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The-3-Gorges-Dam.Pdf GeoActiveGeoActive 383 OnlineOnline CHINA’S THREE GORGES DAM by Olly Phillipson PROJECT: AN UPDATE ONSTRUCTION of China’s Cambitious Three Gorges Dam Project, begun in 1994, is due for completion in 2008, a year ahead Key Three Gorges Dam Reservoir CHINA of schedule. China is the world’s Provincial boundary most populated country, with over N 1 billion people, and has one of JIANGSU East China Yellow the fastest growing economies. Sea Sea Three HUBEI The Chinese see the project not Gorges SICHUAN Dam just as a way to control the river, Temple of Yangtze Shanghai but also as a symbol of the Zhang Fei Yunyang Wuchang River Yichang country’s rapid growth and devel- Shibaozhai Badong Wuxue ANHUI opment into a modern world Chongqing Fuling economic power. It could also be East China Boyang Sea just the first of several other large- Dongting Lake Lake scale projects. However, despite 0 200 km HUNAN JIANGXI being the largest dam and hydro- Figure 1: The Three Gorges Dam Project electric power (HEP) scheme in the world, it is highly contro- versial. GeoActive Series 19 Issue 1 Description ConcreteFig 383_0 gravity1 Mac/eps dam/illustrator 11 s/s 181NELSON metres Thigh,HORNES 2.3 kmPUBL wideISHING Figure 1 shows the River Yangtze Reservoir 660 kmArtist: long David Russell Illustration (Chang Yiang) and the location of Water levels Original level = 65 metres above sea level the new dam and its vast reservoir. June 2003 = 135 metres The project is named after the October 2003 = 139 metres Qutang, Wi and Xiling, three Sept 2006 = 156 metres limestone river gorges found 2009 = est. 175 metres (145 during ‘flood’ season) along a 200 km section of the Power generators Left bank = 14 units x 700 MW Yangtze in Hubei and Chongqing Right bank = 12 x 700 MW units provinces, upstream from Underground = 6 x 700 MW units Capacity = 22.4 million KW Yichang. The Yangtze, at 6,300 Power output 49.1 (2005) km, is the world’s third longest (billion kW hours) 84.7 (2009 est.) river. It drains an area of 1.8 100 (2011 est.) 2 million km , and is home to a Shipping 2 x 5 2-way step lock systems on left bank, over 100 population of over 400 million – metres change in water level about a third of China’s 1 x 1-way step elevator to lift ships population – supplying water to a Land submerged 632 km2 twelfth of the world’s people. Cost US$ 22.5 billion (disputed) Aims Figure 2: Three Gorges Dam factfile The Three Gorges Dam Project’s flooded, causing over 300,000 Construction eventually began in statistics are impressive (Figure 2). deaths during the 20th century 1994 (see Figure 3), with the last The project has three main aims: alone – 200,000 in the 1930s, concrete being poured in May • to reduce flooding 30,000 in 1954 and over 1,500 as 2006. The reservoir has gradually • to improve navigation for shipping recently as 1998. A dam to been filled with water, raising • to generate electricity via HEP. control flooding was first levels from the Yangtze’s original proposed in 1919, but variously 65 metres above sea level, step by For centuries the Yangtze has fell in and out of favour. step, from 135, 156 and finally to Series 19 Autumn issue Unit 383 China’s Three Gorges Dam Project: an Update © 2007 Nelson Thornes GeoActive Online This page may be photocopied for use within the purchasing institution only. Page 1 of 4 1919 Three Gorges Dam do so they have to by-pass the to carry over 500 million tonnes first proposed dam itself via massive five-step of silt every year. Up to 50% of 1930s Over 200,000 deaths locks. Two of these have been this is now deposited behind the by flooding. Area built on the left bank and are dam, and could quickly reduce the surveyed designed to take barges of up to storage capacity of the reservoir. 1954 30,000 killed in floods. 10,000 tonnes. By the completion Decreased silt and sediment Plans revived 1960–90 Plans dropped and of the project there should also be downstream will cause increased revived several times a one-way shiplift able to lift river and coastal erosion. This is 1992 Government approval 3,000 tonne ships in one step. shrinking the wetlands at the finally granted mouth of the Yangtze near 1993–97 PHASE 1 The Three Gorges Dam Project is Shanghai, the winter home of 1994 Construction work easily the world’s largest HEP 95% of the remaining population begins scheme in terms of both size and of the endangered Siberian crane, 1997 River Yangtze 2 dammed power generation. In 2003 the at a rate of 4 km per year. 1998–2003 PHASE 2 first electricity from the new 1998–2002 Concrete pouring on power stations on the left bank of The water in the reservoir is left bank the river was generated, followed becoming heavily polluted, from 2003 Concrete pouring on in 2007 by electricity from the shipping and waste discharged right bank right-bank generators. In 2011, from cities, eg Chongquing pumps 2003 Reservoir starts filling. 2003 First electricity when all 32 generators – including in over 1 billion tonnes of generated (left bank) 6 underground stations – should untreated waste per year. Toxic 2004 5-way ship locks be completed and operating to full substances from factories, mines officially opened capacity, it is hoped that they will and waste tips submerged by the 2004–09 PHASE 3 provide 10% of China’s electricity reservoir are also being released 2006 20 May, concrete needs. Twenty-eight cities will be into the reservoir, eventually pouring complete 2007 First electricity from supplied by the project including moving downstream as water is right bank Chongqing (above the dam) and released through the dam. 2008 One-way step ship Shanghai (on the coast). China elevator scheduled to currently produces 80% of its The extent of the impact on the open electricity from coal. Hydro- environment and specific 2009 Estimated completion electric power from the Three ecosystems like the wetlands is (1 year early). May be Gorges Dam is the equivalent of only just being seen. Altering the finished in 2008. 2010 First electricity from 50 million tonnes of coal a year, natural flow of the Yangtze has underground so it should help reduce pollution, contributed to the decline of the generators especially harmful greenhouse gas baiji or Chinese river dolphin, 2011 Full generating emissions produced by burning thought to have become extinct in capacity onstream fossil fuels. 2006. With less fresh water and Figure 3: Important dates in the life sediment reaching the East China of the project Problems Sea, especially during the summer, The dam is already having a fish stocks may decline as the 175 metres. During times of high positive impact on flood control, number of phytoplankton they risk, the water level is to be navigation and power generation, feed on falls. Deforestation, both reduced to 145 metres to allow but it has also caused problems. during the construction of the room for floodwater. The capacity Some have already had major dam and afterwards to provide of the reservoir should reduce the effects, whilst others may cause land for people displaced by the risk of flooding downstream from future difficulties. project, has affected local habitats a 1 in 10 years event to a 1 in 100 and increased surface run-off into years event. Not only will this The main purpose of the dam is to the reservoir, therefore increasing benefit over 15 million people control flooding (although siltation. living in high-risk flood areas, it flooding from tributaries will also protect over 25,000 downstream will still take place). Although the Yangtze can now be hectares of farmland. However, this can only happen by navigated by larger ships further keeping levels in the reservoir low upstream, the increased traffic has With the water flow able to be enough during high-risk times to frequently caused long delays at controlled by the dam, the project store floodwater. Water levels the new five-way locks around the should allow easier and safer could have an impact on how dam – sometimes for several days. navigation of the Yangtze. Raised much HEP can be generated. There have also been technical water levels above the dam enable Another major concern is the difficulties with the planned more and larger ships to navigate likely silting-up of the reservoir shiplock. further upstream than before. To behind the dam. The Yangtze used GeoActive Online Series 19 Autumn issue Unit 383 China’s Three Gorges Dam Project: an Update © 2007 Nelson Thornes Page 2 of 4 This page may be photocopied for use within the purchasing institution only. Acid rain from thermal power 2,500 Key stations (mainly coal) already Conventional thermal affects a third of China which has Hydro-electric 2,000 15 of the world’s 20 most Nuclear s polluted cities. Exempt from the r u o emissions reductions put in place h t 1,500 t by the Kyoto Protocol, it is a w o predicted that it will soon l i k overtake the USA as the leading n 1,000 o i l l producer of carbon dioxide i B emissions (Figure 5), and there is 500 increasing pressure on China to produce clean energy. This is 0 planned via the construction of 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 more large-scale HEP schemes and Year other renewable energy sources, Figure 4: Electricity generation in China, 1994–2004 but China needs to find further ways of reducing its total carbon GeoActive Series 19 Issue 1 dioxide emissions.
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