FFrance’srance’s MillauMillau OOrthotropicrthotropic SSteelteel ViaducViaduct

Normandie Orthotropic , . Photo courtesy of Dr. State of the Art Bridge Launching © Copyright By Alfred R. Mangus, P.E. have been asked to briefl y summarize orthotropic box girders with slip formed one of world’s most spectacular new columns. Due to the longer clear span The Decision to Launch , which has broken many lengths of 1,122-feet, a cable-stayed system It seems counter-intuitive that a material records. was necessary. The bridge was also placed on such as steel, which has a mass more than IFrance’s has the world’s a horizontal curve so that drivers could see three times as much as reinforced concrete, will largest orthotropic area, plus largest and the series of pylons while driving safely. result in a superstructure with a the dead most complex steel superstructure launching Straight bridges are not as visually interesting load mass. As bridges increase in size, their to date. The French freeway A-75 was built to the driver. self-weight begins to control rather as a toll route due south of to the than the live load of the vehicles. Thus Mediterranean Sea, through the diffi cult but orthotropic steel superstructures dominate scenic terrain of the Massif Central region long span bridges around the world. There France. The goal of the A-75 freeway was to are less than 75 bridges in North America bypass a small, scenic town in this beautiful that have been “launched” as a construction region of France. method for a permanent bridge system. How- The for the was ever, launching is a common solution in Sir Norman Foster, a British Lord. The lead Europe, where several thousand bridges engineer, Dr. Michel Virgeloux, had man- have been launched both with steel and con- aged theSTRUCTURE design team for the world’s longest crete superstructures. clear span cable-stayed Normandie Bridge, The construction-fabrication team felt that which held the record from 1995 to 1999. It it was possible to launch the superstructure was successfully built across the mouth of the more than a mile. Launching means that the Seine River. The middlemagazine 50% of its 2,808- superstructure is assembled on the sides of clear span superstructure is an aerody- the and pushed horizontally to closure. namic orthotropic box girder wing (Figure The scope and size of pushing such massive 1). These sections of deck were lifted directly units to meet had not been done before. The from river vessels to the fi nal superstructure meeting point would be over the maximum location. The architect and engineer had seen valley depth or over the River. many concepts for . Their vision for One technique of launching is to use a the Millau Viaduct competed against four “falsework pylon” with temporary cable stays practicable solutions. Figure 1: Author standing below the Normandie to provide intermediate support to the lead- Bridge. Photo by Dr. W. Hoorpah of MIO France ing portion of superstructure. Another money Viaduct Concept The controlling wind loading is from verti- saving technique selected was to use two of The viaduct is the most spectacular of the cal updrafts on the superstructure. Paragliding the fi nal pylons as the “falsework pylons.” An- bridges to cross this region of France. The is a popular sport in this region. Earthquake other technique of launching is to use tempo- bridge is a classic design, blending bridge loading was not a controlling load. The split or rary falsework at midspan of perma- aesthetics, bridge maintenance, bridge en- divided concrete columns more readily allow nent columns. It required very large falsework gineering and bridge construction into a prac- thermal movements. “Divided” or “split” col- towers to be built, painted bright red and ticable compromise. To cross a high umns have been used in Europe for quite fabricated of steel pipes welded together. The grade from the top of the north to the a few bridges. Because of the many similar tallest are near the Tarn River. Superstructure southern plateau would require building the factors, it was very logical for the designers closure at the deepest point greatly reduced world’s highest slip formed concrete bridge to utilize many details for the Normandie falsework height. piers. Other viaducts in Europe have used Bridge on the Millau Viaduct. continued on next page

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Only DWF Only and fi ing with precision, DWF holds all the intelligence original design. of your into integrated Fully building so- Autodesk’s can realize you lutions, by ideas faster your from publishing DWFs design applications: your autodesk.com/dwf Built to handle complex handle complex to Built sets and 3D drawing building models, DWF’s compres- multi-layered sion t and easily. emails quickly properties retaining From like dimension, ma enough to share all your share all your enough to architectural and engi- neering . rst to ] essed ribs . (The details lafroid lafroid supplied lafroid lafroid supplied three eld bolted to the gusset For short the rib lengths, For ribs are made on a brake a brake made on ribs are which most fabrica- press, their shops. in tors have requires equipment Rolling stages; rolling a series of needed dies are thus special and stages for the various in equip- investment more ment facilities. Pr sections 2, 3, 4, 6 & 7 were sections 2, 3, 4, 6 & 7 were eld-splicing due their short- eld-splicing due their eld assembly area located on eld assembly area for proceedings Bridge Launching World’s Largest Steel World’s e cyclic process around the clock. around process e cyclic

www.orthotropic-bridge.org ed summary is that a series of jacks [ At the ASCE Orthotropic Bridge Con- Bridge the ASCE Orthotropic At A 66-foot long spine box, or caisson, was A 66-foot long spine box,

eld assembly areas”. Assemblies 1, 8, 9, eld assembly areas”. Orthotropic Assembly Summary Orthotropic

lift and then push the structure forward in repetitiv ference, engineers with Enterpac (Wis- engineers with Enterpac ference, consin) explained the complex system of launching, via animated video The are the scope of this article.)beyond simplifi the north and south plateau’s adjacent to the the north and south plateau’s The largest components, Valley. River Tarn laid out fi were girders, the spine box Then all the additional be straight and true. added in an assembly line process. units were ensured shed enclosure welding A movable comfortable regardless were that the welders of the weather. built in a fabricator shop and hauled with built in a fabricator shop and hauled A-75 to freeway special trailer trucks down “fi welded and braces 11 & 16 were 10, & girder or bolted together to form a box segment. Deck shipped as truck-able components sized The double or back down the roadways. were to back channels (12, 13, 14, and 15) shipped loose and fi plates in the fi rib shapes, which had a combined weight a combined weight rib shapes, which had Profi of 6600 metric tons. with the fabrica- me with shop drawings such items as a tion tolerances, including with a plus or minus 300-mm depth rib tolerance of 2-mm. require more fi more require The Profi er lengths. Copyright The is an exploded

lafroid, lafroid, a metal

guration. To handle To guration. magazine lant tour and see a dis- Figure 4 Figure

lafroid has rolled ribs has rolled lafroid Figure 4: Millau Viaduct - as fabricated in 16 components Viaduct 4: Millau Figure STRUCTURE Rib Details Orthotropic The contractor chose Profi Once the decision had been made to switch the decision had been Once view of how the 16 components were created. the 16 components were view of how the concentrated compression loads, a central the concentrated compression created. was girder spine or box rectangular for a va- and used for box Caisson is French in American constructionriety of applications has a trapezoi- Bridge The Normandie jargon. which was also detailed for the dal spine box, divided The fabricator bid documents. Millau into 16 the symmetrical bridge superstructure units or components. erection techniques, the team selected a com- techniques, erection box the aerodynamic mon method to frame an open truss confi girder, 2005 magazine • October STRUCTURE play of their products. Figure 3: Millau Towers - built by contractor - built by Towers 3: Millau Figure metal shapes. fabricator specializing in rolling automobile manu- Their main customers are They and train car manufactures. facturers and sheet piling. metal guardrails also roll roll- shapes with specialized company rolls ing equipment. Profi for quite a few orthotropic bridges in Eu- was kind enough to take Hoorpah Dr. rope. me to their facilities in the farming region Aldelia met Mr. on the outskirts of Paris. us a p with us to give Figure 2: Millau Orthotropic Bridge - as built by contractor - as built by Bridge Orthotropic 2: Millau Figure Jacks are located at the tops of all the false- San Diego Orthotropic Bridge. Photo by Pete Asanio, Caltrans. work towers and concrete columns. A com- puter system was used to guarantee simulta- neous synchronization of all the jacks. The California’s techniques were fi eld tested on steel box gird- er bridges with reinforced concrete decks that were built as part of the A-75 Freeway. Orthotropic Steel Bridges 1965-2005… 40 years of Evolution By Alfred R. Mangus, P.E.

Figure 5: Finite element analysis of predicted ost bridges (about 99%) have concrete decks; the remaining 1% have steel sequence launching steel deformations allowed or timber decks. A very few have solid steel plate decks; a larger number© use CopyrightMvarious steel grating. An Orthotropic Steel Bridge (a 100% steel superstructure) The use of a pylon to support a superstruc- is when the steel deck plate is welded to support steel members such as beams or girder; a ture for both steel and concrete bridges has much tougher system results. Caltrans adopted this system in the 1960’s because a lower mass been used in Europe for more than several bridge receives lower forces or stress from an earthquake. Japan has over 250 Orthotropic decades. So each moving end had a launch- bridges because of its high seismic regions. Orthotropic steel decks in North America are very ing nose and fi nal pylon. After meeting over rare, with about 51 out of 650,000 inventoried bridges. California has 25,000 bridges or 4% the Tarn River, the remaining fi ve pylons of all USA bridges, but more than 25% of the Orthotropic bridges. Active California bridges were moved onto the superstructure. Pylons with Orthotropic or 100% steel superstructures are summarized in the table below. were rotated into vertical position with spe- cialized falsework with turning mechanisms. Bridge Bridge in Service Name Rib Deck Area Enterpac’s hydraulic jacks were also used to Number (year open to traffi c) Type (Sq. Feet) make vertical adjustments in raising and low- (by owner) ering the red painted steel falsework . Dublin 580/680 Test Closed 10,880 33-0371G Cable-stays were installed to bring the super- [1965] structure into fi nal correct alignment. Finally, Ulatis Creek Test a wearing surface system was applied. Open 4,420 23-0052R The launching required submission of ad- [1966] ditional calculations demonstrating that the San Mateo-Hayward Open 468,875 35-0054 fi nal structureSTRUCTURE was not harmed or “overstressed” [1967] during the process. The fi nite ele- San Diego - Coronado Closed 122,220 57-0857 ment deformed shape is shown in Figure 5. [1969] Conclusion Queensway Twin magazineClosed 110,440 53C-0551 L/R The Viaduct broke many records due the [1971] logic used to create a solution representing Four --- BART Rail [1972] Closed 4,840 A-096 A & B a practicable compromise, plus allowing the contractor to erect it in a logical manner. Colusa [1972] Closed 4,006 15C-0001 Engineers, including myself, continue to Miller - Sweeney [1973] Closed 7,777 33C-0147 study what was accomplished.▪ Braille Trail Pedestrian Open 360 N/A [1977] Golden Gate redecking Closed 387,000 33-0623S [1997] Maritime Off-Ramp Closed 85,287 33-0623S [1997] Alfred Zampa @ Closed 339,133 28-0352L Carquinez [2003] Completed California 1,545,198 Bridges in Service Akashi-Kaiyo, Japan Figure 6: Author at site June 2004 Closed 84,086 sq. m. [1998] 1,989,168 sq. ft. See page 16 for information Millau Viaduct, France Closed about the author... = 184,800 sq. m.

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Autodesk and Revit are registered trademarks of of trademarks registered are Revit and Autodesk Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and/or other countries. countries. other and/or USA the in Inc., Autodesk, © team at team at Structure, Structure, ® . ® diverse workforce. diverse workforce. to nding solutions ngineering software, ngineering software, and testing to consulting, consulting, and testing to Restructure Restructure your career. Autodesk is an industry-leading is an industry-leading Autodesk and of technology provider building design. for solutions growth of our new struc- The tural e Revit Autodesk Idea: Design change. Realized: engineer, a structural Are you or someone with experience Are you design? in structural about technology passionate and interested in changing career, but the your only not you Are as well? industry new experiences, by excited or fi travel here join us challenges? Then, Autodesk at terrific career has created ranging from opportunities design, documenta- product tion marketing and evangelism. our suc- we know At Autodesk the outstanding is due to cess of our and dedication talent is com- Autodesk employees. a mitted to EOE M/F D/V. on opportu- get information To nities in Autodesk’s structural structural nities in Autodesk’s engineering solutions our New England division at or elsewhere email us [email protected] c oating c) lanes. Ulatis c) lanes. Ulatis Design Manual Manual Design nd is still in use after xy concrete was used as xy concrete Bridge (1967) es. Epo girders. Maximum depth is at sup- Maximum girders. ). The Ulatis Creek experimental Creek The Ulatis ). San Mateo - Hayward oor” since it had the strength of a had the strength since it oor” opic deck varies in thickness with c. It has two side spans of 375 feet each, c. It This additional Cross- Bay Francisco This additional San rectan- The two main deck members are

Figure 2 Figure

bridge lanes are still in service.bridge lanes are Caltrans considers its largest bridge a success, thanks to this small test bridge. deck stress crane vessel named the “Marine Boss”. The The Boss”. named the “Marine crane vessel orthotr the wearing surface, a although some potholes have 38 years, over ing carries six lanes of California Route 92 ing carries six lanes of California Route traffi counterbalancing the main 750-foot span. spans of 292 feet, 14 approach are There This bridge or 7 per side of the main span. of has the largest total area mass was The lowest all California bridges. for orthotropic selection, which the reason all costs for seismic loading in over reduces the soft soils of bay mud. gular box not used at the were “cut-outs” . Fatigue base of the open rib in all of the crossbeams’ and erected was moved The structure webs. in very a 500-ton fl large pieces by “Split-T” ribs that support eastbound traffi “Split-T” on the outside (truck traffi a single replaced and was repainted Creek surfacewearing was installed after testing ( Figure 2: Wearing surface test bridge at Ulatis Creek. surface test bridge at Ulatis Wearing 2: Figure Bender. “Ostap” Joe by Photo Copyright , authored by Roman Wolchuk. AISI, the Ameri- Wolchuk. Roman by , authored rst design aid available in English, in English, rst design aid available Background

Orthotropic Plate Plate Orthotropic ve types of wearing types of wearing ve magazine

at Dublin (1965) Ulatis Creek (1966) STRUCTURE A-36 steel. ASTM anges are . A “closed” rib forms a miniature box box rib forms a miniature . A “closed” , and because engineers were not sure not sure , and because engineers were Wearing Surface Test Bridge Test Surface Wearing prototype bridge systems. prototype The evolution of a 100% steel superstructure, or orthotropic superstructure, took de- or orthotropic superstructure, of a 100% steel superstructure, The evolution Wearing Surface Test Bridge at Test Surface Wearing Engineers designed the Ulatis Creek ex- Creek designed the Ulatis Engineers This connector bridge was built as an This connector bridge was built as cades. In the 1920’s, American engineers began using steel plates riveted to steel beams to steel beams steel plates riveted engineers began using American the 1920’s, cades. In of lift dead mass load the purpose was to minimize The bridges. for large movable Constructionpublishing (AISC) began Steel of the American Institute 1938, spans. In a “battledeck fl steel decks, labeled on reports research battleship. The Germans began to use the 100% steel-deck bridges as grade-separation bridges as grade-separation to use the 100% steel-deck began The Germans battleship. 1963, In and patented this system in the 1950’s. in 1934, bridges for their “autobahn” published the fi the AISC funded and for Orthotropic Steel Plate Deck Bridges Deck Plate Steel for Orthotropic of the documentation of the various funding sponsored Institute, and Steel can Iron German America. Caltrans purchased North wearing-surface test bridges built across in Europe. used that were documented the design procedures design manuals, which to create and Oregon Missouri Michigan, of California, Illinois, the states This prompted 2005 magazine • October STRUCTURE Figure 1: Wearing surface by test bridge. Photo Wearing 1: Figure Bender “Ostap” Joe perimental bridge to test fi surfaces new the proposed materials for the two Only Bridge. Mateo San Hayward outside lanes of a 5-span bridge for eastbound All spans are Orthotropic. I-80 are Interstate deck has 25 feet long, and the Orthotropic Design surfacewhether to use a thin or thick wearing The main on the 100% steel superstructure. for using orthotropic bridges is that reason mass; thus, a wearing the lowest they have This surface should be as thin as practicable. closed rib test bridge has two totally different and deck systems, including two different The four-span bridge uses surfaces.wearing in ribs as shown or trapezoidal “closed” 1 Figure is comprised of The rigid steel bent beam. members aesthetically steel box welded three This short span orthotropic deck shaped. of service,bridge is still in use after 40 years on surfacebut the wearing has been replaced built and ribs were The deck the thin section. and webs while girder of ASTM A-441 Steel, bottom fl experimental bridge to check the accuracy of experimental bridge to check the accuracy design software, Caltrans’ begun to form. This important bridge won the BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) Outstanding Achievement Bridges in Berkeley (1972) award of 1968 by ASCE. (Figure 3) Four weathering, single-track, simple span steel bridges were completed for BART in 1972. Each bridge supports a single track and has a simple span of 110 feet. Two parallel bridges cross over Golden Gate Avenue, and two parallel bridges cross over Chabot . The abutments of the Golden Gate Avenue Figure 3: San Mateo-Hayward Bridge Across and Chabot Road bridges are separated by San Francisco Bay. By Valerie Moore. about 110 feet. Each deck is divided into ten identical deck panels, about 11 feet http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/ long by the width of the superstructure. tollbridge/SMHay/SMfacts.html These essentially square deck panels have six [ ] trapezoidal ribs that span the 11-foot deck panels. The 40 identical panels were shop- San Diego – Coronado welded and fi eld-bolted to the transverse fl oor Bridge (1969) beams. Gravel ballast for rail track© on the weathering steel deck is used to make track This major landmark toll bridge with Copyright5- adjustments for grade. lanes of traffi c sweeps around the harbor area of San Diego, and connects Coronado Island with the mainland. Caltrans engineers Figure 4b: Rib effi ciency to carry stress selected a single-cell box-girder orthotropic the lowest mass, rib to deck welds cannot be steel deck design (continuous length of or- x-rayed and rib splices are more complicated thotropic portion is 1880 feet). A constant and expensive. The bridge was erected in large depth box was used for the main spans over pieces with the barge crane, “Marine Boss”. the shipping channel. Steel plate girders with The sections were fi eld-bolted together. a concrete deck were used on the remaining length. The main spans used trapezoidal Queensway Twin Bridges (1971) ribs with spacing patterns from design aid The Queensway identical 3-span twin booklets prepared by the Bethlehem Steel Figures 6a & 6b: The four BART bridges in Berkeley Company. Addition research was completed bridges are near the decommissioned Queen by UC Berkeley. Mary ocean liner, a popular tourist attrac- tion. Each Orthotropic bridge has a main The Colusa Bridge across the span of 500 feet. A drop-in span of 290 feet Sacramento River (1972) suspended with steel hanger bars from two cantilever side spans of 105 feet creates a to- This bridge is 80% STRUCTUREwith a 105-foot removable steel orthotropic tal of 500 feet. The side spans are 350 feet. A concrete bridge was estimated at 250 psf, box section span. A trapezoidal welded steel steel plate girder with concrete deck at 120 box girder with an orthotropic deck was used magazinepsf, while this design was less than 90 psf. to provide a lightweight removable section in Each superstructure cross-section is a single- a low-level concrete bridge. This unique solu- cell box with an overhanging deck. The su- tion cost half as much as a swing bridge, and perstructure was fabricated in 14 pieces and required truck cranes or barge cranes to pick erected in eleven days. Each drop-in span was up the orthotropic steel span sections during fabricated as a 618-ton piece, in Richmond, construction. Two cranes operating from the California, and fl oated 700 miles south to bridge, or a single barge-mounted crane, were Long Beach. The deck plates are a minimum needed to lift this removable span. High- of 0.5 inches thick. strength, corrosion-resistant, weathering steel (ASTM A-588) was specifi ed throughout.

Figure 4a: Key differences between closed ribs vs. open ribs. Engineers decided to not use open ribs, but rather to switch to closed ribs. The difference Figure 5: The Queensway Twin Bridges in Figure 7: The Colusa Bridge section being towed. Photo between open and closed ribs is not as simple Long Beach Harbor. Photo by Gris Meza, by Joe “Ostap” Bender. as low mass. Although trapezoidal ribs give courtesy of Caltrans. STRUCTURE magazine • October 2005 The Miller – Sweeney , Alameda Island (1973) The Miller-Sweeney Bridge at Fruitvale Avenue is a four-lane single-leaf bascule bridge. Its movable span crosses the Oak- land Estuary. This is a navigable waterway between Alameda Island and Oakland, CA, with access to San Francisco Bay. In 1989, the Loma Prieta Earthquake caused damage to the bridge inside the machinery pit and it Figure 9: The Braille Trail Pedestrian Bridge was closed to all vessel traffi c until repaired. cross-section In 1991, another mishap occurred when a fully-loaded sand barge (weighing 4,000 The tons) hit the movable span and caused ex- Orthotropic Steel Deck tensive damage. The wearing surface failed by creep when the movable span was in the Replacement (1985) open position and was resurfaced. The Golden Gate Bridge’s existing rein- forced concrete deck was built in 1937. © CopyrightThis redecking saved considerable weight, reducing seismic loading on the super- structure and tower foundations. In fact, the midspan rose about 7-feet after this retrofi t was completed. corrosion in- side the concrete deck from salt fog was an- other reason for the deck replacement. The bridge’s main span is 4,200 feet with two For Advertiser Information, visit back spans of 1,125 feet. Since the roadway deck was a secondary structural component, the concrete deck was removed in small piec- es at night and replaced immediately with an orthotropic steel deck panel. www.structuremag.org

Figure 8: The Miller Sweeney STRUCTUREBascule Bridge. Courtesy of AISC-NSBA. http://www.acgov.org/pwa/dept_ maintenance_operation_ []miller_sweeney_bridge.shtml/magazine The Braille Trail Pedestrian Bridge (1977) Figure 10: Golden Gate Bridge orthotropic steel The Orthotropic bridge across Santa Rosa deck replacement — night erection. Courtesy of James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation. Creek is an integral part of the Braille Trail, From Pedestrian Overpasses to built to help the visually impaired and those Pipe Support structures - in wheel chairs to enjoy Spring Lake in http://www.goldengate.org STEADFAST can meet the most Santa Rosa, California. This bridge is capable [ ] challenging bridge need of being periodically submerged by fl ood- The Maritime Off-Ramp Bridge (1997) Pedestrian sales: 800-749-7515 water. A timber bridge would fl oat, and poor Fax: 256-845-9750 soil support discouraged a heavy concrete The Maritime Off-Ramp is a curved Vehicular Sales: 866-294-9767 span; therefore, an orthotropic steel-plate “horseshoe” shape bridge crossing over I-80 Fax: 205-445-0983 bridge was the economical choice. A sand- in Oakland, California. This superstructure

BR wearing surface, bonded to the bridge’s has a very sharp radius of 250 feet and a very JOR IDG A E M S deck, provides a non-skid surface for shallow web depth of only 7 feet for 190- wheelchairs and pedestrians. The super- foot spans. The box girder superstructure is structure was completely shop prefabricated divided into 3 separate cells to resist torsional about 150-miles from the park. The span forces. Because this is a continuous structure, was trucked to the site and lifted into place trapezoidal ribs were welded to the top and email: [email protected] by a crane in 1976. bottom box-girder fl anges. The bridge sec- www.steadfastbridge.com

STRUCTURE magazine • October 2005 STRUCTURE magazine•October 2005 by specialmulti-wheeledtrailers. supported and erected withtwospecialhydraulic jacks segments, weighing asmuch440tonseach, perstructure. The bridgewasfabricatedin13 ferent Saturday nights,creating aninstantsu- tions were erected over busyI-80ontwodif- bottom. The topdeckiswelded. Japan, withboltedsplicesonthesidesand was fabricatedin24full-widthsections in theAASHTO code. The superstructure for trapezoidal ribs. This detailisdescribed Corporation, amore fatigue-resistant detail of Lehigh,PA, hasdeveloped, with Parsons bridge willbedemolished.Dr. John W. Fisher superstructure.orthotropic The 1927truss of asuspensionbridgewithanaerodynamic Corporation selectedareplacement solution Steinman, neededaseismicretrofi ed in1927anddesignedby David B. For Advertiser Information, visit www.structuremag.org by Colin,Caltrans. Robert – Night Erection Figure 11: The Maritime Off-RampBridge The original steel truss bridge,complet- The originalsteeltruss The Alfred ZampaMemorialBridge STRUCTUREAcross CarquinezStraits(2003) 3T,OUIS -/ $ENVER #/ 0HOENIX !: 3AN$IEGO #! )RVINE #! ,OS!NGELES #! 3AN&RANCISCO #! 3ACRAMENTO #! 0ORTLAND /2 3EATTLE 7! WWWKPFFCOM & magazine CompletedBridge. Photo t. Parsons )NTERDISCIPLINARY3CIENCE4ECHNOLOGY"UILDING Copyright A wearing surface isnotusuallyadded. A wearing surface deck welded tocloselyspaced“W-Beam” ribs. components. ACROW uses“chequered” steel ley”-type bridge.Caltrans owns ACROW type intended asareplacement solutionfora“Bai- Orthotropic spansare rapidlyassembled,are moving. bridges,where the These temporary bridges tokeeppeople,goodsandservices toinstalltemporary sionally makeitnecessary Carquinez Straits. ofCaltrans. Courtesy Figure 12: The Alfred Zampa Memorial Bridge across [ Earthquakes, fl Earthquakes, !RIZONA3TATE5NIVERSITY Emergency BridgesforReplacing

http://www.franklinnewbridge.org 4EMPE !RIZONA Damaged Bridges oods andlandslidesocca- ▪ ] owned by Caltrans fora“Temporary” Bridge Figure 13b: The typeofACROW Components Figure 13a attached, include additional T introductory courseandbustourofthese introductory of Parsons; Sarah Picker, P.E. ofCaltrans, Heritage Committee;andmyleadSenior [email protected] these bridges. Tothese bridges. share more information included aconference, advanced seminar, Thanks are extendedtoPaul P.E., Goryl, staff of the Caltrans HQ Library; Normstaff oftheCaltrans HQLibrary; CA. He islicensedin5states.Mr. Mangus bridges locatednearSan Francisco Bay. Root, P.E., oftheCaltrans and History graphics forbotharticles. builder ofseveral ofthesebridges, and papers, photos;etc.Special thanksto the ASCESacramento Section. Al canbe Civil, withCALTRANS inSacramento, tour coordinator; Jay P. Murphy, the Ostap “Joe” Bender, P.E., forsharing currently astheJunior serves Director of about thesestructures ASCEcreated reached at www.orthotropic-bridge.org Al Mangus isa Transportation Engineer, this article arethis article thoseofAl Mangus. Bridge Engineer, Carl Huang. Appendex A andB, he authorhastakenmore than four years tocollectandpersonally inspect andphotographmostof [email protected] Opinions expressed in

which © or France’s Millau Orthotropic Steel Viaduct State of the Art Bridge Launching by Alfred Mangus, P.E. Appendix A

Copyright ©

Millau Viaduct - initial design based on details from Normandie Bridge

Millau Viaduct Rib Details STRUCTURE magazine

Millau Viaduct super structure

Millau Viaduct Rib Details

STRUCTURE magazine • October 2005 Copyright ©

MillauSTRUCTURE Viaduct sequence of erection magazine

Millau Viaduct red pipe space truss falsework

Millau Viaduct Rib Details with Shading Millau Viaduct Rib Details

STRUCTURE magazine • October 2005 California’s Orthotropic Steel Bridges by Alfred Mangus, P.E. Appendix B

Copyright ©

STRUCTUREWearing surface test bridge at Dublin magazine

Wearing surface diagram

Colusa Bridge, lifting fi nal segment Below Maritime Off-Ramp Bridge

STRUCTURE magazine • October 2005 Copyright ©

San DiegoSTRUCTURE Coronado Bridge, fi nal segment being put in place magazine

Cross section of Miller Sweeney Bascule Bridge

STRUCTURE magazine • October 2005