american academy of arts & sciences

summer 2012 www.amacad.org Bulletin vol. lxv, no. 4

Dealing with North Korea’s Nuclear Program Stephen W. Bosworth, Steven E. Miller, and Siegfried S. Hecker

Remembering H.M. Robert Desimone, Suzanne Corkin, Elizabeth Kensinger, and John D. E. Gabrieli

The Getty Center: Research, Conservation, and Collections Thomas W. Gaehtgens and James Cuno

ALSO: Commission Meeting Focuses on the Humanities and Social Sciences in International Relations Internet Pioneers Discuss the Future of the Web Nuclear Nonproliferation Diplomats Gather in Vienna Upcoming Events

Induction Weekend–Cambridge

October 5–Celebrating the Arts and the Humanities October 6–Induction Ceremony October 7–Symposium: Cherishing America

For updates to the calendar, visit http://www.amacad.org/event.aspx. Contents

Features

12 Dealing with North Korea’s Nuclear Program Leading North Korea experts–Steven E. Miller (Harvard Kennedy School), Stephen W. Bosworth (Tufts University), and Siegfried S. Hecker (Stanford University)–discuss the geopolitical and non- proliferation implications of North Korea’s nuclear program.

18 Remembering H.M. Four neuroscientists–Robert Desimone (mit), Suzanne Corkin (mit), John D. E. Gabrieli (mit), and Elizabeth Kensinger (Boston College)–explore the important contributions that H.M. made to our understanding of memory, learning, and identity. 2 2 27 The Getty Center: Research, Conservation, and Collections James Cuno, President and ceo of the J. Paul Getty Trust, and Thomas W. Gaehtgens, Director of the Getty Research Institute, describe the Getty Center’s exhibitions and collections, art restora- tion and conservation efforts, and research program. Departments

2 Academy News 27 4 Commission Focuses on the Importance of the Humanities and Social Sciences to America’s National Security Internet Pioneers Discuss the Future of the Web Nuclear Nonproliferation Diplomats Gather in Vienna New Publications

10 Around the Country 18 12 34 Noteworthy

36 Remembrance

Clockwise from top left: Jim Leach (National Endowment for the Humanities), Danielle Allen (Institute for Advanced Study), Sir Tim Berners-Lee (World Wide Web Consortium; mit), Siegfried S. Hecker (Stanford University), Robert Desimone (mit), James Cuno (J. Paul Getty Trust) academy news

Knowing Ourselves and Others: Commission Meeting Focuses on the Humanities and Social Sciences in International Relations

t its April 26–27, 2012, meeting in for the importance of international educa- National Endowment for the Humanities AWashington, D.C., the Academy’s Com- tion, suggesting that skills acquired through Chairman Jim Leach also addressed the mission on the Humanities and Social Sci- study abroad programs, foreign language group. The former senior member of the ences examined the importance of the training, and area studies programs are vital House Committee on International Rela- liberal arts to America’s national security, to to national interests. tions stated that the humanities–especially maintaining an effective foreign policy, and Retired Army Lieutenant General and for- history–will be critical if the United States to continued U.S. leadership in the global mer U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan Karl is to succeed as a global power. “As a society, economy. Eikenberry told Commission members that we must know ourselves and how we think, “Tomorrow’s leaders will require a nu- the humanities and the social sciences “are and learn to consider how other cultures and anced understanding of the world beyond absolutely critical if our nation is to main- societies think,” he said. our borders and a cosmopolitan approach to tain its leading position globally.” Eiken- In his keynote remarks to the Commis- cultural difference,” said Academy President berry noted that America has three kinds of sion, then U.S. Secretary of Commerce John Leslie C. Berlowitz. “The Commission is power at its disposal in pursuing its national Bryson linked future economic growth to considering a range of issues, including the security goals–coercive, remunerative, and the vitality of liberal arts education. “There importance of the humanities and social sci- persuasive–and that deep knowledge and is an important and greatly underappreci- ences to international, intercultural commu- expertise in foreign languages and cultures ated connection between the humanities nication.” is critical for all three. He cited the 1958 Na- and social sciences and the creative, entre- During the two-day meeting, several cur- tional Defense Education Act as a model for preneurial spirit that drives the American rent and former high-ranking government the kind of investment in foreign language economy,” Bryson said. “We will need not of½cials presented compelling arguments learning and regional studies that could only specialists who can generalize, but the bene½t the nation today. generalists who can specialize.”

Jim Leach (National Endowment for the Humanities) and Karl Eiken- Philip Bredesen (Nashville, Tenn., former Governor of Tennessee) berry (Stanford University) and George Lucas (Lucasfilm Ltd.)

2 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 The Commission also discussed the future of cultural diplomacy with former U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands Cynthia Schneider and the evolution of a common, k-12 curriculum with Richard Laine, Direc- Kwame Anthony Appiah (Princeton University), Pauline Yu (American tor of the National Governors Association’s Council of Learned Societies), and Gerald Early (Washington University in education division. St. Louis) Four members of Congress called on the Academy to form the blue-ribbon Commis- journalism, the arts and humanities, and Commission members are now planning sion to recommend speci½c steps to bol- public affairs. The Commission is cochaired a series of regional forums around the coun- ster the humanities and social sciences in by Duke University President Richard H. try, to take place before the Commission is- schools, universities, and public life. Three Brodhead and Exelon Corporation Chair- sues its initial recommendations next year. of the four members–Sen. Lamar Alexan- man Emeritus John Rowe. These gatherings will provide Commission der (R-Tennessee), Rep. David Price (D- “To sustain our domestic and interna- members with new perspectives, engage key North Carolina), and Rep. Tom Petri tional security, the strength of our insti- stakeholders, and catalyze public interest in (R-Wisconsin)–also addressed the group tutions, and even our scienti½c and tech- the Commission’s work. during the Washington meeting. The fourth nological enterprise, the nation needs to of½cial to call for the Commission is Sen. produce citizens broadly literate in the hu- To learn more about the Commission, Mark Warner (D-Virginia). manities and social sciences as well as in the visit www.humanitiescommission.org. Commission members include national natural sciences, technology, and engineer- leaders from higher education, business, ing,” Berlowitz said.

Tom Campbell (Chapman University School of Law, former Member of Congress John Rowe (Exelon Corporation) from California) and Richard H. Brodhead (Duke University)

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 3 academy news

Internet Pioneers Discuss the Future of the Web American Academy and Royal Society Launch Joint Lecture Series on GREAT Science

he Internet has revolutionized how we Berners-Lee, Director of the World Wide collaboration with a conversation about the Tuse, access, and share information. As the Web Consortium and 3com Founders Pro- future of the Internet.” technology becomes faster and more afford- fessor of Engineering at mit, and David D. “The Internet, the World Wide Web, and able, its bene½ts are reaching even more peo- Clark, Senior Research Scientist at the mit Big Data are . . . fundamental to our shared ple and places. Yet as its user base broadens, Computer Science and Arti½cial Intelligence prosperity and, indeed, our security going the global Internet is increasingly fractured Laboratory. forward,” Budden said in his opening along national, linguistic, and cultural lines. Academy President Leslie Berlowitz and remarks. This was just one of several issues dis- British Consul General to New England Phil Tom Leighton began the discussion by ad- cussed at a recent Academy meeting on “The Budden welcomed more than 250 guests to dressing the consequences for governance Evolution of the Internet: Challenges and the event, which was the ½rst in a series on and science in particular. “Making vast Opportunities.” The meeting, held June 6, GREAT Science organized by the U.K. gov- amounts of data freely available on the 2012, was presented in collaboration with ernment’s Science and Innovation Network. Web,” he noted, “could have fundamental the Royal Society and the British Consulate- “Fellows of the American Academy–from implications for government transparency General; it was moderated by Tom Leighton, Charles Babbage to Tim Berners-Lee–have as well as for how scienti½c research is ad- Chief Scientist at Akamai Technologies and been instrumental in the creation of the Dig- vanced in such areas as drug discovery, cli- Professor of Applied Mathematics at the ital Age,” Berlowitz said. “Many of them have mate research, Web analytics, and many Massachusetts Institute of Technology (mit). also been members of the Royal Society, so it other ½elds.” The program featured talks by Sir Tim is ½tting that we begin our GREAT Science

From left: David D. Clark (MIT), Tom Leighton (Akamai Technologies; MIT), and Sir Tim Berners-Lee (World Wide Web Consortium; MIT)

4 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 American Academy and the Royal Society Launch GREAT Science Lecture Series

On June 6, 2012, the American Academy and the Royal Society launched a nationwide lecture series to celebrate scienti½c ties between the United States and the United Kingdom. The joint lec- ture series on GREAT Science was organized by the U.K. govern- Academy President Leslie Berlowitz and British Consul General to New England Phil Budden ment’s Science and Innovation offer opening remarks at the American Academy and Royal Society inaugural program on Network to pro½le international GREAT Science. science excellence. The U.S. lec- ture series will feature Fellows of the American Academy and the The panelists then discussed new oppor- dem with increased access and cross-border Royal Society who will discuss tunities and challenges for consumer access, connections. “At the international level,” scienti½c topics of signi½cance to as Web-based information proliferates. Tim Clark noted, “we have a lot of disagreement society. Future lectures are sched- Berners-Lee, who invented the World Wide about what the Internet should be.” Although uled for Chicago, Atlanta, Hous- Web in 1989, talked about increasing access the Internet has the technical capacity to ton, Los Angeles, San Francisco, through technologies such as mobile de- carry information between machines any- Washington, New York, Ottawa, vices. “In developing countries, [mobile where in the world, the user experience dif- and Vancouver. technology] is all they’ve got,” he said. “So fers from country to country–what Clark if you can make the Web work on mobile de- calls “the local character of the Internet.” vices, then you can get it to people who don’t Websites and content are tailored to local have Internet connections by wire.” When cultural and linguistic preferences: “If you one member of a village saves up to buy a look up something in a different country, it’s smartphone, for example, the entire village not just that it’s in a different language; you gains access to information and communi- get a different answer,” he explained. cation capabilities that would not otherwise The meeting touched on a range of topics– be available. The challenge, according to government control, censorship, copyright Berners-Lee, is for users to “make a connec- law, and open data –including many that tion to somebody who is on the other side of were explored in the Fall 2011 issue of Dæ- a boundary,” whether national, cultural, or dalus, “Protecting the Internet as a Public geographic. Commons,” which was guest edited by David David Clark, who served as Chief Protocol Clark. To view or listen to the presentations, Architect in the development of the Inter- visit http://www.amacad.org/events/ net, examined the issues that develop in tan- EvolutionOfTheInternet.aspx.

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 5 academy news

Nuclear Nonproliferation Diplomats Gather in Vienna

the gnf Initiative. In that paper, Steven Miller outlines the main points of conten- tion within the npt regime and prescribes ½ve ways to manage, minimize, or even overcome these divergences. “The Academy symposium in Vienna was a tremendous op- portunity to share our work and ½ndings with practitioners who are involved in the regular management of the npt regime,” said Miller. Participants also heard brief opening re- marks from Ambassador Susan Burk (Spe- cial Representative of the U.S. President for Nuclear Nonproliferation, U.S. Depart- ment of State), William Potter (Director of the James Martin Center for Nonprolif- eration Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies), CHIN Siew Fei (Counselor and Deputy Resident Represen- tative of Singapore to the International William Potter (Monterey Institute of International Studies), Steven E. Miller (Harvard Atomic Energy Agency), and Ambassador University), and Scott D. Sagan (Stanford University) CHO Hyun (Embassy of the Republic of Korea to Austria and Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the International very ½ve years, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (npt) Organizations in Vienna). Ecomes up for review by member states. The next Review Conference will not take Scott Sagan remarked after the Vienna place until 2015, but delegates recently gathered in Vienna, Austria, for the ½rst of three symposium that “these off-the-record meet- preparatory sessions. From April 30 to May 11, 2012, delegates discussed ways to ensure ings have become a valuable forum for sharing full implementation of the treaty and to promote its universality. They also considered ideas about potential ‘win-win compro- what progress has been made to strengthen the npt regime since the 2010 Review Con- mises’ between groups of states that have ference. not previously seen common interests in With 190 member states, the npt is notoriously dif½cult to manage and reform. Each speci½c npt reform proposals. Steven Mil- state has different perceptions of the npt’s adequacy and fairness, as well as its flaws ler’s paper on Nuclear Collisions usefully out- and weaknesses. Learning how to bridge these differences will be crucial to the future lines principles that could encourage further success of the treaty. Over the last four years, the Academy’s Global Nuclear Future diplomatic and technical measures to (gnf) Initiative has become a leader in this effort, publishing new ideas for npt regime strengthen the regime. Many of the diplo- improvement in our occasional paper series and bringing together scholars and policy- mats at our meetings have said that the frank makers for debate and collaboration. discussions of these kinds of proposals have On May 4, 2012, the Academy convened more than ½fty of the senior-level govern- helped them identify areas of potential com- ment representatives gathered for the Preparatory Committee meeting to address chal- mon interest.” lenges facing the npt regime. Organized in collaboration with the Vienna Center for The gnf Initiative is a comprehensive Disarmament and Nonproliferation and the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation interdisciplinary, multi-institutional, and Studies, the symposium was chaired by leaders of the gnf Initiative: Steven E. Miller, multi-national project; it is distinct in bring- codirector (Harvard University); Scott D. Sagan, codirector (Stanford University); and ing together diverse communities to develop Robert Rosner, senior advisor (University of Chicago). More than twenty-½ve countries pragmatic approaches to limit the safety, se- were represented at the meeting. curity, and nonproliferation concerns asso- The off-the-record conversation explored many of the ideas set forth in Nuclear ciated with the global spread of nuclear Collisions: Discord, Reform & the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime, a recent publication from energy. The work of the Initiative had an

6 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 Recent Publications from the Global Nuclear Future Initiative

Nuclear Collisions: Discord, Reform & the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime Steven E. Miller, Wael Al-Assad, Jayantha Dhanapala, C. Raja Mohan, and Ta Minh Tuan

Lessons Learned from “Lessons Learned”: The Evolution of Nuclear Power Safety after Accidents and Near-Accidents Edward D. Blandford and Michael M. May

The Back-End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: An Innovative Storage Concept Susan Burk (Special Representative of the Stephen M. Goldberg, Robert Rosner, and U.S. President for Nuclear Nonproliferation, James P. Malone U.S. Department of State) Game Changers for Nuclear Energy impact on the outcome of the 2010 npt Kate Marvel and Michael May Review Conference and has informed the U.S. President’s Blue Ribbon Commission Nuclear Reactors: Generation to Generation on America’s Nuclear Future as well as the Stephen M. Goldberg and Robert Rosner 2010 and 2012 Nuclear Security Summits. The Initiative is working with nuclear new- Shared Responsibilities for Nuclear Disarmament: comers to identify paths that permit the A Global Debate peaceful use of nuclear power while mini- Scott D. Sagan, James M. Acton, Jayantha Dhanapala, mizing the potential adverse consequences Mustafa Kibaroglu, Harald Müller, Yukio Satoh, of the spread of inherently risky nuclear Mohamed I. Shaker, and Achilles Zaluar technologies. The leaders of the Initiative will continue to inform international policy- makers as they weigh the pursuit of nuclear Multinational Approaches to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle energy programs alongside safety, security, Charles McCombie and Thomas Isaacs, and economic concerns. Noramly Bin Muslim, Tariq Rauf, Atsuyuki Suzuki, The gnf Initiative is supported by Carne- Frank von Hippel, and Ellen Tauscher gie Corporation of New York; The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation; The John D. “On the Global Nuclear Future,” vols. 1–2, Dædalus and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; (Fall 2009; Winter 2010) the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Flora Family Foundation; and Fred Kavli and the Kavli Foundation. The Academy is grateful For electronic copies of gnf publications, visit http:// to these foundations for advancing the work www.amacad.org/projects/globalnuclearbooks.aspx. of the Initiative.

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 7 academy news

How Does the Nuclear Industry Learn and Adapt?

Invaluable lessons can be learned from serious nuclear accidents, such as those at Fukushima, Three Mile Island, and Chernobyl. Yet minor incidents and near-accidents provide important lessons as well. These experiences often reveal not only how to decrease the likelihood that the same mistakes will occur, but also how to avoid larger accidents that may be foreshadowed in earlier, smaller incidents.

In Lessons Learned from “Lessons Learned”: The Evolution of Nuclear Power Safety after Accidents and Near-Accidents, Edward D. Blandford and Michael M. May enumerate the lessons from nuclear accidents and incidents, asking whether the nuclear energy community has indeed learned from those lessons. The authors argue that stake- holders must commit to ongoing improvement of their protocols and standards. Each nuclear incident–no matter its size–under- lines the importance of pursuing high standards of safety, security, and proliferation resistance. Blandford and May also emphasize the need for coordination among nuclear states. “Mechanisms to facilitate and, where needed, enforce mutual learning have not always been adequate,” they write. “Information-sharing, import/export agreements based on safety standards, agreements to facilitate cooperation among regulatory authorities, and the participation of ½nancial interests such as in- vestors and insurers all have a role to play in improving mutual oping pragmatic recommendations for managing the emerging learning among different states.” nuclear order. The Initiative is led by Steven Miller, codirector May is Professor Emeritus (Research) in the School of Engineer- (Harvard University); Scott Sagan, codirector (Stanford Univer- ing at Stanford University, where he is also a Senior Fellow in the sity); Robert Rosner, senior advisor (University of Chicago); and Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. He is former Stephen M. Goldberg, research coordinator (Argonne National Codirector of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Laboratory). Cooperation (cisac) and is Director Emeritus of the Lawrence The gnf Initiative is supported in part by grants from Carnegie Livermore National Laboratory. Blandford is a Stanton Nuclear Corporation of New York, The William and Flora Hewlett Founda- Security Postdoctoral Fellow at cisac; he also serves as an adjunct tion, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Flora Family Foundation, and Fred Nuclear Engineering at the University of New Mexico. Kavli and the Kavli Foundation. The Academy is grateful to these Lessons Learned is the latest publication from the Academy’s supporters and to the project leaders for advancing the work of the Global Nuclear Future (gnf) Initiative, which is working to iden- Initiative. tify and promote measures that will limit the safety, security, and proliferation risks raised by the global expansion of nuclear energy. To download Lessons Learned and other gnf publications, visit Through innovative scholarship and behind-the-scenes interactions http://www.amacad.org/projects/globalnuclearbooks.aspx. with international leaders and stakeholders, the Initiative is devel-

8 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 Dædalus Explores New Directions for Science in the 21st Century

Recent scienti½c advances have fundamentally changed our understanding of the world. Many of these advances will have an enormous effect on society Dædalus, Summer 2012 and the natural environment. For instance, dna sequencing technologies “Science in the 21st Century” have implications that range from treating neurologic disorders to optimizing Jerrold Meinwald (Cornell Univer- plant cultivation, while tiny machines operating at the nanoscale may some- sity), “Prelude” day obscure the distinction between technology and life. Where will these James F. Bell III (University of Arizona), developments take us next? How can they be applied to the most pressing “The Search for Habitable Worlds: Plan- etary Exploration in the 21st Century” challenges that we face? Terence Tao (University of California, Los Angeles), “E pluribus unum: From In the Summer 2012 issue of Dædalus, “The conduct of science depends on cold, Complexity, Universality” “Science in the 21st Century,” leaders from hard, veri½able facts, and forecasting the fu- Paul L. McEuen (Cornell University), the physical and biological sciences present ture is necessarily rife with uncertainty.” “Small Machines” engaging, accessible snapshots of recent In looking to the future, the essays are full Daniel G. Nocera (Massachusetts Insti- research in their ½elds. They explore the of the sense of wonder that drives scienti½c tute of Technology), “Can We Progress practical applications of new discoveries and inquiry. Robotic space exploration is hom- from Solipsistic Science to Frugal Inno- identify questions for further inquiry. Guest ing in on worlds within our solar system that vation?” edited by Jerrold Meinwald, the Goldwin may have the potential to support life. Math- Nima Arkani-Hamed (Institute for Ad- Smith Professor of Chemistry Emeritus at ematical laws help us make predictions vanced Study), “The Future of Funda- Cornell University, and May R. Berenbaum, about the observable universe, from natural mental Physics” Professor and Head of the Department of processes to social phenomena such as pol- Bonnie L. Bassler (Princeton Univer- Entomology at the University of Illinois at icy preferences. And new work in microbiol- sity), “Microbes as Menaces, Mates & Urbana-Champaign, the volume covers areas ogy has revealed that bacteria communicate Marvels” of study from planetary science, physics, with one another and even organize to act Neil H. Shubin (University of Chicago), mathematics, and chemistry to biology, collectively. “Fossils Everywhere” ecology, and evolutionary theory. While cel- Many of the essays confront the most ur- Chris Somerville (University of Cali- ebrating the intellectual accomplishments gent threats to humankind and the planet: fornia, Berkeley), “Deciphering the Parts of recent decades, the issue emphasizes that feeding a growing population as usable land List for the Mechanical Plant” there is much left to learn. and resources dwindle; using security, sus- Gregory A. Petsko (Weill Cornell The essays offer a view of where science is tainability, and affordability as guideposts to Medical College; Brandeis University), headed in the coming decades–not an easy rethink energy systems; mitigating rapid “The Coming Epidemic of Neurologic task, the editors maintain. In his preface to species loss due to pollution, climate change, Disorders: What Science Is–and Should the volume, Meinwald reflects on his own and land degradation; and promoting biodi- Be–Doing About It” ½eld of organic chemistry: “[M]ost of the versity to restore the ecosystems that all life David Tilman (University of Min- work done by organic chemists in the year relies on to survive. nesota), “Biodiversity & Environmental 2000 and beyond has depended heavily on Whether we succeed in bene½ting mate- Sustainability amid Human Domination the application of experimental techniques rially from the enormous strides that science of Global Ecosystems” and on theories that simply did not exist a is now making will be determined largely by May R. Berenbaum (University of Illi- half-century earlier,” he writes. “The lesson how the public and particularly policy-mak- nois at Urbana-Champaign), “Postlude” (well known, but easily forgotten) is that an- ers respond to the ever-increasing under- ticipating future events is dif½cult.” Beren- standing of where we and our world come baum echoes this sentiment in her essay: from, and where the laws of nature will allow us to go.

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 9 around the country

New York City May 14, 2012

More than 150 Academy members and guests attended a reception in New York City in honor of New York Area Fellows. Leslie C. Berlowitz (President of the Academy), Alan Alda (actor, writer, and director), Roger W. Ferguson, Jr. (President and Chief Executive Of½cer, tiaa-cref), and Carol Gluck (George Sansom Professor of History, Columbia University) spoke about the unique role that the Academy plays as the nation’s oldest independent research center, addressing complex challenges to our civil society and national competitiveness.

Carol Gluck (Columbia University), Roger W. Ferguson, Jr. (TIAA- Carol Kekst (New York, New York), Gershon Kekst (Kekst and Com- CREF), Alan Alda (New York, New York), and Academy President pany), and Gerald Rosenfeld (Lazard Ltd.; New York University) Leslie C. Berlowitz

The American Academy is one of the few institutions trusted to bring the best of private sector thinking– academic thinking, business think- ing, creative thinking–to our most important national problems. –Roger W. Ferguson, Jr. President and Chief Executive Of½cer, James S. Tisch (Loews Corporation), Billie Tisch (Tisch Foundation), TIAA-CREF Helene Kaplan (Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP & Affiliates), and Joel Conarroe (John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation)

10 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 The idea that you have been invited in The Academy is unusual because it to this convening of intellect and concern, is a nonpartisan place, where people and that your talent can be combined of very different persuasions, whether with that of others in this organization, they be intellectual or political, come is an extraordinary idea. together to address an issue. –Alan Alda –Carol Gluck actor, writer, and director George Sansom Professor of History, Columbia University

Steven Siegelbaum (Columbia University College of Physicians and Daniel Mendelsohn (Bard College), Thomas Hines (University of Cal- Surgeons), George Rupp (International Rescue Committee), and Shu ifornia, Los Angeles), and Richard Gardner (Columbia Law School) Chien (University of California, San Diego)

Igor Klebanov (Princeton University), Leslie C. Berlowitz (American Don Michael Randel (Andrew W. Mellon Foundation), Roger W. Academy), Cathleen Morawetz (New York University), and Laura Ferguson, Jr. (TIAA-CREF), and Antonio M. Gotto Jr. (Weill Cornell Engelstein (Yale University) Medical College)

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 11 Dealing with North Korea’s Nuclear Program

On April 12, 2012, North Korea unsuccessfully launched a long-range missile that was intended to carry an Earth observation satellite into space. North Korea ½red the long-range test rocket in de½ance of un Security Council resolutions and an agreement with the United States. On the eve of the launch, the Academy convened leading North Korea experts to discuss the broader geopolitical and nonproliferation implications of North Korea’s nuclear program. The following is an edited transcript of the discussion, which served as the Academy’s 1984th Stated Meeting.

the world regard as provocative. The missile ing from 1995 to 1997 as the head of the Ko- launch is conjoined to speculation that rean Peninsula Energy Development Organ- North Korea may be in some stage of prepa- ization, the institution created to help ration for another nuclear test. So the issue implement the Agreed Framework that was is now at a boil. But those of you who follow achieved in 1994. He was also Ambassador to nuclear affairs will know that this story has the Republic of Korea from 1997 to 2001 and at least a twenty-year history. Indeed, the Special Representative for North Korea Pol- ½rst crescendo was reached in the early icy in the Obama administration from 2009 1990s, when a confrontation with the Clin- to 2011. ton administration led to serious worries Siegfried “Sig” Hecker is Research Profes- about war and to a last-minute diplomatic sor of Management Science and Engineer- solution, the Agreed Framework, under ing at Stanford University, where he is also which North Korea agreed to freeze its nu- Codirector of the Center for International clear program in return for various kinds Security and Cooperation. Sig has also had a of U.S. assistance. Ambassador Bosworth long and distinguished career in the Ameri- played a major role in this process. can nuclear weapons complex. A metallur- From that day to the present, North gist by training, he served from 1986 to 1997 Korea’s nuclear program has never ceased to as Director of the Los Alamos National Lab- be a source of concern, though the issue has oratory. He has also been a valued member waxed and waned. Over the course of the of the Academy’s Global Nuclear Future last decade, North Korea has all but left the Initiative. Among other distinctions, Sig has reservation. In 2003, it withdrew from the had extensive exposure to North Korea’s Steven E. Miller Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In 2006, nuclear facilities, visiting North Korea seven Steven E. Miller is Director of the International it conducted its ½rst nuclear test (which was times. Along with one or two other individ- Security Program at the Belfer Center for Science not entirely successful, but it did go “boom”). uals, he has seen more of North Korea’s fa- In 2009, it carried out a second test of a nu- cilities than anyone outside of the Inter- and International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy clear device. Along the way, it has conducted national Atomic Energy Agency. He is unri- School. Elected a Fellow of the American Academy a small number of missile tests. That mar- valed as a decoder of the technical dimen- in 2006, he serves as Cochair of the Academy’s riage of missiles and weapons is particularly sions of the North Korean program, both Committee on International Security Studies and disturbing to those who are within range of where it is today and where it is headed. Codirector of the Academy’s Global Nuclear Future the missiles. Initiative. The present is an acute moment in a very long story. Fortunately, we have two excep- he Academy has chosen a propitious tionally quali½ed people to help us under- Ttime to examine the implications of stand and decode what is going on. Am- North Korea’s nuclear program. We are bassador Stephen Bosworth is Dean of The expecting that at any moment the country Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at will launch a missile linked to a satellite– Tufts University. He has a long and distin- an act that the United States and much of guished past in American diplomacy, serv-

12 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 First, in the 1990s, months would pass in reuni½ed and have a military relationship which I did not consider China’s views on with the United States. From the Chinese the North Korea issue because China, by perspective, that turn of events would be a choice, was not actively engaged in the sharply negative shift in the correlation of diplomacy of North Korea. Second, the forces in Northeast Asia. South Korea I returned to in 2009 was differ- As I mentioned, Japanese policy is driven ent in many ways from the one that I had by strong public interest in the fate of the known in the 1990s. In particular, the point Japanese abductees. That is not to say that of view of the South Korean administration Japan is not actively concerned about North on how to deal with its neighbor was very Korea’s nuclear program. But Japan has different from the view held by the Kim Dae- taken a somewhat less assertive role in re- jung administration, which had been in gional diplomacy compared to the 1990s, power when I was there previously. Third, in when it was one of our key partners in deal- my earlier experience, Japan had been a ing with North Korea under the Agreed principal partner to the United States in try- Framework of Geneva. ing to cope with the problems of North The changes in South Korea’s role are per- Korea. By 2009, Japan’s role was different, in haps the most interesting of all. As China’s part because Japan had become much more preeminence in the region has risen, so has preoccupied with its own domestic condi- South Korea’s importance, at least from the tion. Although Japan was still concerned perspective of the United States. South about nukes and missiles, its primary ex- Korea has become an even more important Stephen W. Bosworth pressed interest was the fate of the Japanese U.S. ally and partner within the region than abductees who had been taken by North a decade ago. It is a flourishing democracy, a Stephen W. Bosworth is Dean of The Fletcher Korea thirty years ago. prospering economy, and a growing power School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. In the early 2000s, these three countries, both regionally and globally. The United From March 2009 to October 2011, he was the together with the United States and Russia, States now looks to South Korea to offset U.S. Special Representative for North Korea Policy formed what was called the six-party process somewhat the rise of China. The United in the Obama administration. He also served as to negotiate with North Korea. This multi- States is very conscious of South Korea’s in- U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Korea from lateral context was quite different from the terests, especially with regard to North 1997 to 2001, as U.S. Ambassador to the Philip- era of the early 1990s, when the United Korea. The result, from a U.S. policy-making pines from 1984 to 1987, and as U.S. Ambassador States had self-assuredly stepped forward to perspective, is that South Korea now has to Tunisia from 1979 to 1981. He has been a Fellow deal with the threat of North Korea. Some more sway in the formulation of a coordi- of the American Academy since 2010. things, however, were the same. And in that nated U.S.-South Korean approach to North sense, we were able to begin putting to- Korea than was the case in the 1990s. I am not hen I returned to the problems of gether a program for dealing with North saying that the United States failed to con- WNorth Korea in Spring 2009, having Korea in the 2000s. All ½ve nations continue sider South Korea’s interests in the 1990s; but been away from them for almost ten years to have a common interest in seeing that I can assure you that, based on my experience after I left Seoul as Ambassador, I found a North Korea does not become a permanent in both periods, we give much more impor- number of fundamental differences. First, nuclear weapons state. However, in addition tance today to what South Korea wants. the strategic context within which the to that common goal, each country has For the United States, given this mélange United States and our allies and partners speci½c national interests. of interests and activities, North Korea’s nu- were dealing with the threat of North Korea China, for example, does not want to have clear program is an even more complicated had shifted dramatically. In the 1990s, in- a nuclear North Korea, but neither does it geopolitical issue than it was in the 1990s cluding when I was Ambassador to South want to see North Korea collapse. North when we operated under the Agreed Frame- Korea, we treated the North Korea issue Korea plays the vital role of a buffer state be- work. The threat from North Korea has largely as a matter for the United States to tween China and U.S. military ally South remained much the same. That threat is settle. But in 2009, I found an entirely differ- Korea. China’s nightmare is to someday twofold. One component is the nuclear ent regional context. wake up in a world where the Koreas have threat, a strategic concern that has clearly

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 13 dealing with north korea’s nuclear program

We need to reduce our focus on the nuclear and In our system of government, where our perception of interests and the world missile issues that have constituted the heart of changes on a fairly frequent basis (or at least our North Korea agenda over the last twenty years. with our electoral cycle), that requirement is very hard for us to meet. And unfortu- As long as North Korea feels that it has leverage nately, North Korea has become a con- with us because of our concerns about its nuclear tentious issue within our domestic body politic. It is dif½cult to sustain the level of and missile programs, it will use that leverage and commitment and attention required to en- gage with North Korea over a long period of will become even more difficult to deal with. time. Yet we do not have an alternative. Diplomatic engagement may be challeng- deepened. The ½ssile material that North So it is not just the nuclear and missile ing, but it is the only mechanism I see us Korea had in the 1990s was estimated to be programs that are worrisome. It is the being able to pursue in order to change grad- suf½cient for one or two nuclear devices. longer-term problem of a potentially unsta- ually the environment of the Korean penin- After breaking out of the Agreed Framework, ble North Korea. Our options for dealing sula. the country was able to produce enough with this second threat are, to say the least, To some extent, we need to reduce our ½ssile material for an estimated eight to not good. Some argue that our goal should focus on the nuclear and missile issues that twelve devices, assuming that it has not pro- be somehow to prompt regime change in have constituted the heart of our North duced any ½ssile material from the technol- North Korea. Believe me, if I could see a way Korea agenda over the last twenty years. We ogy Sig Hecker glimpsed when he visited in to do that without putting several million must begin to address the longer-term issue 2010: namely, uranium enrichment. In the South Koreans at risk, I would be sorely of instability. As long as North Korea feels past, their ½ssile material was all plutonium tempted, because this is a despicable regime. that it has leverage with us because of our based. But we believe that North Korea has But in addition to its nuclear capabilities, concerns about its nuclear and missile pro- made signi½cant progress in uranium enrich- North Korea has the capacity to hold the ten grams, it will use that leverage and will be- ment–speci½cally, that it has enriched ura- to twenty million South Koreans in metro- come even more dif½cult to deal with. While nium to a level whereby it could potentially politan Seoul hostage to its conventional we made some progress during my time as be used for producing more ½ssile material forces–namely, rockets and artillery. The Special Representative for North Korea Pol- and, eventually, nuclear weapons. U.S. military has estimated that North Korea icy, that progress has proved not to be lasting. The second, and in some ways the greater, could put several hundred artillery shells North Korea has now taken us back to where threat that North Korea presents within the a minute into metropolitan Seoul. Such an we were in Summer 2009 following its tests region is instability. It is essentially a failed attack would do horrendous damage to of a missile and another nuclear device. state in the heart of what is perhaps the most South Korea. So North Korea must be dealt important region in the world. Its neighbors with very gingerly. are concerned that its instability could ex- The other option is to try to engage with plode at any time. That concern has, of the regime, to change its perception of its course, been exacerbated over the last few self-interest. We have been trying to do that months with the death of Kim Jong-il and for nearly twenty years. The problem is that the coming to power (or at least coming into North Korea is very dif½cult to engage. of½ce) of Kim Jong-un. I am not among the Moreover, it is very dif½cult for democracies observers who believe that Kim Jong-un has to sustain the kinds of policy necessary to any great degree of authority over decision- maintain engagement on an extended basis. making in North Korea. But he clearly has a Alexis de Tocqueville was right when he said role; he is the public face of the regime, and that exercise of foreign policy is one of the he seems to be asserting himself in a fairly weaknesses of democratic systems because vigorous way. (to paraphrase him) foreign policy success requires the steady application of attention and force over a protracted period of time.

14 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 of what I have seen, my colleagues and I have At less than 1 kiloton, the ½rst test was not put together the best estimate of what their very successful (in comparison, Nagasaki capabilities are. We still have many ques- was 21 kilotons, or the equivalent of 21,000 tions, but we are better off today than we tons of tnt). The second test was closer to were seven years ago in terms of under- 5 kilotons; in my opinion, that test was suc- standing just what North Korea’s nuclear cessful. And if they can do 5 kilotons, they and missile programs entail. can do 20. However, based on those, let’s say I agree with Ambassador Bosworth that one-and-a-half, tests, I do not believe that the North Korea problem is much more than North Korea has the requisite knowledge to a nuclear and missile issue. But in the United miniaturize a nuclear bomb or warhead that States, our glasses have nuclear colors; every it could then mount on a missile. Consider time we look at North Korea we see only nu- that the United States has conducted 1,054 clear issues. Yet we cannot deal with the nuclear tests, and that Russia has conducted problem by focusing on nuclear weapons 715. North Korea does not yet have that ca- alone. North Korea has the bomb, but it does pability, and certainly would not have the not have much of a nuclear arsenal. In my con½dence to launch a nuclear warhead. To view, neither South Korea nor the continen- miniaturize a nuclear warhead will be one of tal United States and our assets around the the strong drivers for North Korea to con- world are currently in danger of being at- duct further tests. tacked by a North Korean nuclear weapon. There is very little question that North However, North Korea indeed wants to put Korea is working on miniaturizing. I am sure us at risk. It has continued to enhance its nu- they have designs and computer calcula- Siegfried S. Hecker clear program to give the impression that it tions. But again, for comparison, the Na- can do so, and the government has not gasaki bomb weighed ten thousand pounds Siegfried S. Hecker is Research Professor of Man- b agement Science and Engineering at Stanford Uni- veered from that objective over the last and was delivered by a -29 bomber. To put twenty years. The country has been develop- a bomb on a missile, depending on whether versity, where he is also a Senior Fellow at the icbm Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies ing nuclear capability for more than ½fty it is short range or an (intercontinen- and Codirector of the Center for International Se- years, but it is only in the last twenty that we tal ballistic missile), it has to be less than 500 curity and Cooperation. He is Emeritus Director have become greatly concerned. kilograms or so. That is a long way from the of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, which he I would give North Korea credit for four to Nagasaki bomb. Moreover, with a nuclear led from 1986 to 1997. He was elected a Fellow of eight plutonium bombs. Because we know warhead you not only have to make it go up, the American Academy in 2002. that a bomb requires about the amount of but you also have to bring it back down and plutonium that was in the Nagasaki bomb put it through reentry. There are mechanical y role in the North Korea problem has (approximately 6 kilograms), we can make and thermal stresses, and you have to do a Mbeen a technical one. I am not a diplo- an estimate based on what I saw in North great deal of testing. North Korea is not mat and will leave the diplomacy to Ambas- Korea and on its production records. We can there yet. sador Bosworth; but I will venture into the see when its reactors operate. We know that As far as missiles are concerned, the North technical side of how to deal with the impos- it has conducted two nuclear tests, though Koreans are not calling tonight’s launch a sible situation that he described. First, I will we don’t know exactly how much pluto- missile launch; they are calling it a space give you a breakdown of the nuclear pro- nium was used in those tests. And we also launch. That is, they will attempt to launch gram and the missile program, then I will have an idea of how many processing losses a satellite into space. They have already con- discuss the threats we face and where we it would have incurred. All this information ducted three long-range rocket tests. (Let’s stand. suggests that North Korea has somewhere just call them rockets, whether they are I have been to North Korea seven times, so between 24 and 42 kilograms of plutonium: meant to have a satellite or a warhead on much of what I will tell you I have seen in that is, enough for four to eight bombs. top.) The ½rst test, which took place in 1998, person. In our Track II diplomacy interac- Some observers estimate twelve; others say scared the Japanese because it flew over tions, the North Koreans have shown me that the number is lower. Japan; but it was not fully successful. The much of their nuclear program. On the basis second one, in 2006, blew up at the gantry

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 15 dealing with north korea’s nuclear program

and was a total failure. In the third test, in third satellite since 2009. The United States the Musudan has ever been tested. However, 2009, the ½rst two stages were successful, did not put up a terribly big fuss over Iran, some of my colleagues have speculated that traveling quite far. In the third stage, the but North Korea is regarded differently. The the second stage of the Unha-3 rocket that is rocket either blew up or did not disconnect argument is that the latest un Security currently sitting on the launch pad looks just right. North Korea never did get a satellite Council Resolution, Resolution 1874, pro- like the Musudan. So again, tonight’s launch into orbit. hibits the country from conducting a missile might provide information. But do we have Why is North Korea trying another space launch of any kind, including a satellite to worry about being attacked tomorrow? launch (or missile test) now? First, three launch. Certainly, North Korea is breaking The answer is no. previous tests are not very many. We know the rules of the resolution. Why does this As I mentioned, North Korea has 24 to 42 that they have been preparing to complete matter? Regardless of whether it is a space kilograms of plutonium bomb fuel; we think the next long-range rocket test for several launch or a missile launch, the ½rst two it takes around 6 kilograms to make a bomb. years, and the centennial of Kim Il-sung’s stages of this three-stage rocket pose a dual- North Korea has voluntarily not restarted birth seems a good time for them to carry use problem. Testing also presents an oppor- the Yongbyon nuclear reactor that was shut out the test. We have been expecting another tunity to learn a great deal about long-range down in 2007. Observers in the United States launch attempt at some point, but also real- missiles. This fourth test will provide infor- say that the reactor cannot be restarted be- ize that North Korea’s nuclear program is mation that could eventually be used to cause it is decrepit, but I do not think this is actually quite slow. build an icbm. true. Again, having been there and having talked to the North Koreans, I believe that North Korea indeed wants to put us at risk. It has they could restart the reactor if they wanted to. Still, the best they could do would be to continued to enhance its nuclear program to give make enough plutonium to power one bomb the impression that it can do so, and the government per year. But they are not producing pluto- nium right now; all they have is a handful of has not veered from that objective over the last plutonium bombs. When I visited in November 2010, they twenty years. showed me not only uranium enrichment but also a light water reactor that they are The launch is predicted to take place at North Korea does not now have an icbm; building. The reactor they had was a gas- 9:30 tonight. Whether or not it is successful, its rockets take too long to fuel. If we saw graphite reactor (gas cooled, graphite mod- the North Korean public will surely be told North Korea fueling a missile with a war- erated) that could be fueled with natural that it was. The North Korean people believe head to send our way, we would have time to uranium, so they did not have to enrich. that the previous satellite launches (from react. The program also lacks the capacity They are now building a light water reactor two of the three long-range rocket tests) for reentry; our best intelligence indicates because the Agreed Framework, which Am- were successful, and that North Korea now that the necessary flight tests have not been bassador Bosworth helped put together with has two satellites orbiting in space. I saw conducted. So North Korea is still a long way kedo (the Korean Energy Development them personally at the planetarium museum from launching a missile with a nuclear war- Organization), fell apart during the Bush ad- in Pyongyang–two little red dots going head. However, if they do launch a satellite, ministration in late 2002. The agreement around in circles. The guide was telling visi- they will undoubtedly learn more about the had stipulated that the United States would tors that those were the two satellites. So as missile. provide North Korea with light water reac- far as the North Korean public is concerned, What worries me the most is the road- tors. So North Korea is telling us, “You the launch will be successful. [Note added in mobile, one-stage missile system that was didn’t keep your promise; we’re going to print: The rocket launch occurred at 7:37 pm brought out at an October 2010 parade in build our own.” The reactor will also make that night and was a dismal failure; enough Pyongyang. Called the Musudan, this for- plutonium, but this fact does not concern so that Pyongyang for the ½rst time admitted mer Soviet ss-n-6 submarine ballistic mis- me greatly: it will not make high-quality a failure.] sile system contained nuclear warheads. The bomb-grade plutonium. North Korea maintains that it has a sover- fact that it is road mobile makes the threat What about uranium enrichment? North eign right to launch a satellite. Iran has done even greater because such a system is very Korea took the plutonium path to the bomb, so, and, in fact, just recently launched its hard to ½nd. But there is no indication that but like every other country that has the

16 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 If we do not want North Korea to build more bombs, no better bombs, and no export. For the time being, North Korea has nuclear weapons, that means no high-enriched uranium, no plutonium, and there is not much we can do about it. no better bombs, and, most important, no nuclear They are not going to give them up in the short term. tests. But if we do not want North Korea to build more bombs, that means no high- bomb, it also took the uranium path. The much of the key materials for centrifuges enriched uranium, no plutonium, no better difference is that the North Koreans have de- they could have purchased through clandes- bombs, and, most important, no nuclear nied it. They may have admitted to enriching tine networks. These networks include tests. We should also work to prevent North uranium in October 2002, depending on greedy European businessmen who hocked Korea from exporting sensitive materials which side of the story you hear. Certainly, their wares to A.Q. Khan as well as connec- and technologies, though that objective is they denied it during the ½rst six of my seven tions in Malaysia, South Africa, and Dubai. hard to enforce. Ultimately, our main focus visits, claiming they had neither the person- All the same materials and facilities that should be to ensure that North Korea does nel nor the equipment. But a number of sig- A.Q. Khan, Libya, and Iran have acquired, not conduct another nuclear test. In 2009, nals pointed to the fact that they have North Korea has acquired, too. At present, North Korea walked away from the six-party uranium enrichment facilities. I once said to North Korea might have some high-enriched talks, launched a long-range rocket, and fol- Vice Minister Kim Kye-gwan, “I know, of uranium, but only a substantial increase in lowed that with a nuclear test. We do not course, that you have uranium enrichment.” that capacity would present a grave concern. want to replay that event. His response was, “You don’t understand The threat of a nuclear attack is very low. our country, Dr. Hecker.” Although miscalculations and accidents are © 2012 by Steven E. Miller, Stephen W. Bos- But in November 2010, they showed me worrisome, uranium enrichment does not worth, and Siegfried S. Hecker, respectively the smoking gun. My jaw dropped. There change the threat much, unless North Korea weren’t just a few dozen centrifuges; there indeed makes a lot more. What concerns me were two thousand of them, housed in an the most is export of nuclear technologies. To view or listen to the presentations, ultra-modern facility. I and my two Stanford North Korea built a reactor in Syria for pro- visit http://www.amacad.org/events/ colleagues said, “My God! How did they get ducing plutonium, which Israel destroyed in statedmeetings/1984_NorthKorea. so many of them?” Our North Korean hosts 2007. It also exported some of the precursors claimed that they had started enriching only for uranium enrichment to Libya. This pro- after my visit in 2009. But to amass such a cess of export is the main problem. large number of centrifuges from April 2009 What should we do to deal with North to November 2010 would have been impos- Korea today? As Ambassador Bosworth sible. Indeed, they had been working on ura- noted, there are no good options. However, nium enrichment for decades, and on this what we ought not to do is the same thing we particular setup for a number of years. Even have done during all previous crises and then though they say that the facility was de- expect different results. More un Security signed to make low-enriched uranium– Council sanctions will not do any good; which is reactor fuel, not bomb fuel–it China will not let sanctions have an impact. turns out that you can replumb that type of Maybe what we ought to do is not say much. facility to make bomb fuel. I do not think Instead, we should focus on the things that that this facility is making bomb fuel, but will not make the threat worse. I have been there must be another facility–one that is pushing the U.S. government to pursue also set up for low-enriched uranium but, in threat reduction. Although domestic politics all likelihood, is being used for making high- presents some obstacles, we can go to China enriched uranium as well. and say, “Look, we must reduce the threat, The problem is that we do not know how and you don’t want matters to get worse.” I much high-enriched uranium they have have been trying to relay to our government made. The best we can do is estimate how what I call the “three nos”: no more bombs,

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 17 Remembering H.M.

he Academy’s 1981st Stated Meeting on February 15, 2012, featured members of the Catalyst Collaborative@mit per- Tforming a staged reading of Wesley Savick’s play Yesterday Photo: A.R. Sinclair Photography Photo: Happened: Remembering H.M. At the age of twenty-seven, H.M. (as he was known to the world) became frozen in time. After experimental brain surgery, he was unable to form new memories. His personal tragedy became neuroscience’s opportunity, contributing more to our understanding of the brain than had been learned in the previous one hundred years. The staged reading was followed by a panel discussion about memory and cognition. Four distinguished neuroscientists, including researchers who worked with H.M., explored the important contributions that this patient made to our understanding of memory, learning, and identity. An edited transcript of the discussion follows. (Image above: Barlow Adamson in Yesterday Happened: Remembering H.M., 2012, mri scan of H.M. by André van der Kouwe.)

18 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 H.M. had his hippocampus removed by of memory research. His memory impair- the neurosurgeon William Scoville, who be- ments were initially reported by Brenda Mil- lieved that it would relieve H.M.’s otherwise ner, who is arguably the mother of modern incurable epilepsy. The surgery resulted in neuropsychology. Just a short time later, she the complete loss of H.M.’s ability to form made another, perhaps equally amazing, dis- most types of memory, which therefore covery: that H.M. had not lost the ability to localized memory to the hippocampus, a form all kinds of memories. She gave H.M. structure roughly the size of your thumb. (who could not even remember meeting her Why was this discovery so amazing? It was the day before) a test in which he had to the early 1950s, and the idea that any func- learn how to write by watching his hand in tions were localized in the brain was not uni- a mirror. It was a bit odd and required some versally accepted until a few years before the practice, but with time, he learned to do the

What occurred was a very sad personal tragedy for H.M., but it opened up the field of memory research. Brenda Milner discovered that H.M. had not lost the ability to form all kinds of memories. That discovery initiated decades of work on trying to understand Robert Desimone which forms of memory were dependent on the Robert Desimone is Director of the McGovern hippocampus, and which forms were dependent Institute for Brain Research and the Doris and on other structures. Don Berkey Professor in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachu- case of H.M. Recall that in the early 1800s, task. That observation initiated decades of setts Institute of Technology. He was elected a phrenologists who made claims about local- work on trying to understand which forms of Fellow of the American Academy in 2001. ized functions in the brain were ridiculed memory were dependent on the hippocam- by the scienti½c establishment. In 1906, pus, and which forms were dependent on tatistics suggest that half the people in Camillo Golgi and Ramón y Cajal shared a other structures. Scoville had not just dis- Sthis room will suffer from Alzheimer’s Nobel Prize for their work in neuroscience. sected out the function of memory from the disease by age eighty-½ve. This extraordi- In his acceptance speech, Golgi said that other functions in the brain; his scalpel had nary ½gure is sometimes dismissed by peo- based on his observations of the brain, all in fact begun to dissect memory itself. ple outside the ½eld because they believe it brain cells were part of the same cytoplasm. All our panelists worked personally with must be hype, but it actually is true. The best Therefore, Golgi maintained, localization of H.M., except for me. My work in memory is research shows a remarkable prevalence of function in the brain could not occur: each at the micro level and involves animals. My Alzheimer’s disease. And although hardly a part was equal to any other part. Cajal pro- role in the case of H.M. is a sort of inherited week goes by without some fantastic discov- ceeded to counter his co-winner, stating that involvement from my scienti½c mentor at ery about memory and Alzheimer’s disease based on his observations, the brain is com- the National Institutes of Health, Mort being reported in the news (and we all are posed of discrete elements, which have Mishkin, who performed a critical experi- hoping for a cure very soon), I am 100 per- unique functions. Can you imagine this hap- ment in animals. Until that time, scientists cent con½dent that every person in this room pening today with two Nobel Prize recipi- trying to replicate H.M.’s amnesia in animal has spent some time seriously contemplating ents reaching the opposite conclusion on the studies had failed to ½nd any convincing ev- what the loss of their memory would be like. same question? idence of the hippocampal damage causing So it is with a combination of fascination and What occurred was a very sad personal the profound amnesia from which H.M. suf- dread that we consider the case of H.M. tragedy for H.M., but it opened up the ½eld fered. But Mishkin discovered that if he in-

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 19 remembering h.m.

cluded a bit more of the temporal lobe, be- used to be. In sections A and B, you can see yond the hippocampus itself, then the mon- in the back of Henry’s brain that his cerebel- keys he used as subjects became similarly lum is badly atrophied. This loss is not an ef- amnesic. This ½nding meant that humans, fect of the operation; it is because he took long thought to be unique in the way their large doses of the anti-seizure medication memories were organized, shared many Dilantin for many years. But more impor- basic memory system properties with ani- tant, in sections C, D, E, and F, you can see mals. That raised all kinds of questions Henry’s lesion in both temporal lobes. The about how the hippocampus interacts with damage extended 5.4 centimeters back from other systems in the brain, and that debate the tip of the temporal lobe on the left side, has continued to this day. and 5.1 centimeters on the right side. Scoville Mishkin’s research also raised the ques- estimated that the extent of the lesion was tion, what exactly was removed from H.M.’s eight centimeters, so he greatly overesti- brain? And that turns out to be another fas- mated how much tissue he took out. Only cinating detective story. The chief detective with the advent of mri have we been able to in that story, Suzanne Corkin, will tell you a obtain a more accurate idea of the true size bit about the work involved in trying to of the lesion. ½gure out precisely what Scoville did. In fact, The night Henry died, a hearse brought the surgical notes on the procedure are not his body to the Martinos Center for Biomed- quite accurate, and there have been a num- ical Imaging at the Massachusetts General ber of surprises in H.M.’s case throughout Hospital, where we scanned him for nine the years. I hope the members of our panel hours in a 3 Tesla scanner. André van der will also tell you a bit about their personal in- Suzanne Corkin Koewe put together a short movie of the im- volvement with H.M. because I know that Suzanne Corkin is Professor of Behavioral Neuro- ages from one particular scan. These coronal every one of them formed warm feelings for images move from front to back as if you are science in the Department of Brain and Cognitive H.M. They felt a great deal of compassion looking at the front of Henry’s brain and for H.M. from working with him over the Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- progressing to the back. Starting in the front, years. But the irony was that it was not recip- nology. the images show his eyes, nose, and frontal rocated. He did not recognize them from day lobes. Next, the black areas reveal his en- to day. It is interesting to imagine how you will ½rst show you an mri scan of larged ventricles and medial temporal lobe would form a relationship with someone IHenry’s brain from 1992. Figure 1 is a hor- lesions, which are fluid-½lled spaces in his who does not recognize you. Our panelists izontal section, so imagine that the brain is brain. The images reveal that his corpus cal- will tell you their accounts of this fascinating story. I worked with H.M. from 1962 until he died in 2008. He didn’t really know who I was. He could pick my name out of a list of names beginning with C, but he didn’t know whether Corkin was a man or a woman, and he didn’t know what I did. But in recent decades, he always thought that I was a friend.

sliced from front to back. In this kind of im- losum is thin, and that, further back in the aging, the bright white signal is cerebral brain, the ventricles are still large. Finally, in spinal fluid. It shows where fluid is present the back, the images show the atrophied and brain tissue is absent. In many cases, the cerebellum. white patches indicate where brain areas

20 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 Figure 1. T-2 Weighted Axial Sections indicating the Extent of H.M.’s Anterior Temporal Lobe Resection Bilaterally. © Suzanne Corkin; used by permission of The Wylie Agency LLC.

In photographs of H.M.’s actual brain One question I am often asked is whether from right after the autopsy, in a ventral view, H.M. knew who I was. I worked with him you can see the olfactory bulb on one side, from 1962 until he died in 2008. The answer both olfactory tracts, and the optic chiasm. is no, and yes. He didn’t really know who I In the back is his shriveled cerebellum, which was. He could pick my name out of a list of would normally extend out farther on each names beginning with C, but he didn’t know side and also farther in back. The lesion be- whether Corkin was a man or a woman, and gins just after the tip of the temporal lobe and he didn’t know what I did. But in recent progresses back. We think that the surgeon decades, he always thought he knew me may have deliberately stopped just short of a from high school. So when I asked him if we blood vessel so that he did not cause more had ever met before, he would say, “Yes, in damage by cutting it. Similarly, on the left high school.” When I approached him in his side, is the tip of the temporal lobe. The le- room, or in the nursing home where he was sion extends back from here to another living, he always thought that I was a friend. blood vessel. A close-up image of the left side of the front of the brain reveals the olfactory tract, the temporal lobe, and the lesion ex- tending back from the temporal lobe and stopping; it is the same on the right side.

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 21 remembering h.m.

day he died. There were some exceptions, an important insight into another separate, but they were small compared to what is typ- independent instrument of memory that al- ical of a memory. lows us to be powerful skill learners. The primary lesson was that a local injury The second class of learning, repetition could have a global consequence for learning priming, reminds me of an experiment that and memory. But the second lesson, which gave me the chance to work with H.M. Imag- Bob also alluded to, was, in a way, the oppo- ine that I ask you to name any weapons that site: the short list of skills that H.M. could come to mind. You might think of gun, knife, learn perfectly normally fueled another rev- or maybe cannon. You probably would not olution. In modern understanding, the hu- list bazooka in your top three. Now imagine man brain is like a symphony orchestra of that before I ask the question, I give you a list learning instruments. Between your ears are of words to read, and on that list is the word specialized circuits, all learning their own bazooka. With H.M., I would wait a few mo- parts, typically collaborating, but operating ments, then ask him to tell me what the We have learned from H.M., and from many research- ers, that we have multiple memory systems between our ears, each specialized for learning different kinds of information.

John D. E. Gabrieli to some degree as islands unto themselves. words on the list were. He would not re- John D. E. Gabrieli is Director of the Athinoula For an example, we can look to the studies of member them, or he would say, “What list?” H.M. that Brenda Milner published in the Then I would say, “I’d like you to tell me the A. Martinos Imaging Center at the McGovern early 1960s. In one test, H.M. had to trace a ½rst three weapons you think of.” He would Institute for Brain Research at the Massachusetts star that he viewed in a mirror. The outline respond, “Gun, knife”–wait a moment– Institute of Technology and the Grover Hermann of the star and his hand were blocked so that “bazooka.” And then he would add, “It’s Professor in Health Sciences and Technology and he could only view his hand moving in the funny, why did I think of ‘bazooka’?” His re- Cognitive Neuroscience in the Department of mirror. Anyone asked to perform this task is sponse was exciting because I knew that he Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT. slow at ½rst. You make many mistakes as you had made an unconscious memory. He read overcome robot-like assumptions about the word bazooka, his brain changed, and s a graduate student, I had the remark- how you move your hand and what it looks when he had to produce the ½rst couple of Aable privilege of working with Suzanne like when you move it. Like any other kind weapons he thought of spontaneously, one Corkin and, for much of my Ph.D. thesis, of skill, everyone gets faster and better with of them was primed to be bazooka. with H.M. He was a wonderfully kind and practice. Remarkably, after learning the skill, A number of similar experiments have cooperative participant, and he could not H.M. would come back the next day having shown that individual words that are in- have been a better research collaborator. He retained it as well as anyone else–even stantly forgotten leave another kind of did everything he could to help the scientists though he had no idea that he had ever done memory trace in the brain that guides sub- working with him learn as much as possible. it. This shows a fundamental distinction be- sequent behavior. Psychologists have linked The dramatic feature of H.M.’s condition, as tween, on the one hand, what is called declar- these ½ndings to the experimental study of Bob Desimone mentioned, was that the re- ative memory and, on the other, knowing a the human cognitive unconscious. When moval of a local section of tissue had resulted procedure without being aware of how you H.M. responded with the word bazooka, he in a global amnesia; whether information know it. It turns out that the basal ganglia, did not know that he had seen the word, but was verbal or spatial, emotionally powerful structures deep in our brains, support not when the moment came to behave and per- or trivial, he remembered no events and very only motor skills but also perceptual skills form in the world, he was influenced by that few facts from the day of the surgery to the and cognitive skills. That ½nding provides recent experience as much as you and I

22 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 would have been. Now, if you were the sub- ½t through the double door, I had to open ject in that experiment, your response might not only the door on one side, but the door be, “Do you want me to say ‘bazooka’? It on the other side as well; and there was a was on the list I just read.” But if people in a complicated unlocking mechanism that psychoanalytic experiment are asked not to went along with this task. Henry, who had do that–if they are asked simply to give the been to mit and traveled this path many ½rst one that comes to mind–they still come times before, patiently waited as I opened up with bazooka. It happens just as often as it the ½rst door. As I struggled with the lock at did with H.M.–not more, not less. It’s per- the bottom of the second door, he reached fectly normal. In this way, he taught us that down from his chair and effortlessly undid our brains are symphony orchestras of the lock. I don’t know if that showed some learning instruments. type of implicit learning, given that he had We now know that the neocortex sup- likely seen it done many times before. Or ports this kind of learning, and that within perhaps he just had far better engineering the neocortex are parts that support lan- know-how than I did. Regardless, his gesture guage and the representation of words and showed the spirit of generosity that was their meanings. We have learned from H.M., present in every interaction I had with him. and from many researchers, that we have My primary research with Henry was multiple memory systems between our ears, looking for evidence of any new type of each specialized for learning different kinds learning that was not of the implicit sort, to of information. Remarkably, as much as they which he did not have conscious access. We interact in everyday life for most of us–sup- were interested in whether he could con- porting each other, interacting with each Elizabeth Kensinger sciously tell us about things that had hap- other–they learn in isolation. They function Elizabeth Kensinger is Associate Professor in the pened after his operation in 1953. Many prior like departments at a university or different studies had suggested that he had not been Department of Psychology and Director of the sections of a bookstore, each with different able to acquire this kind of new information. Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory kinds of knowledge and able to be indepen- A number of John’s studies showed that dent. Without the examples that we discov- at Boston College. Henry was largely unable to learn new vo- ered in H.M., as well as the large body of cabulary words. If you gave him a word such research that was inspired by those exam- ike John, I also was a graduate student as granola, for instance, he had no idea what ples, we could have continued thinking that Lwith Suzanne Corkin and, in that con- it meant. But we decided to give him what memory is a single entity. But this is not the text, had the opportunity to work with H.M. seemed to be the easiest possible test, asking case: memory is a fantastic diversity of dif- It is an honor to be here tonight to talk about him for information about people who had ferent instruments geared to learn different both my personal experiences with him and become famous. kinds of things. These various instruments what we learned scienti½cally. I will begin We absorb information about famous operate and send occasional messages to with an anecdote that highlights some of the names all the time. Most of us do it effort- each other, but they lead independent lives preserved motor learning and implicit mem- lessly; we all probably know of Paris Hilton in our brains. ory that John discussed, and that emphasizes and Kim Kardashian, even though those the type of kindhearted person that Henry names would not have registered with us a was. During my ½rst year of graduate school, few years ago. What if we asked Henry about Henry was spending the night in one of the names of people who, prior to 1953, would mit hospital areas at . He often rode in a not have been on his radar, but whom most wheelchair for longer distances, and I of us came to know as household names after needed to transport him through a series of 1953? In a test I devised with Gail O’Kane, indoor mazes to where we were doing the another graduate student with Suzanne testing. Along this route were a number of Corkin, we ½rst showed him two names, one places where, in order for the wheelchair to of a famous individual and another that we

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 23 remembering h.m.

Henry did have an amazing ability to acquire and consciously generate new information. Certainly, he did not do so in the way that you and I effortlessly absorb new facts and new world knowledge into our reper- toire. Nevertheless, it showed that even with the profound amnesia that made him unable to remember any single event after 1953, some kind of slow learning process allowed him to glean new knowledge. had drawn at random from a Boston phone Glenn was the ½rst person to travel in space Questions from the Audience book. We asked him to select the name of in a rocket, and that he went to the moon, the famous person. And as he started to landed, stayed there for a while, and re- Question choose these names, we were almost in dis- turned safely. Considering that in 1953 space belief. Not surprisingly, he did very well travel had not yet occurred, his answer was Now that you know about the local effects when presented with names of people that remarkable. He told us that Julie Andrews and the heterogeneous centers of knowledge had been famous prior to 1953, choosing the was famous for singing on Broadway, that acquisition, what would you say is the coor- correct name in the pair about 92 percent of Liza Minnelli was a movie star, an actress, dinator of this orchestra in the brain? the time. But even for the individuals who and a dancer, too, and that Woody Allen was had become famous after 1953, he chose cor- a comic in movie pictures. Suzanne Corkin rectly 88 percent of the time. This perfor- So he did have an amazing ability to ac- Many scientists have described a central ex- mance was not only well above chance, but quire and consciously generate new infor- ecutive in the brain’s prefrontal cortex. This it was very close to his performance for the mation. Certainly, he did not do so in the area of the cortex carries out the highest, individuals that had been famous prior to his way that you and I effortlessly absorb new most complex cognitive functions. The cur- operation. facts and new world knowledge into our rent thinking is that this area helps you, ½rst After he selected the name of the famous repertoire. Nevertheless, it showed that even of all, to set goals. Second, it helps you lay person, we would ask him to tell us why that with the profound amnesia that made him out and think through all the steps that you person was famous. Often, he wouldn’t unable to remember any single event after need to take to achieve your goals, and then know, or he would be very wrong. One of his 1953, some kind of slow learning process al- to perform them in the right order to reach most amusing errors was telling us that Yoko lowed him to glean new knowledge. the desired outcome. So, circuits in the pre- Ono was an important man in Japan. Clearly, Again, it was a remarkable privilege to frontal cortex coordinate the orchestra in there were some names that elicited a sense work with him and to see what a generous the brain. of familiarity, but he did not have any other person he was. The patience and the time information to latch on to. However, for that he gave allowed all of us, up until his last John Gabrieli eleven of the forty or so people that he years, to continue to discover fascinating identi½ed as famous, he was very good at and novel aspects of how our human mem- A leader in this ½eld has said that the hip- providing information about why they were ories work. pocampus, the structure that was removed famous. For instance, he told us that jfk be- from H.M.’s brain, performs the relational came president, that somebody shot him role of pulling together different bits of in- and he didn’t survive, and that he was formation across the brain–the constituents Catholic. He said that Lee Harvey Oswald of the memory–that are not initially con- assassinated the president and that Mikhail nected. In a sense, that’s the master orches- Gorbachev was famous for making speeches trator, though not necessarily the smartest and was the head of the Russian parliament. orchestrator; knowledge may be in the cor- He wasn’t quite right about John Glenn, the tex and elsewhere, but the hippocampus ½rst astronaut to orbit Earth; he said that tells the brain that all these different things

24 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 are the stuff of an event. The hippocampus Another interesting question is, was he seems likely that most of these names were forms the relationship that binds them to- afraid of anything? I have talked to his care- ones that he had been bombarded with over gether. Otherwise, they are isolated snow- givers in the nursing home, and as far as I the years. Mikhail Gorbachev and John flakes, falling without leaving an imprint. In have been able to ½gure out, there was noth- Glenn were not names that he heard once; memory formation, without the hippocam- ing he was afraid of. those were names he likely heard at least pus pulling everything together, we would hundreds of times. Even some of the ac- be disparate and unconnected. tresses and movie stars whose names seem Question less familiar to us today could have been in Could H.M. walk or dress himself? ½lms that were talked about in a number of Question personal genres. It suggests the existence of H.M.’s amygdala was also removed. Were Suzanne Corkin other mechanisms that we are largely un- his emotional responses tested? aware of because we do not rely on them Following his operation, he could still do all very often; we do not need to focus on Elizabeth Kensinger the daily activities that we do. Henry could whether we acquire new semantic knowl- read, write, walk, talk, brush his teeth, edge through thousands of exposures be- When we tested Henry on labeling facial ex- shave, get dressed, and so on. Because of the cause we can learn it through a few pressions, his performance was relatively Dilantin, he developed osteoporosis, suf- exposures. normal. However, this ability is not unusual fered various fractures, and eventually began for patients with amygdala damage, who walking with a walker. He could still walk, Suzanne Corkin often rely on other types of knowledge to but because of the cerebellar degeneration, discern what, for instance, a caricature of a he had a very broad-based gait. He walked One of the giants in cognitive science, Endel happy face looks like. In terms of the rigor- slowly, with his feet apart for stability. But he Tulving, proposed that you can acquire new ous testing that we did, we did not see walked until his legs could no longer support semantic knowledge without having an de½cits in his ability to perceive whether him. episodic memory or an intact hippocampus. someone was happy or sad. He was right. Henry’s display of semantic learning was impressive given his profound Suzanne Corkin Question amnesia, but it was very limited, and it was I tell my students in introductory psychol- unlikely that the mechanisms he engaged for One of the interesting questions about learning were identical to those used by the someone who is missing almost all of both ogy that the case of H.M. shows that acquir- ing a new semantic memory requires intact rest of us when we acquire semantic infor- amygdalae is whether he can experience a mation spontaneously and proli½cally. full range of emotions. Henry could do that. hippocampi on both sides. How do you ex- If he became frustrated, he could show plain these quite surprising results? anger, and when a psychiatrist who was in- Question Elizabeth Kensinger terviewing him told him that his parents had Memory typically comprises acquisition died, he teared up appropriately. He had a The hippocampus is essential to learning and recall. Sometimes, there is information great sense of humor. He made up jokes on new semantic knowledge in the way that that you know you have, but you can’t re- the spot. One of his often-repeated lines most of us do: that is, after you hear a fact a trieve it and have to learn it again. Could it was, “Knock on wood,” spoken while few times, it becomes part of your knowl- be that the most impaired part of H.M.’s knocking on the side of his head. Many peo- edge repertoire. If we consider the famous memory was not the storage or acquisition, ple have asked whether he was shocked to people whom H.M. was able to generate in- but the recall? see an older man when he looked at himself formation about, none of them became fa- in a mirror. He never was, and on one occa- mous in 1980. We were testing him in 2002, sion said, “Well, I’m not a boy.” and almost all eleven names he recalled were people who had been famous in 1960. It

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 25 remembering h.m.

Henry’s display of semantic learning was impressive given his profound amnesia, but it was very limited, and it was unlikely that the mechanisms he engaged for learning were identical to those used by the rest of us when we acquire semantic information sponta- neously and prolifically.

Suzanne Corkin Question When we tested H.M. on his semantic My question relates to the amygdala and knowledge of events that happened before fear. The amygdala is supposed to mediate his operation, his capacity for retrieval was recognition of the unfamiliar. When some- very good. We cannot attribute his memory thing was out of place, such as when a famil- de½cits to a retrieval de½cit because he could iar landmark was not present, did H.M. retrieve general knowledge about the world show any sign of surprise? from before his operation. He could not re- trieve knowledge about the world from after John Gabrieli the operation because the information had never been consolidated and stored; when H.M. was never surprised by devices that did he tried to retrieve it, it wasn’t there. not exist before 1953, such as digital clocks or the computers with which we tested him. He Robert Desimone was not surprised by the moon landing and would not have been surprised by the possi- Recall that the damage to H.M.’s brain ex- bility of people landing on Mars. Although tended beyond the hippocampus. In re- as a time traveler he should have been in a search that is now debated, Mort Mishkin state of constant amazement, as far as I and Faraneh Vargha-Khadem studied chil- knew, he was never surprised. dren who had suffered either prenatal anoxia or anoxia immediately after birth. Suzanne Corkin They found that the damage seemed to be limited to the hippocampus. Those kids H.M. learned a great deal by mere exposure. were able to learn many things normally: He sort of knew what an astronaut was, and they went to school and learned to talk, but that they were weightless. He knew things their recall was devastated. They could not you would never expect him to know. recall a story that they had just heard. But they were able to learn many other kinds of © 2012 by Robert Desimone, Suzanne information that did not require recall of a Corkin, John D. E. Gabrieli, and Elizabeth speci½c event. Kensinger, respectively

To view or listen to the presentations, visit http://www.amacad.org/events/ statedmeetings/RememberingHM.

26 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 The Getty Center: Research, Conservation, and Collections

n March 3, 2012, at a meeting sponsored by the Academy at The Getty Center, Fellows James Cuno, President and Chief Executive Of½cer of the J. Paul Getty Trust, and OThomas W. Gaehtgens, Director of the Getty Research Institute, spoke about the institution’s exhibitions and collections, its global art restoration and conservation efforts, and its research program. The presentations served as the Academy’s 1982nd Stated Meeting. The meeting also featured the of½cial Induction of sixteen previously elected Academy members. The following is an edited transcript of the presentations.

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 27 the getty center: research, conservation, and collections

and around the world. We are, of course, examine people on arrival or on departure. committed to building collections. Thomas We allow them to make their way as they will talk to you about the Research Insti- wish, all the while providing them with in- tute’s collections, and I will say a few words formed access to different levels of compre- about the Museum’s collections. hension or appreciation of works of art. We have made two recent acquisitions. But we do even more than that. We also The ½rst is a ½fteenth-century Florentine bring exhibitions to the museum to com- drawing, Portrait of a Young Man, from about plement our collections. We are not an en- 1470. The artist is thought to be Piero del cyclopedic museum in the sense of having Pollaiuolo, though this attribution is not cer- representative examples of all the world’s tain. In the virtually life-sized drawing, the cultures under our roof, as the British Mu- subject’s gaze and the fact that his shirt is seum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and buttoned on the wrong side make it a very the Art Institute in Chicago do. Rather, we convincing drawing of someone viewing feature exhibitions from elsewhere, often himself in a mirror. If this is true, then the in connection with a project that we have drawing is not only an early portrait but a undertaken with another program at the very early self-portrait, completed at the museum. The Center’s four programs– dawn of self-awareness, as the Renaissance Research, Conservation, Foundation, and is known. Museum–work together in a collaborative Our second recent acquisition is a paint- process to deepen the impact of the Getty in ing by Edouard Manet. The year it was com- the world. In the case of the exhibition Gods pleted, 1863, was the year Manet emerged as of Angkor: Bronzes from the National Mu- James Cuno a leading innovator in French painting, the seum of Cambodia, the Conservation Insti- James Cuno is President and Chief Executive year he painted Olympia and Le Déjeuner sur tute developed, with others, a conservation Of½cer of the J. Paul Getty Trust. He was elected l’herbe. This particular painting is a portrait laboratory in Cambodia to conserve the a Fellow of the American Academy in 2001 and of a young woman, Madame Brunet. You sculptures. The bene½ts of that work are serves as a member of the Academy’s Commission may think it’s wonderful, and so do we. being shown in our galleries. The Aztec Pan- on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Madame Brunet, however, did not; she re- theon and the Art of Empire, an exhibition jected it. Fortunately, it stayed with Manet at the Getty Villa, explored Aztec monu- The Getty and Its Role in the World and his studio until later in his career, and ul- ment-building in relation to ancient Greek timately came to the Getty. and Roman pantheons. Comparing these thought I would begin by introducing you We have two sites for the Museum, the civilizations, equivalent not in date and time I to the Getty and its range of commit- Getty Center and a site in Malibu, which but in mentality, puts the ancient Mediter- ments here and abroad. Thomas will take houses our ancient Mediterranean collec- ranean world into richer context. The exhi- you more deeply into the programs he di- tion. But we do not just build our collections bition Holy Image, Hallowed Ground: Icons rects within the Getty Research Institute. and present them in our galleries. We also from Sinai was the result of a collaboration The Getty Center, which opened in 1997, in- provide extraordinary settings in which to between the Foundation and the Conserva- cludes the Research Institute, the Museum, see works of art. In this sense, there is a con- tion Institute in Sinai. Their work in the the Conservation Institute, the Foundation, text for seeing art in the Museum, and there monastery where the icons were housed led and the of½ces of the Trust. The Center is is a means for connecting with the world to the generous loan of the icons to the Getty perched high on a hill overlooking Los An- when you are here. We not only build our Museum, presenting a bit more of the world geles, Santa Monica, Marina del Rey, and collections, but we teach from them. We to our visitors in Los Angeles. San Diego (on a clear day). But it is not have the rich responsibility of connecting We don’t just do exhibitions. We also con- meant to be up on a hill, except in the phys- with all our visitors, whether they come with serve works of art that are in our collection ical sense. It is meant to be deeply embedded specialized knowledge or with no knowl- or that come to our collection from else- in the lives of all who come to the hill, or edge, whether it is their ½rst visit or their where in the world. Working with our part- who are reached by the Getty in Los Angeles thirty-½fth. One of the great glories of mu- ner colleagues in Italy or in Eastern Europe, seums is that, unlike universities, we do not for example, we conserve works that then

28 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 grace our galleries for a period of time so that Our work is not just in Europe or with surveying and documenting the current con- we can share the bene½t of our work with European paintings; it’s elsewhere in the ditions of archaeological sites. A geographic our larger public. We engage not only in world, too. It’s not just with moveable ob- information system (gis), written in Arabic applied conservation but in pure scienti½c jects, but includes things that do not move and English, allows you to learn about the research, both in the Museum and in the at all–works in Germany, for example, or sites as well as their present conditions. Be- Conservation Institute. King Tut’s tomb. We collaborate with local cause two of the greatest threats to archaeo- Our work abroad includes a project in conservators not only on the scienti½c analy- logical sites are rapid urban development Ghent, Belgium, where the Foundation has sis but also on the execution of conserva- and looting, the gis allows Jordanian of½- supported the recent renovation, restora- tion. And it is not just in the Mediterranean cials to observe the current state of archae- tion, and conservation of the ½fteenth-cen- world, but in Western China: in Dunhuang, ological sites and monitor changes from day tury Northern European painting The Ghent the Getty has worked with others for to day. They can also use it as a means of Altarpiece. One of the most important paint- decades in the execution of conservation, planning how to protect the site. So when a ings in the history of art, its conservation is the analysis of preventative conservation, highway is developed between one city and part of a program supporting the education of a new generation of conservators working We not only build our collections, but we teach from on panel paintings. Panel paintings were the primary medium for painters in Europe them. We have the rich responsibility of connecting from the later Middle Ages to the earliest part of the Renaissance, and the expertise for with all our visitors, whether they come with special- conserving them was being lost as a genera- ized knowledge or with no knowledge. We allow our tion of conservators was retiring or dying without a new generation taking its place. So visitors to make their way as they wish, all the while the Foundation identi½ed a number of ex- providing them with informed access to different lev- perts in the ½eld, at the Metropolitan Mu- seum, at the Prado Museum, and at the site els of comprehension or appreciation of works of art. in Belgium, among others. It brought these senior conservators together with younger and the site planning to accommodate in- another, it can be designed to go around that conservators to transfer their knowledge to creased tourist interest in the great caves in site rather than through it. The gis is now the next generation, to perpetuate the ability the farthest northwest region of China, lo- available as a website and software that are to conserve panel paintings. As another ex- cated on the Silk Road. If you were a traveler provided for free and can be adopted by ample, a team is working on a Dürer panel leaving China to embark on a journey along other countries. Iraq is currently adopting painting from the Prado’s collections. the Silk Road–into an unfamiliar world, un- the software, and that is but one example. A website largely supported by the Getty sure if you would return–on your way out, Most recently, I joined Thomas, Deborah Foundation allows viewers to see the under- you would stop at the cave temples to say Marrow, and other colleagues on a trip to drawing beneath the painted surface of The a few prayers. On the way back, having India to look at two of the projects that we Ghent Altarpiece via infrared reflectogram.1 achieved success in your journey (and hav- have been engaged in there. Two hours out- The website allows you to see how the artist ing survived), you would pause to pay grati- side of Jodhpur is a Mughal fort in the town builds the painting from an initial drawing tude. We are working not only to preserve of Nagaur. The fort was a mess, so twenty that guides the picture to completion. You sites such as this one, but most important, to years ago we awarded a ½rst grant to plan, can zoom in on the painted surface, then publish the results of our work so that a col- and a second to execute, its conservation. move beneath it with x-rays and with the in- lection of best practices can go on to influ- The fort’s extraordinary wall system has frared technology. We are very pleased by ence the work of others after this project is now been preserved, restored, and strength- this feature and encourage you to visit the completed. ened. After restoring the built structure, we website. Our work is not just conservation in a teamed up with colleagues at the Courtauld physical sense. In Jordan, we are developing Institute of Art to preserve the paintings in- 1 “Closer to Van Eyck: Rediscovering the Ghent the Middle Eastern Geodatabase for Antiq- side. The building is a palace of mirrors with Altarpiece,” http://closertovaneyck.kikirpa.be/ uities (mega-Jordan), a rich platform for paintings that date from the seventeenth #home.

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 29 the getty center: research, conservation, and collections

and early eighteenth centuries. The paint- ous situation in Tunisia, Jordan, and Syria. bition began as a research project dedicated ings were in terrible condition, and a great Fortunately, we have been able to transport to ½nding, recovering, and preserving the deal of mirrored glass had to be preserved as Syrian conservators out of Syria to Rome, archives of artists, dealers, collectors, muse- well. Twenty years of work went into this and back to Syria again, in the education ums, and galleries, to ensure that this explo- building, and a book was published docu- process. And we are not just in Europe and sive moment in the history of art in Los menting all the work done by Deborah, head the Mediterranean but in Africa, where one Angeles is saved for posterity. of the Foundation, and colleagues including project trained museum management pro- To promote the conservation of the Eames Tim Whalen, head of the Conservation In- fessionals and photography conservators to House, we engaged in a kind of guerrilla ac- stitute, and the preservation architect from preserve the great legacy of photography in tivity, bringing together unlikely supporters India who was employed in the project. Africa. and interested individuals to promote the There were also local craftsmen who knew The Getty Foundation also supports pro- project. Ice Cube (a rapper whose discogra- how the walls were built and therefore how grams that connect art historians. For many phy I’m sure you all have) studied architec- to preserve them. The published results re- decades, art historians have tended to focus ture, and he particularly liked the Eames veal best practices to be adopted by others on their own specialized ½eld and to be in House and the principles employed in devis- concerned with the conservation of Mughal the company of only their fellow specialized ing that great structure. So he helped dem- forts. art historians. The Foundation aims to bring onstrate the public interest in our projects. But we don’t just work on structures people from a range of ½elds together. For I have given you a snapshot of the Getty, abroad. We conserve buildings here in Los example, Thomas, Deborah, Tim, and I met and Thomas will discuss aspects of our work Angeles. The next project of the Conserva- with colleagues at Nehru University in Delhi more deeply. We strive to do good work here tion Institute is the Eames House, an icon of as part of a program the Getty has funded and around the world, in terms of both re- mid-century modernism in Los Angeles. to introduce art historians in India to art his- search and applied conservation as well as The house is sixty years old, and you can torians with other specialties. Art history presentation to our publics, scholarly and imagine how the metal frames for the win- scholars in India could ½nd themselves otherwise. It is an obligation we feel we have dows, or the elements of the wall systems, studying only the history of Indian art, so because the legacy of artistic creation in the have suffered over time. We are now begin- the program brings in art historians who world is common to all of us, and we want to ning to understand how we can preserve, specialize in Greek or Roman, medieval be an important part of that legacy. and not distract from, the beauty of this European, or contemporary American art, great house. among other disciplines. With that comes Our work is not just the execution of con- not only new subject matter but different servation but the training of a new genera- methodologies for studying the history of tion of conservators. I mentioned our pro- art. Scholars visit for a few months and then gram that trains conservators of panel paint- are replaced. The exchange is a way to recog- ings. We have a similar program for conserv- nize that we live in a world without borders. ing mosaics, called mosaikon, which is We bring a community of scholars together operating in the eastern part of the Mediter- in India, or take them from India to interna- ranean world, from Tunisia through Syria. It tional conferences that might occur in South has not been an easy time to be involved in America or North America. this region, but the Getty has bene½ted from The Foundation also encourages the pub- the training of these conservators, who have lication of scholarship in print or digital the great responsibility to steward the safety form (and even as an app), and it invests lo- of the legacy of ancient Rome as contained cally in Los Angeles. After taking you around in these mosaics. Many mosaics are on-site; the world, I am bringing you back to the some have been lifted and put into museums Paci½c Standard Time exhibition here at the due to a loss of knowledge of conservation Getty Center. We funded the publication of and a decline in training of½cials to protect a number of books and digital media show- archaeological sites. The program is being ing works of art by Los Angeles artists in the undertaken in Rome because of the precari- postwar period, from 1945 to 1985. The exhi-

30 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 As part of its mission, the Getty Research One of our aims is to support and develop Institute (gri) “creates and disseminates the discipline of art history. Our Scholars new knowledge through its expertise, its Program invites researchers from all over active collecting program, public programs, the world to work on an annual research institutional collaborations, exhibitions, pub- topic. In 2011, the topic was the Display of lications, digital services, and residential Art. This year, we are working on Artistic scholars program.” The gri is not the only Practice. Next year, the subject will be Color. Getty program involved in research–the We try to bring together scholars from dif- Conservation Institute and the Museum also ferent backgrounds. Lectures, colloquia, and carry out research, and the Foundation sup- perhaps even exhibitions or publications de- ports research ½nancially–but the Research velop from the year, half-year, or three Institute provides the general art-historical months the scholars spend at the gri. We research component. host about ½fty scholars annually. Some of Our research facilities include, ½rst of all, them are delegated to the program from the a library. This library is probably one of the Museum and from the Conservation Insti- best art history libraries in the world. With tute. The gri oversees the administration of more than a million volumes of books and all these Getty scholars. periodicals–no other library in the ½eld of Given that art history is largely a Western art history has this amount of materials–it discipline, most of our visiting scholars are is exceptional not only for its size, but also from Europe, the United States, and Canada. for the quality of the collections. That does Of the 803 scholars that have received resi- not mean that we do not miss a book from dential Getty scholarships since 1985, 410 Thomas W. Gaehtgens time to time, but we try to ½ll the gaps. We have come from the United States and 393 Thomas W. Gaehtgens is Director of the Getty have 3,500 periodicals and 5,500 collections from other countries. The program is still Research Institute. He was elected a Fellow of the of manuscripts and personal archives from very Western-oriented, and we are endeav- American Academy in 2011. artists, art historians, collectors, architects, oring to change that. The challenge is not and art dealers. Our collections are rich only the discipline’s Western focus, but also The Getty Research Institute’s Global for contemporary art, especially since the that our resources are predominantly West- Commitment to Research Projects and launch of the Paci½c Standard Time initia- ern. We have to expand our collections to Resources tive. Collections embrace audio, video, and represent the artistic traditions from other ½lm as well as two million photographs in countries and to reflect this new global s Jim explained, the Getty is not only a the Photo Study Collection. world. We have begun to take on this enor- A museum, but consists of four institu- Our Special Collections contain rare books, mous challenge. In October 2012, for exam- tions that work together: the Museum, the photographs, architectural models, draw- ple, we will hold a symposium in Beijing on Conservation Institute, the Foundation, and ings, sketchbooks, and more than 12,000 lin- the subject of artistic exchanges between the Research Institute. Everything depends ear feet of archives. To give you an example, China and the West. Additionally, we will in- on the cooperation of these four entities. we have the agendas of the artist Man Ray, vite sixteen students and eight professors to Though this relationship between the four in which you can ½nd appointments for our Summer Research Academy, bringing Getty programs is often not well under- “Lunch with Picasso” or “Dinner with Western professors and students together stood, this arrangement provides a unique Gertrude Stein.” We conserve rare photo- with colleagues from other cultures. To sup- opportunity for research and for the devel- graphs, as well as nearly 68,000 rare books, port such programs, we work closely with opment of public initiatives. The programs including materials from the ½fteenth cen- the Getty Foundation. work closely together. Here on the hill, the tury to the present. The gri is a treasure Another focus is our digitizing initiative. president, vice presidents, and four directors trove of material for studying the history of In the past few years, we have digitized an have lunch every Monday to talk about poli- art. impressive 2.6 million images. The seven cies and initiatives in a collaborative spirit.

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 31 the getty center: research, conservation, and collections

thousand books we have digitized are not The Getty vocabularies form another im- The Getty Research Institute is also en- suf½cient, but we will do more to increase portant project. Consider this example: the gaged in a number of research projects, this number. Though we face limitations in Mona Lisa is also known as the Portrait of Lisa including: the Art of Alchemy; Art on staff and resources, we will continue to dig- Gherardini, La Gioconda, and La Joconde. All Screen; Book Art of the Russian Avant- itize books and share them on the Internet, these different descriptions have to be linked Garde; The Display of Art in Roman Palaces, so that they can be consulted and read all for a computer search to recognize all the 1550–1750; German Sales, 1930–45: Art over the world, especially where scholars variable titles used for the Mona Lisa. Even Works, Art Markets, and Cultural Policy; may not have access to this art-historical lit- more important, the vocabs can be used all Los Angeles Architecture, 1940–1990; Orien- erature. We are currently developing a proj- over the world because they are being trans- talist Photography; Paci½c Standard Time; ect that will revolutionize the discipline of lated into numerous languages. The Re- Printmaking in the Age of Louis xiv, 1660– art history: together with the Avery Archi- search Institute continues to develop this 1715; Surrealism in Latin America; and The tectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia essential tool. Future of Art Bibliography. How do we come up with all these re- The Getty Research Institute creates and disseminates search projects? We conceptualize them by looking for ways to make our collections ac- new knowledge through its expertise, its active collect- cessible to the public. We ½nd scholars ing program, public programs, institutional collabo- who can help us and invite them to work on these projects. For instance, The Display of rations, exhibitions, publications, digital services, and Art in Roman Palaces was launched because residential scholars program. One of our aims is to we have a large number of inventories of Roman palaces. Los Angeles Architecture support and develop the discipline of art history. will be a major exhibition next year at the Getty Museum. Paci½c Standard Time is the University, the Frick Art Reference Library, Another research tool is the Provenance initiative that started with the collections of and the Thomas J. Watson Library of the Index, a vast database of inventories, sale the gri and, as Jim mentioned, is funded by Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York; catalogs, and collection catalogs. Take for the Foundation; we participated in curating the Biblioteca de la Universidad de Málaga example a beautiful painting by Rubens at the exhibition at the Getty Museum. In two in Málaga, Spain; the Institut national the Getty Museum, The Entombment, which weeks, the Paci½c Standard Time exhibition d’histoire de l’art in Paris; and the Univer- should really be called Lamentation, com- will travel to Berlin. sitätsbibliothek Heidelberg in Heidelberg, pleted circa 1612. When the Getty bought We are trying to incorporate a global focus Germany, we are digitizing the entire litera- this painting from a catalog, no one knew ex- into our work. We will not give up our past ture of the history of art before 1923. (Be- actly what had happened to it before 1868. in art history as a Western discipline, but cause 1923 is the American copyright date, On the surface of the picture is the number will expand it to include the topic of encoun- we cannot digitize material published after 146, and if one types Rubens and 146 into the ters between different cultures. Because of that year.) We are bringing all this literature search boxes of the Getty Research Prove- our location in California, with close prox- into a portal so that readers can access it nance Index, one learns that this painting imity to Mexico, Latin America is of sig- whether they are in Peru, Germany, Russia, was in the collection of Gaspar de Haro y ni½cant interest to us, and we have a major or China. From the beginning, the project Guzmán in Spain, from 1600 to 1653. This collection of Latin American art historically has focused not only on Western art history database documents the painting’s entire relevant photographs and other materials. but also on art from China, India, Brazil, and history up to the nineteenth and twentieth Furthermore, the gri holds scholarly re- other countries. We plan to launch this dig- centuries, demonstrating how important sources on Chinese art, and we are trying to ital library on May 31, 2012. In a couple of this resource is for the art market, for the art be more involved in India, the Near East, years, it will certainly be a major tool to con- collector, and for those who are interested in and Africa, as you can see from our exhibi- duct art historical research. the reception of paintings. It is a vital tool for tions. art history in general.

32 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 Members Gather at the Getty Center

Managing the abundance of material on the gri’s website is a challenge. Because our website has 32,000 pages, it is dif½cult to ½nd what one is searching for. Making all our material accessible to the outside world Jesse Choper (UC Berkeley is impossible, but we are trying to make a School of Law) and Winslow signi½cant number of our resources avail- Briggs (Carnegie Institution able to our many online visitors. From May for Science) 1, 2009, to February 27, 2012, we had more than 2.6 million visits to the website, includ- ing 1.7 million from the United States, 131,911 from England, and signi½cant numbers from other Western countries. Outside the West, the numbers diminish. There were 27,956 visits from Mexico and 18,823 from India. That we have 17,723 online visits from Brazil probably reflects the fact that the Getty Foundation and the Research Institute Lothar von Falkenhausen traveled to Brazil to develop a new initiative, (University of California, which the Foundation is funding, to connect Los Angeles), Thomas the international art-historical community Gaehtgens (Getty Research with that of Brazil. By contrast, online visits Institute), and Thomas Levy from Japan totaled only 17,312; from Russia, (University of California, San Diego) 17,405; from China, 14,711; and from Taiwan, 10,079. We still have a lot of work ahead of us to move Western art history into the global present. We have to make our vast resources accessible to scholars in other countries, where these resources may not exist. As a philanthropic institution, we are proud to provide free access to our materials. The maps and statistics I have shown in this pre- sentation indicate where more engagement Deborah Marrow (The Getty is needed in the future. Foundation), Louise Bryson (J. Paul Getty Trust), and © 2012 by James Cuno and Thomas W. Bill Viola (Bill Viola Studio) Gaehtgens, respectively

To view or listen to the presentations, visit http://www.amacad.org/events/ statedmeetings/GettyCenter.

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 33 noteworthy

Select Prizes and Awards Matthew P. Fisher (University of Gisela T. Storz (National Insti- Sarah Blaffer Hrdy (Winters, CA) California, Santa Barbara) tutes of Health) received the 2012 J. I. Staley Prize for Mothers and Others: The Evolu- Presidential Medal of Freedom, Wendell H. Fleming (Brown Uni- Peter L. Strick (University of tionary Origins of Mutual Under- versity) Pittsburgh) 2012 standing. Susan Gelman (University of Mich- Subra Suresh (National Science James Earl Jones (Pawling, NY) is Madeleine Korbel Albright (Wash- igan) Foundation) ington, DC) the recipient of the 2012 Marian John T. Groves (Princeton Uni- Robert M. Townsend (Massachu- Anderson Award. Bob Dylan (Beverly Hills, CA) versity) setts Institute of Technology) Robert Keohane (Princeton Uni- Toni Morrison (Princeton Uni- Tina Henkin (Ohio State Univer- Ruth J. Williams (University of versity) was awarded a 2012 Cen- versity) sity) California, San Diego) tennial Medal from Harvard University. John Paul Stevens (Supreme Hiroo Kanamori (California Insti- Melinda A. Zeder (National Mu- Court of the United States) tute of Technology) seum of Natural History) Yo-Yo Ma (Cambridge, MA) was awarded the 2012 Polar Music Guinevere Kauffmann (Max Prize. He shares the prize with Academy Members elected Planck Institute for Astrophysics) Other Awards Paul Simon (New York, NY). to the National Academy of Bruce R. Levin (Emory Univer- Daniel Aaron (Harvard University) Margaret H. Marshall (Harvard Sciences, 2012 sity) was awarded a 2012 Centennial Law School) was awarded the Susan Athey (Harvard Univer- Barbara H. Liskov (Massachusetts Medal from Harvard University. Radcliffe Institute Medal. sity) Institute of Technology) Cornelia Isabella Bargmann (Rock- Bill McKibben (Middlebury Col- Larry M. Bartels (Vanderbilt Uni- Liqun Luo (Stanford University) efeller University) was awarded lege) is the inaugural recipient of versity) the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience. the Sam Rose ’58 and Julie Wal- Ann E. Nelson (University of She shares the prize with Ann M. ters Prize at Dickinson College for Jagdish N. Bhagwati (Columbia Washington) Graybiel (Massachusetts Institute Global Environmental Activism. University) Monica Olvera de la Cruz (North- of Technology) and Winfried Mike Nichols (New York, NY) Randolph Blake (Vanderbilt Uni- western University) Denk (Max Planck Institute for won a 2012 Tony Award for Best versity) Medical Research, Germany). Nai Phuan Ong (Princeton Uni- Direction of a Play, Arthur Mil- John Carlson (Yale University) versity) William Drayton (Ashoka: Inno- ler’s Death of a Salesman. vators for the Public) received the Carole Pateman (University of Richard W. Carlson (Carnegie Roy Parker (University of Ari- 2012 Richard E. Neustadt Award, Institution for Science) zona) California, Los Angeles) was award- given by Harvard Kennedy School. ed the 2012 Johan Skytte Prize in Demetrios Christodoulou (Eid- Mary Power (University of Cali- Mildred S. Dresselhaus (Massa- Political Science. genössische Technische Hoch- fornia, Berkeley) chusetts Institute of Technology) schule Zürich) Lisa Randall (Harvard University) Louis J. Ptáček (University of Cal- was awarded the Kavli Prize in is the 2012 recipient of the An- Pablo G. Debenedetti (Princeton ifornia, San Francisco) Nanoscience. drew Gemant Award, given by the University) Stephen W. Raudenbush (Univer- David A. Evans (Harvard Univer- American Institute of Physics. Ronald A. DePinho (University of sity of Chicago) sity) is the recipient of the 2012 Amartya Sen (Harvard Univer- Welch Award in Chemistry. Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Marcia J. Rieke (University of Ari- sity) is the recipient of the 2012 Center) zona) Ann M. Graybiel (Massachusetts Thomas C. Schelling Award, given by Harvard Kennedy School. Joseph M. DeSimone (University Institute of Technology) was Giacomo Rizzolatti (University of awarded the Kavli Prize in Neuro- of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Parma) Laurence Senelick (Tufts Univer- North Carolina State University) science. She shares the prize with sity) won the Betty Jean Jones Bernard Sadoulet (University of Cornelia Isabella Bargmann (Rock- Award of the American Theatre François N. Diederich (Eidgenös- California, Berkeley) efeller University) and Winfried and Drama Society. sische Technische Hochschule Denk (Max Planck Institute for Zürich) Pedro A. Sanchez (Columbia Uni- Medical Research, Germany). Paul Simon (New York, NY) was versity) awarded the 2012 Polar Music Gideon Dreyfuss (University of Nancy Hopkins (Massachusetts Prize. He shares the prize with Yo- Pennsylvania School of Medi- Eric U. Selker (University of Ore- Institute of Technology) was Yo Ma (Cambridge, MA). cine) gon) awarded a 2012 Centennial Medal from Harvard University. Bess Ward (Princeton University) Denis Duboule (University of Daniel Simberloff (University of is the recipient of the 2012 Procter Geneva) Tennessee) & Gamble Award in Applied and Carol S. Dweck (Stanford Univer- James L. Skinner (University of Environmental Microbiology. sity) Wisconsin, Madison)

34 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 New Appointments Select Publications Günter Grass (Lubeck, Germany). Amos Oz (Ben-Gurion Univer- From Germany to Germany: Journal sity) and Fania Oz-Salzberger of the Year 1990. Houghton Mifflin (University of Haifa). Jews and Dennis A. Ausiello (Harvard Med- Poetry Harcourt, November 2012 Words. Yale University Press, No- ical School; Massachusetts Gen- Jorie Graham (Harvard Univer- vember 2012 eral Hospital) was elected to the Linda Greenhouse (Yale Law sity). Place: New Poems. Ecco, May Board of Directors and Scienti½c School). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Gustavo Pérez-Firmat (Columbia 2012 Advisory Board of Alnylam Phar- Very Short Introduction. Oxford University). Life on the Hyphen: maceuticals, Inc. A.E. Stallings (Athens, Greece). University Press, March 2012 The Cuban-American Way. Univer- Olives: Poems. Triquarterly, April sity of Texas Press, May 2012 David Eisenbud (University of Vartan Gregorian (Carnegie Cor- 2012 California, Berkeley) was named poration of New York). The Emer- Martin Rees (University of Cam- Director of the Mathematical Sci- gence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics bridge). From Here to In½nity: A ences Research Institute. Fiction of Reform and Modernization. Stan- Vision for the Future of Science. ford University Press, January W.W. Norton, June 2012 Mary Ann Glendon (Harvard Law Francine du Plessix Gray (New 2013 School; Ponti½cal Academy of So- York, NY). The Queen’s Lover. Pen- Robert I. Rotberg (Harvard Uni- cial Sciences) was appointed to guin Press, June 2012 Douglas Hofstadter (Indiana Uni- versity). Transformative Political the U.S. Commission on Interna- Elie Wiesel (Boston University). versity) and Emmanuel Sander Leadership: Making a Difference in tional Religious Freedom. Hostage. Knopf, August 2012 (University of Paris). Surfaces and the Developing World. University of Essences. Basic Books, September Chicago Press, June 2012 Kathleen Kennedy (The Kennedy/ 2012 Marshall Company) was named Non½ction Kay Lehman Schlozman (Boston Board Cochair at Lucas½lm Ltd. Charles Larmore (Brown Univer- College), Sidney Verba (Harvard Paul Auster (New York, NY). sity). Vernunft und Subjektivität. University), and Henry E. Brady Jim Yong Kim (Dartmouth Col- Winter Journal. Henry Holt and Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin, April (University of California, Berke- lege) was named President of The Co., August 2012 2012 ley). The Unheavenly Chorus: Un- World Bank. equal Political Voice and the Broken William J. Baumol (New York Arend Lijphart (University of Steven E. Koonin (Science and Promise of American Democracy. University). The Cost Disease: Why California, San Diego). Patterns of Technology Policy Institute) was Princeton University Press, May Computers Get Cheaper and Health Democracy: Government Forms and named Director of the Center for 2012 Care Doesn’t. Yale University Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. Urban Science and Progress at Press, September 2012 Yale University Press, September Silvan S. Schweber (Brandeis New York University. Henry E. Brady (University of 2012 University). Nuclear Forces: The Paul LeClerc (New York, NY) was Making of the Physicist Hans Bethe. California, Berkeley), Kay Lehman Donald S. Lopez, Jr. (University appointed Director of Columbia Harvard University Press, June Schlozman (Boston College), and of Michigan). The Scienti½c Bud- University’s Global Center in 2012 Sidney Verba (Harvard Univer- dha: His Short and Happy Life. Yale Paris. sity). The Unheavenly Chorus: Un- University Press, September 2012 Ian Shapiro (Yale University). The Earl Lewis (Emory University) equal Political Voice and the Broken Moral Foundations of Politics. Yale Jennifer Jane Marshall (Visiting was elected President of The An- Promise of American Democracy. University Press, October 2012 Scholar, 2005–2006; University drew W. Mellon Foundation. Princeton University Press, May 2012 of Minnesota, Twin Cities). Machine Theda Skocpol (Harvard Univer- Michael A. Marletta (Scripps Re- Art, 1934. University of Chicago sity). Obama and America’s Political search Institute) was appointed to Leo Braudy (University of South- Press, June 2012 Future. Harvard University Press, the Independent Citizens Over- ern California). The Hollywood September 2012 James M. McPherson (Princeton sight Committee, the governing Sign: Fantasy and Reality of an University). War on the Waters: Richard Slotkin (Wesleyan Uni- board of California’s stem cell American Icon. Yale University The Union and Confederate Navies, versity). The Long Road to Anti- agency, the California Institute Press, March 2012 1861–1865. University of North etam: How the Civil War Became a for Regenerative Medicine. Eli Broad (Eli and Edythe Broad Carolina Press, September 2012 Revolution. Liveright, July 2012 Richard A. Meserve (Carnegie In- Foundation). The Art of Being Un- Mary E. Miller (Yale University) Robert Somerville (Columbia stitution for Science) was elected reasonable: Lessons in Unconven- and Barbara E. Mundy (Fordham University). Pope Urban II’s Council President of Harvard University’s tional Thinking. Wiley, May 2012 University), ed. Painting a Map of of Piacenza (March 1–5, 1095). Ox- Board of Overseers. John W. Dower (Massachusetts Sixteenth-Century Mexico City: Land, ford University Press, December David Robertson (St. Louis Sym- Institute of Technology). Ways of Writing, and Native Rule. Yale Uni- 2011 phony) was appointed Artistic Di- Forgetting, Ways of Remembering: versity Press, December 2012 Wole Soyinka (Abeokuta, Nige- rector and Chief Conductor of the Japan in the Modern World. New Victor S. Navasky (Columbia Uni- ria). Of Africa. Yale University Sydney Symphony in Australia. Press, July 2012 versity) and Evan Cornog (Hof- Press, November 2012 J. H. Elliott (University of Ox- stra University), ed. The Art of ford). History in the Making. Yale Making Magazines: On Being an University Press, October 2012 Editor and Other Views from the Industry. Columbia University Press, September 2012

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 35 noteworthy

Peter Stansky (Stanford Univer- Robert Louis Wilken (University Wu Hung (University of Chica- sity) and William Abrahams. Ju- of Virginia). The First Thousand go). A Story of Ruins: Presence and lian Bell: From Bloomsbury to the Years: A Global History of Christian- Absence in Chinese Art and Visual Spanish Civil War. Stanford Uni- ity. Yale University Press, Novem- Culture. Princeton University Press, versity Press, January 2012 ber 2012 May 2012 Sidney Verba (Harvard Univer- Edward O. Wilson (Harvard Uni- Luigi Zingales (University of sity), Kay Lehman Schlozman versity) and Alex Harris (Duke Chicago). A Capitalism for the Peo- (Boston College), and Henry E. University). Why We Are Here: Mo- ple: Recapturing the Lost Genius of Brady (University of California, bile and the Spirit of a Southern City. American Prosperity. Basic Books, Berkeley). The Unheavenly Chorus: Liveright, October 2012 June 2012 Unequal Political Voice and the Bro- ken Promise of American Democ- racy. Princeton University Press, May 2012

We invite all Fellows and For eign Honorary Members to send notices about their recent and forthcoming pub lications, scienti½c ½ndings, exhibitions and performances, and honors and prizes to bulletin@ama cad.org.

Remembrance It is with sadness that the Academy notes the passing of the following members.*

Frederick Herbert Bormann–June 7, 2012; George Peabody Gardner–May 9, 2012; Helen Florence North–January 21, 2012; elected to the Academy in 1972 elected to the Academy in 1960 elected to the Academy in 1975 Michel Boudart–May 2, 2012; Robert Joy Glaser–June 7, 2012; Elinor Ostrom–June 12, 2012; elected to the Academy in 1991 elected to the Academy in 1965 elected to the Academy in 1991 William Francis Brace–May 2, 2012; Avram Goldstein–June 1, 2012; Louis Heilprin Pollak–May 8, 2012; elected to the Academy in 1971 elected to the Academy in 1995 elected to the Academy in 1972 Thomas M. Cover–March 26, 2012; David Sutphin Heeschen–April 13, 2012; Aaron Jeffrey Shatkin–June 4, 2012; elected to the Academy in 2003 elected to the Academy in 1972 elected to the Academy in 1997 George A. Cowan–April 20, 2012; Friedrich Ernst Peter Hirzebruch– Robert Summers–April 17, 2012; elected to the Academy in 1997 May 27, 2012; elected to the Academy in 1992 elected to the Academy in 2001 Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau–May 18, 2012; Andrew Fielding Huxley–May 30, 2012; Phillip V. Tobias–June 7, 2012; elected to the Academy in 1984 elected to the Academy in 1961 elected to the Academy in 1986 Robert W. Floyd–September 25, 2001; Nicholas DeBelleville Katzenbach– Edward Reed Whittemore–April 6, 2012; elected to the Academy in 1974 May 8, 2012; elected to the Academy in 1988 elected to the Academy in 1975 Carlos Fuentes–May 15, 2012; Richard Wall Lyman–May 27, 2012; elected to the Academy in 1986 elected to the Academy in 1971

*Notice received from April 11, 2012, to June 15, 2012

36 Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2012 Norton’s Woods, 136 Irving Street, Cambridge, ma 02138 telephone 617-576-5000, facsimile 617-576-5050, email [email protected], website www.amacad.org

Notice to Fellows academy officers The Nominating and Governance Louis W. Cabot, Chair of the Board and Trust Committee, chaired by Emilio Bizzi, Leslie Cohen Berlowitz, President and William T. Golden Chair is seeking recommendations for posi- Jerrold Meinwald, Secretary tions on governing bodies, including Robert P. Henderson, Treasurer (Interim) Of½cers and Directors and Council Gerald L. Early, Chair of the Council members. All candidates must be Neal Lane, Vice Chair of the Council Fellows of the American Academy and interested in being actively John Katzenellenbogen, Vice Chair, Midwest involved in Academy work. Please Jesse H. Choper, Vice Chair, West submit suggestions via email to [email protected] or in writing publications advisory board (postmarked by August 31, 2012) to the Nominating and Governance Jesse H. Choper, Denis Donoghue, Gerald Early, Linda Greenhouse, Jerome Kagan, Steven Marcus, Jerrold Meinwald Committee, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 136 Irving Street, Cambridge, MA 02138. editorial staff Phyllis S. Bendell, Director of Publications Micah J. Buis, Associate Editor Erica Dorpalen, Assistant Editor Scott Eaton Wilder, Design & Layout Initial design by Joseph Moore of Moore + Associates

Bulletin Summer 2012 Issued as Volume lxv, Number 4 © 2012 by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences The Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (issn 0002–712x) is published quarterly by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 136 Irving Street, Cambridge, ma 02138. Periodi cals rate postage paid at Boston, ma, and at additional mailing of½ces. Post master: Send address changes to Bulletin, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 136 Irving Street, Cambridge, ma 02138. The views expressed in the Bulletin are those held by each contributor and are not necessarily those of the Of½cers and Fellows of the American Acad- emy of Arts & Sciences.

photo credits

Steve Rosenthal page 1, top Imijination Photography pages 2–3 Martha Stewart pages 4, 12–13, 15, 20, 22–23 Stu Rosner Photography page 5 Nikolai Sokov, vcdnp pages 6–7 Wendy Barrows Photography pages 10–11 Kent Dayton, mit page 19 Ryan Miller/Capture Imaging pages 28, 31, 33 american academy of arts & sciences Norton’s Woods 136 Irving Street Cambridge, ma 02138-1996 usa telephone 617-576-5000 facsimile 617-576-5050 email [email protected] website www.amacad.org