Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation, North Dakota

e Spirit Lake Reservation, e Spirit Lake e Spirit Lake Tribe e Spirit Open-File Report 2006–1144 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey In cooperation with th In cooperation Quality, Ground-Water Quality, of Surface-Water Summary for th Withdrawals and Water North Dakota

Vining and Cates—Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation, North Dakota—Open-File Report 2006–1144 Printed on recycled paper Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation, North Dakota

By Kevin C. Vining and Steven W. Cates

In cooperation with the Spirit Lake Tribe

Open-File Report 2006–1144

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. iii

Contents

Abstract...... 1 1.0 Introduction ...... 2 2.0 Climate ...... 4 3.0 Topography and Land Use...... 6 4.0 Basic Surficial Geology ...... 8 5.0 Surface-Water Quality—Major Constituents ...... 10 6.0 Surface-Water Quality-—Trace Elements ...... 12 7.0 Ground-Water Quality-—Major Constituents ...... 14 8.0 Ground-Water Quality-—Trace Elements...... 16 9.0 Water Withdrawals...... 18 10.0 Selected References ...... 20 Appendix 1. Drinking-water regulations, common sources, and significant effects for selected properties and constituents ...... 22

Conversion Factors and Datum

Multiply By To obtain Length foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

Area square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2)

Volume million gallons (Mgal) 3,785 cubic meter (m3)

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C = (°F - 32) / 1.8 Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Elevation, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (µg/L). iv

Glossary

Alluvial Having been deposited by a stream or running water Aquifer Body of rock that has enough saturated permeable material to permit ground-water movement and yield economical amounts of water from wells Coulee Small stream that often flows intermittently Glacial outwash Coarse sediment material, mostly sand and gravel, that has been removed from a glacier by meltwater streams and deposited beyond the margin of the glacier Glacial till Unsorted materials deposited directly by a glacier without having been reworked by glacial meltwater Loam soil Soil that consists of nearly equal parts of sand, silt, and clay particles Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation, North Dakota

By Kevin C. Vining and Steven W. Cates1

Abstract surface water on the reservation generally is satisfactory, no surface-water sources are used for consumable water supplies. Available surface-water quality, ground-water quality, and Ground water on the reservation is of sufficient quality for most water-withdrawal data for the Spirit Lake Reservation were uses. The Tokio and Warwick aquifers have better overall water summarized. The data were collected intermittently from 1948 quality than the Spiritwood aquifer. Water from the Spiritwood through 2004 and were compiled from U.S. Geological Survey aquifer is used mostly for irrigation. The Warwick aquifer pro- databases, North Dakota State Water Commission databases, vides most of the consumable water for the reservation and for and Spirit Lake Nation tribal agencies. Although the quality of the city of Devils Lake. Annual water withdrawals from the Warwick aquifer by the Spirit Lake Nation ranged from 71 mil- 1Cates Earth Science Technologies. lion gallons to 122 million gallons during 2000-04. 2 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation 1.0 Introduction

Water-quality and water-withdrawal data for the Spirit Lake Reservation are summarized

Data for the reservation were provided by State, Federal, and tribal agencies.

Knowledge about water resources on the Spirit Lake Res- The Spirit Lake Reservation is located in northeastern ervation is needed to help tribal leaders make informed deci- North Dakota (fig. 1). The reservation encompasses an area of sions about water-resources management. Therefore, the U.S. about 405 square miles in parts of Benson, Eddy, Nelson, and Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Spirit Lake Reser- Ramsey Counties (Spirit Lake Dakotah Sioux Nation, 2005) vation, conducted a study to compile available surface-water and is bordered on the north by Devils Lake and on the south by quality, ground-water quality, and water-withdrawal data for the Sheyenne River. About 4,435 people reside on the reserva- the reservation. The data, which are summarized in this report, tion, and about 3,320 of those people are members of the Spirit were collected intermittently from 1948 through 2004 and were Lake Nation (North Dakota Indian Affairs Commission, 2005). compiled from U.S. Geological Survey databases, North Dakota State Water Commission databases, and Spirit Lake Thanks are given to Silas Ironheart, Jr., Constance Baker, Nation tribal agencies. Results of the study will provide an Oliver Gourd, Jr., David Azure, Jr., Frank Black Cloud, Sean improved understanding of water quality and water withdrawals Gourd, and Lorna Walking Eagle from the Spirit Lake Tribal on the reservation. EPA office and to Dave Cavanaugh and R. J. Yankton from the Spirit Lake Water Resource Management office for providing information and assisting in the preparation of this report. 1.0 Introduction 3

47°4

Photograph courtesy of Spirit Lake Tribal EPA

U.S.Army Corps of Engineers modifed the lake boundary of Devils Lake in 1997 Figure1. Location of Spirit Lake Reservation in North Dakota.

1.0 INTRODUCTION 4 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation 2.0 Climate

Long, cold winters and short, mild summers characterize the climate of the Spirit Lake Reservation

Average annual temperature was about 40 degrees Fahrenheit, and average annual precipitation was about 19.1 inches.

Average monthly and annual temperatures for the Spirit Average monthly and annual precipitation for the Spirit Lake Reservation were calculated from the distribution of Lake Reservation was calculated from the distribution of 1971- 1971-2000 average monthly temperature data for selected 2000 average monthly precipitation data for selected National National Weather Service cooperative stations (Golden Gate Weather Service cooperative stations (Golden Gate Weather Weather Services, 2001). Average monthly temperatures for the Services, 2001). Average monthly precipitation for the reserva- reservation ranged from about 4 degrees Fahrenheit in January tion ranged from about 0.60 inch in January to about 3.25 inches to about 70 degrees Fahrenheit in July, and the average annual in July, and average annual precipitation for 1971-2000 was temperature for 1971-2000 was about 40 degrees Fahrenheit about 19.1 inches (fig. 2). Annual precipitation on the reserva- (fig. 2). High temperatures at the National Weather Service tion ranged from about 13.1 inches in 1988 to about 26.4 inches cooperative station at Devils Lake have exceeded 110 degrees in 1994 (High Plains Regional Climate Center, 2005). Fahrenheit, and low temperatures have reached - 45 degrees Fahrenheit (High Plains Regional Climate Center, 2005). 2.0 Climate 5

2.0 CLIMATE

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47°4 47°4 p Fig (A) (B) 6 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation 3.0 Topography and Land Use

Landforms on the Spirit Lake Reservation were created by glacial action

Most of the unforested land on the reservation is used for grazing and agriculture.

Landforms on the Spirit Lake Reservation were created by throughout the reservation. The concentration of these water glacial erosion and deposition during several glacial periods. bodies is highest in the eastern part of the reservation. Land-surface elevations range from about 1,400 feet above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 along the Sheyenne Most of the land on the reservation is used for grazing and River to about 1,735 feet above the North American Vertical agriculture as shown by the regular pattern of the land surface Datum of 1988 near Fort Totten (U.S. Geological Survey, 1950, in figure 3. However, some land is used only for grazing, and some land, especially near Devils Lake, is forested. Soil charac- 1951, 1962, 1994). Low rolling hills dominate the landscape teristics of the agricultural areas indicate the soils are mostly throughout most of the reservation, and occasional forested good to fair for agricultural production (Strum and others, areas occur among the grasslands and agricultural lands on the 1979). Wheat, barley, corn, soybeans, sunflowers, and hay are reservation and in the surrounding counties (Wright and the major crops on the reservation, and some irrigation occurs Sweeney, 1977; Strum and others, 1979). Numerous semiper- in the southeastern part of the reservation (U.S. Department of manent and permanent water bodies that vary in size are located Agriculture, 2006). 3.0 Topography and Land Use 7

47°4

Figure 3. Satellite photograph of the Spirit Lake Reservation.

3.0 TOPOGRAPHY AND LAND USE 8 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation 4.0 Basic Surficial Geology

The surficial geology of the Spirit Lake Reservation was defined by glacial activity

Surface materials on the reservation consist of a mixture of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders.

The geology of the Spirit Lake Reservation was defined by retreated, the glacial till was left behind and meltwater moved glacial activity (Bluemle, 1965, 1973; Carlson and Freers, and redeposited some of the glacial sands and gravels as glacial- 1975; Hobbs and Bluemle, 1987). Glaciers moved from north to outwash and silt and clay alluvial deposits (fig. 4). A few areas south across the northeastern part of North Dakota and pushed of silt and clay lake deposits formed along Devils Lake and in a rocks, soils, and other materials onto the area of the reservation. large depression in the southwestern corner of the reservation. Rock materials underlying the area of glaciation were mixed Many of the glacial and alluvial deposits are several hundred with clays, silts, sands, gravels, and boulders carried by the gla- feet thick. Some windblown deposits of fine sand also occur on ciers in the form of glacial till. As the glaciers melted and the surface in the southeastern part of the reservation. 4.0 Basic Surficial Geology 9

Photograph courtesy of Spirit Lake Tribal EPA

47°

North American Datum of 1983 U.S.Army Corps of Engineers modifed the lake boundary of Devils Lake in 1997

Figure4. Basic surficial geology of the Spirit Lake Reservation. 4.0 BASIC SURFICIAL GEOLOGY 10 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation 5.0 Surface-Water Quality—Major Constituents

Average major-constituent concentrations are given for surface-water bodies on the Spirit Lake Reservation

Surface-water quality on the reservation generally is satisfactory.

Surface-water quality data compiled from U.S. Geological tions were determined without consideration for the time of Survey databases were used to describe the quality of surface sample collection, the location of the sampling site, or the num- water on and near the Spirit Lake Reservation. Surface-water ber of samples collected. locations that were sampled include Devils Lake, the Sheyenne River, and the numerous small lakes and wetlands that occur on Devils Lake, the small lakes and wetlands in the western the reservation. The water-quality data, which were collected and northern parts of the reservation, and the small lakes and intermittently from 1948 through 2004, were divided into five wetlands overlying the Warwick aquifer had similar average groups—data for Devils Lake, data for the Sheyenne River, data for small lakes and wetlands in the western and northern parts dissolved-solids concentrations (fig. 5). The Sheyenne River of the reservation, data for small lakes and wetlands overlying had average concentrations that were generally lower than those the Tokio aquifer, and data for small lakes and wetlands overly- for the remaining four groups (fig. 5). Although the quality of ing the Warwick aquifer. For each of the five groups, average surface water on the reservation generally is satisfactory, no calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and chloride concentra- surface-water sources are used for consumable water supplies. 5.0 Surface-Water Quality—Major Constituents 11

iet

800 T. 154 600 N. PER LITER

S 400 T. 153

ENTRATION, IN N. RAM C G 200 2 ON C MILLI 0 T. 152 N.

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PER LITER T. S 400 150 N. ENTRATION, IN RAM C G 200 ON C

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0 Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data 5 MILES Universal Transverse Mercator projection North American Datum of 1983 U.S.Army Corps of Engineers modifed the lake boundary of Devils Lake in 1997

800 800 902

600 600 PER LITER PER LITER

S 400 S 400 ENTRATION, IN ENTRATION, IN RAM RAM C C G G 200 200 ON ON C C MILLI MILLI 0 0

ifer

Figure5. Average calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and chloride concentrations for Devils Lake, the Sheyenne River, and small lakes and wetlands on the Spirit Lake Reservation. (Data were collected intermittently from 1948 through 2004.)

5.0 SURFACE-WATER QUALITY--MAJOR CONSTITUENTS 12 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation 6.0 Surface-Water Quality—Trace Elements

Trace-element concentrations are given for surface-water bodies on the Spirit Lake Reservation

Many concentrations were greater than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations.

Surface-water quality data compiled from U.S. Geological The five groups had many arsenic, boron, and manganese Survey databases were used to describe the quality of surface concentrations that exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection water on and near the Spirit Lake Reservation. The water-qual- Agency (2004) regulations for those constituents but no sele- ity data, which were collected intermittently from 1948 through nium concentrations that exceeded the regulation for that con- 2004, were divided into five groups—data for Devils Lake, data stituent. The Sheyenne River had a few mercury concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the Sheyenne River, data for small lakes and wetlands in the (2004) regulation for that constituent. Arsenic, boron, manga- western and northern parts of the reservation, data for small nese, mercury, and selenium probably occur naturally, to some lakes and wetlands overlying the Tokio aquifer, and data for extent, in the rocks and soils in North Dakota and on the Spirit small lakes and wetlands overlying the Warwick aquifer. Lake Reservation, and some trace elements may be released Arsenic, boron, manganese, mercury, and selenium concentra- during the burning of coal. Other trace elements have been tions for surface-water samples collected from surface-water detected in surface-water bodies on the reservation, but too few bodies in the five groups are shown in figure 6. data were available to include figures for those elements. 6.0 Surface-Water Quality—Trace Elements 13

60 3,500 Arsenic Boron 50 3,000 PER LITER

S 2,500 40 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency RAM

G drinking-waterregulation 2,000 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency health advisory

RO 30 C 1,500 20 1,000 10 500

ENTRATION, IN MI 0 0 C ON C

4,000 7 Manganese Mercury 3,500 6

PER LITER 3,000 S 5

RAM 2,500

G 4

RO 2,000 C U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1,500 secondarydrinking-waterregulation drinking-waterregulation 2 1,000 1 500 NO DATA ENTRATION, IN MI 00

C 0 ON C r rn r lying lying ife rthe r r r 24 k aqu Devils Lake c ll lakes and ll lakes and rvation wi Selenium heyenne Rive n and no ands ove ands over S r ma ma S S rese 20 wetl wetl ll lakes andthe wetlands the Tokio aquife the Wa PER LITER ma e weste S S ts of 16 in th r pa RAM G

RO 12 C

00 NO DATA ENTRATION, IN MI C ON C r rn r Lake lying lying rthe r r r k aquife Devils c rvation wi heyenne Rive n and no r S r mall lakes and mall lakes and S S rese wetlands ove wetlands ove the Tokio aquife the Wa mall lakes and wetlands S ts of the in the wester pa

Figure6. Arsenic,boron, manganese, mercury, and selenium concentrations for surface-water samples collected from Devils Lake, the Sheyenne River, and small lakes and wetlands on the Spirit Lake Reservation.

6.0 SURFACE-WATER QUALITY--TRACE ELEMENTS 14 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation 7.0 Ground-Water Quality—Major Constituents

Average major-constituent concentrations are given for three major aquifers underlying the Spirit Lake Reservation

Ground water on the reservation is of sufficient quality for most uses.

Ground-water quality data compiled from U.S. Geological sideration for the time of sample collection, the location of the Survey databases were used to describe the quality of ground sampling site, or the number of samples collected. water underlying the Spirit Lake Reservation. Ground-water samples were obtained from the Tokio and Warwick aquifers, The Tokio and Warwick aquifers have better overall water which underlie areas in the southeastern part of the reservation, quality than the Spiritwood aquifer as indicated by the lower and from the Spiritwood aquifer, which underlies areas in the average concentrations for those aquifers (fig. 7). Therefore, northern and eastern parts of the reservation (fig. 7). The water- water from the Spiritwood aquifer appears to be less desirable quality data, which were collected intermittently from 1948 as a consumable water supply. Water from the Tokio aquifer through 2004, were divided into three groups—data for the and from the Warwick aquifer has a lower average sodium con- Tokio aquifer, data for the Warwick aquifer, and data for the centration than water from the Spiritwood aquifer (fig. 7), mak- Spiritwood aquifer. Average calcium, magnesium, sodium, sul- ing water from the Tokio and Warwick aquifers more desirable fate, and chloride concentrations were determined without con- for irrigation. 7.0 Ground-Water Quality—Major Constituents 15

3 EXPLANATION

Ca Calcium--No regulation has been established

2 Mg Magnesium--No regulation has been established PER LITER S Na Sodium--U.S. Environmental Protection Agencysecondarydrinking-water

ENTRATION, IN regulation is 20 milligrams per liter for individuals on a restricted sodium diet RAM

C 1 G

ON SO Sulfate--U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulation is 250 milligrams

C 4

MILLI per liter

Cl Chloride--U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulation is 250 milligrams per liter

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data Universal Transverse Mercator projection North American Datum of 1983 U.S.Army Corps of Engineers modifed the lake boundary of Devils Lake in 1997 300 300

200 200 PER LITER PER LITER S S ENTRATION, IN ENTRATION, IN RAM RAM

C 100 C 100 G G ON ON C C MILLI MILLI 0 0

Figure7. Average calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and chloride concentrations for ground-water samples collected from the Tokio, Warwick, and Spiritwood aquifers underlying the Spirit Lake Reservation. (Data were collected intermittently from 1948 through 2004.)

7.0 GROUND-WATER QUALITY--MAJOR CONSTITUENTS 16 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation 8.0 Ground-Water Quality—Trace Elements

Trace-element concentrations are given for three major aquifers underlying the Spirit Lake Reservation

Many concentrations were greater than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards.

Ground-water quality data compiled from U.S. Geological The three groups had many arsenic, boron, and manganese Survey databases were used to describe the quality of ground concentrations that exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection water underlying the Spirit Lake Reservation. The water-qual- Agency (2004) regulations for those constituents but no mer- ity data, which were collected intermittently from 1948 through cury and selenium concentrations that exceeded the regulations 2004, were divided into three groups—data for the Tokio aqui- for those constituents. Arsenic, boron, manganese, mercury, fer, data for the Warwick aquifer, and data for the Spiritwood and selenium probably occur naturally, to some extent, in the aquifer. Arsenic, boron, manganese, mercury, and selenium rocks and soils in North Dakota and on the Spirit Lake Reserva- concentrations for ground-water samples collected from the tion, and some trace elements may be released during the burn- three aquifers are shown in figure 8. ing of coal. Other trace elements have been detected in ground- water aquifers underlying the reservation, but too few data were available to include figures for those elements. Fig and CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER ur 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 S 500 e8. pi 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 0 00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 r todaquife itwood A S A Manganese r elenium r seni seni c oi aquife Tokio c ,bo r unde s r NO DATA n agns,me manganese, on, r Wa r yn the lying r wi d U. se U. r c inking-wate S S c aquife k Envi . Envi . onda S r r r yd netlP onmental netlP onmental pi rS r r inking-wate rc tLk Rese Lake it rr pi egulation u r todaquife itwood r ,adselenium and y, r r ote ote c c rr inAgen tion inAgen tion egulation r vation. r c c y y c on c . RUDWTRQAIY-RC ELEMENTS QUALITY--TRACE GROUND-WATER 8.0 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400 ent 400 8 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 00 0 0 r tosfo ations Bo Me r rc on u r . rudWtrQaiyTaeEeet 17 Elements Quality—Trace 8.0 Ground-Water r oi aquife Tokio y wate U. S

r NO DATA Envi . samples r r netlP onmental Wa r wi c c olle aquife k r ote c c e f ted inAgen tion rS r pi mteTko Wa Tokio, the om r todaquife itwood c elhadviso health y r r y r wi c k, 18 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation 9.0 Water Withdrawals

Water withdrawals from aquifers underlying the Spirit Lake Reservation vary with weather conditions

Water use by the Spirit Lake Nation has been slowly increasing since 2000.

Irrigation water on the reservation is withdrawn mostly Annual water withdrawals from the Warwick aquifer for from the Warwick and Spiritwood aquifers. The amounts of consumption by the city of Devils Lake ranged from 256 mil- water withdrawn for irrigation have varied considerably from lion gallons to 432 million gallons during 1981-2004 (fig. 9). year to year because of varying amounts of rainfall (fig. 9). Withdrawals peaked in 1992 and 1993 and then generally Withdrawals for irrigation were large during 1988-89 because decreased from 1995 through 2004. of dry weather conditions during that period. However, gener- Annual water withdrawals from the Warwick aquifer by ally wet weather conditions since 1992 have resulted in the Spirit Lake Nation ranged from 71 million gallons to 122 decreased withdrawals for irrigation because greater amounts of million gallons during 2000-04 (fig. 9) (R. J. Yankton, Spirit rainfall usually result in less irrigation demand. According to Lake Water Resource Management, written commun., 2005). Schuh (1999), a significant amount of acreage suitable for addi- According to R. J. Yankton with the Spirit Lake Water tional irrigation development overlies the Warwick aquifer. Resource Management office, the larger amount of water with- Most of the acreage consists of sand and loam soils that are con- drawn in 2003 probably resulted from a leak in the reservation sidered potentially suitable for irrigation. water system. Fig WITHDRAWALS, IN MILLION GALLONS WITHDRAWALS, IN MILLION GALLONS ur 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 50 50 0 0 e9. 19 19 nulwate Annual 8 8 119 119 8 8 219 219 8 8 319 319 r withd 8 8 419 419 8 8 r 519 519 wl f awals 8 8 619 619 r mteTko Wa Tokio, the om 8 8 719 719 88 88 19 19 8 8 9019 9219 9419 9619 199 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 9 9019 9219 9419 9619 199 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 9 r wi c ,and k, 4 536 546 S pi r todaquife itwood r unde s r 8 8 yn the lying 9920 0120 032004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 9920 0120 032004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 . AE WITHDRAWALS WATER 9.0 Wate h Wa the Wate the aq . ae ihrwl 19 9.0 WaterWithdrawals S pi u r ife Tokio S Wa ese r r r pi tLk Rese Lake it S C r withd withd r sfo pi Lake Devils of ity r r ikaq wick r itwood wi vatio r tLk Nation Lake it r c i k r r rr wl f awals wl f awals n igatio u ife r n r r om om r o vation. n 20 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation 10.0 Selected References

Bluemle, J.P., 1965, Geology and ground water resources of Pusc, S.W., 1992a, Ground-water data: The interaction between Eddy and Foster Counties, North Dakota, Part I, Geology: ground water and a large terminal lake, Devils Lake, North North Dakota Geological Survey 44 and North Dakota State Dakota: North Dakota State Water Commission Water- Water Commission County Ground Water Studies 5, 66 p. Resources Investigation 13, p. 65. Bluemle, J.P., 1973, Geology of Nelson and Walsh Counties, Pusc, S.W., 1992b, Water supply investigation for the Ramsey North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 57, pt. I, and North rural water project portions of Benson, Ramsey, Eddy, and Dakota State Water Commission County Ground Water Nelson Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota State Water Studies 17, pt. I, 69 p. Commission Ground-Water Studies Number 100, p. 441. Carlson, C.G., and Freers, T.F., 1975, Geology of Benson and Radig, S.A., 1997, Warwick aquifer—LEPA irrigation moni- Pierce Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological toring project: North Dakota Department of Health Division Survey Bulletin 59, pt. I, and North Dakota State Water Com- of Water Quality, 48 p. mission County Ground Water Studies 18, pt. I, 32 p. Randich, P.G., 1971, Ground-water basic data, Benson and Downey, J.S., 1971, Ground-water basic data, Nelson and Pierce Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Walsh Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 59, pt. II, and North Dakota State Water Survey Bulletin 57, pt. II, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 18, pt. II, 360 p. Commission County Ground-Water Studies 17, pt. II, 459 p. Randich, P.G., 1977, Ground-water resources of Benson and Downey, J.S., 1973, Ground-water resources, Nelson and Pierce Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Walsh Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 59, pt. III, and North Dakota State Water Survey Bulletin 57, pt. III, and North Dakota State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 18, pt. III, 76 p. Commission County Ground-Water Studies 17, pt. III, 67 p. Golden Gate Weather Services, 2001, North Dakota climate Reed, T.B., 1997, Digital simulation of ground-water flow in normals (1971-2000): accessed June 2005 at http:// the Warwick aquifer, Fort Totten Indian Reservation, North ggweather.com/normals/ND.htm Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investiga- tions 97-4114, 51 p. High Plains Regional Climate Center, 2005, Climate data—Holdings and services: accessed June 2005 at http:// Reed, T.B., 1998, Vulnerability of ground water in the Tokio www.hrpcc.unl.edu/data.htm and Warwick aquifers to surface contamination, Fort Totten Indian Reservation, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Hobbs, H.C., and Bluemle, J.P., 1987, Geology of Ramsey Water-Resources Investigations 98-4152, 30 p. County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 71, pt. I, and North Dakota State Water Commission Schuh, W.M., 1999, Assessment of potentially irrigable land in County Ground Water Studies 26, pt. I, 69 p. the area of the Warwick aquifer in Benson, Eddy, and Nelson Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota State Water Commis- Hutchinson, R.D., 1977, Ground-water basic data for Ramsey sion, 53 p. County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 71, pt. II, and North Dakota State Water Commis- Spirit Lake Dakotah Sioux Nation, 2005, Spirit Lake Tribe: sion County Ground-Water Studies 26, pt. II, 344 p. accessed December 2005 at http://www.spiritlakena- Hutchinson, R.D., and Klausing, R.L., 1980, Ground-water tion.com/about.htm resources of Ramsey County, North Dakota: North Dakota Strum, J.F., Heidt, C.J., and Bigler, R.J., 1979, Soil survey of Geological Survey Bulletin 71, pt. III, and North Dakota Benson County area, North Dakota: U.S. Department of State Water Commission County Ground-Water Studies 26, Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, and U.S. Department pt. III, 36 p. of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, 245 p. North Dakota Department of Health, 1994, Public water supply Trapp, H., Jr., 1966, Geology and ground water resources of systems in North Dakota, chapter 33-17-01: Bismarck, North Eddy and Foster Counties, North Dakota, Part II, Ground Dakota, 43 p. water basic data: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin North Dakota Indian Affairs Commission, 2005, Statistics— 44 and North Dakota State Water Conservation Commission North Dakota's first nations: accessed December 2005 at County Ground Water Studies 5, 243 p. http://www.health.state.nd.us/ndiac/statistics.htm Trapp, H., Jr., 1968, Geology and ground water resources of Paulson, Q.F., and Akin, P.D., 1964, Ground-water resources of Eddy and Foster Counties, North Dakota, Part III, Ground the Devils Lake area, Benson, Ramsey, and Eddy Counties, water resources: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin North Dakota, N.D.S.W.C. Project No. 747: North Dakota 44 and North Dakota State Water Conservation Commission Ground-Water Studies No. 56, 211 p. County Ground Water Studies 5, 110 p. 10.0 Selected References 21

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2006, North Dakota county Vining, K.C., 1997, Water-quality assessments of ground water data--Crops: accessed May 2006 at http:// and surface water in the Warwick aquifer area, Fort Totten www.nass.usda.gov:8080/QuickStats/ Indian Reservation, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Create_County_All.jsp Open-File Report 97-201, 18 p. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004, 2004 edition of Wright, M.R., and Sweeney, M.D., 1977, Soil survey of Eddy the drinking water standards and health advisories: Washing- County and parts of Benson and Nelson Counties, North ton, D.C., Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Dakota: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Agency, EPA 822-R-04-005, 20 p. Service, and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, 202 p. U.S. Geological Survey, 1950, 1951, 1962, 1994, Topographic maps 1:24,000 scale: Series V871. 22 Summary of Surface-Water Quality, Ground-Water Quality, and Water Withdrawals for the Spirit Lake Reservation

Appendix 1. Drinking-water regulations, common sources, and significant effects for selected properties and constituents.

[Regulations are from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004; mg/L, milligrams per liter; µg/L, micrograms per liter]

Property or Drinking-water Common sources Significant effects constituent regulation

pH 6.5 to 8.5 A measure of hydrogen-ion activity. Can be Low pH water can cause corrosion, enhance standard affected by geologic setting, biological activ- release of other metals into water, and cause units1 ity, municipal and industrial wastewater dis- metallic taste. High pH water can give water a charge, and atmospheric conditions. soda taste and result in accumulation of deposits.

Dissolved 500 mg/L1 A result of rock weathering, agricultural runoff, Excess dissolved solids can harm aquatic organ- solids and industrial discharge. isms and cause water to be unsuitable as a public, agriculture, and industry supply.

Sulfate 250 mg/L1 Occurs in some rocks. Also occurs in mine run- Excess amounts can harm aquatic organisms. off, industrial wastewater discharge, and atmospheric deposition.

Chloride 250 mg/L1 Occurs in some rocks and ground-water dis- Excess amounts can cause water to be unsuitable charge. Also occurs in road deicers, industrial as a public, agriculture, and industry supply. and urban wastewater discharge, and atmo- Can harm aquatic organisms. spheric deposition.

Arsenic 10 µg/L Found in sulfide ore deposits, volcanic gases, Causes problems with skin and circulatory system. and geothermal water. Is used in some pesti- Increases risk of cancer. cides.

Barium 2 mg/L Erosion of natural deposits. Occurs in mine run- Causes increase in blood pressure. off and refinery wastewater discharge.

Boron 600 µg/L2 Found in volcanic gases, geothermal springs, Small amounts are essential in plant growth. and minerals associated with some igneous rocks. Used in fertilizers and cleaning products.

Cadmium 5 µg/L Present in zinc ore minerals. Produced by metal May cause kidney damage. refineries and discarded batteries.

Chromium 100 µg/L Produced by erosion from natural deposits, fos- Binds to soil sediments. Accumulates in living tis- sil fuel combustion, and discharge from steel sue. Causes dermatitis and liver and kidney and pulp mills. damage.

Lead 15 µg/L3 Occurs from erosion of natural deposits. Had Causes mental development problems in children been used as gasoline additive. and kidney damage in adults.

Manganese 50 µg/L1 Found in many igneous and metamorphic min- Essential element in plant metabolism. Can dis- erals, organic deposits, and geothermal color water and produce a bitter, metallic taste. springs. Also used in fertilizers.

Mercury 2 µg/L Once used in pesticides. Also a byproduct of Causes kidney damage. Can accumulate in animals smelting and fossil-fuel combustion. high in the food chain such as predatory fish and birds.

Selenium 50 µg/L Produced by erosion of natural deposits, petro- Accumulates in tissues, causing nervous and circu- leum refining, and mining. latory problems. Becomes more available for plant uptake in alkaline soils.

1U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2004) secondary drinking-water regulation. 2U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2004) health advisory. 3U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2004) treatment technique action level. e Spirit Lake Tribe e Spirit In cooperation with th In cooperation

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