises the black or grey and the Philippines, but also the mire of moralising about a This is the kind of community economy they can’t get taxes from the Sans Papiers loss of GDP that could in any model being used by the Defy-ID from, because everyone must be ‘undocumented workers’ case be recouped in days by campaign, and one that should involved in building the Gross movement in France that has stopping war on Iraq and other be supported. The solidarity Domestic Product of UK, which helped show the way in a military spending, have always gained in this level of grassroots is their real meaning of country that already has ID. worked on and applauded activity can help build a ‘citizenship’. Blunkett’s Let’s face it, we already have a tactics to elude national sustainable fightback that obsession with the idea of a sizeable section of the country schemes, like encouraging the appealing to individual self- card, continued by Clarke, that is excluded - the homeless, thousands of people who interest on single issues will clouds the fact that a database travellers, many poor disappeared from the poll tax never achieve. system would serve a very heavy ‘pensioners’ or younger people registers at the end of the * FIPR response to the UK state function with or without unable to work for any reason, 1980’s. By not caring about the Entitlement Card consultation the actual carrying of one. as well as our exploited illegal promises of liberal (or ‘illiberal’) - foundation for information Bringing opposition to ID cards workers and victimised asylum democracy we have a headstart policy research: www.fipr.org/ into the arena of social struggle seekers. Many people are in keeping off the electoral role cards/entitlementresponse.html requires solidarity and we can forced, whether they want to or but more importantly we have ** On Campaigns of Opposition learn therefore, not just from not, to live in the black economy been at the forefront of benefits to ID Card Schemes, 01/01/ the broad-based Australian or resort to ‘crime’. These are claimants’ action groups against 1995, Simon Davies: experience of defeating an ID the groups that Labour don’t Job Seekers’ Allowance (see www.privacyinternational.org/ card scheme in 1987** and want to exist, since it costs them www.geocities.com/ncajsa) and issues/idcard/campaigns.html concessions were won, revolution was to be expected of this unlikely alliance? One underlying principle of anarchist avoided. Groups of activists have continued When Bakunin sat on the First International thought is direct action, it is the means in propagandizing and organizing the fight for and endured Karl Marx’s endless diatribes which we see the creation of an anarchist liberation, but the general consensus among about his overpowering role as General- society. Rob Sparrow calls it “…the the workers has and is simply: “Let’s get on Secretary and his love affair with the state, distinctive contribution of anarchists in the with it.” a programme for anarchist working class realm of political method.” In each variant Since all this, the Anti-capitalist movement, liberation began to take some form. It was of anarchism this principle upholds itself. a decidedly libertarian movement, has a new time in working class struggle, From primitivism, individualism and emerged as one of the largest organizations especially in 19th century Europe, which insurrectionism, the concept of direct action, of people to resist the spread of neo- was plagued with reaction and oppression. creating through doing, is paramount. Rob liberalism. Anarchists, enviromentalists, This new working class revolutionary Sparrow says further: “Direct action NGO’s, human rights groups and repudiates such acceptance of some Marxists form the base of the existing order and suggests this decentralized group, which that we have both the right and takes its guidance from the the power to change the world. ‘Peoples Global Actions’. Any It demonstrates this by doing it” group which takes these Direct action has been a tactic principles as its core and which associated with the anarchist advocates resistance to global movement since the First capital is in effect apart of the International. Mikhail Bakunin anti-capitalist movement. This was famous for his passionate amalgamation of die-hard involvement in revolutionary revolutionaries and teacup and insurrectionary movements. liberals has unfortunately One historian notes that while created an incoherence, which on a train ride through Italy he could lead those on the outside saw a small village in revolt. He to ask: “What are they about?” called the train to stop, jumped The different groups that have out and agitated the peasants emerged champion many and workers to storm the villa of different causes. Labour rights, the Mayor. Malatesta, another enviromentalism; campaigns for indigenous movement had a logical base. The enemy First International regular was also prone to people, migration, feminism, biodiversity of the workers had a face, it could be seen throwing himself into acts of direct action, and genetic engineering, all of which are and its effects could be explained. It wasn’t fighting with the Egyptians against the acceptable causes in themselves. But what just them and us, there were reasons and it British colonialists. does the movement need in order to get created the means for an alternative. Right into the 20th century the attentant, where it is going? Indeed, where is it going One has to admit that Marx is unarguably the act of bringing “justice” directly to those in the first place? the father of anti-capitalism. With his who were responsible for the exploitation The Seattle demonstrations against the analysis of capitalism, its historical and oppression of the workers, was a ministerial meeting of the World Trade development and its philosophical and common thing. The most notable was Organisation, an organisation responsible psychological effects on humanity it is hard Alexander Berkman’s assassination attempt for pushing the free trade agenda, were to ignore him; his concept and ideas on on Henry Frick, which landed him in prison brought to an end by mass action by the capitalism were the beginning of a new for thirteen years. Emma Goldman was state. The police were brought in, in their understanding of the world. When implicated in the assassination attempt of thousands to attack and dislodge what, anarchism was put into theoretical form it President McKinley, although later released thanks to the perseverance of the did so from this specific basis. Bakunin without charge. She also served two years insurrectionary anarchists involved, became himself passed comment, no doubt through in prison for distributing contraceptives. a huge movement of defiance. The gritted teeth: “Karl Marx is a man of Another example of a famous historical subsequent riots put militant politics back immense statistical and economic direct action was the tragic story of Marinus on the table, not just for the activists knowledge. His work on Capital…is in the Van Der Lubbe who burnt down the German involved, but also for the people who, highest degree a scientific or realist work: in Reichstag in retaliation to the rise of the without agitation came out of their houses the sense that it absolutely excludes any Nazi’s. to confront the police when tear gas was other logic than that of the facts.” Anarchists through out history have never thrown into their communities. A step in the One of the problems now facing us in the shied away from confronting the institutions right direction! present day anarchist movement is the split of the state. In the 1970’s the squatters After Seattle the revolutionaries and the in to varying derivative philosophies and movement directly resisted the capitalist reformers went their separate ways to fight perspectives. Many anarchists see the classes greed plans. There were mass their separate battles. The Seattle ‘moment’ abandonment of Marx’s materialist takeovers of luxury flats and empty hotels in dispersed back to its roots, affinity groups approach as a pre-condition of individual London to protest against housing policies. and individual campaigns, only finding some freedom; but what kind of freedom do they This led to organised workers going on strike cohesion at events like Genoa, where mean? With all the fancy names and social in support of the occupations. The road thousands of people came together to resist and theoretical nuances, the working class protest camps were another example of the G8. The ideological and tactical are still exploited, we still work long hours libertarian direct action, where people differences , however, creates what? On the for little pay and we still have no control resisted the creation of motorways and the one side we have Black Bloc and over our lives. Class struggle anarchists destruction of the environment. insurrectionary, revolutionary anarchists believe the creation of an anarchist society But such campaigns and movements are who see these events as an opportunity to can only come about through the self- hampered by their individualist origins and create resistance and confrontation. On the struggle of the working class. With methods. Yes, lifestyle anarchists and other side the reformists and pacifists who lifestyleism, the belief that anarchism can individualists have built up a partially see it as an opportunity to apply “pressure”. be achieved through individual pursuit, we successful model of co-operation and To form a base where the world and its have an almost religious opting out of solidarity. They have created a network of leaders can see how angry people are. On capitalist society in return for a life of individual direct actions. Radical Routes one side we have the belief in fighting and communal living, enviromentalism and and other housing co-operative networks on the other the belief in lobbying. What is most often militant veganism. allow people to take control of their lives 14 and create a new way of living. In some stimulation. The tiredness, wariness and some groups like the post modern instances they have been remarkably disenfranchisement of parents and families communists ‘Ya Basta’ and Pink Block successful. The Sumac centre in Nottingham at large means young people are not getting wanted to use non-violent means to get has created an extremely valuable resource the attention they need to grow. Instead of inside the Red Zone, Black Block proposed that is used broadly by the community. The dealing with the real reasons for anti-social violent resistance. From one personal story café, social clubs, children’s events and behaviour and investing money into building of someone involved it is inspiring to see workshops are so popular that it continues social centres and youth clubs for young how large, committed and organised they to expand and combined with the people the government is waging wars and were: “I formed up with the infamous black campaigns for social issues it makes the giving subsidies to the rich. In one working bloc. The black bloc of autonomists and Sumac centre a prime example of class community I know, well a ghetto if anarchists proposed to mask up, pad up and individualist community direct at work, we’re honest, there is one school to educate take the police on directly. Our black bloc building a sense of political and alternative hundreds of children. Every time it rains set off about 2000 strong and succeeded in understanding, however, the roof leaks onto the kids below meeting up with about another 4000 Another example is the social centre in it or collapses altogether. The school has no activists from Cobos.” Leeds, which recently opened where you can money to rebuild it, and the council claim Critics within the anti-capitalist movement buy vegan food, use it for a political or social they don’t either. What is to be done? saw this as a prime example of the space or use the internet, read a book and The G8 summit is on its way to Scotland. “bankruptcy” of anarchism. Marxists and generally relax. The atmosphere is great, The richest and most powerful leaders of reformists alike were disappointed at the the people appear quite cliquey when you capitalism in the world will meet at “violent tactics” employed by the anarchists, first meet them, but they are all good Gleneagles to discuss how to protect and saw them as counter-productive and people. The social centre is another themselves and free trade from the alienating for the actual anti-globalisation example of libertarian inspired individuals apparent ever-increasing global risk of cause. This patronising attitude is all-too building something for themselves. It’s terrorism and social upheaval. The agenda common; , the stuffy closet reformists direct action at work. “Anyone can do it” is at the G8 this year is simply about cutting disguised as Marxists will always try and the motto and a motto which is crime. Terrorist crime, organised crime, make those who resist authority look inspirational; but who does this ultimately immigration crime, document forgery and unreasonable because it serves their extend to? Co-operation and solidarity of narcotics crime. But not war crimes, or authoritarian purpose. Regardless of any this nature, although desirable usually human rights abuses or the murder of trade mistakes, the black bloc managed to create extends to the inner circle and not the unionists or the destruction of the tension and aggravated the police to the working class at large. Although workers co- environment and mass poisonings of desired effect. Tragically one anarchist, operatives can and have been set up, how helpless people. Leaders who have human Carlos Guiliani, was murdered after being realistic is this as an overall goal? Can such rights records, war crimes records and who shot by a soldier. initiatives, small as they are, provide the have lied, cheated and betrayed us, while at The organisation for Genoa was, for all means to demolish capitalism? the same time destroying the planet we live intents and purposes, relatively secret. The The working class still have sub-standard in will meet and shake each others hand, Black Bloc and the white suited ‘Tutte housing, they are still forced into mind- congratulating each other no doubt on a job Blanches’ kept their activities to themselves numbing jobs which exploit and are well done. before the actual event. But this time the betrayed daily by the politicians and The G8 symbolises the elite of capitalism. organisation has been far reaching and on a businessmen that rule over them. Hyper They are the harbingers of neo-liberalism massive scale. The Dissent Network, which capitalism has sent people into a consumer and the protectors of the multi-national was created in 2003 out of those involved in frenzy and the weekend seems to be the corporations that exploit the vulnerable and ecological direct action, the anti-war only escape. Drug taking and alcohol profit from suffering, misery and alienation. movement and the anti-capitalist movement have done masses of work. It has adopted “Creating modes of direct action is crucial to the ‘People’s Global Action’ principles and has set to work creating what it calls a our chance of liberation, no matter how ‘Network of Dissent’ to the July G8 meeting. The Dissent Network is a decentralised confrontational.” organisation of affinity groups who have gone full steam ahead to work out logistics consumption is at an all time high, millions Resistance to it is vastly important. Genoa and training. Throughout the last year of hours are being lost through people being was a sign that people were sick of the lies workshops have been organised for activists ill, stress rates are going up and all the and hatred caused by their agenda. Tony to teach activists. Research, information and while there is the latest this and that to buy. Blair dubbed the anti-globalisation fundraising have been passed to the The stress of modern day living and the movement, “The G8 circus” in an attempt to different working groups who organise effects that capitalism has on people are as belittle the only truly democratic and themselves. . It appears to have been a much the same, if in different form, than a participatory movement challenging the massive operation with people from all over hundred years ago. The community is being neo-liberal consensus he supports. the country and the world participating in lost by the scare-mongering about The atmosphere of defiance at Genoa is co-operation. immigration, the rise of the far right and the almost exclusively attributed to the Black The Dissent Network has adopted , “a depression and alienation created from Bloc and the insurrectionary anarchists who confrontational attitude, since we do not having nothing but the small possessions trained, prepared and organised themselves think that lobbying can have a major impact you lock in your house, away from the rest of to irritate, unhinge and provoke the in such biased and undemocratic the world. In recent statistics it was authorities. This idea and tactic is an organisations.” Good step. Dissent reported that more than 3m people in the important one. Coming out in force and Network, compared to the Socialist Worker UK alone were reported as depressed, with unflinchingly challenging and confronting Party front groups like ‘the G8 Alternative,’ many cases relating to financial worries. the agents of the state is a valuable tool for is by far the biggest and most organised Working class communities are run down, fighting the state and capitalism. Wolfi group and will pose a real threat to the G8. worn out and full of nothing. Anti-social Landstreicher tells how “…anarchists must It will no doubt manage to shut it down and behaviour has become so bad nowadays attack, for waiting is defeat; what is needed create defiance with the authorities on the that the government has had to introduce is open mutiny and the spreading of scale of Genoa and maybe even Seattle. The Anti-Social Behaviour Orders, which subversion among the exploited and effects of such confrontations will once effectively punishes children for being excluded.” Mutiny and subversion was again put militant politics back on the table, bored. Young people need activity and precisely what the authorities got. Although how long and to what effect will be the biggest test of it’s existence. excluded are not involved in the Dissent combine that idea with a class perspective. On the left, the Dissent Network is criticised Network to any significant degree. The Building a forum for debate within working by the elitist of the materialist realm. These majority of those involved are lifestyle class communities and organising practical stodgy old Marxists, authoritarian or anarchists who have opted out of society in alternatives for all of us that will resist otherwise, who see these activities as a order to be anarchists. Their way of life is capitalism and the state on a local, more waste of time by “youngsters” with nothing already defined and while they indulge humble level. better to do, can patronise all the want. This themselves in organising what is nothing The time and resources, money and effort attitude, that ‘naivety makes the more than a gesture, the working class have that went into building the G8 would have impressionable youth grow angrier’, comes to deal with state repression without the been better directed to those communities about because of the symbolic nature of the means to fight back. Once the riots have where young people are tearing each other G8 resistance and largely because the died down and the media have got bored of apart because of boredom, and school roofs working class are not involved. Fine, but the the story the G8 leaders will still be in are falling in because they can’t afford to objective of the Dissent Network is not to control and the exploited and excluded will repair them. Providing community spaces liberate the working class, it is to resist the be no better off. for working class people to combat illiteracy G8. The Dissent Network is most likely made up “...no matter how many police we manage to get of young people, mainly individuals with no affinity to a libertarian organisation with past, aggravate, confront and the inescapable wider class perspectives, but that does not suddenly make it irrelevant. Resisting the riots, [these actions] are pure symbolism.” G8 is an important part of being an anti- capitalist and extending leftwards, as an At the moment the anti-capitalist or helping families resist the debt collectors anarchist. Creating modes of direct action movement, the Dissent Network included, is and the racists. . Going from symbolic is crucial to our chance of liberation, no a theoretically unorganised mess. This is messages, which I admit are valid, to matter how confrontational. Emma where the statement “anarchists… anyone practical involvement in communities are Goldman points out quite poetically can “be one” and say or do “anything they where the anti-capitalist movement should “Anarchism therefore stands for direct like”” find’s its truth. Anyone can get be going. Its focus should switch to things it action, the open defiance of, and resistance involved with the anti-capitalist movement can do, right now. How do we justify to, all laws and restrictions, economic, and can say and do what ever they like. This anything else? Those revolutionary and social, and moral” and we should agree with may live up to some ideal dream of non- individualist anarchists who are involved in her. partisan politics but the reality of it is the anti-capitalist movement need to do So if we agree that the G8 is important in confusion and inconsistency. The anti- what they have done to build resistance to terms of creating resistance and that it is capitalist movement has no unifying the G8. Opt out of an unlikely alliance with merely symbolic, does that mean the direction or purpose other than being broad reformists, disguised or not, and build a Dissent Network goes without criticism? based and anti-capitalist. If it is to go network which resists capitalism and the No. The Dissent Network has done well. We somewhere this agenda has to become state on a day-to-day basis. The Dissent can admit that, but maybe it has done too specific and clear. The destruction of Network has proved it has the energy, ideas, well? There is a difference between capitalism and the state can only come talent and knowledge to do just that. They believing the G8 demonstrations to be about through the propagation of a can build networks of resistance within and symbolic and believing that the main revolutionary ideal, in context with what not outside of local communities.. contention of the anarchist movement or society is. Class analysis has undergone It is not just us, as anarchists, who want an anarchists in general should be towards this many tests, but has never failed in providing anarchist society, it is every single working symbolism. a clear answer to society’s problems. class and unemployed person who is tired of The Dissent Network has spent vast What will come after the G8? There is being treated like a slave or like shit, tired of amounts of time, effort and money on nothing in the Dissent literature that losing out on dreams, tired of having building this network, for a symbol. How can suggests anything. The individuals involved nothing and paying out everything to a this be justified? Individualism? The working will continue with what and go where? The system they hate. For every person who class are undergoing continual lifestyleism of the twenty first century will no wants a better world, for those people bombardment from the state and capitalism doubt continue to thrive, pursuing the embattled in a day-to-day struggle against and instead of building a dissent network to chimera of an alternative means of living. drudgery, frustration and insanity; for all of resist the day-to-day fights of working class Class struggle anarchists will have to pick us a network of resistance is everything. people, the Dissent Network has spent up the pieces and continue attempting to Dissent must develop towards where it thousands of pounds, man power and build a wider resistance to capitalism; wider really matters. To achieve liberation against resources aimed at pissing of the police. than the G8. the G8, the working class, the unemployed, Was all of it really necessary? If that’s to happen though we need a the struggling and the tired need to be As a class struggle anarchist the picture for dialogue. The lifestylists need to get a inspired. They need to realise that change is me is clear. The G8 summit, no matter how perspective on material analysis and the possible, that confidence in our abilities to much we fight, how many police we manage class struggleists need to get out of the fight back is what’s required for us to to get past, aggravate, confront, inflate and habit of being so righteously patronising. change our world. resist the demonstration and inescapable We need to work together. The huge amount After the dust has settled over Gleneagles riots that no doubt will ensue are without of finances, time and resources gone in to and we have come back with stories to tell argument pure symbolism. Regardless of building the Dissent Network were, in my of confrontation and defiance, we have to the ability of those involves in the opinion, a waste of time. Having said that, remember what we are doing. Why we were organisation of the Dissent Network, any what we do have now is a model that can there in the first place and what can come one who believes that it can be an actual and should be replicated. Working class next. In order to effect any real, significant force for change are deluding themselves. communities are in dire need for assistance. change, the anarchist and anti-capitalist They have done well in doing what they are Dissent and the anti-capitalist movement is movement has to become pro-active where doing, and the days of action will invariably made up in part by lifestylists who want to it matters. If we can resist the G8, we can be something to remember; but then what? challenge capitalism and the state by resist our bosses too. If we can beat the Going back to the Landstreicher creating a practical alternative. We can do police, we can beat the degradation of our quote,“…what is needed is open mutiny and this. But instead of building a forum of communities. If we can remember to fight, the spreading of subversion among the debate and organisation for resisting the G8 we can remember what life should be like, exploited and excluded” The exploited and and the WTO, what is necessary is to and ultimately what anarchists want. 16 casualisation and flexibility

easier to pit workers against each other, Casualisation not only leads to lower wages and extracting more labour at times and places more convenient to the process of benefits, but also increases the ratio of unpaid production. Casualisation and “labour flexibility” have the overall effect of making to paid labour, and the intensity of work. it more difficult for workers to improve or extend their conditions.

Casualisation as process: there to here The phenomenon being described must be It is a process where a dual labour market of illegal migrant labour, leaves such understood as a product of the class develops, stratified and mutually isolated: a workers in a hyper-exploited position struggle. It is very difficult to disentangle core of permanent workers with a periphery existing outside any regulatory framework at the complex interdependencies of cause- of workers on fixed-term contracts, or all. Little is known of the true extent of this and-effect, as every economic development contracted as self-employed individuals. but sectors known to be heavily reliant are is a result of the manoeuvrings of both This article attempts to introduce the topic, garment manufacture, restaurants (and sides. It seems that the process of giving a broad overview of casualisation, associated food industries like the meat- casualisation is largely a result of three and pointing to some of the broader packing plants in Norfolk), construction and factors: implications of the forced “flexibilisation” of sex-work. 1. the shift from a manufacturing to a the labour market. service based economy Any discussion of this must start with how Contract killing 2. decomposition of the working class as a workers subjectively experience the process. This amounts to a ratcheting up of the political actor The workers who are at the sharp end are discipline applied to labour, something that 3. increase in investment capital flows almost entirely atomised, forced to use applies equally to those in longer-term work. The shift away from manufacturing (with it’s agencies as mediators between themselves There has been a long-term change in hiring traditional high levels of unionisation and and the employer. The assignments are strategies, with the widespread introduction strong collective bargaining) and towards variable in length, but generally grant less of fixed contracts in place of the “job for services (small workplaces, higher ratios of that a days notice before the work finishes, life”, reducing job security and forcing management to workers, low levels of the worker either returning to workers into having to periodically unionisation) has been a feature of the post- unemployment, or being sent to another renegotiate their positions. The teaching Thatcher era, with an attendant shift of workplace. This is an effective barrier to the profession experienced this in the mid-80s, power from labour to capital. development of solidarity with other and it later spread throughout the public This facilitated the destruction of organised workers, and frustrates workplace sector, often as a prelude to privatisation. labour, alongside anti-union laws and organising. Agencies are integral to the process of manufactured set-piece confrontations. A The agency receives a portion of each hours privatisation and are being extensively used non-unionised worker in the UK gets an work, leaving the worker doubly exploited, in the NHS, especially in care-roles, average of only 23 days holiday a year, with two sets of parasites extracting value. administration and support positions. Self- compared to 29 for a unionised worker, and Temps don’t qualify for the most basic of employed subcontracting has long been levels of unionisation have consistently benefits: maternity pay, sick pay, pensions used as a way of undermining workers fallen. The now full integration of business and holiday entitlements are all denied. As organising abilities (for example in unions into the capitalist structure has a result of EU temp-work legislation, construction), and this has now spread to reduced industrial militancy, and agencies were forced to extend rudimentary many other sectors. This uncertainty has consequently the leadership has failed to benefits to their workers, like holiday pay. lead to the longest working hours and put up a significant fight to defend their However, this was largely a PR exercise. highest levels of work-related stress in members’ interests. This has been a What happened in reality was an Europe as workers compete with each other product not only of the historic defeats of incorporation of holiday pay into the hourly to retain their jobs. The benefits of this to organised labour, but also the rate that a worker received, a paper the bosses are obvious: higher intensity of collaborationist nature of business unions as exercise in shuffling numbers around. work at lower costs, with the added gift of mediator between capital and labour. Capital seems to have brought about ‘just-in- regular unpaid overtime (according to the Accumulated finance capital was used to time’ employment to go with its ‘just-in-time’ TUC, to the tune of £23bn last year alone) fund both the investment and development production. and a disincentive to “be difficult”. of manufacturing plants abroad and the Low-skilled and manual jobs have become According to the National Bureau of transfer of capacity to these areas. The almost totally the preserve of the agency, Statistics, the productivity per worker has ability of this capital to be rapidly extracted and here “flexible” results in dangerous more than doubled in the last 30 years. and redeployed elsewhere - enshrined in work often being undertaken with little or no There has also been a massive rise in the neo-liberal financial policies - has brought training. The death in 1998 of 24-year old number of workers as women (by choice or massive pressure to bear on any remaining Simon Jones in a shipyard only hours after necessity) rejected their traditional roles and knots of organised labour. Workers’ starting work (with several minutes entered the job market, and the heightened demands are countered with the very real “training”) was the first well publicised disciplining of the unemployed marshalled threat of the outsourcing of their jobs. The example to bring this to peoples’ attention. many into low-wage service sector jobs. bosses have used this to cut back on wage The trend continued of course, with current Deregulation of labour markets (e.g. through costs, attacking the wages and conditions of rates of more than 200 workers killed at weakening legislation that once protected unionised workers, and by reducing the work each year (with over 2 million being job security) makes it easier for employers number of workers capable of being killed worldwide). The recent case of the to eliminate jobs or replace workers with unionised further decomposing working Chinese cockle-pickers illustrated how use others on less secure contracts. It becomes class power. A new role for the reserve army? state to legislate against the bosses’ traditional business. Over time hierarchy It is possible that the shift towards a interests. There are three main strategies and bureaucracy developed and the casualised workforce denotes a that may hold some promise. radicalism ebbed. For a union to take on restructuring of the terrain of the class Wororker-Runker-Run TTempingemping AAgenciesgencies such a role may exacerbate the struggle. The “reserve army” that capitalism One possible model for mitigating the contradiction already implicit within what has historically created seems to be under effects of casualisation is for workers to set Negri calls “its traditional function as half- new orders, and is being redeployed as up their own agencies, outside the control of party and half-merchandise”. However, the casual labour. The massed ranks of the the capitalist class. It has been suggested class struggle must take precedence over unemployed have ceased to be as useful to that these could be directly run by unions. squeamishness: the question is whether capital now that the working class has been In a mature economy with intense internal these forms would help or hinder the self- politically weakened. Their historic organising of casualised workers. function was to keep wages down by The Devvelopmentelopment Of NeNeww providing a constant entry pressure on Subjectivities the job market. The effect of this Some initiatives have accepted the supply glut was mitigated by the power new terrain of atomisation and are of collective bargaining. As the seeking to develop a collective strength of the unions (and by proxy identity based on the shared the ability of workers to collectively experience of casualised work. The force higher wages on the capitalists) idea seems to be to attempt to has been reduced, there is less develop a class-consciousness based collective pressure keeping wages up, not on proximity to other workers but so a portion of the unemployed can be on the insecure conditions siphoned back into work. experienced by temporary workers. The dole arose through the inclusion of Apart from the use of wanky rhetoric working class needs in the social like “existential precarity”, my democratic state. With the retreat of personal opinion is that this project is social democracy, the state has of limited usefulness beyond raising repeatedly sought to ‘reform’ welfare. the profile of casualised workers. The introduction of the jobseekers’ RRestoringestoring the ties that bind allowance in 1996 spearheaded an As described in the previous section, increased disciplining of the there has been a long-term shift in unemployed through social policy. The hiring practices by the business class. New Deal and associated programs As the form of the labour commodity have been very successful in forcibly changes, the organisational forms shifting unemployed workers into low that struggle take must also change. wage, low security “McJobs”, often Casualisation presents a threat to the socially subsidised (according to a June whole working class, not just those 2000 Tory attack on Labour, to the affected by it directly. The slow tune of around £20K per job). Workers encroachment of fixed-term contracts, are regularly conditioned to tone down forced overtime and the reduction of their expectations and be prepared to job security are threats to everyone. If accept lower paid or skilled work than a casualised worker finds a better job, they had hoped for. The benefits they leave behind a position that system is used as a stick to make it another worker must fill. The most increasingly difficult to refuse low paid promising route for struggle is the work or anti-social hours, and a carrot development of much stronger links is profferedin the guise of the tax system. competition, companies mainly concerned between temporary and permanent staff Through benefits such as the Working with reducing costs could respond well to an within each workplace. There are many Family Tax Credits, people are structurally agency able to provide workers at or below positive examples of this, for instance the encouraged onto the job market, often into the cost of workers from other agencies. A Workmates group on the London part-time work, with workers subsidising low co-operatively managed agency would have Underground and the Telegraph workers wage employers through their income tax. much lower overheads than a private-sector who brought temps in on all future wage This greater regulation of the unemployed is equivalent being able to provide higher demands and negotiations. This route the flip side to the deregulation of the labour direct wages and benefits to its workers and would develop solidarity between workers, market. possibly providing a site of political re- reduce the isolation experienced by the composition. casualised, and increase the chances of Prospects for resistance There are historical precedents for this. The both segments of the workforce winning The last 30 years have seen a rapid increase beginnings of the labour movement in Italy better conditions. in the amounts of speculative capital saw the formation of labour cooperatives A long term goal should be developing class flowing around the global capital markets, amongst agricultural workers, which forces to the point where there are strong which has placed another weapon in the resurfaced in the movement of the Italian alliances between employed and armoury of the capitalist class. The “organised unemployed” in the 80s. unemployed workers, leading to the globalisation of capital places pressure on Similarly, the early French syndicalists set organisation of workers before they even all capitalist states to deregulate labour up (or more accurately took over) the enter the productive process. This would markets and facilitate cuts in labour costs. “Bourse de Travails”- labour exchanges that also be a method of organising workers Attempts to radically alter the structure of provided a forum for political agitation. within a community framework, UK capital markets as part of a reformist Aside from the distaste engendered in encouraging class solidarity on another agenda would risk provoking a rapid outflow contemplating managing our own front. This was successfully accomplished in of capital, something the domestic state is exploitation, there are issues associated Sweden and Norway during and just after never going to allow. with entering into competition with capitalist WW1, where workers in construction, The prospects for effective resistance to enterprises. One of the factors that caused logging and mining won better conditions casualisation therefore do not lie in abstract the co-operative movement to fail was that through threatening pre-employment campaigns intended to put pressure on the it was subject to all the same pressures as strikes. 18 women’s struggles in iraq

On the 14th July 2000, the armed forces of The Islamist victory at the Iraq elections of the Patriotic Union invaded the IOW offices and the shelter, arrested some militants, January 2005 show that political Islam is not seized its archives and funds. Three of the shelter guards and the shelter’s residents just an opposition force to the Allied occupation were imprisoned. A day later a man murdered his sister. A few days after that, a but also a powerful force for collaboration, former resident of the shelter was murdered by her brother. putting in place a reactionary regime where Since the occupation Despite the boasts of the Americans and women will be some of the first victims. their allies of introducing “democracy” into Iraq and liberating women, the situation has In relationship to other countries in the was the rise of illiteracy during the period of not got any better. The veil, considered old- Middle East, Iraqi women benefited from a embargo between 1991 and 2003. fashioned before, has become a necessity if greater amount of liberty, without of course Literacy,which had risen from 75 [per women want to go out in the street. The a true equality with men. This was not due thousand?] to 755 with the proclamation of Islamists have used insults and violence to to the “secular” nature of Baathism, but to the Republic, fell to 255 [per thousand?]by intimidate women, including throwing vitriol the struggles of women themselves in the 2000. This was not just due to the politics in women’s faces. Rape has multiplied, as 1950s, before the coming to power of of the regime but to the hard conditions of well as the kidnapping and sale of women. Saddam. The law on personal status of the embargo, where everyday survival came Price on the market: $200 for a virgin, half 1958 passed by the Baathists, guaranteed first. War widows and the poorest women if she isn’t. The puppet government put education, divorce and the right of women suffered the most. In 1998 a survey into place by the Allied coalition is under to keep their children but suffered from showed that out of 4,600 women and girls pressure from the Islamist groups who take amendment after amendment. In fact in Baghdad, 16% suffered from severe part in it. These parties, linked to the Saddam spelt out that in the cases malnutrition and 41% from chronic regime in Iran (al’Dawa, Supreme Council unforeseen by law, the sharia (Islamic law) malnutrition. This resulted in a fall in for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq), share would take precedence. women’s height. Men and boys suffered far with their opponents of the religious The degradation of women’s rights really got less from the embargo. Saddam put resistance the project of establishing an under way with the Iran-Iraq war started in through measures legally tolerating “honour Islamic state in Iraq, even if their tactics 1980. The Iraqi feminist Huzan Mahmud killings”. A law passed in 1990 exempted differ. The attempt to introduce the sharia explains:” Iraq,” said Saddam, “has need of men who had killed women “to defend the was met by demonstrations called by 25 women at home, making food for their honour of his family”. So men could kill women’s organisations, despite the danger husbands and children, making economies their wives, their sisters or their daughters this represented. Yannar Mohammed, one and not spending too much, they must help suspected of adultery, immorality or for of the founders of the Organisation for the the country to overcome.” All that ended up having let themselves be raped! Freedom of Women in Iraq (OFWI), received in permanently violating women’s rights. In In the Kurdish region of Iraq that had in death threats from the Army of the particular during the war between Iran and effect become autonomous from 1991 to Companions of the Prophet, a pro-Taliban Iraq, women represented more than 70% of 2003, Baathist legislation on women group. Honour killings have not disappeared the civil service, but when the war ended continued for a long time, despite the with the occupation. The kidnapping of women were sent home”. Women’s participation of women in civil society, in young girls for prostitution are equally organisations were banned outside of the government and in the peshmerga (militia common. These supply networks of Union of Iraqi Women, the female branch of forces). Officially, the law on honour killings prostitution, particularly in the the Yemen. the Baathist Party. was not abolished in the zone controlled by The OFWI is involved in setting up shelters With the first Gulf War, the situation the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan until 2000. for women who are victims of violence and deteriorated further with Saddam adopting In the zone controlled by the Democratic threatened by honour killings. Two were set a style that conformed more with Islamic Party of Kurdistan, more than 500 honour up, one in Baghdad and one in Sulemaniah, values, in order to win the support of Islamic killings took place in 2000 alone, and the in the North. Here the Patriotic Union has regimes and organisations. He started the Baathist law appears not to have been made threats against it. “Campaign for Faithfulness” which led to the abolished. The Kurdish nationalists have elimination of prostitutes by beheading. At tolerated this practice and have made no The Kurdish situation least 130 women were beheaded in one effort to alter it. On the contrary the offices The Patriotic Union is considered more year alone, and the figure probably ran of the Independent Organisation of Women progressive than its rival, the Kurdish much higher than that. Most of those (IOW), and the shelter set up by them at Democratic Party, notably because of the executed were not prostitutes but women Sulemaniah to protect women fleeing from number of women involved. But they have who criticised the regime or were wives of honour killings, were shut down by the not forgotten the March 1991 insurrection, oppositionists. Among them were wives of Patriotic Union. Opened in 1998, this when workers councils were set up. The two Shi’ite imams, TV presenters, doctors and shelter was supported by European women’s nationalist parties regained control of the gynaecologists. organisations and sheltered more than situation, re-establishing control of the Another symptom of the attack on women 4,000 women while open. Continued over and below

productive process. This would in Sweden and Norway during Continued from previous page also be a method of organising and just after WW1, where workers within a community workers in construction, logging framework, encouraging class and mining won better alliances between employed and the organisation of workers solidarity on another front. This conditions through threatening unemployed workers, leading to before they even enter the was successfully accomplished pre-employment strikes. culture writers for anarchism The man of letters: Octave Mirbeau previous life writing for anti-Semitic papers. Flemish mother. Deeply effected by the At the end of the 19th Century, many French For Mirbeau, anarchism did not just mean slaughter of the First World War, from 1921 writers were attracted to anarchism. Some revolutionising literature, but giving himself, he began writing for the Belgian libertarian of them were fascinated by the bomb his time and his money to it. He was the press, for Bulletin Libertaire and attacks of Ravachol and Emile Henry and main financial supporter of the anarchist l’Emancipateur and then for the wanted to write a book that would be a newspaper Les Temps Nouveaux. international anarchist press (le Libertaire, literary bomb, destroying the foundations of His works were the reflection of his Combat Syndicaliste, CNT). He also religion, the family and the nation state. For anarchist commitment. Many of his works published several pamphlets like Socialism example, the Symbolists celebrated “free describe deprived lives, the absurdities of Against Authority and the Libertarian verse” as “anarchist verse”. Many, after bureaucracy and the corruption of power. Socialist Manifesto. To support the Spanish achieving fame, abandoned any notion of L’Abbe Jules and Sebastien Roch were two Revolution, he started a paper Rebellion. In anarchism. extremely anti-clerical novels. The Diary of a 1940, taking refuge in France from the Nazi One who did not was Octave Mirbeau. For Chambermaid is not just the tale of the invasion, he was denounced to the Vichy him, anarchism was not a fashionable corruption of the upper classes but of the government and spent 3 months in the phase, or part of a misspent youth. He rise to power of an anti-Semite. Luis Bunuel, concentration camp at Vernet. Freed from discovered the ideas of Proudhon and the Spanish filmmaker understood this, and there, he returned to Belgium. There, he Kropotkin quite late in life after having been in his film of Mirbeau’s novel, he shows how was arrested by the Gestapo as a supporter a writer for Bonapartist and anti-Semitic the rise of fascism is linked to the ideas and of the Communist Party (a joke, but a very newspapers. From 1883 he began to values of the ruling class. unpleasant one) and interned. His change tack, editing Les Grimaces, a biting Mirbeau’s most notorious novel The Torture imprisonment had a terrible effect on his satirical journal. From 1885, he began to Garden is often dismissed as nothing more health and he emerged physically adopt more and more openly anarchist than a decadent novel of sado-masochism. diminished. positions. He regularly supported the work In fact this misunderstands its political After the war he continued with his of the anarchist-communist Jean Grave. He message. Its dedication, “To priests, conferences where he explained his was one of his best defenders in print, soldiers, judges, men who educate, lead and libertarian ideas and his collaboration with following Grave’s trial over his work, The govern men, I dedicate these pages of the anarchist press, writing for Volonta, the Dying Society and Anarchy. He gave Murder and Blood” gives the game away. Italian paper and for Pensee et Action financial aid to anarchists in difficulty. He Why are certain crimes illegal and not (Thought and Action) a review published in used his position as an influential writer to others? Mirbeau lists industry, colonial Brussels. His last pamphlet was the Value popularise the ideas of anarchism. He wrote commerce, war, hunting and anti-Semitism of Liberty, and the one before that was You “The Strike of the Voters” in the daily paper as legal forms of murder. Are An Anarchist. In this pamphlet, Ernestan Figaro, where he called for abstention at the Mirbeau often deals with power in his books. uses the technique developed by the Italian ballot box. Not just how it is exercised over the anarchist Malatesta in which a conversation He explained the actions of Ravachol, individual but how it is internalised and how takes place between two people. Here, an pointing to the social reasons for them, those who govern us use it. A passionate anarchist, Francois meets an acquaintance, whilst underlining their political limitations. writer, he was one of those rare individuals Pierre, who is vaguely socialist and out on At the same time, he helped out struggling who were able to reconcile social strike. Francois talks about the great writers like the clothing worker Marguerite commitment with a total freedom of socialist ideas: anarchism is not Audoux, Neel Doff and Charles Vildrac. creation. disorganisation it IS organisation and free During the Dreyfus Affair he was extremely association, Leninism is the dictatorship of a active, organising many meetings in Paris The activist writer: Ernestan minority, there can be no socialism without and throughout France, never retreating Ernestan was the pen name of Ernest Tanrez liberty. Little by little, Pierre is convinced before the threats of the anti-Dreyfusards. In (1898-1954) who came from a middle class and ends up feeling more anarchist and these actions he certainly made up for his family, with a French speaking father and a revolutionary than Francois!

Continued have abandoned university since the religious resistance. And even where they campaign by the Islamists for control of the are able to act, the governmental forces are factories. The militant feminist Sakar universities. At Mosul, the dean of the unwilling to do so, because they often share Ahmed was beaten by her brothers as she University of Law was shot dead then the same outlook towards women, as with was in the process of writing a book against beheaded, along with her husband. The the regional government of the Kurdish honour killings. Her father approved this director of the Department of Translation nationalists. act. The dancer Hinadi, member of the suffered the same fate, as well as a dozen Only the autonomous action of women dance group el-Portoqala, was murdered women in public life who were doctors, vets, allying themselves with the Iraqi radical during Ramadan by an Islamist gang who and civil servants. workers movement shows any possibility of regarded her videos as “pornographic”, Hatred of women is to be found equally in progress on this front. The so-called because they evoked love between boys and the religious resistance groups as in the “democratisation” and “modernisation” girls. Other women have been beaten for parties allied with the Americans. The Iraqi promised by the Allied forces has proved to wearing jeans, or for going to the State is unable to put an end to the endemic be a sham. hairdresser rather than hide their hair under violence. This violence is proportionally due Adapted from an article in the French a veil. More than 1,000 female students more to the criminal gangs than to the magazine Courant Alternatif. 20 the water wars

Water is essential for all life, a finite, but endlessly renewable year) comes from aquifers lying wholly or partly under the West Bank. Since 1967, the resource. One third of the world’s population do not have West Bank Palestinians (1.4 million in the access to a supply of safe drinking water, consequently, a mid 1990s) are allocated 115 million cubic metres a year, and have been barred from third of deaths globally are from water-borne diseases. digging new wells, or renovating old ones. In The water crisis is worldwide however, contrast, the Jewish settler population affecting (over) developed countries too, (130,000) are allocated 30 million cubic whether they are ‘water-rich’ (such as metres. The remainder ( 455 million cubic Britain) or not. Examples from the Middle metres) goes to Israel. Egypt offered Israel East and Europe show the depth and 400 million cubic metres annually to settle breadth of this problem. its conflict and assist the Palestinians, but The lower River Jordan in the Middle East is the conflict remains unresolved. symptomatic of this global water crisis. This The lower stretch of the Jordan is now little stretch, which runs between the Sea of more than a drainage ditch; 50 years ago Galilee and the Dead Sea, has been turned the annual flow was 1.3 billion cubic metres, into a drainage ditch by dams and pumping today 200 million constitute a good year. stations which divert almost 90% of the Nearly half of that consists of raw sewage water. Parts of the surrounding valley and from the Palestinian villages and Jewish the Dead Sea are currently on the brink of settlements, the effluent from commercial an ecological disaster, a 70 mile zone of fish farms, and other untreated wastewater. crisis. Gidon Bromber, of Friends of the Earth of The Israeli-Arab war of 1967 was triggered the Middle East (FoEME) commented by attempts to divert the sources of the river “Ironically, it is sewage that is maintaining in South Lebanon and the Golan Heights. what little biodiversity there is along the Afterwards, the Israeli state began to Jordan. Right now the river is so desperate, appropriate water supplies to support new the sewage is the only thing keeping the settlements, as well as towns and river flowing at times. It feeds life there”. At settlements within Israel. 30% of Israel’s the lower end of the river the pollutants spill water supply (600 million cubic metres a into the Dead Sea, compounding an environmental crisis where the sea level has rainfall, and only occasional water water bills in England and Wales rose by an fallen 25 metres since Israel dammed the shortages. Until the 1990s, water was seen average of £29 in an attempt to fund the river, and industry began to suck water out. as a common good, and water planners saw necessary investment required to tackle the Munqeth Mehyar (of FoEME Amman) asks any form of supply restriction, such as a ban leakage: they would not consider funding it ironically “Is it a competition; who can on the use of hosepipes, as an admission of from their large profits, of course. The water damage the river more than the other?” As failure. The regional water authorities industry is seeking deals with bottled water Bromber correctly points out - “Each side pooled access to water resources, and made companies to keep supplies going, and the tried to grab as much of the resources as long term plans for a London ring main, government appointed industry regulator they can without consideration of the recharging aquifers from winter river water. (Ofwat) could impose supply restrictions if consequences. It started in the 60s with People and organisations co-operated to there is a lengthy drought. There are plans Israel ceasing the flow of the upper Jordan manage water resources relatively for eight new or enlarged reservoirs in the into the lower Jordan. Syria tried to build a effectively, and to save water when it was south-east of England. What is needed is dam at the same time to stop water coming needed e.g. during the drought of 1975/76 conservation and sensible use of water, down…[The state of ] Jordan in the 70s built when only 76mmn of rainfall fell all however. Scientists warn that such droughts will become increasingly common, with “There are plans for eight new or enlarged globak warming creating more extreme weather patterns with lengthy dry spells reservoirs in the south-east of England. What is interspersed with intense storms. needed is conservation and sensible use of Fighting Back In the 1980s, and between 1994-96, water, however.” anarchists played a key role in direct action community campaigns which defeated a canal to capture the main tributary into summer. attempts to introduce water taxes in Dublin, the river. It escalated from there” The The Conservative government privatised in Southern Ireland (issue 3 of ‘Red and current problems are compounded by water in 1989, increasing water costs to the Black Revolution’, gives an excellent Amman’s construction of a new dam on the average household by 67% between 1989 account and analysis of this). Yarmuk river, which is the Jordan rivers’ and 1995. Company profits rose by an For thousands of years legal and informal largest tributary. The straightforward average of 20% to 1993, and remain high. systems accepted and insisted that water practical solution is to divert less water. The profits of these companies are was a communal asset that could not be FoEME, is a cross border group, and brought subsidised by the poorest people in Britain, privately owned. There is a long history of together officials from Amman and those least able to pay. Thousands of human societies that have developed Jerusalem in early March of this year to households now regularly have their water elaborate systems that ensure fair access to pressurise them into action. No progress supply cut off. In 1991/2, in the Sandwell water. In Spain the water communities on was forthcoming, however - “Unfortunately, Health Authority (in the West Midlands), the Genil, Segura, and Ebro rivers are environmental policies are governed by 1400 households were cut off, leading to a examples of solidarity and social co- politics” admitted Hassan Bin Talal of ten-fold increase in cases of hepatitis and operation that were created on foundations Jordan. Faced by the refusal of both dysentry. In 1994 2 million households fell laid by the Phoenicians, the Roman Empire, governments to restore the rivers supply of into water arrears, 12,500 were and the Moors. The modern technology of natural water, FoEME is pressing for the disconnected. Water companies in England pipes, pumps, and motive power makes sewage to be treated, so that it is pumped and Wales are increasingly introducing pre- these schemes easier. For irrigation, local into the Jordan as clean water. payment meters. This increased use of control of water is all-important and can be Encouraged by a surge of prosperity in the metering, which occurs more often in poorer achieved in many ways. In the small-scale 1960s, the Spanish ignored the fact that households, results in either increased irrigation schemes of eastern Spain under they live in a semi-arid country that is prone water bills, or forced cuts in water supply by the Moors, water belonged to the to periodic, lengthy droughts. Water-hungry those who need it most. The response of the community and was sold with the land. Golf courses were built for tourists, water companies to increasing criticism of Continual disputes about its use in times of swimming pools for themselves, and lawns their disconnection policies has been pure scarcity were regulated by a communal and gardens that require daily watering PR(public relations). A tiny proportion of organisation, the huerta, in places such as proliferated. Farmers diversified from their their inflated profits is given to charitable Aragon. Here water belongs to farmers traditional drought resistant produce, such trusts that help the poorest customers. This through whose land it passes, each water as figs and olives, into ‘thirsty’ crops such as tokenism also gives these corporations tax user belongs to a comunidad de regantes rice and strawberries. The result is that advantages. In London, the 19th century (association) that elects a sindico, the Spain is now the world’s fourth highest per sewer system is understaffed (water combination of sindicos from each zone capita consumer of water, after the U.S, companies slashed jobs after privatisation), constitutes the Water Tribunal. These meet Canada, and Russia. Now it has to build and struggling with a vastly increased to judge rations during scarcity; no lawyers huge dams, and pay the cost to divert rivers workload; it is unable to cope with ‘flash or state laws are involved, fines are to over-developed areas, amid growing floods’ from road runoff which is diverted sometimes imposed, and always paid. environmental and community opposition. into the system after heavy rainfall. The Many factors (which apply elsewhere also) result is periodic discharges of raw sewage Conclusion conspire to support this. These include laws into the Thames, which kill much of the river If the price mechanism continues to that give the producers the right to squander life, and threaten human health. determine the allocation of water, the poor resources so long as there is a consumer Britain is facing the strong possibility of will die of thirst. If it decides which crops are demand to be satisfied (big farmers have another drought this summer, according to irrigated for the market, they will starve. If it the same licence in Britain). The role of the climatologists. It has just experienced the determines the availability of water for centralised State is also crucial. Largely second driest winter in 50 years, and the personal hygiene, vast numbers of children controlled by business influences, it driest since water privatisation in 1989, and will die before the age of five, from illnesses arbitrates the management of resources a long dry spell is predicted for the summer. such as diarrhoea. There are however many through its control of revenue, command of This will be compounded by the huge examples from around the world which show resources, expertise, and the power to amount of water that is being lost every day that people can co-operate to share water enforce policy on citizens. through broken and leaking pipes - a fifth of resources sensibly and fairly, for themselves In contrast to Spain and the Middle East, the 15 billion litres that the UK water system and the environment, but only where there Britain is a water-rich area with a high supplies daily. On the 1st of April, household is common ownership and control of water. 22 reviews

A Day Mournful And Overcast by an “uncontrollable” The London Years by from the Iron Column Rudolf Rocker Kate Shapley Library - £2, 21 pages AK Press/Five Leaves - £14.99,

The Spanish Revolution of 1936 initially the street, went their own way. Others, like 228 pages defeated the Fascist uprising. Militia myself, joined our liberators, who treated us This book, long out of print, has made a columns put together at a moment’s notice like friends and loved us like brothers. With welcome return, and is published at the like the Iron Column were formed to fight them we gradually formed the Iron Column, same time as another reprint, Bill Fishman’s the Fascists. But soon the Revolution began with them, at a mounting tempo, we East London Jewish Radicals. It was written to go wrong. The Communist Party was one stormed barracks and disarmed ferocious by Rudolf Rocker, a gentile German who of those forces that undermined the Civil Guards…” The Iron Column was one of became involved in the Yiddish-speaking Revolution. It attempted to destroy the the anarchist columns that drove back the anarchist movement of Britain. Not only did militias and put them under state control. Fascists and changed the mode of life Rocker animate the highly popular newspaper Der Arbeter Fraint, he was also As the foreword to the pamphlet notes: through which they passed, wiping out the involved in setting up the monthly Germinal ”Militarisation was not about discipline or political bosses there. which dealt with anarchist theory and uniforms but about restoring power to the This lyrical text, imbued with revolutionary culture “to acquaint its readers with all state.” fervour, is a complaint against the libertarian tendencies in modern literature A Day Mournful and Overcast was written by militarization that was being forced on the and contemporary thought”. Interned during an anonymous member of the Iron Column. columns. As he says “Our past opposition the First World War he spent the rest of his This column was made up mainly of tomilitarisation was founded on what we life in Holland, Germany and the USA. The “criminals” who had been released from knew about officers. Our present opposition thriving movement that he had helped build prison with the outbreak of the Revolution. was founded on what we know about them (in London, but also in Leeds, Manchester He was imprisoned when he was 23 and now. Professional officers form, now and for and other northern towns) was devastated liberated when he was 34. He had revolted all time, here and in Russia, a caste..” The by the war, by the number of anarchists against his conditions and killed a political Iron Column was the most intransigent of returning to Russia to assist in the boss in his home village. “Many prisoners the anarchist columns against militarization. Revolution, many perishing there, and by the who had suffered as I had from bad Alas, the Revolution for which they had upsurge of the Communist Party. But for treatment received since birth, were sacrificed so much was being destroyed and several decades there was a vibrant released with me. Some of them, once on swept back. anarchist movement among the Jewish working class in Britain. Here is described the strike that broke out The Early Days Of Greek Anarchism: ‘The Democratic among the tailoring workers of the West End in 1912, with over 8,000 attending a Club of Patras & Social Radicalism in Greece’ edited meeting addressed by Rocker and others. and translated by Paul Pomonis Following this successful strike, many Jewish families took in the children of Kate Sharpley Library - £2, 26 pages London dockers who were also on strike. This was one of the great triumphs of This pamphlet charts the emergence of Later on at the end of the 19th century/ Rocker and the Jewish anarchist movement. anarchism in Greece from the 1860s when beginning of the 20th century anarcho- This active solidarity broke down the Emmanuel Daoudoglou, under the influence syndicalist groups emerged. Although barriers between the dockers, of the International Workingmen’s Greek anarcho-syndicalism never became a predominantly of Irish Catholic background, Association (First International) of Naples, mass movement (like it did in several other and the Yiddish speaking working class of where he was then staying, became an countries) it contributed significantly to the the East End. It was a hammer-blow against anarchist. The Russian anarchist Bakunin first major strikes in Greece and worker’s anti-semitism. As Colin Ward says in the was living in the Naples area at the time. A organisation. Groups like the League of introduction: “Rudolf Rocker’s own story, number of other Greeks started developing Anarchist Workers of Athens emerged. that of an immigrant, deprived of citizenship anarchist ideas around the same time and Anarchists were also involved in strike in his country of origin, and deported from this further developed with the influence of activities in the Lavrio mines. Meanwhile Britain after years of internment, has its own the Paris Commune of 1871. anarchism was propagated among the message for another generation struggling Patras, a port town, had good links to Italy, peasants, especially in the Peloponneseus with the dilemmas of a multi-cultural and anarchists there were able to maintain and Thessaly. Raisin workers organised Britain”. links with anarchists from Italy and other large demonstrations as a result of many of parts of Europe. They attempted to form the them losing their jobs and anarchists were A Wee Black Booke of first local section of the First International. involved in demonstrations organised by State repression set back these endeavours them in Achaia and Ilia. The anarchists of Belfast Anarchism (1867- for a decade. The Democratic Club of Patras Pyrgos were also involved in peasant revolts 1973) by Mairtin O Cathain included workers and intellectuals. It and organised public debates in the villages. established contact with other groups and However, reformist ideas became dominant Organise! (Ireland) - £2, individuals throughout Greece. Soon after it in this period in Greek history, and 42pages produced a newspaper at least 4 of its anarchism never took off the way it had in This fascinating pamphlet produced by the members were imprisoned in 1877. Later other Mediterranean countries. This little Organise! grouping in Ireland charts the they were acquitted of all charges against known chapter of anarchist history describes history of anarchism in Belfast. It examines them but this caused some of them to the pioneers of anarchism in Greece, where anarchist influences within branches of the retreat from further involvement. The a new anarchist movement began to Socialist League in the 1890s. The first remaining members had to work secretly emerge and grow after the fall of the specifically anarchist group in Belfast did during a long period of clandestine activity. Colonels’ dictatorship in the 70s. Continued over spread, bottom of page reviews

Nestor Makhno: Anarchy’s The Almost Perfect Crime: The Misrepresentation of Cossack. The struggle for Portuguese Anarchism by Julio Carrapato free soviets in the Ukraine Kate Sharpley Library - £2, 13 pages 1917-1921 by Alexandre Portuguese anarchism was a little known The insurrectionary general strike launched movement that reached mass proportions. in 1934 by the CGT, the mass Skirda Anarchism started to spread through anarchosyndicalist union, was defeated. AK Press - £13.00, 415pages Portugal around 1870, but really took off Many hundreds were arrested, the Tarrafal around 1886 with the visit of the French concentration camp was set up and the CGT “We part with the feeling that we have done geographer and anarchist Elisee Reclus. It was dismantled. Secret anarchist our revolutionary duty. Long live solidarity started making strong inroads among organisations continued their work of and unity of the toilers! Long live the third workers circles in the cities but also in rural resistance and propaganda. The social revolution! My thanks to all of you for areas like the Alentejo where many rural Communist Party refused to support the everything.” labourers came over to anarchism. By 1914 insurrection, and in 1935 its militants were Nestor Makhno’s farewell address to the a large syndicalist organisation had ordered to enter the Salazarist unions!! Makhnovist movement, July 17, 1921 emerged. The syndicalist daily newspaper A Portuguese anarchism re-emerged in 1974 The French historian Alexandre Skirda has Batalha was launched in 1919 and survived with the Portuguese Revolution and the fall long been an admirer of the anarchist up till1927 and the Salazar dictatorship, and off the fascist regime. Anarchists started peasant Nestor Makhno. No academic its sales ranked number two or three across organising again. In fact the only divorced from reality, he has participated in the country! unmistakably anti-militarist demonstration the anarchist movement from the time he Anarchists were extremely active in many held in post-fascist Portugal, against the fought on the barricades of Rue Gay-Lussac social struggles. During the First World War, Iberian Agreement and in solidarity with in the Latin Quarter of Paris in May 1968. the anarchosyndicalist and anarchist Spanish workers, was organised by the He is an historian devoted to anarchism and organisations urged workers to desert and anarchists. Unfortunately Portuguese this is probably his greatest book. rioting and shootings followed. Many anarchism has as yet not managed to turn In an exceedingly well-researched book, anarchists were deported to deadly African itself into a mass movement again. This Skirda uses his knowledge of both Ukrainian penal colonies during 1922 to 1926, and handy little pamphlet tells the story of a and Russian (his father was Ukrainian, his this repression continued with the fascist chapter in anarchist history which should be mother Russian) to source material in those dictatorship of Salazar. better known. languages. The book, first written in 1982, went through three editions with revisions and this English translation is of the 1999 Despite the atmosphere of severe informed upon and surrounded by edition with its substantial additions from repression and a detachment of Don gendarmes. They managed to shoot their material that had recently come to light. Cossacks quartered on the town, 10 to 15 way out. Nestor was again arrested. Four Nestor Makhno was born into a poor anarchists met at least weekly. Nestor members of the group were hanged, peasant family in the town of Gulyai-Polye in himself started attending group meetings another poisoning himself to escape the the Ukraine in 1888. His father died when and he said appreciatively of its founder, hangman. Nestor himself was sentenced to Nestor was only 11 months old, and his Voldemar Antoni, the son of immigrant hard labour for life. In Butyrki prison in mother had to raise him in straitened Czech workers and a lathe operator himself, Moscow, he met another anarchist activist, circumstances. He and his four brothers that he had rid Nestor’s “soul once and for Piotr Arshinov, with whom he was to have a worked as farmhands. Nestor moved on all of the lingering remnants of the slightest long association. from this to work in a local foundry as an spirit of servility and submission to any The February Revolution of 1917 freed apprentice, and then as a sales assistant for authority”. Nestor and he returned to the Ukraine to a wine merchant. During the Russo- Nestor served 10 months in prison for his help set in motion a mass movement of Japanese War, Nestor’s older brother Savva activities. Undeterred, at the age of 18, he peasants, imbued with anarchist ideas. It was called up. The 1905 Revolution broke returned to work with the Gulyai-Polye fought the German and Austro-Hungarian out and Savva started reading revolutionary anarchist-communist group. He set up an occupiers, fought the puppet Ukrainian literature. In 1906 he make contact with a anarchist study group of 25 in a nearby group of peasant anarchists in Gulyai-Polye. village. The Gulyai-Polye group was Continued over

Continued from previous page sea in Scotland. some support to the IRA. The Belfast Colourful characters like Captain Jack Libertarian Group, who had broken with the not appear until1910, when John McAra, White, who came to anarchism through his latter, continued its criticisms of who may have discovered anarchism within experiences in the Spanish Civil War, and republicanism, and was threatened with the Socialist League in Edinburgh, visited ‘Slumdom’ Jack McMullen, with his hatred kneecapping for their pains by both Belfast to propagandise for anarchism. of slum landlords, are dealt with in some republicans and loyalists! Soon after the Whilst speaking on the steps of the Custom depth. group disappeared. There this interesting House he was arrested for sedition. He was The modern Belfast Anarchist Group which little pamphlet ends. Organise! sums up: sentenced to 3 months jail. The conditions appeared in 1967 with the civil rights “Anarchists have our work cut out for us and there had a bad effect on his health and movement in the North, gathered about 20 many battles to fight, but fighting in the shortened his life by a number of years. His people together. It had an often difficult knowledge that we inherit the name and courage and anarchist politics were well relationship with Peoples Democracy, the spirit of those working class militants who received in Belfast. As a result of his broad civil rights movement. Eventually a went before us under the banner of anarchy determined work, an anarchist group was split emerged among those who took an should encourage us, in Belfast and set up, supported by anarchists across the internationalist position and those who gave wherever else we may be found today”. 24 reviews

Continued from previous page firmness and severity” and that this underground in southern France (which led government, fought the forces of the Tsarist amounts to “a veritable indictment of to a premature death due to malnutrition Whites. They soon clashed with the Trotsky who stabbed the insurgents in the and TB just a few days after the Liberation). Bolsheviks. Although sometimes in military back and had them gunned down, whilst Much of what Skirda says about Voline may alliance with them against the Whites, the they were trying, with scarcely any arms or be true, but he surely does not deserve this Makhnovist doctrine of free, anti- munitions, to hold the line against the White consistent attack on him that adds up to a authoritarian soviets was anathema to the offensive”. As he says these secret orders virtual character assassination. followers of Lenin. As the anarchist Boino deserve to be publicised as they highlight Finally some words on the translation; Paul said at the second regional congress of Trotsky’s role in the repression. Sharkey has done a good job translating peasants, workers and fighters in Gulyai- Sometimes Skirda’s enthusiasm gets in the over 400 pages into English, but the Polye in 1919; “Whatever the cost, we must way of a critical analysis of the Makhnovists. standard of proof-reading means some set up soviets which are beyond pressure Just what was the relation between the blinding mistakes are produced. For from any and every party. Only non-party military groups of the Makhnovists and the instance, the fiery female anarchist soviets of workers, freely elected, are mass of peasants? How did the peasant Marussia Nikiforova becomes male on page capable of affording us new liberties and soviets and committees relate to the 100! What’s worse, she becomes a rescuing the labouring people from military groups and to Makhno himself? Bolshevik commissar on page 97! A careful enslavement and oppression.” Makhno’s haste in shooting down insurgents reading of the original French text would The Makhnovists fought bravely against the guilty of infractions without having looked have revealed that the commissar and Whites. Meanwhile the Bolsheviks prepared into their cases thoroughly are touched upon Nikiforova were two different people to attack the Makhnovists, surrounding and Skirda agrees that this is the most especially as later in the book there is a them without warning and shooting many of considerable of charges against Makhno. whole paragraph on her and her anarchist them on the spot. Their behaviour was Skirda goes into great length about the beliefs. shameful and appalling and Trotsky, the animosity between Makhno and the That said, the Makhnovist movement and leader of the Red Army, distinguished anarchist activist and historian Voline. Makhno himself are extremely important, himself with his bloodthirstiness, arrogance Whatever Voline’s faults (not least his interesting and inspiring, and deserve the in- and deviousness. Skirda mentions in an cooking up of Synthesist anarchism) he was depth treatment that Skirda has given them. afterword a secret order from Trotsky that a sincere revolutionary and adopted a Everyone should read this book, especially the “Makhnovschina be mopped up without courageous internationalist position during all Leninists (go on, maybe it will finally prevarication or hesitation and with all World War II, when he was forced to live open your eyes!). Friends and Resistance neighbours

If you like what you read in Organise! you might be interested in these: SchNEWS - Direct action news sheet. Send stamps to PO Box 2600, Brighton BN2 2DX Direct Action - Anarcho-syndicalist magazine produced by the Solidarity Federation. £2.00 issue/£5 subs PO Box 29, SWPDO, M15 5HW Resistance is our monthly news sheet. Freedom: Anarchist Fortnightly - Under new management! Our widespread distribution of Resis- tance means more and more people are Now more anarchist-communist influenced and worth a read. coming into contact with revolutionary From Freedom Press, 84b Whitechapel High St, London E1 anarchist ideas. This is at a time when 7QX. Send a pound for an issue. the Labour Party, the Trotskyist and Earth First! Action Update - Monthly news from Earth First! Stalinist left are spiralling rapidly £5 for 12 issue sub. PO Box 487, Norwich, NR2 3AL downwards into decline. There is a real Collective Action Notes - Bulletin produced by CAN. chance of building a credible anarchist Information on struggles worldwide. Contact PO Box 22962 movement in this country - with Baltimore, MD 212, USA. consistent and dogged hard work. NEFAC, the Northeastern Federation of Anarcho- If you would like the next 12 issues of Communists - Probably the group closest to us politically. Write Resistance, then send POs, cheques for to either NEFAC (English speaking), Roundhouse Collective, c/o £4 payable to: Black Planet radical Books, 1621 Fleet St., Baltimore MD ‘AF’ to: AF, PO Box 375, Knaphill, 21231, USA or NEFAC (Francophone), Groupe Anarchists Woking, Surrey GU21 2XL. Emile-Henry, C.P. 55051, 138 St- Valliers O., Quebec G1K 1JO, Better still, take a bundle to distribute! Canada. Alternatively, you can link to them from our website (www.afed.org.uk). 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Send your letter to Organise! by writing to Towards a Fresh Revolution by The Organise!, AF-IAF London, BCM ANARFED, London, WWC1C1 3XX Friends of Durruti - 75p (plus p+p) - Alternatively you can email us at: organise@[email protected] writings from the much misunderstood group who attempted to defend and extend Anarchist Federation pamphlets in the Spanish Revolution of 1936. Malatesta’s Anarchism and Violence - languages other than English 50p (plus p+p) - an important document in the history of anarchist theory refutes the common misrepresentation of As We See It: Available in Welsh, Serbo- in Britain or you have contacts in the countries anarchism as mindless destruction while Croat, Greek, German and now, thanks to our of former Yugoslavia where Serbo-Croat is restating the need for revolution to create Spanish comrades, in Spanish and Portuguese. understood then why not send them copies? a free and equal society. They are each available for 70p including German, Greek, Portuguese, French, Italian, A Brief Flowering of Freedom: The postage and packaging from our London Esperanto and Spanish translations of our Aims Hungarian Revolution 1956 - 60p (plus address. and Principles are also available for 20p plus p+p) - An exciting account of one of the The Role of the Revolutionary Organisation: postage. first post-war uprisings against the Available in Serbo-Croat for 70p including Stalinist monolith. Also includes a history p&p. Write to the London address for orders and of the Hungarian anarchist movement. If anybody you know who speaks Serbo-Croat bulk orders. $LPVDQGSULQFLSOHV RIWKH$QDUFKLVW)HGHUDWLRQ

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