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Empowering Indigenous Farmers with Fish Farming on South Sumatra Peatlands

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Empowering Indigenous Farmers with Fish Farming on South Sumatra Peatlands HABITAT, 32 (1), 2021, 1-10 DOI: 10.21776/ub.habitat.2021.032.1.1 Empowering Indigenous Farmers with Fish Farming on South Sumatra Peatlands Elisa Wildayana *, M. Edi Armanto Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Palembang-Prabumulih St KM 32, Indralaya Campus (30662), South Sumatra Indonesia. Received: 24 July 2017; Revised: 10 October 2020; Accepted: 23 October 2020 ABSTRACT Forest and land fire is mentioned as a main problem of peatlands occurring every year and has provided huge losses for all parties. The research aimed how to empower indigenous farmers with fish farming on South Sumatra peatlands. This research was conducted on peatlands in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) District. The sampling method was using cluster technique, questionnaire and through Focus Discussion Group (FDG). All collected data were analyzed with the SPSS version 21 program and the comparisons or analyzes the relationship between the variables were also analyzed. The research results concluded that the prospect of fish farming on peatlands is very prospecful. Empowering indigenous farmers can be done through local fish farming (e.g. fishes of gabus; tebakang; sepat siam; betok; gurami and toman), and introduced fish farming (i.e. fishes of patin siam; catfish, and nila). Fish farming technology for empowering farmers can be focused on drainage and irrigation systems to maintain groundwater levels; and applying soil ameliorant (e.g. dolomite for fish ponds, lime, manure, urea and NPK fertilizer). Keywords: empowering; indigenous: farmers; farming; peatlands How to cite: Wildayana, E., & Armanto, M. E. (2021). Empowering Indigenous Farmers With Fish Farming On South Sumatra Peatlands. HABITAT , 32 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2021.032.1.1 1. Introduction 769 thousand ha. The area of swamp including peatlands and lake reaches about 75% of the total Peatlands belong to wetlands needing area of OKI district (Armanto et al., 2013). special attention. Indonesia has the fourth largest Peatlands are part of natural resources peatland in the world with an area of about 20.60 having many functions, among others as a means million ha and this area covers around 40-50% of of conserving water resources, reducing floods, the world's tropical peatlands or around 10.80 % preventing sea water intrusion, biodiversity of Indonesia territorial area and are mainly spread habitats and climate control (through the ability in Kalimantan, Sumatra and Papua. From this of peatlands to store carbon). Till now potential area about 7.20 million ha or 35% of them are of peatlands is still not widely used especially for found in Sumatra, which is generally distributed the fishery sector (Wildayana et al., 2016). along the eastern coast of Sumatra, namely in The main international issues of peatlands Riau, South Sumatra, Jambi, North Sumatra, and are climate change, peat fires and peatland Lampung. In South Sumatra province about 1.40 conversion. The current issue of forest and million ha of peatlands are global concern peatland fires is increasing and certainly has an because most of these peatlands are damaged by impact on the environment and socioeconomic forest and land fires (BPS South Sumatra, 2016). conditions, among others creating smoke that Burned peatlands occur almost every year, and provides high economic losses (Firmansyah et then a natural vegetation succession is made up al., 2016; Adriani and Wildayana, 2015). The of ferns and swamp grasses. The largest peatland amount of carbon emissions that come out in the area is found in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) and event of fire occurs can reach 13-40% of the total Banyuasin districts, covering an area of around global carbon emissions production, making ------------------------------------------------------------------ Indonesia as the largest polluters in the world *Corressponding author. (Haden et al., 2013; Hooijer et al., 2012; IPCC, E-mail: [email protected] 2014, Dikici and Yilmaz, 2006). Generally the Telp: +628127338950 development of freshwater fish farming is still Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id ISSN: 0853-5167 (p); 2338-2007 (e) HABITAT, 32 (1), 2021 2 dominated by the cultivation of ponds using selection of answers to be chosen by respondents. water from the tides of the river (Ismawi et al., Document study is done by conducting document 2012; Lampela et al., 2014; Könönen et al., analysis related to the research theme. All 2015). Thus it is often constrained by the arrival collected data were analyzed with the SPSS of acidic water with very low pH values (less version 21 program and in the next stage than 4.20) to cause total fish death. The low pH comparisons or analyzes the relationship between factor is a major constraint for the development the variables. of fish farming (Oktavia et al. , 2014; Sarno et al., 3. Results and Discussions 2017). This research has a single objective, The results and discussion of this research namely empowerment of fish farming by emphasized on several important aspects related empowering through diversification of cultivated to fish farming, among others general condition fish species. Strategies to overcome the low pH of research location; main problem of peatlands problem for fisheries can be done through a at research location; empowering indigenous biological approach, namely the optimal use of farmers by local fish farming; empowering local fish that have adapted to the environment. indigenous farmers by introduced fish farming; The types of local fish of the peatlands are and empowering indigneous farmers with dominated by the types of fishes that can breathe technology approach. using oxygen from the air (air breathing), such as 3.1. General Condition of Research Location gabus ( Channa striata ), toman ( Channa micropeltes ), ikan betok ( Anabas testudineus ), The research location belongs to peatland tebakang/biawan ( Helostoma temminckii ), sepat physiographic type and is not affected by river siam ( Trichogaster pectolaris ), and gurame tides and sea tides. It is located in Talang (Osphronemus gouramy ). Another biological Sepucuk peatlands which is included to Peat approach strategy is to introduce fish-resistant Hydrological Unit of the Sibumbung - fish with acidic pH conditions, such as patin siam Komering River and located in Sub-Districts of (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus ), lele dumbo Pedamaran and East Pedamaran, Kayuagung, (Clarias gariepinus ), dan ikan nila ( Oreochromis District of Ogan Komering Ilir, OKI (Figure 1). niloticus ) and others. In relation to the above Research location issues, the research aimed how to empower indigneous farmers with fish farming on South Sumatra peatlands. 2. Research Methods This research uses a combination approach between qualitative and quantitative methods. This research has been conducted on peatlands in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) District, South Sumatra using survey method to find data and information related to indigenous farmers with fish farming. Sampling using cluster technique is a technique of selecting samples using probability principles on the basis of groups of indigenous farmers who naturally gather together. Data collection was carried out by Figure 1. Research location of Talang combining several methods, such as interview Sepucuk, Kayu Agung, OKI method with questionnaire and direct observation District of Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) is in the field. Interviews with respondents were sited in the South-East of South Sumatra, structured with questionnaire and unstructured exactly between 104° 20' and 106° 00' East through Focus Discussion Group (FDG). Longitude and 2° 30' to 4° 15' South Latitude, Two types of questionnaires used were covering 19,023.47 km². This area is flooded by open questionnaires and closed questionnaires. many rivers and has coastal and marine areas. An open questionnaire gave freedom to Thus, OKI district can be distinguished into respondents to answer questions; in the lowland and terrain that show higher meantime, a closed questionnaire has provided a Available online at HABITAT website: http://www.habitat.ub.ac.id ISSN: 0853-5167 (p); 2338-2007 (e) HABITAT, 32 (1), 2021 3 topography (upland). Approximately 75% of the moratorium is considered to disrupt the business total area of OKI district is classified as a sector. With the moratorium, companies swamp area and can be found in the eastern engaged in the field of peat cultivation will be region such as Air Sugihan, Tulung Selapan, disrupted, and cause the absorption of labor and Cengal and Sungai Menang Subdistricts and the acquisition of foreign exchange will also be around 25% belongs to upland area. reduced. The peatlands in OKI district are mostly Regardless of the moratorium-related used by HTI producing paper and has been debate, efforts to expand fire prevention are not cultivated by three forest plant business permit only imposed on the parties involved in the use holders, namely PT. SBA Wood Industries, PT. of peat resources alone, but the contribution of Bumi Andalas Permai dan PT. Bumi Mekar all elements of society is also needed, since peat Hijau that plants Acacia crassicarpa . The is a natural resource that deserves our decline of peatlands in OKI district was due to sustainability. Providing alternative solutions in fires not only to provide harm to human life, but addition to peat-based agriculture in peatlands also to affect other living things. If fires for farmers is urgently needed so that in the continue to happen in the future, of course, the future the farmers are more aware of the peatlands will be more lost, the ecosystem is advantages and disadvantages of peatlands. more unbalanced then the earth will be more Education also needs to be done to investors and polluted. The sustainability of peatlands is companies conducting cultivation in peatlands; increasingly questionable. the need for awareness of peat maintenance and Many local communities make peatlands the preparation of land in a healthy way will be as their livelihood. Dependence on peatlands is able to maintain the sustainability of peatland evident with the ricefields, plantations and other that is now beginning to decrease.
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